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United States
This topic encompasses 339 peer-reviewed studies, primarily in the field of legal & policy studies. Research in this area spans from the 0s to the 2020s.
339Studies
0s–2020sSpan
19Categories
430Researchers
Research categories
Key researchers
Studies tagged “United States” [339]
All 339 peer-reviewed studies in this research area, sorted by year.
[001]
(2026)
Deception Detection: Using Machine Learning to Analyze 911 Calls
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin The random forest model achieved 68.2% overall accuracy with 68.7% sensitivity and 67.7% specificity. Performance varied by context: homicide reports showed 71.2% accuracy with 77.3%… [002] (2025)The Truth about Lie Detection Test: Admissibility of Expert Evidence on Polygraph
The paper analyzes major evidentiary standards governing polygraph admissibility, including the transition from the Frye general acceptance test to the more flexible Daubert reliability standard… [003] (2025)The (Mis)utilization of Cues During Deception Detection in 911 Homicide Calls
Homicide Studies Judges incorrectly viewed calm callers as deceptive when valid cues indicated deceptive callers were actually more emotional, self-dramatizing, and worried. Of 86 cues examined, 35%… [004] (2025)Damned If You Don’t: Public Perceptions of Polygraph Testing and Suspect Willingness to Be Tested
Legal and Criminological Psychology Survey of 302 individuals found the average public rating of polygraph accuracy was 71% for detecting deception and 67% for truthfulness. Willingness to take a… [005] (2025)Well done! Or how to Avoid Dangers of Pseudoscience: Common Standard for Research in Behavioural Analysis and Deception Detection in Aviation Security
Anuario de Psicología Jurídica The paper establishes that many aviation security behavioral detection programs lack scientific validation and provides a comprehensive methodological framework addressing sample composition, statistical power, ecological… [006] (2024)March/April Issue: Deception
Anthropology News Leading polygraph experts testified against each other in federal court; the author's training revealed that supposedly objective scoring rules proved difficult to apply consistently; historical… [007] (2024)The Problem of Establishment of a Special Psychophysiological Study with the Use of a Polygraph as a Separate Criminal Intelligence and Surveillance Activity Within the Framework of Relevant Problems of Polygraph Use in Internal Affairs Agencies
Juridical Psychology The paper identifies gaps in current Russian legislation regarding the formal classification of polygraph-based SPPR as a distinct operational-surveillance activity, arguing for explicit statutory recognition… [008] (2024)Slow Tone: Detecting White Lie Disclosures Using Response Latency
Positive management tone following high response latency predicts immediate positive stock price reactions that reverse over time, with effects most pronounced in firms with lower… [009] (2024)The use of the “attitudechange” technique in conducting a special psychophysiological examination with application of polygraph
Russian Journal of Deviant Behavior The attitude change technique effectively neutralized the accusatory bias of polygraph testing when working with anxious subjects, significantly reducing false positive rates and improving overall… [010] (2024)How Reliable are Polygraph Examinations in Criminal Investigations? An Empirical Assessment
Criminal Law Bulletin Polygraphs yield unreliable conclusions in approximately 50 to 65 percent of cases involving innocent individuals—worse than a coin flip—when those individuals truthfully denied crimes they… [011] (2023)A Summary of the American Polygraph Association’s 57 th Annual Seminar
European Polygraph The seminar drew over 850 participants from more than 30 countries and received overwhelmingly positive feedback for its diverse training opportunities, venue selection, and options… [012] (2023)State v. Pierce: Refining the Standard for the Admission of Polygraph Evidence
Tennessee Journal of Law and Policy The Tennessee Supreme Court ruled that polygraph evidence is inherently unreliable and therefore inadmissible at sentencing, including in sex offender risk assessment reports, ending the… [013] (2023)Deception in the Emergency Setting
Emergency Psychiatry Research shows that malingering suspicion is common in emergency psychiatry, with 20% of patients strongly suspected and one-third suspected to some degree. Suicidal ideation (58%)… [014] (2023)The influence of false evidence ploy variants on perceptions of coercion and deception
Journal of Forensic Psychology: Research and Practice Participants failed to distinguish between the FEP and bluff tactics in terms of deceptiveness or coercion, and neither deception type nor interrogation length (1 vs.… [015] (2023)When do people lie, for whom, and why? : Altruistic lying in an alibi corroboration context
Explicit requests doubled false corroboration rates (49% vs 26%). Pre-existing friends received false alibis 41% of the time versus 18% for strangers. Surprisingly, experimentally-induced liking… [016] (2022)Deception in Police Interrogations
Justice, Crime, and Ethics U.S. courts have consistently upheld police deception as constitutionally permissible under most circumstances, though research shows these tactics contribute to false confessions, particularly among vulnerable… [017] (2022)Psychological, Organizational and Legal Aspects of the Use of Polygraph for the Evaluation of Reliability of Candidates to Security, Defense and Law Enforcement Agencies
Juridical psychology The full text was unavailable for review. The paper appears to provide a theoretical and legal analysis of polygraph screening practices in Russian security agencies,… [018] (2022)Looking for Lies: An Exploratory Analysis for Automated Detection of Deception
Word count-based machine learning models were most accurate at detecting deception (76% accuracy), with similar performance across video and text-based interviews, though significant gender bias… [019] (2022)Are Presidential Candidates Impervious to Deception Detection? A Test of Voters' Truth‐Default
Presidential Studies Quarterly Most voters (>50%) did not spontaneously mention deception, veracity, suspicion, or evasiveness in open-ended responses after watching presidential campaign interviews, even when the candidate was… [020] (2022)A Personal Model of Trumpery: Linguistic Deception Detection in a Real-World High-Stakes Setting
Psychological Science The personalized model achieved 73% accuracy in training data and 74% in out-of-sample testing, with 36 linguistic variables showing significant differences between truthful and deceptive… [021] (2022)Multimodal Deception Detection Using Real-Life Trial Data
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing The multimodal system achieved 83.05-84.18% accuracy in detecting deception at the subject level, with the best performance obtained by combining visual and acoustic features, significantly… [022] (2022)Polygraph Testing and Social Intolerance: A Warning to Examiners Outside of the United States
European Polygraph Testing applicants for social intolerance represents a dangerous expansion from behavioral screening to thought-screening that could encourage efforts to prohibit polygraph testing internationally. [023] (2022)What Do Polygraphers–Practitioners Expect from Science?
European Polygraph Polygraph practitioners demonstrated a strong preference for familiar techniques over scientific innovations, with minimal interest expressed in neurophysiological detection methods (EEG, fMRI) or remote sensing… [024] (2022)The Connection Between Deception Detection and Financial Exploitation of Older (vs. Young) Adults
Journal of Applied Gerontology Older adults exhibited significantly greater truth bias (M = .44) than young adults (M = .12), t(117) = 2.82, p = .006, d = .52,… [025] (2022)The emergence of “truth machines”?: Artificial intelligence approaches to lie detection
Ethics and Information Technology The paper's central argument is that HR managers should cease using technologically-based lie detection systems entirely and work to foster trust and accountability on a… [026] (2022)Exploring the implications of item-level data in sex offenders’ maintenance polygraph results
Journal of Sexual Aggression Subjects rarely made serious disclosures during the exam process, and a substantial portion were required to retake exams despite not registering as deceptive on any… [027] (2022)Attention-Aware Multi-modal RNN for Deception Detection
2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data) The attention-aware multimodal RNN achieved 96% accuracy on the Real-Life Trial dataset, substantially exceeding human performance (50%) and earlier multimodal systems (83%), while providing interpretable… [028] (2022)Security Clearance and Polygraph Examination
DAAAM Proceedings The study demonstrated measurable physiological responses across multiple sensor channels during security clearance-relevant questioning, providing empirical support for continued polygraph use in personnel security vetting… [029] (2021)Social Intolerance: A Dangerous and Mistaken Approach to Polygraph Testing for Positions of Trust: Response to Nelson and Handler
American Polygraph Association Magazine Testing for social intolerance is highly objectionable and likely to encourage efforts to prohibit polygraph testing, especially internationally, with concerns about increased false positives/negatives and… [030] (2021)Why Polygraph Testing Does Not Consistently Lead to Reduced Recidivism
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 61 Examined why increased disclosures from PCSOT haven’t translated to clear recidivism reductions. Proposed that professionals may struggle to translate disclosures into effective management actions. Called… [031] (2021)Deception Detection Using Machine Learning
Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Multiple machine learning algorithms successfully detected deception in reviews, news articles, and emails, with SVM and Random Forest showing strong performance. The research identified shared… [032] (2020)Practical polygraph: Interviewing and screening public-safety applicants for social intolerance
American Polygraph Association Magazine Authors concluded that polygraph examiners should become conversant with social intolerance topics and provided operational definitions, mind-mapping tools, and interview strategies for addressing religious, gender,… [033] (2020)John Augustus Larson (1892–1965)
European Polygraph Larson became likely the first American policeman with a doctoral degree and created the foundational technology that launched a new era of scientific criminal investigation… [034] (2020)Critical Changes Over the 100 Year Evolution of Polygraph Practices
European Polygraph The most important changes originated from the 1930 Northwestern crime laboratory and subsequent field research by John Reid and Fred Inbau, transforming polygraphy from rudimentary… [035] (2020)Trying an Accused Serial Sexual Harasser for Libel in a US Civil Court
European Polygraph The paper provides a blueprint for collaboration between victims, polygraph experts, statisticians, and attorneys to litigate libel suits using hypothesis-testing frameworks and comparative controlled designs. [036] (2020)A Study on the Development of the Admissibility of Polygraph Tests in India
SSRN Electronic Journal Both American and Indian legal systems have adopted highly restrictive positions on polygraph admissibility—the U.S. based primarily on scientific unreliability and failure to meet evidentiary… [037] (2020)Uncovering Credibility
The Oxford Handbook of Law and Humanities Evidence law relies on a false equivalence between detecting liars and determining who should be believed, using status-based proxies for social worthiness rather than scientifically… [038] (2020)The Use of Polygraph Test in Clinical Forensic Psychiatry Settings
Ethical Issues in Clinical Forensic Psychiatry Polygraph use varies dramatically by jurisdiction, with 79% adoption in US sex offender programs but limited European use. The chapter identifies significant ethical concerns regarding… [039] (2020)Clearer than Truth: The Polygraph and the American Cold War
Journal of American History Baesler argues that the polygraph's ambiguity was key to its Cold War influence, with the technology embodying conflicts between collective security and personal autonomy. The… [040] (2020)Structural Police Deception in American Police Interrogation: A Closer Look at Minimization and Maximization
Interrogation, Confession, and Truth Minimization and maximization interrogation techniques are inherently deceptive practices integral to the structure of American police interrogation, operating through pragmatic implication to communicate promises of… [041] (2020)5 Costs and Consequences of Deception, Coercion, and False Confessions: The Norfolk Four
Understanding Police Interrogation All four wrongfully convicted sailors passed polygraph tests but were falsely told they failed; extended interrogations of 8-11 hours produced false confessions that were later… [042] (2019)Detecting Deception in Political Debates Using Acoustic and Textual Features
2019 IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU) BERT textual features achieved MAE of 0.76, while i-vector acoustic features achieved comparable performance with MAE of 0.77. Multimodal fusion combining acoustic and textual features… [043] (2019 • INTERNATIONAL REVIEW)Polygraph: Use of Polygraphy in the Assessment and Treatment of Sex Offenders (International Perspectives)
In Handbook of Sexual Assault, Springer International review covering PCSOT use across US, UK, and Russian contexts. Provided substantiation for using polygraph within sex offender therapy and supervision frameworks. [044] (2019)The History, Present, and Future of Police Deception During Interrogation
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Police interrogation underwent major reforms between the 1930s and 1970s that replaced physical coercion with psychological deception. False-evidence ploys increase false confession rates by approximately… [045] (2019)Chicago: Where Polygraph Becomes a Science
European Polygraph Chicago became the epicenter for polygraph innovation through the convergence of academic institutions, progressive criminal justice reforms, and pioneering practitioners, with John Reid's development of… [046] (2019)Post-conviction polygraph testing of sex offenders
International Review of Psychiatry Over 60% of polygraph tests were associated with disclosure of clinically relevant new information, demonstrating PCSOT's primary value as a disclosure tool rather than purely… [047] (2019)Chicago: Birthplace of Modern Polygraphy
European Polygraph Chicago served as the birthplace of modern polygraphy through the development of standardized examination techniques and professional practices. The city's contributions established the foundational methodologies… [048] (2019)First Attempts at Practical Use of Instrumental Lie Detection
European Polygraph Instrumental lie detection moved from first operational use in 1917 investigations to routine deployment in 15 federal agencies by the post-WWII era, with significant wartime… [049] (2019 • AUTONOMIC REVIEW)Beyond the Polygraph: Deception Detection and the Autonomic Nervous System
Federal Practitioner, 36(7), 316–321 Review of deception detection methods beyond traditional polygraph, including fMRI, EEG, thermal imaging, and cognitive-based approaches. Assessed readiness of each technology for practical deployment. [050] (2019)Why Won’t You Answer the Question? Mass-Mediated Deception Detection After Journalists’ Accusations of Politicians’ Evasion
Journal of Communication Journalist accusations of evasion—even when false—triggered suspicion → perceived dodging → distrust through serial mediation. Absent accusations, voters remained in truth-default. Study 2 replicated results… [051] (2019)Appendix B. State Supreme Court Decisions for Polygraph Evidence
Black Robes, White Coats The appendix reveals highly inconsistent treatment of polygraph evidence across state supreme courts, with jurisdictions adopting per se bans, stipulation requirements, or case-by-case discretion, reflecting… [052] (2018)A systematic review of polygraph testing in post-conviction sex offender management
Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health The review found fragmented and largely anecdotal empirical support for PCSOT, with no randomized controlled trials identified among the studies examined. [053] (2018)Is a polygraph a reliable lie detector?
Polygraphs provide only 'slight' confidence in truth-telling with no 100% reliable indicator of deception. The Supreme Court found no consensus on polygraph reliability, noting polygraph… [054] (2018)British and American Interrogation Strategies
Interviewing and Deception British interrogation reform following PACE 1984 created a fundamental philosophical divide from American practice, with England and Wales developing an open-minded truth-seeking ethos while American… [055] (2018)Lie Detection and the Law
The polygraph persists in legal systems not through scientific validity but through strategic management of uncertainty and migration to less-regulated legal spaces like interrogations and… [056] (2018)The polygraph machine in the United States criminal courts
Lie Detection and the Law The three-category heuristic for polygraph admissibility obscures significant complexity in how courts negotiate scientific uncertainty, with polygraph evidence following different trajectories across jurisdictions and persisting… [057] (2018)The exclusionary toolkit
Lie Detection and the Law Courts employ a systematic 'exclusionary toolkit' of legal strategies to exclude polygraph evidence, constructing and deploying scientific uncertainty through challenges to validity, reliability concerns, and… [058] (2018)Embodied Conversational Agent-Based Deception Detection
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems Electrodermal activity successfully confirmed the presence of arousal during agent-based interviews, demonstrating that automated avatar systems can elicit valid physiological responses for detecting guilty knowledge… [059] (2017)Updated numerical distributions for the Empirical Scoring System: An accuracy demonstration with archival datasets with and without the Vasomotor Sensor
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment The updated ESS-M maintained diagnostic accuracy equal to or exceeding the original ESS while successfully incorporating vasomotor sensor data that was previously excluded from scoring… [060] (2017)Approaching the Crime Scene with an Eye toward Interview Strategy
Behavior, Truth and Deception The chapter provides practical guidelines for translating crime scene evidence and behavioral indicators into psychologically-informed interview strategies, though it does not present empirical research findings… [061] (2017)Assessing law enforcement performance in behavior-based threat detection tasks involving a concealed weapon or device.
Law and Human Behavior Law enforcement officers showed no detection advantage over untrained students across three experiments, with overall accuracy only slightly better than chance. Counterintuitively, more experienced officers… [062] (2017)Targeted Subject Interview
Behavior, Truth and Deception TSI provides structured tools including checklists for indirect personality assessment, victimology evaluation, and psychological background investigation to develop suspect-specific verbal tactics and interview themes that… [063] (2017)From Geoffrey Chaucer to Jeff Sessions, misspeaking is when you lie about lying
Claiming to have 'misspoken' represents a distinct form of meta-deception where prepared, deliberate statements are retroactively characterized as errors. The linguistic strategy crosses party lines… [064] (2016)DECEPTION DETECTION TECHNIQUES USING POLYGRAPH IN TRIALS: CURRENT STATUS AND SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice The review found that the GKT was more theoretically sound and effective than the CQT, and that juror-eligible individuals varied in their ability to reasonably… [065] (2016)You must be lying because I don’t understand you: Language proficiency and lie detection.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Discrimination between liars and truth-tellers was poorest when observers judged beginner English speakers compared to any other proficiency group. Observers exhibited a truth-bias toward native… [066] (2016)True Lies: People Who Lie Via Telling Truth Viewed Harshly, Study Finds
PsycEXTRA Dataset 52% of experienced business negotiators reported using paltering in some or most negotiations. Targets perceive paltering as ethically equivalent to lying by commission, while palterers… [067] (2016)Ethics and Standards
Essentials of Polygraph and Polygraph Testing Professional polygraph standards require validated techniques with empirical support, informed consent procedures, continuing education of at least 30 hours every two years, confidentiality protections, and… [068] (2016)Synopsis of articles from Polygraph 2015 (vol. 45) & 2016 (vol. 46)
European Polygraph The synopsis curated and summarized the most significant contributions to polygraph practice from a two-year period, covering evidence-based technique validation, practical examiner guidance, technological developments,… [069] (2015)2015 Update to the APA 2011 Meta-Analytic Survey of Validated Polygraph Techniques
Polygraph Updated the 2011 APA meta-analysis with new studies and data. Confirmed mean accuracy of .89 for event-specific diagnostic polygraphs (95% CI: .83–.95) and .85 for… [070] (2015)Pre-test Breathing Instructions
Polygraph Pre-test breathing instructions nearly doubled examiner perceptions of countermeasures (from 40.8% to 59.2%) and increased artifact detection rates, with concerning low inter-rater reliability. [071] (2015)A corpus-based analysis of potential linguistic indicators of corporate deception in tobacco industry documents
Cognitive-emotional verbs (believe, think, seem, feel) were strongly associated with likely deception and most prevalent in external audience documents and materials from the Tobacco Institute… [072] (2015)Public Law 100 – 347
Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice The Act prohibits private sector employers from requiring, using, or basing employment decisions on lie detector tests, with narrow exemptions for national security, ongoing theft… [073] (2015)Victim Credibility Interview
PsycTESTS Dataset In the absence of corroborating evidence, victim credibility was the most critical factor in arrest and prosecution decisions, with extralegal characteristics like victim behavior and… [074] (2015)Professional Sexual Misconduct: The Role of the Polygraph in Independent Comprehensive Evaluation
Journal of Medical Regulation In 56% of polygraphed cases, important new information about sexual boundary problems was uncovered that had not been elicited through repeated interviews and standard clinical… [075] (2015 • JUVENILE STUDY)Sexual History Disclosure Polygraph Outcomes: Do Juvenile and Adult Sex Offenders Differ?
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30, 928–944 Compared polygraph disclosure outcomes between juvenile and adult sex offenders. Found both groups disclosed significantly more victims and offense types during polygraph-assisted interviews. [076] (2015)Verbal and Nonverbal Clues for Real-life Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing Multimodal machine learning models achieved 77-82% accuracy on real-world deception detection, significantly exceeding human performance (near chance-level), with SVM classifiers reaching 82% when combining linguistic… [077] (2015)Should Police Use ACID? Training and Credibility Assessment Using Transcripts Versus Recordings
Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice Trained officers achieved 89% accuracy in credibility assessment versus 53% for untrained officers, with equivalent performance using transcripts or audio recordings, eliminating the transcription barrier… [078] (2015)Polygraphs and 280 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations
ResearchGate Across 281 wrongful conviction exoneration cases, polygraphs correctly pointed toward the truth in approximately 80% of completed examinations; 100% of exoneree polygraph failures occurred before… [079] (2015)The comparative advantages of brain-based lie detection
The International Journal of Evidence & Proof P300 CIT could serve as a credible signaling mechanism in pre-trial bargaining, allowing innocent defendants to distinguish themselves from guilty ones through voluntary testing, offering… [080] (2015)Using fMRI for Lie Detection: Ready for Court?
Psychiatric Expert Testimony: Emerging Applications Courts in United States v. Semrau and Wilson v. Corestaff rejected fMRI lie detection evidence, finding it failed Daubert reliability standards due to unknown real-world… [081] (2015)Polygraph legal issues
Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice Polygraph admissibility varies dramatically by jurisdiction, from per se exclusion in most federal and state courts to permissive admission in New Mexico. EPPA prohibits most… [082] (2014)The use of tactical polygraph with sex offenders
Journal of Sexual Aggression Only 4.7% of suspects initially admitted to sexually abusing children, but polygraph procedures elicited disclosures from an additional 52.8%, ultimately revealing 282 child victims including… [083] (2014)Development of Vermont Assessment of Sex Offender Risk-2 (VASOR-2) Reoffense Risk Scale
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment The VASOR-2 Reoffense Risk Scale achieved an AUC of .74 for predicting sexual recidivism at 5-year follow-up across a combined sample of 1,581 adult male… [084] (2014)Deception in the interrogation room
PsycEXTRA Dataset Courts permit extensive deception during interrogations, including fabricating evidence, but draw lines at misrepresenting legal rights. Legal boundaries remain unclear and case-specific under the totality-of-the-circumstances… [085] (2014)False Confessions
Encyclopedia of Deception Polygraph examiners interpret ambiguous charts as indicating deception when told suspects confessed; false claims of polygraph failure have caused documented false confessions; police are legally… [086] (2014)Deception in Police Interrogation
Justice, Crime, and Ethics The authors identified eight types of deceptive interrogation tactics routinely used and judicially accepted, argued that deception in interrogation increases likelihood of deception in testimony,… [087] (2014)'I'd know a false confession if I saw one': a constructive replication with juveniles
Psychology, Crime & Law Overall accuracy averaged just 52.8% correct across both experiments, with transcript-only evaluation producing below-chance accuracy (48.9%) and audio/video presentation yielding modest but statistically significant discrimination… [088] (2014)Ranking of States by Frequency of Wrongful Convictions and Exonerations with spreadsheets
ResearchGate The District of Columbia ranked worst overall with 15.5 wrongful convictions per million population and an average of 20.9 years to exoneration, followed by Louisiana… [089] (2014)80 Proposals to STOP Wrongful Convictions: Before the End of This Decade
Book The book estimates approximately 40,000 actually innocent individuals are incarcerated in the U.S. at any given time, and proposes that universal access to polygraph examination… [090] (2014)Erratum: Functional MRI-based lie detection: scientific and societal challenges
Nature Reviews Neuroscience The meta-analysis revealed no brain region consistently associated with deception across studies, accuracy rates varying from 69-100%, and countermeasures reducing detection from 100% to 33%.… [091] (2013)A Case Study of the Validity of the Arther Examination
Polygraph Among 9 DNA-confirmed innocent suspects, the Arther technique produced a 44.4% false positive rate (4 of 9 errors), with results statistically matching the only prior… [092] (2013)Polygraph and 215 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations
Polygraph Examined the relationship between polygraph testing and wrongful convictions across 215 exoneration cases. Analyzed how polygraph evidence was used or misused, providing critical insights into… [093] (2013)fMRI Lie Detection Validity and Admissibility as Evidence in Court and Applicability of the Court's Ruling to Polygraph Testing
European Polygraph The Sixth Circuit's rejection of fMRI lie detection in Semrau established the first appellate precedent against brain-based deception detection, emphasizing unreliable error rates and lack… [094] (2013)Employing Polygraph Assessment
The Handbook of Forensic Psychology The CQT has weak theoretical foundations, is biased against innocent examinees, and vulnerability to countermeasures. Field validity studies systematically overestimate accuracy due to confession-verification bias,… [095] (2013)A Case Study of the Validity of the Arther Examination Procedures in a Criminal Case with DNA Confirmation
Polygraph The AEP produced a 44% false positive error rate among DNA-exonerated innocent suspects, with statistical analysis showing these outcomes are almost impossible for a highly… [096] (2013)Investment Professionals' Beliefs about Deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Investment professionals believed their lie detection accuracy exceeds 65%, substantially higher than the 50-54% rate found in meta-analyses. They subscribed to invalid stereotypes about gaze… [097] (2013)Polygraphs and 183 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations
ResearchGate Across 215 exoneration cases, polygraphs supported exoneree innocence in 62.9% of cases outright and reached results inconsistent with guilt in 85.7% of cases overall, with… [098] (2013)Current FBI Polygraph/Interrogation Practices Puts the Actually Innocent at Risk of False Confession
PsycEXTRA Dataset Under FBI polygraph policies, only 17% of actually innocent people avoid interrogation, meaning 83% of the innocent are subjected to interrogation and false confession risk… [099] (2013 • REVIEW)Using Brain Imaging for Lie Detection: Where Science, Law and Research Policy Collide
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Reviewed 76–90% accuracy range under controlled conditions but noted substantial translational gaps between lab and forensic settings. Called for more robust research before courtroom use. [100] (2013)Smiling Behaviors and Credibility in Actual Trials: Naturalistic Observations of Witnesses
PsycEXTRA Dataset Smiling enhanced perceived likeability, with smiling female witnesses rated as more likeable than smiling males or non-smiling females. Male witnesses were seen as more trustworthy… [101] (2013)Guess who? An empirical study of gender deception and detection in computer‐mediated communication
Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology The study confirmed that speakers' domain knowledge, perceived trustworthiness, and self-efficacy significantly impact the success of gender deception and attribution in text-based online communication. Perceived… [102] (2013)The (F)utility of post-conviction polygraph testing
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment Despite widespread adoption in sex offender treatment programs, post-conviction polygraph testing lacks adequate evidence supporting its accuracy, efficacy, or effectiveness as a deterrent, with research… [103] (2012)Credibility assessment and inference for fusion of hard and soft information
Advances in Design for Cross-Cultural Activities Part I The research introduces an analytical framework enabling automatic and efficient processing of both physics-based sensor data and human-generated information for enhanced decision-making, with applications including… [104] (2012)The Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS): Psychometric Properties and Incremental Predictive Validity With Static-99R
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment Combined SOTIPS and Static-99R scores predicted all recidivism types with AUCs of .67 to .89, outperforming either instrument alone, with Net Reclassification Improvements of 20–43%… [105] (2012)Diagnosing Deception
The Science of Deception The institutionalization of lie detectors and psychotherapy in police and judicial settings, despite public resistance, led to a fundamental reconceptualization of the normal self as… [106] (2012)Using ACID to help police detect deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Police officers trained in ACID significantly outperformed untrained officers and their own pre-training performance at detecting deception from verbal content. Officers who relied on intuition… [107] (2012)Lie-Detection, Neuroscience, and the Law of Evidence
SSRN Electronic Journal The paper's central thesis is that the Daubert standard inappropriately conflates scientific and legal standards, and that 'bad science' might be 'good evidence' in legal… [108] (2011)An investigation of data and text mining methods for real world deception detection
Expert Systems with Applications Information fusion ensemble models achieved >74% classification accuracy in detecting deception in authentic criminal investigation statements, outperforming artificial neural networks (73.46%) and decision trees (71.60%),… [109] (2011)Sender Demeanor: Individual Differences in Sender Believability Have a Powerful Impact on Deception Detection Judgments
Human Communication Research Sender demeanor explained up to 98% of variance in detection accuracy across five experiments, with accuracy swings of 36-80% between matched and mismatched conditions. Eleven… [110] (2010)fMRI Lie Detection Fails a Legal Test
Science Judge Pham ruled fMRI lie detection inadmissible, finding no known error rates outside laboratory settings, no established standards for real-life application, and lack of general… [111] (2010)Neuroscience, lie-detection, and the law
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Schauer argues that although fMRI lie detection has significant scientific limitations, legal admissibility should depend on legal standards and comparative assessment against existing methods (like… [112] (2010 • US NATIONAL SURVEY)Current Practices and Emerging Trends in Sexual Abuser Management: The Safer Society 2009 North American Survey
Safer Society Press National survey showing PCSOT utilized in 79% of adult and 50% of adolescent community sex offender treatment programs across the US, up from 29% in… [113] (2010)Deception Recognition: Rethinking the Operational Commander's Approach
Military doctrine provides extensive guidance on executing deception but falls short in helping operational commanders protect against adversary deception operations. A proactive counterdeception approach using… [114] (2010)Interviewer’s Verbal Strategies
Behavior, Truth and Deception Effective verbal interrogation strategies must align with suspects' psychological defense mechanisms through carefully selected themes that provide moral excuses while preserving legal culpability, with strategies… [115] (2010)Polygraph countermeasures cannot be detected from respiratory signatures: Government policy puts the innocent at risk
Polygraph examiners could not reliably detect countermeasures from respiratory patterns, contradicting policy assumptions and creating significant false positive risks for innocent examinees showing normal stress-related… [116] (2009)Law & Psychiatry: Deception, Coercion, and the Limits of Interrogation
Psychiatric Services Courts hold that deception per se is not sufficiently egregious to invalidate confessions or exclude evidence. Only confessions procured by coercive official tactics are excluded… [117] (2009)Is Prison Sexual Offending Indicative of Community Risk?
Criminal Justice and Behavior Prison-only sex offenders showed a one-year violent arrest rate of 26.3% versus 9.5% for convicted sex offenders, and a five-year overall failure rate of 74.1%,… [118] (2009)Lies, True Lies, and Conscious Deception
Police Quarterly Police deception exists on a continuum from necessary investigative lies to career-ending misconduct. Repetitive use of deception creates cognitive scripts linking deception with success, causing… [119] (2009 • SOCIAL WORK)Sex Offender Polygraph Examination: An Evidence-Based Case Management Tool for Social Workers
Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 6(4), 361–376 Framed PCSOT as an evidence-based social work intervention that improves case management, treatment planning, and community safety monitoring for sex offender populations. [120] (2009)Model policy for post-conviction sex offender testing
Polygraph The policy establishes that PCSOT examiners must complete specialized 40-hour training, maintain 30 hours of continuing education every two years, work collaboratively within multidisciplinary teams,… [121] (2009)Brain Imaging Research: The Detection of Deception Utilizing HD-ERP, fMRI, and Pupillometry
Deceptive responses showed significantly longer reaction times (100 ms delay) and lower accuracy than truthful responses. Brain imaging achieved approximately 85.3% accuracy in detecting deception,… [122] (2009)Detecting concealment of intent in transportation screening: A proof of concept
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems The research demonstrated that automated analysis of verbal and nonverbal behavior during interviews could detect concealed intent at above-chance levels, with kinesic tracking revealing differences… [123] (2009)The Use of the Polygraph in Assessing, Treating, and Supervising Sex Offenders: A Practitioner's Guide
Criminal Justice and Behavior Nineteen studies across the US, UK, and Netherlands demonstrated that PCSOT significantly increases disclosures compared to non-polygraphed participants, with polygraph accuracy estimated at 80–90% in… [124] (2009)Lie-Detection Biases among Male Police Interrogators, Prisoners, and Laypersons
Psychological Reports Police interrogators overestimated their lie-detection abilities and were influenced by stereotypical beliefs about deception cues. Prisoners demonstrated more modest self-assessments and recognized pupil dilation as… [125] (2009)Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage
International Journal of Police Science & Management No single clue to deceit is foolproof, including polygraph measures of autonomic nervous system activity. The Othello error and Brokaw Hazard represent major detection failures,… [126] (2009)The Preliminary Credibility Assessment System Embedded Algorithm Description and Validation Results
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Validation studies showed 80% accuracy when inconclusives were excluded, with 23% inconclusive rates. When inconclusives were included, accuracy dropped to 63-79%. The algorithm was deliberately… [127] (2008)Is the Lie Detector an American Obsession?
European Polygraph The work addresses American exceptionalism in lie detection technology and provides counterpoints to Alder's historical interpretations of polygraph development and adoption in the United States. [128] (2008)Public Opinion About the Polygraph
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Mock juror studies consistently found that laypeople do not uncritically accept polygraph evidence; participants showed similar guilt judgments regardless of whether defendants passed or failed… [129] (2008)A Review of: “To Tell the Truth”
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence Chapman's review engages with Sullivan's argument that polygraph use is 'an art as much as a science' and evaluates the memoir's coverage of controversial cases… [130] (2008)Detection of Deception by Detection “Wizards”
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Only 47 of 15,000+ tested individuals (0.3%) achieved wizard status (80%+ accuracy on 2+ tests). Wizards rely on social-emotional cognition and attention to microexpressions, body… [131] (2008)Lies, damn lies, and lie detectors
Harvard Business Review No existing lie detection technology—polygraph or neuroimaging-based—has demonstrated sufficient scientific reliability for high-stakes organizational use; Wolpe argues the inferential chain from physiological arousal to deception… [132] (2008)Training for Individual Differences in Lie Detection Accuracy
Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security Out of over 20,000 people tested, only about 50 individuals (0.25%) demonstrated Truth Wizard status with 80%+ accuracy. However, brief 20-minute training sessions significantly improved… [133] (2008)Does the polygraph lead to better risk prediction for sexual offenders?
Aggression and Violent Behavior The review concluded there is reasonable evidence for polygraph use in some risk assessment areas, particularly for eliciting disclosures of historical and acute-dynamic risk factors,… [134] (2008 • USAF STUDY)Effectiveness of the Air Force Modified General Question Test Format
Polygraph Validated the USAF-MGQT format with total accuracy of 83.8% and definitive accuracy of 84.9%. Demonstrated effectiveness of the military’s standard examination format. [135] (2008)Review of: Gatekeeper: Memoirs of a CIA Polygraph Examiner
Journal of Forensic Sciences Sullivan's memoir documents his role conducting more polygraph tests than anyone in CIA history, discovering double agents and security threats while arguing that polygraph is… [136] (2008 • TWO-STAGE APPROACH)Exploration of a Two-Stage Approach for PDD Data Analysis
Polygraph Developed two-stage scoring approach combining Grand Total and Spot Score rules. Reduced inconclusive rates while maintaining decision accuracy, adopted widely in federal practice. [137] (2008)Air Force Modified General Question Test Validation Study
Polygraph The AFMGQT produced total and definitive accuracy rates that significantly exceeded chance levels for both truthful and deceptive participants in controlled laboratory conditions, providing empirical… [138] (2008)Improving the detection of physical countermeasures with chair sensors
Polygraph The addition of countermeasure sensors significantly improved examiners' performance in detecting physical countermeasures, while sensor information did not affect scores for examinees who were not… [139] (2008)Polygraph and Polygraph Techniques
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law No specific physiological response uniquely identifies deception; all polygraph methods rely on stimulus control and inference. Two major families of techniques exist—knowledge approaches and deception… [140] (2007 • RECIDIVISM COMPARISON)Outcomes in a Community Sex Offender Treatment Program: Polygraphed vs. Non-Polygraphed Offenders
Sexual Abuse Compared recidivism outcomes between polygraphed and matched non-polygraphed sex offenders. Polygraphed offenders showed significantly lower violent recidivism rates, though sexual recidivism differences were not significant. [141] (2007)Polygraph Testing
Beyond Common Sense Field research shows the CQT correctly identifies only 55-57% of innocent suspects, meaning 43-45% are falsely classified as deceptive. Scientific surveys reveal that fewer than… [142] (2007)Law & Psychiatry: The New Lie Detectors: Neuroscience, Deception, and the Courts
Psychiatric Services Neither fMRI nor brain-wave analysis met evidentiary standards for court use in 2007 due to insufficient validation data, with the author recommending judicial caution and… [143] (2007)Unicorns or Tiger Woods: Are lie detection experts myths or rarities? A response to On lie detection "Wizards' by Bond and Uysal.
Law and Human Behavior O'Sullivan rebutted claims that wizard-level performance was due to chance, demonstrating that profession-specific patterns of expertise (therapists excelling at emotion detection, law enforcement at crime… [144] (2007)The Lie Detectors: The History of An American Obsession
Free Press (Book) The polygraph's success stemmed from cultural psychology rather than scientific validity, with field accuracy for innocent subjects at only 53% (hardly better than chance). The… [145] (2007)Medical Devices New Frontier in Lie Detection
Biomedical Safety & Standards The analysis identified a regulatory vacuum for neuroscience-based lie detection and recommended prohibiting non-research use until technologies meet medical device standards for safety, effectiveness, and… [146] (2007 • EMPLOYEE PROTECTION)Employee Polygraph Protection Act: 20 Years Later
Law Review Articles (Various) Analyses of the 1988 EPPA’s impact after two decades. Banned most private employer polygraph use while maintaining exceptions for government, security, and pharmaceutical industries. [147] (2006)Federal Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Examiner Handbook
Government & Policy Documents Official policy manual for all federal polygraph programs. Standardized testing procedures, scoring methods, and quality assurance requirements. Based on accumulated research evidence and best practices… [148] (2006)Deception Detection Accuracy is a Predictable Linear Function of Message Veracity Base-Rate: A Formal Test of Park and Levine's Probability Model
Communication Monographs The Park-Levine model successfully predicted detection accuracy across all eight base-rate conditions, explaining 24% of variance. In the 50-50 condition, participants showed 67% accuracy for… [149] (2006)Validation Studies for the Preliminary Credibility Assessment Screening System (PCASS)
DoDPI Research Reports The research provided initial empirical validation of PCASS as a portable credibility assessment tool designed for minimal training requirements and field deployment in military contexts. [150] (2006)Use of Polygraph Examinations in the Department of Justice
Government & Policy Documents The report provided critical oversight data on how premier federal law enforcement agencies implemented polygraph technology in high-stakes contexts, identifying both operational practices and compliance… [151] (2006)Lie Detection Assessments as Evidence in Criminal Courts
Law and PsychologyCurrent Legal Issues Volume 9 The chapter concludes that neither the Control Question Test nor Statement Validity Analysis fully satisfy Daubert criteria for routine courtroom admissibility. While both detect deception… [152] (2006)Voice Stress Analysis Instrument Evaluation
University of Florida / CIFA Both CVSA and LVA voice stress analyzers demonstrated chance-level accuracy in detecting deception and stress, with false positive rates of 40-65%, indicating no scientific validity… [153] (2005)An Exploration of Methods for the Analysis of Multiple-Issue Relevant/Irrelevant Screening Data
Polygraph Different scoring and analytical methods produce meaningfully different accuracy and inconclusive rates on Multiple-Issue R/I data, with structured numerical scoring demonstrating superior consistency over subjective… [154] (2005)Polygraph Testing: A Utilitarian Tool
PsycEXTRA Dataset Of 2,641 FBI polygraph examinations analyzed, 50% of examinees who showed deceptive results subsequently provided confessions, admissions, or information of investigative value, confirming that examinees'… [155] (2005)It's Not Just Polygraph Anymore
PsycEXTRA Dataset No alternative technology had demonstrated sufficient validity to replace traditional polygraph as of 2005, though thermal imaging showed promise as an adjunctive measure. Voice stress… [156] (2005)Distinguishing Deceptive from Non-Deceptive Speech
Interspeech 2005 - Eurospeech Machine learning classifiers achieved approximately 70% accuracy in distinguishing truthful from deceptive speech, outperforming human judges by 12 percentage points. Contrary to conventional wisdom, filled… [157] (2005 • PERCEPTIONS)Post-Conviction Sex Offender Polygraph Examination: Client-Reported Perceptions of Utility and Accuracy
Sexual Abuse Surveyed sex offenders about their polygraph experiences. Found majority reported polygraph motivated them to be more honest in treatment and supervision, with many acknowledging its… [158] (2005)Use of Polygraph in Law Enforcement Internal Affairs Investigations
Polygraph Judicial precedent permits law enforcement agencies to require employees to submit to polygraph examinations during bona fide internal investigations, but strict procedural safeguards must be… [159] (2005)Hemispheric asymmetry and deception detection
Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition Participants showed a highly significant (p < .004) left ear advantage in detecting whether statements were true or false, indicating right hemisphere specialization for deception… [160] (2005)Lie detection and the polygraph: A historical review
Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology The modern polygraph emerged in the early 1920s as a multi-channel instrument recording respiration, cardiovascular activity, and electrodermal responses. Throughout its history, polygraph use has… [161] (2004)Self-efficacy, Training Effectiveness, and Deception Detection: A Longitudinal Study of Lie Detection Training
Lecture Notes in Computer Science Training novelty influenced perceptions of effectiveness, and developing accurate self-efficacy for deception detection requires multiple task iterations with feedback to allow skill calibration. Feedback on… [162] (2004)Criminal Identity Deception and Deception Detection in Law Enforcement
Group Decision and Negotiation The study found that 30% of suspects used intentionally false identities, with 62.5% using partly deceptive names and 29.2% using completely false names. An algorithmic… [163] (2004)Deception 101 - Primer on Deception
The work establishes fundamental distinctions between passive deception (concealing real capabilities) and active deception (creating false impressions), between fabrication and manipulation, and between ambiguity-increasing and… [164] (2004)"Intuitive" Lie Detection of Children's Deception by Law Enforcement Officials and University Students.
Law and Human Behavior Police officers, customs officers, and university students all performed at or below chance levels (44-51% accuracy) detecting children's deception in standard interviews. Accuracy improved to… [165] (2004)The Relationship Between Facial Skin Surface Temperature Reactivity and Traditional Polygraph Measures Used in the Psychophysiological Detection of Deception: A Preliminary Investigation
Polygraph Combined polygraph and thermal imaging achieved 92% accuracy compared to 88% for polygraph alone and 70% for thermal imaging alone, with periorbital and nasal regions… [166] (2003 • LANDMARK GOVERNMENT REVIEW)The Polygraph and Lie Detection
Government & Policy Documents The most comprehensive government review ever conducted. Examined approximately 80 research studies. Concluded that specific-incident polygraph tests “can discriminate lying from truth telling at rates… [167] (2003)Relative efficacy of the Utah, Backster, and federal scoring rules: A preliminary investigation
Polygraph The Backster scoring system produced larger negative values and an imbalance in conclusive scores compared to Utah and Federal systems, but no meaningful difference in… [168] (2003)Current practices and trends in sexual abuser management: The Safer Society 2002 Nationwide Survey
Safer Society Press By 2002, 70% of adult community-based sex offender treatment programs in the United States used polygraph testing, and 44% of adolescent programs did so, marking… [169] (2003)Outcome of a Treatment Program for Adult Sex Offenders: From Prison to Community
Journal of Interpersonal Violence Treatment completers showed a sexual recidivism rate of 5.4% versus approximately 30% for partial or non-participants over a nearly six-year follow-up, with no baseline risk… [170] (2003)Sexual offender containment: Use of the post-conviction polygraph
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Among 180 offenders, 39% had adult victim histories, 31% had victimized both males and females, 36% had engaged in bestiality, and 67% of incest offenders… [171] (2003)Book Section: Essay and Review: The Polygraph and Lie Detection
The Journal of Psychiatry & Law The NRC concluded that specific-incident polygraph tests perform above chance but well below perfection, with accuracy for security screening insufficient to justify reliance in federal… [172] (2003)Automated Scoring of Polygraph Data
Statistical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery With a simplified logistic regression approach using carefully selected features from electrodermal, cardiovascular, and respiratory channels, the study achieved classification accuracy rates comparable to more… [173] (2003)The Physiological Detection of Deception: Differentiation of True and False Statements Using Semantic Conditioning
PsycEXTRA Dataset The research proposed semantic conditioning as a theoretical approach to create deception-specific physiological responses, though full quantitative results were not published in accessible literature. The… [174] (2003)A Paucity of Operable Case Facts Restricts Applicability of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in FBI Criminal Polygraph Examinations
Forensic Science Communications The guilty knowledge technique was applicable in only 5.0%-8.6% of FBI criminal investigations overall, with significantly higher rates in bank robberies (25.0%) and kidnappings (17.2%),… [175] (2003)The use of law enforcement polygraph tests with juveniles
Journal of Credibility Assessment and Witness Psychology 74.3% of surveyed law enforcement examiners had polygraphed at least one juvenile, with some testing children as young as 7 years old; however, over half… [176] (2003 • DECISION RULES)Modified General Question Test Decision Rule Exploration
Polygraph Systematic exploration of decision rules for the MGQT format. Identified optimal cutscores and two-stage decision rules that maximized accuracy while minimizing inconclusive rates. [177] (2003)A Four-Domain Model for Detecting Deception: An Alternative Paradigm for Interviewing.
PsycEXTRA Dataset The four-domain model provides a practical taxonomy for behavioral observation, emphasizing that comfort/discomfort is among the most important indicators for assessing veracity, while acknowledging that… [178] (2003)Designing Agent99 Trainer: A Learner-Centered, Web-Based Training System for Deception Detection
Lecture Notes in Computer Science Training significantly improved deception detection accuracy, and Agent99 Trainer proved as effective as traditional lecture-based instruction, with participants showing a 0.333 improvement in detection performance… [179] (2003)Polygraph Evidence and Juror Judgments: The Effects of Corroborating Evidence
Journal of Applied Social Psychology Examined how polygraph evidence affects jury decision-making. Found that polygraph results interact significantly with corroborating evidence in shaping juror judgments. Provided empirical data for legal… [180] (2003)Increased cortical excitability in human deception
NeuroReport Motor cortex showed significantly increased excitability during deceptive responses compared to truthful responses, suggesting enhanced cognitive activity in motor and premotor connections during the act… [181] (2003)A Paucity of Operable Case Facto Restricts Applicability of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in FBI Criminal Polygraph Examination
Forensic Sciences Communication Of 758 FBI criminal examinations, only 6.7% had three or more operable keys available for CIT testing, with 89.2% having zero usable keys—demonstrating that the… [182] (2002)Polygraph Fails Scientific Review in the USA
The Lancet The NRC report concluded that polygraph screening equates to voodooism, is scientifically weak, easily defeated by countermeasures, and may undermine security through false confidence, though… [183] (2002)Polygraph Testing Too Flawed for Security Screening
PsycEXTRA Dataset The report concluded that while specific-incident polygraph tests perform above chance, polygraph accuracy for screening is insufficient to justify reliance on it in federal security… [184] (2002)Seeing through the face of deception
Nature The thermal imaging system correctly categorized 83% of 20 subjects (75% sensitivity for guilty, 90% specificity for innocent), compared to 70% overall accuracy for traditional… [185] (2002)Collaboration Among Sex Offender Treatment Providers and Probation and Parole Officers: The Beliefs and Behaviors of Treatment Providers
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment Ninety percent of treatment providers reported excellent or good rapport with probation officers, 87.4% considered communication with probation officers essential, and 24.2% reported that probation… [186] (2002)Does the Confession Criterion in Case Selection Inflate Polygraph Accuracy Estimates?
Forensic Science Communications The study found no statistically significant differences in polygraph detectability between confession-verified and non-confession-verified guilty subjects, indicating that the confession criterion does not inflate polygraph… [187] (2002)The polygraph in personnel screening
Handbook of Polygraph Testing Personnel screening polygraph demonstrated lower accuracy than specific-incident testing, with innocent examinee identification rates ranging from 88.9% to 98.3% across different formats, indicating false accusation… [188] (2002)Computerized Polygraph System
Journal of Forensic Sciences The CPS algorithm demonstrated accuracy rates of 95-96% on confirmed truthful cases and 85-95% on deceptive cases in field validation studies, performing comparably to or… [189] (2002)washington Polygraph fails scientific review in the USA
The Lancet The NAS report equated polygraph screening with voodooism, finding it worthless for security screening and easily defeated by countermeasures, while acknowledging above-chance accuracy only for… [190] (2002 • SCIENTIST SURVEY)General Acceptance of the Polygraph by the Scientific Community
Paper presented at APA-Law Society, Austin, TX Survey of 363 SPR and APA members finding that scientists familiar with polygraph literature were more supportive of its use than those without direct research… [191] (2002)Childhood Victimization and Lack of Empathy as Predictors of Sexual Offending Against Women and Children
Journal of Interpersonal Violence Lack of empathy was confirmed as a significant mediator between childhood victimization and sexual offending, with childhood sexual abuse and pornography exposure predicting child-victim offending… [192] (2002)Investigation and Evaluation of Voice Stress Analysis Technology
NCJRS (US Government) This represented one of the first rigorous government assessments of commercial VSA systems, addressing a critical gap in scientific literature regarding voice analysis for deception… [193] (2001)New Decision Rule Development: Exploration of a Two-Stage Approach
DoDPI Research Reports The Two-Stage Rule (TSR) successfully reduced the proportion of inconclusive polygraph test results while maintaining classification accuracy equivalent to the Grand Total Rule alone, with… [194] (2001)Psycho-legal scholars report positive attitudes towards polygraph validity
Paper presented at the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association, Reno, NV Psycho-legal scholars reported positive attitudes toward polygraph validity, providing evidence that the most legally relevant scientific community — those working at the intersection of psychology… [195] (2001)Expanding Federal Polygraph Programs
Government & Policy Documents The federal polygraph system could add only 33 net new examiners per year under existing constraints, with 75 of DoDPI's 108 annual training slots required… [196] (2000)Polygraph testing and the DOE national laboratories
Science The Wen Ho Lee case demonstrated that identical polygraph data could be interpreted as both passing and failing by different examiners. Despite ubiquitous polygraph use… [197] (2000)Comparison of Utah and DoDPI Scoring Accuracy: Equating Veracity Decision Rule, Chart Rule, and Number of Data Channels Used
DoDPI Research Reports When veracity decision rules, chart number, and data channels were equated, DoDPI and Utah scorers showed no significant differences in accuracy; however, the University of… [198] (2000)Polygraph testing and behavioral change with sex offenders in an outpatient setting: an exploratory study
Polygraph The study provided preliminary field evidence that polygraph testing was associated with behavioral changes and increased compliance among sex offenders under community supervision, supporting the… [199] (2000)Post-Conviction Polygraph Testing: Then and Now
Polygraph Post-conviction sex offender polygraph testing had achieved widespread acceptance across U.S. corrections officers, judges, and therapists by 2000, with all three groups independently citing its… [200] (2000 • KEY DISCLOSURE STUDY)The Impact of Polygraphy on Admissions of Victims and Offenses in Adult Sexual Offenders
Sexual Abuse Landmark study showing that polygraph testing dramatically increased admissions of previously undisclosed victims and offenses. Found substantial increases in reported victim counts and offense variety… [201] (2000)Integration of Polygraph Testing with Sexual Offenders in the Colorado Department of Corrections
Polygraph Colorado DOC successfully implemented a multi-tiered polygraph testing program that demonstrated operational feasibility of using polygraph examinations as both therapeutic and supervision tools rather than… [202] (2000)Metadiscursive Deception
The Language of Deception: A Discourse Analytical Study The research identified two main types of metadiscursive deception: function misrepresentation (concealing evasion or attack) and propositional content manipulation (through implicature and felicity condition violations).… [203] (2000)How People Deceive
The Language of Deception: A Discourse Analytical Study The typology identifies three main categories of linguistic deception: falsifications and distortions related to propositional content, taking words out of context related to utterance function,… [204] (2000)The Value of Polygraph Testing in Sex Offender Management
Colorado Department of Public Safety / NIJ The study provided critical empirical evidence about PCSOT implementation and effectiveness during a period when this supervision tool was becoming increasingly prevalent but lacked sufficient… [205] (1999)A Comparison of Computer Programs Designed to Evaluate Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Examinations: Bakeoff 1
Department of Defense Polygraph Institute Report All five computer scoring programs achieved statistically equivalent accuracy rates of 88–91% on definitive decisions, with no single program significantly outperforming the others; four of… [206] (1999)Measuring facial expressions by computer image analysis
Psychophysiology The automated hybrid system achieved 91% accuracy in recognizing six upper facial Action Units, outperformed non-expert humans, matched expert-level performance, and reduced coding time from… [207] (1999)The Effects of Victim Impact Evidence on the Verdicts and Sentencing Judgments of Mock Jurors
Journal of Offender Rehabilitation At the individual juror level, exposure to victim impact evidence significantly increased sentence severity and death penalty recommendations among those who convicted, despite no statistically… [208] (1999)Manually Scoring Polygraph Charts Utilizing the Seven-Position Numerical Analysis Scale at the Department of Defense Polygraph Institute
Polygraph The documentation identified 22 distinct physiological reaction criteria (12 respiration, 3 electrodermal, 7 cardiovascular) and established hierarchical scoring rules based on the number and quality… [209] (1999)Problems with the Polygraph
Science This is a letter to the editor, not an empirical research study, and therefore does not contain experimental findings or statistical results. It represents scientific… [210] (1999)DOE Polygraph Plan Draws Fire
Science DOE significantly reduced the scope of its polygraph screening program from 20,000 to 4,600 employees after facing criticism about the scientific validity of polygraph testing,… [211] (1999)Numerical evaluation of the Army zone comparison test
Polygraph The study detailed the Army ZCT seven-position numerical scoring system (-3 to +3) with standardized criteria for evaluating respiration, electrodermal, cardiovascular, and vasomotor responses, documenting… [212] (1999)Polygraph evidence in federal courts: Should it be admissible?
American Criminal Law Review The article concludes that polygraph evidence fails to meet Daubert reliability standards and creates substantial prejudicial effects that outweigh probative value under Rule 403, arguing… [213] (1999)DOE backs down on widespread polygraph testing
Chemical & Engineering News Archive DOE reduced its polygraph testing program from over 13,000 mandated positions to approximately 800 targeted positions in response to scientific criticism and National Academy recommendations. [214] (1998)An Effective Interrogation and a Valid Confession
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception The Gardner case established five core principles for valid interrogations: maintain conversational dialogue, ask explicit questions, avoid mixing interview types, prioritize inconsistency analysis over deception… [215] (1998)Language and Constitutional Rights
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception Shuy's forensic analysis revealed that constitutional rights were not effectively protected in practice despite formal Miranda compliance, with linguistic complexity, ambiguous rights invocations, and failure… [216] (1998)Some Basic Principles of Interrogation, Confession, and Deceptive Language
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception The chapter establishes five core principles for reliable interrogation practice and demonstrates how linguistic analysis reveals coercive elements in seemingly voluntary confessions, with particular emphasis… [217] (1998)Can criteria-based content analysis distinguish between true and false statements of African-American speakers?
Law and Human Behavior CBCA achieved 69% accuracy for White speakers and 67% for African-American speakers, with specific criteria showing differential validity across ethnic groups. Total CBCA criteria counts… [218] (1998)Unvalidated Confession
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception The case revealed that unvalidated confessions create irresolvable credibility contests, as human memory proves unreliable for verbatim recall and witnesses may unconsciously reconstruct statements to… [219] (1998)Language of the Implicational Confession
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception The chapter demonstrates that implicational confessions occur when suspects appear to admit guilt through pragmatically implied rather than explicitly stated language, creating legal challenges in… [220] (1998)Everyday Lies in Close and Casual Relationships
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology People lie significantly less per social interaction to emotionally close partners, with subjective closeness as the sole significant predictor when controlling for duration and interaction… [221] (1998)Language of Written Confessions
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception Linguistic analysis revealed that Michael Carter's written confession matched the detective's sentence structure rather than Carter's own documented speech patterns, leading to dismissal of all… [222] (1998)Inferred Confession
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception The case demonstrated that without documentation, confessions become interpretations filtered through officer memory and expectations rather than objective evidence. The analysis revealed how easily statements… [223] (1998 • SUPREME COURT)United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303
Legal Rulings Upheld military ban on polygraph evidence under Military Rule 707 but did not create a blanket constitutional prohibition. Dissent by Justice Stevens noted polygraph may… [224] (1997)Review of Polygraph Accuracy Research
Various Publications Reported accuracy of polygraph studies as exceeding .90, consistent with findings by Raskin (2002) and Raskin & Podlesny (1979). Helped establish the scientific consensus that… [225] (1997)Using the polygraph
Managing adult sex offenders in the community: A containment approach Polygraph testing functions most effectively within a collaborative containment framework involving polygraph examiners, treatment providers, and supervision officers working as an interdependent team, with results… [226] (1997)The psychology of confession evidence
American Psychologist The paper identified three specific problems: police routinely use deception and psychological coercion during interrogation; these methods can cause innocent people to falsely confess; and… [227] (1997)Brief of the Committee of Concerned Social Scientists as Amicus Curiae
United States v. Scheffer The brief reported polygraph accuracy exceeding 90% based on laboratory and field studies, though the Supreme Court ultimately ruled 8-1 that categorical exclusion of polygraph… [228] (1997)Polygraph testimony and juror judgments: A comparison of the guilty knowledge test and the control question test
Journal of Applied Social Psychology No differences were found among conditions for either jury or individual verdicts; jurors rated both CQT and GKT polygraph testimony below other forms of evidence… [229] (1997)Polygraph Testimony and Juror Judgments: CIT vs. CQT Comparison
Journal of Applied Social Psychology Compared juror responses to CIT and CQT polygraph evidence. Found differential juror reactions depending on the type of polygraph test presented, with implications for how… [230] (1997 – 2023)Modern Scientific Evidence: The Case For and Against Polygraph Admissibility
Modern Scientific Evidence (Legal Volume Series) Ongoing point-counterpoint exchanges between leading polygraph researchers, published in a legal reference intended for judges and lawyers. Covers the complete spectrum of admissibility arguments under… [231] (1997 • LEGAL ANALYSIS)A Critical Look at the Admissibility of Polygraph Evidence in the Wake of Daubert
Catholic University Law Review, 46, 1247–1310 Detailed legal analysis applying Daubert criteria to polygraph evidence. Concluded that while polygraph meets some Daubert factors, validity questions remain that courts must evaluate case-by-case. [232] (1997 • 9TH CIRCUIT)United States v. Cordoba, 104 F.3d 225 (9th Cir.)
Legal Rulings Abandoned the per se rule excluding polygraph, leaving admissibility to district court discretion under Daubert analysis. Contributed to circuit split on polygraph evidence. [233] (1996 • FIELD STUDY)A Field Study of the Validity of the Utah CQT
University of Utah Department of Psychology (NIJ Grant) Large-scale NIJ-funded field study of actual criminal cases. Found overall accuracy exceeding 90% with experienced examiners using numerical scoring. Included 160+ confirmed criminal cases. [234] (1995)Behavioral Correlates of Deception in a Simulated Police Interview
The Journal of Psychology Results showed a significant decrease in subtle hand and finger movements during deception compared to truth-telling, strongly supporting the behavioral control hypothesis that subjects attempt… [235] (1995)A national survey of practices, policies and evaluative comments on the use of pre-employment polygraph screening in police agencies in the United States
Among large U.S. police agencies, 62% utilized pre-employment polygraph screening, rejecting approximately 25% of applicants based on information not uncovered through other screening methods. Agencies… [236] (1995)Factors Affecting Credibility in a Simulated Sexual Harassment Hearing
Violence Against Women Aggressive cross-examination significantly reduced the perceived credibility of sexual harassment complainants, and simple denial by the accused was an effective defense strategy, demonstrating that procedural… [237] (1995 • CIRCUIT BREAKTHROUGH)United States v. Posado, 57 F.3d 428 (5th Cir.)
Legal Rulings Stated “the per se rule against admitting polygraph evidence did not survive Daubert”. Recognized “tremendous advances in polygraph instrumentation and technique” since 1923. [238] (1994)Detection of Deception: Polygraph and Integrity Tests
Current Directions in Psychological Science Saxe concludes that polygraph tests do not assess deceptiveness but rather measure fear, with no way to determine the cause of anxiety, making validation impossible.… [239] (1994)Differentiation of truthful and deceptive criminal suspects in Behavior Analysis Interviews
Journal of Forensic Sciences Trained BAI evaluators achieved 91% accuracy on truthful suspects and 80% accuracy on deceptive suspects (excluding inconclusives), with deceptive suspects manifesting theoretically predicted behavioral cues… [240] (1994)The current status of research in forensic psychophysiology and its application in the psychophysiological detection of deception
Polygraph The computerization of polygraph represented the most significant technological advance, with research directed toward new sensors, digitized data collection, automated diagnostic algorithms, and countermeasure detection… [241] (1993)Is the Guilty Knowledge Polygraph Technique Applicable in Criminal Investigations? A Review of FBI Case Records
Crime Laboratory Digest The GKT was deemed applicable in only 13.1% of reviewed FBI criminal cases (95% CI: 4.9%–21.4%), and the majority of remaining cases lacked the operationally… [242] (1993 • LANDMARK RULING)Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579
Legal Rulings Landmark ruling replacing the Frye “general acceptance” standard with multi-factor reliability analysis for scientific evidence. Opened door for renewed polygraph admissibility challenges based on testability,… [243] (1992)Polygraph admissibility: Changes and challenges
Law and Human Behavior The authors found that while polygraph evidence might meet basic evidentiary requirements, serious challenges centered on poor training and lack of standardization in the profession,… [244] (1992)Saccadic Eye Movements in Deception.
Eye movements occurring during inter-trial periods (between response and next question) were not indicative of subject veracity, contradicting informal observations. However, eye movements measured during… [245] (1992)From coercion to deception: the changing nature of police interrogation in America
Crime, Law and Social Change Psychological deception has replaced physical coercion as the most salient feature of contemporary police interrogation. Modern interrogators openly condemn physical force and believe psychological tactics… [246] (1992)The effects of polygraphy and eyewitness testimony on the beliefs and decisions of mock jurors
Imagination, Cognition, and Personality Eyewitness testimony significantly increased guilty verdicts and beliefs in defendant guilt, while polygraph expert testimony had no significant effect on mock juror decisions at either… [247] (1992)Use of antianxiety drugs as countermeasures in the detection of guilty knowledge
Journal of Applied Psychology Drug status had no influence on GKT outcomes—diazepam, meprobamate, and propranolol all failed as countermeasures. Innocent subjects who coincidentally scored high on recognition memory tests… [248] (1991)The Use of Polygraphy With Sex Offenders
Annals of Sex Research Polygraphy, particularly in the form of disclosure-oriented examinations, was found to be a valid and clinically useful tool for eliciting comprehensive offense histories from sexual… [249] (1991)The emperor's new clothes: Application of polygraph tests in the American workplace
Forensic Reports Analysis of DoD security screening polygraph data revealed CSP examinations correctly identified only 2% of guilty subjects, with sensitivity of 43.2% for programmed guilty examinees,… [250] (1990)Legal Issues concerning Polygraph Testing in the Public Sector
Public Personnel Management The article identified unique constitutional vulnerabilities in public sector polygraph programs, revealing a paradox where private employees enjoyed statutory protections that many public workers lacked… [251] (1990)The Polygraph and Psychiatrists
Journal of Forensic Sciences Interviews indicated that polygraph effectiveness may be primarily due to the suggestibility of examinees and the coercive mystique of the instrument rather than valid physiological… [252] (1990)Resurrecting polygraph validation of self‐reported crime data: A note on research method and ethics using the deer poacher∗
Deviant Behavior Strong support for learning theory in explaining poaching behavior, with nearly all subjects socialized at an early age by friends and family. All but two… [253] (1990)Right to Lie?
Scientific American This news commentary explored polygraph constitutional issues and policy implications following federal legislation that banned most private-sector polygraph use while exempting government employers. [254] (1990)History and Description
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception The chapter documents the evolution of polygraph instrumentation and identifies six major problems with the Control Question Test, establishing a critical framework that distinguished scientifically… [255] (1990)Development of a Computerized Polygraph System and Physiological Measures for Detection of Deception and Countermeasures: A Pilot Study
Contract Report The study demonstrated the feasibility of fully computerized polygraph systems for both data acquisition and automated analysis, contributing to algorithms and measurement techniques that formed… [256] (1990)Beyond Validity: Utility and Legal Considerations in the Application of Psychophysiological Detection
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception The authors demonstrated that validity alone is insufficient for evaluating polygraph applications—practical utility depends on base rates, differential consequences of errors, stakeholder perspectives, and legal… [257] (1989)The New Federal Polygraph Law and Its Effect On Hospitality Operators
Hospitality Education and Research Journal EPPA eliminated 85% of polygraph testing nationwide and completely banned pre-employment screening in hospitality, forcing hotels and restaurants to develop alternative methods for addressing employee… [258] (1989)Assessing credibility of allegations of child sexual abuse: Polygraph examinations and statement analysis
Criminal behavior and the justice system: Psychological perspectives At the University of Utah during 1983-85, 56% of accused persons examined by polygraph were diagnosed as truthful in their denials. The authors proposed that… [259] (1989)A Response to "New Polygraph Law: No Dangerous Weaponry Involved"
PsycEXTRA Dataset The full text was not accessible for analysis. The document represents commentary on EPPA implementation rather than empirical research. [260] (1989)The admissibility of evidence derived from hypnosis and polygraphy
In D.C. Raskin (Ed.), Psychological methods in criminal investigation and evidence Forty states had determined hypnotically refreshed testimony inadmissible, with 26 states adopting per se or variant exclusionary rules. For polygraph evidence, two states deemed it… [261] (1989)Studies of the accuracy of security screening polygraph examinations
DoDPI Research Reports Security screening polygraphs showed disturbing asymmetry with 94.9% accuracy for innocent examinees but only 43.2% accuracy for guilty examinees, creating more false negatives than false… [262] (1989 • 11TH CIRCUIT)United States v. Piccinonna, 885 F.2d 1529 (11th Cir.)
Legal Rulings Established that polygraph evidence could be admitted under certain conditions including stipulation by both parties. Created framework for conditional admissibility. [263] (1989)The validity of detection of deception for multiple issues
Guilty subjects were identified as deceptive to at least one crime 67% of the time (93% excluding inconclusives), but the study revealed examiners could not… [264] (1988)Testing: Pre-work polygraph ban signed by Reagan
PsycEXTRA Dataset The EPPA banned polygraph use by most private employers, established exemptions for government agencies and certain high-risk industries (security, pharmaceuticals), required strict procedural safeguards for… [265] (1988)A Comparative Investigation of the Reliability Between Differing Scoring Systems
DoDPI Research Reports The study examined whether different numerical scoring systems produced comparable levels of consistency when multiple trained scorers evaluated identical polygraph charts. [266] (1987)Voice stress evaluators and lie detection
Journal of Forensic Sciences Voice stress analyzers produced correct stress/non-stress identifications only at chance levels, failing to demonstrate validity as either stress detectors or lie detection instruments across multiple… [267] (1987)Detecting infrequent deception.
Journal of Applied Psychology When base rates are .10 or lower, false positive rates must be equally low regardless of decision threshold. Improving detection of true deception from .85… [268] (1987)The Predictive Power of the Polygraph: The Lies Lie Detectors Tell
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association The letter argued that in screening situations with low base rates of deception, most positive polygraph results would be false positives, meaning truthful persons would… [269] (1987)What psychologists should know about lie detection
PsycEXTRA Dataset Field and laboratory studies of the Control Question Test produced mixed and inconclusive results, with some studies finding it accurate and others showing it was… [270] (1986)The ambivalent polygraph
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence Full text unavailable; analysis cannot be completed without access to the original article. [271] (1986)Polygraph Testing—A Comprehensive Literature Review of an Ethical Dilemma
American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education The review found polygraph testing yielded approximately 11% false positive and 2% false negative results, with autonomic responses confounded by race, education, and multiple other… [272] (1986)Polygraph Surveillance of Probationers
Polygraph One of the earliest studies on using polygraph for monitoring probationers. Established the foundational evidence for polygraph as a supervision tool that would later evolve… [273] (1986)Policymakers' use of social science research: Technology assessment in the U.S. Congress
Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, and Utilization The article demonstrated that rigorous technology assessment could successfully influence policy even against powerful interests, as evidenced by the OTA polygraph report's role in leading… [274] (1985)Polygraph testing: Thoughts of a skeptical legislator
American Psychologist Brooks advocated for congressional restrictions on expanded federal polygraph screening, citing scientific validity concerns and civil liberties implications. His legislative efforts contributed to the rescission… [275] (1985)USE OF THE POLYGRAPH IN SCREENING JOB APPLICANTS
American Business Law Journal The article documented significant legal vulnerabilities in pre-employment polygraph practices, including privacy infringement concerns, state-level regulatory inconsistencies, discriminatory potential based on ethnicity and sex, and… [276] (1985)Testing the Polygraph
PsycEXTRA Dataset The review identified fundamental problems with polygraph validity, finding that while claimed to be highly accurate, the evidence was unclear particularly for screening applications. Control… [277] (1985)Significance of MMPI "Lie" Scale Elevations
PsycEXTRA Dataset All forensic patients meeting criteria of Lie scale > 6 with no clinical elevations showed psychotic disorders with prominent paranoid features, suggesting elevated L scales… [278] (1985 • MILITARY FIELD STUDY)A Validation and Reliability Study of Counterintelligence Screening Tests
Security Support Battalion, 902nd Military Intelligence Group, Fort Meade, MD US military study of polygraph screening test validity. Found significantly better than chance detection rates for counterintelligence screening, though with higher inconclusive rates than specific-issue… [279] (1985)Comparison of Relevant/Irrelevant and Modified General Question Technique Structures in a Split Counterintelligence-Suitability Phase Polygraph Examination
Polygraph The R/I and MGQT techniques differed significantly in the types of examiner decisions rendered and the nature of security-relevant information obtained, demonstrating that question format… [280] (1984)Confidence, Accuracy, and Utility of Polygraph Decisions
Journal of Applied Psychology Examined the relationship between examiner confidence and decision accuracy. Field study included in the OTA analysis. Highlighted that structural improvements to testing protocols can reduce… [281] (1984)The social organization of lie-detector tests
Urban Life The study reveals that polygraph examinations function through structured social interactions involving power dynamics, role performance, and ritualized procedures that construct legitimacy and produce socially… [282] (1984)On the fallibility of lie detection
American Psychologist The paper concluded that lying does not produce a measurable physiological response, that empirical evidence showed high false positive rates (50% in laboratory studies), and… [283] (1984)Detecting Deception in 1984
American Behavioral Scientist Lykken concluded that polygraph tests are wrong one-third of the time overall, biased against innocent and conscientious persons, can be beaten by sophisticated liars, and… [284] (1983)Detection of deception: Effectiveness of physical countermeasures under high motivation conditions
Psychophysiology With enhanced training, countermeasure subjects produced 47% false negative outcomes compared to 0% for guilty controls, demonstrating that simple physical countermeasures could effectively defeat the… [285] (1983 • CONGRESSIONAL REVIEW)Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation
Government & Policy Documents Systematic review for Congress. Analyzed 10 field studies and 14 analog studies using the CQT. Found laboratory studies had an average unweighted accuracy of .83… [286] (1983)Relationship between Nonverbal Sensitivities and Detection of Deception
Perceptual and Motor Skills The study found evidence that general nonverbal sensitivity relates to deception detection ability, though the relationship appears modest, contributing to broader understanding that individual differences… [287] (1983)Lie detectors tell too many lies
Nature The editorial argued that federal government polygraph expansion set a dangerous precedent for other employers, appearing alongside the 1983 OTA report finding only limited scientific… [288] (1983)The detection of physical countermeasures
Polygraph Polygraph examiners detected only 12% of participants using physical countermeasures, with trained countermeasures proving difficult to detect through either physiological chart analysis or behavioral observation. [289] (1983)The scientific validity of polygraph testing
Office of Technology Assessment Report Field studies showed average guilty detection of 86.3% but innocent detection of only 76%, with false positive rates averaging 19.1%. No scientific validity was established… [290] (1983)The perspective of social psychology: Toward a viable model for application
Advances in applied social psychology The chapter established that applied psychological procedures must rest on sound theoretical foundations and construct validity, not merely pragmatic demonstrations of effectiveness—principles that would prove… [291] (1982)Field Validity Study of CQT
Journal of Applied Psychology One of ten field studies meeting OTA minimum scientific standards. Provided accuracy data from real criminal investigations that contributed to the overall evidence base for… [292] (1982)The effects of multiple physical countermeasures on the detection of deception
Psychophysiology Enhanced countermeasure training enabled 47% of guilty subjects to produce false negative outcomes by augmenting physiological responses to control questions, with cardiovascular measures most affected… [293] (1981)Cpi Variables in Relation to the Polygraph Performance of Police Officer Candidates
The Journal of Social Psychology Applicants who scored highest on the CPI impression management scale were most likely to pass polygraph screening tests, suggesting that social desirability and self-presentation skills… [294] (1980)Credibility and incredibility: the psychiatric examination of the complaining witness
American Journal of Psychiatry Psychiatrists can identify mental conditions affecting testimony capacity but face significant ethical, legal, and professional limitations in making direct credibility determinations. Courts restrict psychiatric testimony… [295] (1979)Regressive Hypnosis and the Polygraph: A Case Study
American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis The case study demonstrated the simultaneous application of polygraph instrumentation and ideomotor response signaling during hypnotic age regression in a criminal investigation, though specific quantitative… [296] (1979)Effects of information and practice on detection of deception
Psychophysiology Detection accuracy remained robust across all experimental conditions, with detailed information about the CQT and practice having minimal impact on the ability to differentiate guilty… [297] (1979 • JURY PERCEPTION)The Effect of Polygraph Evidence on Mock Jury Decision-Making
Journal of Police Science and Administration Found that polygraph evidence could be a crucial factor in jury decision-making. Raised concerns about potential for undue influence, contributing to judicial caution about admissibility. [298] (1978)An aspect of World War II use of the polygraph
Of 294 German POWs screened at Fort Wetherill in August 1945, 139 (47%) were rejected based on polygraph and other screening criteria, with those failing… [299] (1978)Electrolyte medium effects on measurements of palmar skin potential
Psychophysiology The study replicated large effects of epidermal hydration on skin potential measurements. Agar and Unibase did not differ significantly from each other, but both may… [300] (1977)The effect of lie detector evidence on jury deliberations: An empirical study
Journal of Police Science and Administration Polygraph evidence influenced mock juror deliberations but did not produce the uncritical acceptance or overwhelming prejudice predicted by courts as justification for exclusionary rules. [301] (1975)Admissibility of polygraph evidence in 1975: An aid in determining credibility in a perjury-plagued system
Hastings Law Journal Tarlow identified a paradox in polygraph jurisprudence: courts admitted polygraph evidence upon stipulation even though stipulation does not enhance the inherent reliability of the technique,… [302] (1975 • FIELD STUDY)Relative Accuracy of Polygraph Examiner Diagnosis of Respiration, Blood Pressure, and GSR Recordings
Journal of Police Science and Administration Field study comparing diagnostic value of individual physiological channels. Found electrodermal (GSR) measures provided the most diagnostic information, followed by cardiovascular and respiratory channels. [303] (1975)Legal admissibility of the polygraph
Journal of Criminal Justice The volume provided comprehensive advocacy for polygraph admissibility but inadvertently documented persistent validity concerns, including the field validation paradox where successful deception removes cases from… [304] (1974)The validity of the polygraph with retardates
Journal of Police Science and Administration The polygraph produced physiologically interpretable and diagnostically valid results with individuals with intellectual disabilities, suggesting that cognitive limitations do not suppress the autonomic arousal mechanisms… [305] (1973)Survey of Attitudes on the Polygraph
Polygraph Polygraph examiners demonstrated markedly more positive attitudes toward test validity than external professionals, revealing a significant perception gap between practitioners and skeptical psychologists/attorneys. [306] (1972)The Polygraph Silent Answer Test
The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science The Silent Answer Test produced better respiratory reactions and more reliable chart quality by reducing objectionable movements from verbal responses. The method became widely adopted… [307] (1966)Truth and Deception
The manual introduced the full Reid technique including control question methodology, the silent answer test, card tests, and procedures for managing responsive and unresponsive examinees,… [308] (1966)Polygraph and Interview Validation of Self-Reported Deviant Behavior
American Sociological Review Overall questionnaire accuracy was high, but delinquency scale items showed significant underreporting. Despite individual response inaccuracies, questionnaires successfully maintained valid rank-ordering of respondents by delinquency… [309] (1966)THE SMALL SCALE GAP TEST: CALIBRATION AND COMPARISON WITH THE LARGE SCALE GAP TEST
The SSGT showed quantitative correlation with the Large Scale Gap Test for explosives at porosity ≥ 104, validating the small-scale test as a reliable predictor… [310] (1965)Ethics and the Polygraph Examiner
The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science The paper established that polygraph examiners must maintain professional neutrality and have ethical obligations to both examinees and employing agencies, laying conceptual groundwork for the… [311] (1962)Studies in Lie Detection: Computer Feasibility Considerations
RADC-TR 62-205, U.S. Air Force One of the earliest studies exploring computer-assisted analysis of polygraph data. Commissioned by the Air Force. Laid the groundwork for computerized scoring methods that would… [312] (1962)Some aspects of fundamental frequency and envelope amplitude as related to the emotional content of speech
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Pitch aided emotional identification by 44% while amplitude added only 3%, demonstrating pitch dominance. Accuracy declined from 44% to 25% when pitch variations were smoothed… [313] (1961)Scientific Theory and Scientific Evidence: An Analysis of Lie-Detection
The Yale Law Journal Skolnick concluded that polygraph testing involved excessive interpretive subjectivity, lacked validated theoretical foundations, suffered from examiner qualification problems, and failed to meet the Frye standard… [314] (1960)The Polygraph in Agent Interrogation
Government & Policy Documents The paper documents early CIA operational polygraph practices with intelligence assets, reflecting the use of relevant-irrelevant questioning techniques during the 1950s-1960s period of Cold War… [315] (1955)Routine Screening of Criminal Suspects by the Polygraph (Lie-Detector) Technique
The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science Seven of nine deceptive subjects confessed to an additional 25 burglaries and implicated 7 accomplices, all of whom were arrested and corroborated the original confessions. [316] (1954)Academy of Polygraph (Lie-Detector) Examiners, An
Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology Inbau identified the absence of standardized training and professional credentialing as the primary barrier to polygraph legitimacy, and proposed a formal academy model — a… [317] (1953)Scientific Proof of Credibility
Tennessee Law Review Trovillo argued that converging physiological evidence — including electrodermal, cardiovascular, and respiratory indices — provided a scientifically legitimate basis for polygraph admissibility, citing accuracy claims… [318] (1947)A revised questioning technique in lie detection tests
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Reid established that innocent examinees would react more strongly to control questions about past wrongdoing, while guilty examinees would react more strongly to relevant crime… [319] (1947)The Control Question Test
Various Publications Invented the Control Question Test (CQT) — the testing format that would become the most widely used polygraph method worldwide. Reid’s innovation of using comparison… [320] (1946)"Lie Detector" Doesn't
The Science News-Letter The article's title and content directly challenged the fundamental premise of polygraph testing, concluding that lie detectors do not actually detect lies—a finding that would… [321] (1945)Inbau, F. E. Lie detection and criminal interrogation. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co., 1942. Pp. viii + 142. $3.00
Journal of Clinical Psychology The review documented Inbau's influential synthesis of polygraph science and interrogation practice, notably his articulation of the peak-of-tension test for guilty knowledge examinations, establishing foundations… [322] (1945)Simulated Blood Pressure Responses in Lie-Detector Tests and a Method for Their Detection
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Reid demonstrated that muscular countermeasures could artificially distort cardiovascular readings and developed the first instrumented countermeasure detection system, which became standard in polygraph practice. [323] (1939)History of lie-detection (I)
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology The review demonstrated that deception detection has been a universal human concern across all cultures and historical periods, with methods progressing from superstition-based ordeals (rice… [324] (1939)Evidence. Expert Testimony. "Lie Detector" Evidence Inadmissible
Virginia Law Review The court ruled lie detector evidence inadmissible, holding that the technology lacked general scientific acceptance and threatened to improperly invade the jury's traditional function of… [325] (1933)Book Review:Lying and its Detection; A Study of Deception and Deception Tests. John A. Larson
Ethics The review highlighted Larson's balanced perspective—unlike other promoters of lie detection, Larson was critical of the polygraph and cautioned against its use in court proceedings,… [326] (1931)Deception: a study in forensic psychology.
The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology The study contributed to conceptual frameworks distinguishing types of deceptive communication and establishing that deception involves both conscious cognitive processes and involuntary physiological responses, though… [327] (1931)Legal Psychology
The textbook synthesized emerging scientific evidence on physiological deception detection methods including blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response, establishing an academic framework for forensic… [328] (1928)Deception and self-deception.
The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology The study provided early recognition that self-deception posed fundamental challenges to polygraph validity, contributing to scientific skepticism about relying solely on physiological measures to detect… [329] (1927)Deception-tests and the law of evidence
California Law Review McCormick concluded that general scientific acceptance should not be the criterion for admitting scientific evidence, arguing instead that relevant conclusions from qualified experts should be… [330] (1924)The cardio-pneumo-psychogram in deception
Phillips Bros., Print Larson demonstrated that simultaneous continuous recording of cardiovascular and respiratory physiology during structured questioning produced a convergent, interpretable physiological record of deception-related arousal, with multi-channel… [331] (1924)Studies in Testimony
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Expert blind reading of blood pressure charts by Marston achieved a reported 97.1% accuracy across 35 cases, compared to 74.3% accuracy when non-specialist officers conducted… [332] (1923)Sex Characteristics of Systolic Blood Pressure Behavior
Journal of Experimental Psychology Female participants were reported to exhibit stronger and more consistent systolic blood pressure elevations during deception than male participants, with Marston interpreting this as evidence… [333] (1923)Frye v. United States
Federal Reporter The court held that for scientific evidence to be admissible, the underlying principle or technique must be 'sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in… [334] (1923 • FOUNDATIONAL PRECEDENT)Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir.)
Legal Rulings Original case establishing the “general acceptance” test for scientific evidence admissibility. Excluded systolic blood pressure deception test, setting the standard that governed polygraph admissibility for… [335] (1921 – 1922)The Cardio-Pneumo-Psychograph (First Continuous Polygraph)
First scientific article published 1922 John A. Larson, working for the Berkeley (California) Police Department, developed the first continuous polygraph recording device. Unlike Marston, Larson was cautious about polygraph use… [336] (1915 – 1917)Systolic Blood Pressure and Deception Detection
Various Publications William Moulton Marston (who later created Wonder Woman) developed the discontinuous systolic blood pressure test for deception. His wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston suggested the blood… [337] (0)Polygraphs and 250 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations
Across 215 documented wrongful conviction exonerations, polygraph examinations correctly indicated exoneree innocence in approximately 80% of cases with clear results (a 4:1 ratio of passes… [338] (0)Practice for Quality Control of Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (Polygraph) Examinations
The standard established that all polygraph examinations may be subjected to quality control review by experienced examiners, with reviews required to be independent and objective.… [339] (0)Practices for Interpretation of Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (Polygraph) Data
The standard requires that acceptable test data analysis procedures be published in refereed journals with confirmed replications, that examiners use only methods for which they…Related research topics
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