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Theory & Mechanisms
This topic encompasses 1481 peer-reviewed studies, primarily in the field of verbal & behavioral deception detection. Research in this area spans from the 0s to the 2020s.
1481Studies
0s–2020sSpan
22Categories
2152Researchers
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Studies tagged “Theory & Mechanisms” [1481]
All 1481 peer-reviewed studies in this research area, sorted by year.
[001]
(2026)
Large Language Models Simulating Deception and Coalition in Social Deduction Game
LLM agents demonstrated sophisticated deception strategies including agreeableness tactics and nomination mimicry to blend with truthful players, though they exhibited limitations in subtle deception without… [002] (2026)Modes of visual framing in neuropsychological deception detection research
Science, Technology & Human Values German neuropsychologists demonstrate notable methodological restraint in brain-based deception detection research, with researchers warning about AI-based approaches lacking transparency and theoretical foundations. [003] (2026)Buyer–Seller-Deception-Game Dataset: A new comprehensive dataset for facial expression based deception detection in economic contexts
Intelligent Systems with Applications OpenFace-based AU features performed best on clean, controlled recordings while CNN-based predictors outperformed on challenging in-the-wild data with lower video quality. Multimodal approaches combining visual… [004] (2026)Influence of Stimulus Layout and Social Presence on Deception-Related Eye Movements and Blinks in the Concealed Information Test
Journal of Eye Movement Research Concealment in multi-object CIT displays produced significantly more fixations (diff = 0.95, p < 0.001) and fewer blinks compared to truthful responses. Deception-related eye movement… [005] (2026)Neural Signatures of Deception: An Explainable Machine LearningApproach Using EEG Signals
The LGBM-based framework achieved 97.7% accuracy in classifying truthful versus deceptive EEG responses, significantly outperforming conventional machine learning classifiers while maintaining model interpretability through feature… [006] (2026)Culture and credibility: the assessment of asylum seekers’ statements
Psychology, Crime & Law The review identifies systematic cultural differences in autobiographical memory style, power distance effects on reporting, acquiescence response styles, and trauma memory expression that can lead… [007] (2025)Is there a correlation between AI use and deception in students?
This is a preregistered study; no empirical findings are available yet. When conducted, it will reveal correlations between AI literacy dimensions and various deception measures. [008] (2025)Cognitive Computing Frameworks for Scalable Deception Detection in Textual Data
Big Data and Cognitive Computing CoTAM with sentence decomposition achieved statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) over baseline methods. LLaMA-3-8B reached F1_lie of 0.35 compared to Gemma-3-27B's 0.19 in one-shot… [009] (2025)Lie Detection System using Multimodal Biometric Analysis
Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management The system demonstrated qualitative feasibility of multimodal data fusion, showing that physiological arousal patterns combined with facial expression analysis could be integrated for lie detection,… [010] (2025)The Artificial Intelligence Application Concept in the System of Polygraph-Based Psychophysiological Lie Detection
Juridical Psychology The paper establishes a comprehensive conceptual framework defining AI application in polygraph systems, identifying implementation mechanisms, guiding principles, and operational forms, while systematically analyzing advantages,… [011] (2025)Unmasking Deception: Examining Receivers' Emotional Responses with Automated Facial Expression Analysis in Veracity and Valence
Emotional mimicry was significantly lower for deceptive messages (F(1,505) = 32.64, p < .001, η²p = 0.06), with the strongest effect for positively framed deceptions.… [012] (2025)Supplemental Material for High Confidence, Low Accuracy: Younger and Older Adults Overestimate Lie Detection Performance
Psychology and Aging Both younger and older adults significantly overestimated their lie detection performance around chance level. Older adults reported higher confidence in judgments, lower self-reported detection ability,… [013] (2025)Facial expression-based lie detection: A survey of micro expression analysis, datasets and challenges
AIP Conference Proceedings The survey finds that automated micro-expression analysis shows promise for deception detection, with machine learning methods outperforming human judgments, though accuracy varies widely (63-78%) depending… [014] (2025)On the issue of preparing for lie detection in the process of training psychologists
The Topical Issues of the Humanities and Social Sciences Works of art can serve as preliminary training materials for psychology students learning about lie detection, but practical, observation-based training with real human subjects is… [015] (2025)Corpus Linguistics and Deception Detection
Reference Module in Social Sciences Deceptive speakers show distinct linguistic patterns including increased word count, more sense-based words, fewer self-references, more other-references, and avoidance of causal terms, though these patterns… [016] (2025)A Review on Robustness of Deception Detection System Based on Eye Movement Features
2025 11th International HCI and UX Conference in Indonesia (CHIuXiD) Most eye movement-based deception detection systems achieved only low to medium robustness scores. Multimodal approaches demonstrated higher robustness than unimodal approaches, but challenges including limited… [017] (2025)“Your Thoughts are (were) Free!“: Brain-Computer-Interfaces, Neurofeedback, Detection of Deception, and the Future of Mind-Reading
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback The central finding is that neurophysiological mind reading succeeds or fails based on motor-contingent feedback loops and learning mechanisms. In neurofeedback for epilepsy, 35% of… [018] (2025)DecepTech AI: Advancing Lie Detection Through Multimodal Nonverbal Behavior Analysis
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems The system successfully integrated multiple nonverbal behavioral channels using machine learning to detect deception patterns, demonstrating capability for real-time processing and avoiding the intrusiveness of… [019] (2025)Detecting Deception through Nonverbal Signals
The Magic Gaze: Decoding Thoughts through Eyes and Gestures This is not an original empirical study but an educational review chapter synthesizing existing research on nonverbal deception detection, with emphasis on the limitations of… [020] (2025)Cognitive mechanisms underlying deception detection in neurodiverse sample of autistic and non-autistic young adults
Research in Autism Increased autism symptoms uniquely predicted better deception detection accuracy in mismatched conditions (where demeanor conflicts with veracity) but not in matched conditions. Executive functioning moderated… [021] (2025)'Believe your chart but don't ignore your nose'
European Polygraph The study concludes that examiners should engage their intuition as accumulated subconscious information gained through experience to supplement numerical scoring, as test complexity and inherent… [022] (2025)Model of Lie Cues Detection in Cross-Cultural Communication: Insights from Linguistic and Cultural Intersections
JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature) Linguistic deception cues include speech uncertainty, intonation changes, and ambiguous expressions, while cultural norms like family honor (siri) in Bugis-Makassar culture significantly shape how lies… [023] (2025)Investigative Interviewing: Priming the Interview Context
European Polygraph The paper identifies a significant gap in empirical evidence supporting priming effectiveness in real-world forensic contexts, despite its intuitive appeal and extensive laboratory validation. [024] (2025)Memory Distortions, Confabulation, and Their Impact on Polygraph Examinations
European Polygraph Confabulated memories can produce autonomic responses similar to genuine memories, creating false-positive polygraph results because traditional methods cannot distinguish between intentional deception and genuinely believed… [025] (2025)Scientific Interrogation: The Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) Technique
European Polygraph The SUE technique represents a paradigm shift toward information-gathering approaches that optimize accuracy in credibility assessment and investigative efficiency compared to conventional deception detection methods. [026] (2025)Contemporary pathways in forensic psychology: A review of psychophysiological perspective of veracity versus deception detection
Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine Lie detection may not be an exact science with significant variability across studies and contexts. Eye blink patterns, facial microexpressions, and cognitive load indicators show… [027] (2025)Explainable AI for Unraveling the Significance of Visual Cues in High Stakes Deception Detection
IEEE Access Eyebrow movements emerged as the most reliable visual indicator of deception in high-stakes courtroom settings. The Multi-layer Perceptron model achieved 88% accuracy and 92.86% recall… [028] (2025)An Efficient Lie Detection with Movement Tracks of Larynx and Eye Flutters During Interrogation Using Machine Learning and Deep-Computing
Wireless Personal Communications The system successfully automated detection of micro-level eye and laryngeal movements invisible to the naked eye, demonstrating that non-verbal signals including blink patterns and swallowing… [029] (2025)Detecting Deepfakes Through Emotion?: Facial Expression and Emotional Contagion as Dual Indicators of Deepfake Credibility
Applied Cognitive Psychology Deepfakes exhibited lower overall and negative emotions compared to authentic videos. Counterintuitively, audiences' reduced emotional responses to deepfakes were associated with higher perceived credibility, mediated… [030] (2025)Artificial intelligence in lie detection: Why do cognitive theories matter?
New Ideas in Psychology Mechanism-driven theories enable researchers to identify what features AI extracts and how those features relate to deception, allowing forensic experts to anticipate error patterns and… [031] (2025)The (Mis)utilization of Cues During Deception Detection in 911 Homicide Calls
Homicide Studies Judges incorrectly viewed calm callers as deceptive when valid cues indicated deceptive callers were actually more emotional, self-dramatizing, and worried. Of 86 cues examined, 35%… [032] (2025)Truth Under Pressure: A Deep Learning-Based Lie Detection System for Online Lending Using Voice Stress and Response Latency
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications The lie detection model achieved 70% testing accuracy with 70.9% F1-Score when analyzing voice stress and response latency from court testimony videos, while the Llama… [033] (2025)Cognitive Ability, Overconfidence, and Confirmation Bias in Lie Detection
Detection accuracy was only slightly above chance with better performance on truths than lies; females outperformed males who showed greater overconfidence; cognitive ability did not… [034] (2025)Unveiling faking in job interviews by examining facial thermal cues in deception detection
Scientific Reports Nasal temperature was higher in rehearsed responses than spontaneous responses and higher in spontaneous lies than spontaneous truths, while forehead and cheek temperatures remained stable.… [035] (2025)A psycholinguistic NLP framework for forensic text analysis of deception and emotion
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence The researchers successfully identified both guilty parties from 18 suspects using combined entity correlation, deception scoring via Empath, emotion analysis through Hugging Face transformers, and… [036] (2025)Honesty and lie aversion
Elgar Encyclopedia of Behavioural and Experimental Economics Experimental evidence reveals substantial intrinsic lie aversion beyond detection risk, with preferences for honesty and social image as primary motivations for truth-telling. People exhibit context-dependent… [037] (2025)Multimodal Deception Detection via Cognitively Guided Inconsistency Modeling
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop & Challenge on Subtle Visual Computing The cognitively-guided framework successfully captured subtle, asymmetric, and ambiguous deceptive patterns by modeling modality leakage through selective channel replacement and aligning prediction confidence with psychological… [038] (2025)Effects of Soft-Domain Transfer and Named Entity Information on Deception Detection
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The study found improvements in accuracy over baseline models, with named entity information augmentation producing notable improvements of up to 11.2%. Jensen-Shannon distance correlated moderately… [039] (2025)Влияние индивидуально-психологических особенностей обследуемых лиц на результаты, полученные в ходе тестирования с применением полиграфа
Расследование преступлений: проблемы и пути их решения Individual psychological characteristics significantly influenced polygraph test results in an examinee without mental pathology, suggesting that certain combinations of psychological traits may produce physiological response… [040] (2025)Truth in inconsistency? The potential of differential mnemonic consistency in deception detection
Psychology, Crime & Law Differential mnemonic consistency reliably distinguished experience-based from fabricated statements, with repetition consistency proving superior to retention consistency. Truth-tellers showed significantly larger differences in consistency between… [041] (2025)Exploring Audio-Visual Fusion Methods in Foundation Model-Based Deception Detection
2025 Asia Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC) Audio-visual fusion using Q-Former architecture with foundation models consistently outperformed unimodal approaches, with systems aggregating embeddings from all layers achieving 3.78% accuracy improvements over last-layer-only… [042] (2025)Well done! Or how to Avoid Dangers of Pseudoscience: Common Standard for Research in Behavioural Analysis and Deception Detection in Aviation Security
Anuario de Psicología Jurídica The paper establishes that many aviation security behavioral detection programs lack scientific validation and provides a comprehensive methodological framework addressing sample composition, statistical power, ecological… [043] (2025)Teaching AI Agents to Lie at Social Deduction Games
Game AI Uncovered The system successfully enabled AI agents to deceive human players and detect deception by maintaining probabilistic worldviews for each player, evaluating claim consistency against belief… [044] (2024)The Problem of Cognition of the Deception Propensity
Emotional Development and Youths' Predisposition to Deception The research establishes that deception propensity is closely related to emotional maturity components including emotional expressiveness, self-regulation, and empathy, with the empathic constituent identified as… [045] (2024)Detecting deception with artificial intelligence: promises and perils
Trends in Cognitive Sciences AI-based deception detection systems lack sufficient scientific validation and may repeat the mistakes of polygraph technology, potentially leading to systematic discrimination against innocent individuals. [046] (2024)EEG-based deception detection using weighted dual perspective visibility graph analysis
Cognitive Neurodynamics The WDPVG method achieved 86.25% accuracy with SVM classification, with frontal and parietal lobe activity showing the strongest discrimination between truth-telling and deception through graph-based… [047] (2024)Your lies don't leave me cold: Assessing direct, indirect and physiological measures of lie detection
Acta Psychologica All three deception detection modalities failed: explicit accuracy remained at chance, indirect measures showed no sensitivity to actual veracity, and fingertip temperature did not differentiate… [048] (2024)FTM: The Face Truth Machine—Hand-crafted features from micro-expressions to support lie detection
Computer Vision and Image Understanding FTM achieved satisfying cross-dataset transferability and can analyze facial expressions across a wide range of poses. The use of hand-crafted features enables interpretation of which… [049] (2024)Psychology and the Lie Detector Industry: A Fifty-Year Perspective
Psychophysiology Comprehensive 50-year retrospective on polygraph science since Lykken (1974). Reviews the evolution of CQT, CIT, and screening tests. Notes that government promotion has expanded polygraph… [050] (2024)(When) Would You Lie to a Voicebot?
SSRN Electronic Journal Participants were more likely to lie when hearing a feminine voice than a masculine voice, and more likely to lie to a feminine-voiced basic voicebot… [051] (2024)Psychophysiological and Psychological Foundations of Theories and Practices of Deception Diagnosis
Emotional Development and Youths' Predisposition to Deception The chapter establishes that emotions are critically important in deception manifestation and that polygraph methods must account for motivational, moral, and emotional sphere aspects. Emotional… [052] (2024)Assessing partial errors via analog gaming keyboards in response conflict tasks: A proof-of-concept study with the concealed information test
Behavior Research Methods Probe trials showed 2.93% partial errors versus 0.46% for irrelevant items, with strong statistical evidence (Bayes Factor = 275) supporting the detection of response conflict… [053] (2024)Experimental economics for machine learning—a methodological contribution on lie detection
PLOS ONE Machine learning algorithms trained on video data from an economic dice-rolling experiment achieved 67% lie detection accuracy when ground truth was verified through experimental design,… [054] (2024)MVis4LD: Multimodal Visual Interactive System for Lie Detection
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The research successfully developed a web-based multimodal interactive system that enables users to explore deception detection data through natural language, demonstrating the feasibility of integrating… [055] (2024)Does (Biasing) Nonverbal Information Deteriorate the Accuracy of the Take-the-Best Heuristic for Deception Detection?
Applied Cognitive Psychology The detailedness heuristic achieved accuracy rates of 60.9-71.8% compared to 52.6-56.9% for unguided judgments (d = 0.55-0.76), but strongly biasing nonverbal behavior reduced this advantage,… [056] (2024)Blue Sky: Multilingual, Multimodal Domain Independent Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 2024 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (SDM) The paper identifies that universal linguistic cues to deception in non-English languages remain unknown, low-resource language deception detection lacks sufficient labeled data, and multimodal deception… [057] (2024)Detecting lies through others’ eyes: Children use perceptual access cues to evaluate listeners’ beliefs about informants’ deception
Children aged 4-7 years demonstrated sophisticated second-order reasoning about lie detection, predicting that receivers with perceptual access would detect deception while ignorant receivers would believe… [058] (2024)POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUES OF COMPARISON QUESTIONS: THEORY AND PRACTICE OF RESEARCH, PROSPECTS OF APPLYING
NAUKA I PRAVOOKHORONA Meta-analytic evidence supports CQT accuracy with effect sizes around r = 0.69, with probable-lie questions (r = 0.71) slightly outperforming directed-lie variants (r = 0.61).… [059] (2024)Corpus Linguistic Approaches to Deception Detection
Linguistic cues to deception are symptomatic of their operationalization, vary by speakers' sociolinguistic backgrounds, and must be analyzed in context. The complexity of deception construction… [060] (2024)Reasoning about knowledge in lie production
The computational model incorporating both shared and private knowledge reasoning successfully predicted human lying behavior better than alternative models that ignored private information, demonstrating that… [061] (2024)An Automatic Lie Detection Model Using EEG Signals Based on the Combination of Type 2 Fuzzy Sets and Deep Graph Convolutional Networks
Sensors The proposed model achieved >95% accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity for distinguishing truths from lies, with remarkable robustness maintaining >90% accuracy even in extremely noisy… [062] (2024)Using Pupillometry in the Detection of Deception
In M. Goldsmith & M.H. Papesh (Eds.), Modern Pupillometry: Cognition, Neuroscience, and Practical Applications The ODT correctly classified 85% of participants as guilty or innocent by combining pupil dilation responses and reading behavior patterns. Guilty participants showed increased pupil… [063] (2024)The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: The Role of Ai Quality Disclosure in Lie Detection
When relying on low-quality AI advisors without disclosure, participants' truth-detection rates fell below their unassisted baseline (approximately 36%), recovering only when AI effectiveness was revealed.… [064] (2024)Virtual Lies and Digital Truths: A Review of Research on Deception in Online Communication
The review identifies major theoretical frameworks including Interpersonal Deception Theory and Media Richness Theory as foundations for understanding online deception, while highlighting persistent challenges including… [065] (2024)Physiological Reactions Profiling in Polygraph Testing: Insights from Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Analysis
Acta Polytechnica Hungarica Fuzzy clustering identified distinct physiological profiles across 18 parameters with a moderate R² of 0.371 and a low silhouette coefficient of 0.010, indicating that physiological… [066] (2024)Deception Detection Algorithm Based on Global and Local Feature Fusion with Multi-head Attention
2024 3rd International Conference on Image Processing and Media Computing (ICIPMC) The study demonstrates that fusion of local facial features (AU strength and gaze angle) with global temporal patterns through Siamese Transformer architecture and multi-head attention… [067] (2024)Deception Detection from Linguistic and Physiological Data Streams Using Bimodal Convolutional Neural Networks
2024 5th International Conference on Information Science, Parallel and Distributed Systems (ISPDS) The bimodal CNN successfully integrated physiological measurements (heart rate, skin conductance, respiration, skin temperature) with linguistic features from transcripts, demonstrating that neural networks can effectively… [068] (2024)Electrodermal Activity in Polygraph Testing
PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY The research details the 7-position EDA scoring framework (ranging from -3 to +3) with clear criteria distinguishing noticeable, significant, and dramatic differences between comparison and… [069] (2024)Training on dirty labels: Rejoinder to Kotsoglou and Biedermann
Forensic Science International: Synergy The authors defend their ML approach as practically useful for quality assurance despite training on potentially fallible human labels, arguing that polygraph use remains legitimate… [070] (2024)Dark personality traits and deception, and the short dark tetrad (SD4) as integrity screening instrument
Scientific Reports Liars scored significantly higher on all four dark traits, with psychopathy showing the strongest effect, but overlapping distributions made categorical classification impossible; likelihood ratio analysis… [071] (2024)Behind the Scenes of a Protocoled Polygraph Test
European Polygraph The paper identifies critical gaps in protocoled polygraph practice where rigid adherence to standardized procedures may compromise examination effectiveness and examiner discretion. [072] (2024)A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Deception Detection by Neurodiverse Young Adults
Topics in Language Disorders Observable response features produced significantly more accurate deception judgments than nonverbal communication or subjective descriptions. No significant differences emerged between high and low autistic trait… [073] (2024)Laying the groundwork for analysis
Corpus Linguistic Approaches to Deception Detection The chapter establishes that linguistic cues to deception are context-dependent and symptomatic of their operationalization, that social background substantially influences deceptive language construction, and that… [074] (2024)Slow Tone: Detecting White Lie Disclosures Using Response Latency
Positive management tone following high response latency predicts immediate positive stock price reactions that reverse over time, with effects most pronounced in firms with lower… [075] (2024)Unveiling Deceptive Intentions: Insights from Eye Movements and Pupil Size
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction Fixation patterns differed significantly between concealing versus faking and truth-telling conditions, while pupil size revealed the object of deception, with number and duration of fixations… [076] (2024)Lie-telling Evaluation Task
PsycTESTS Dataset Children show developmental sophistication in distinguishing lie types, with socio-cultural lies judged less negatively with age. Specific parental deceptive behaviors, particularly threatening lies, strongly predicted… [077] (2024)Research in the Information Concealment Paradigm: Assessment of fMRI-Data at the Group Level
Experimental Psychology (Russia) Relaxed statistical criteria increased the number of identified active brain regions in frontal, parietal, and subcortical areas, while sample size adequacy emerged as a critical… [078] (2024)From Ancient Oracles to Modern Techniques: The Evolution of Deception Detection and the Benefits of Investigative Interviewing
European Polygraph The research documents how early deception detection methods, though rooted in myth and coercion, established theoretical foundations for modern techniques, with contemporary approaches like Strategic… [079] (2024)A Handful of Remarks on the Terminology Reference for the Science of Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
European Polygraph The polygraph field has struggled with inconsistent terminology since its inception, with devices operating under various names including 'cardio-pneumo psychogram,' 'Berkeley psychograph,' and colloquially 'lie… [080] (2024)Unveiling the efficacy of the feedback concealed information test in collaborative crime detection
Brain and Cognition Recognition P300 detection efficiency decreased significantly in collaborative crime scenarios, but feedback P300 and feedback-related negativity maintained high detection accuracy, with feedback P300 showing AUC… [081] (2024)Detecting Deception in Natural Environments Using Incremental Transfer Learning
International Conference on Multimodel Interaction Incremental transfer learning with logistic regression achieved 80% deception detection accuracy. Electrodermal activity and skin temperature showed consistent significant differences between deceptive and truthful states… [082] (2024)The use of the “attitudechange” technique in conducting a special psychophysiological examination with application of polygraph
Russian Journal of Deviant Behavior The attitude change technique effectively neutralized the accusatory bias of polygraph testing when working with anxious subjects, significantly reducing false positive rates and improving overall… [083] (2024)Lies divorced from context: evidence for Context Embedded Perception (CEP) as a feasible measure for deception detection
Psychology, Crime & Law CEP scores were significantly lower for liars than truth-tellers, with discriminant analysis achieving 92% correct identification of truth-tellers and 66% of liars (79% overall accuracy).… [084] (2024)Unmasking Lies: A Literature Review on Facial Expressions and Machine Learning for Deception Detection
Procedia Computer Science Machine learning models achieve superior performance compared to human judges (AI: 72-97% accuracy vs. humans: 57%), with multimodal approaches outperforming single-modality systems. However, significant limitations… [085] (2024)The concealed information test with a continuously moving stimulus
Psychophysiology The continuous-stimulus CIT successfully detected concealed location knowledge with large effect sizes for both skin conductance (d = 0.71-0.77) and respiration (d = 0.62-0.71). [086] (2024)Pupil Size Changes for Lie Detection in a Biofeedback Scenario
2024 IEEE International Conference on Computing, Applications and Systems (COMPAS) Free choice lies produced significantly larger pupil diameters than instructed false statements or instructed truth-telling. Real-time biofeedback did not support voluntary control of pupil size… [087] (2024)Phylogenetic and Pantomimical Aspects of Gestures in Lie Detection .
Moscow Juridical Journal The study identified two categories of deceptive gestures: adaptive gestures representing physiological self-preservation responses to threat, and resource gestures with regressive origins in attachment behavior.… [088] (2024)Nothing but lies: improving the validity of neural predictors of deception
Neural predictors trained to detect deception also predicted selfish nondeceptive choices, confirming a century-old validity concern. A novel dual-goal tuning machine learning method successfully removed… [089] (2024)A Review of Automatic Lie Detection from Facial Features
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Automated facial lie detection systems achieve average accuracy of 61.87% to 72.93% depending on classifier type, based on average datasets of 52 individuals. Most studies… [090] (2024)TrueWatch: Polygraph Examination With Smartwatches
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security Modern wearable smartwatches can detect lies in the Guilty Knowledge Test protocol, though their detection ability is comparatively weaker than conventional polygraph instruments. [091] (2024)Combining recognition, conflict-monitoring and feedback-related ERPs to detect concealed autobiographical information
Three ERP indicators—conflict-monitoring N200, recognition P300, and feedback P300—significantly discriminated guilty from innocent participants, while FRN did not. Combining the three effective indicators achieved an… [092] (2024)Lie Detection and Nonverbal Behaviour: Present and Future
Body Language Communication Meta-analyses show that of 50 nonverbal and verbal cues examined, only 28% showed significant relationships with deception, with small average effect sizes (d = .25).… [093] (2024)A Tutorial for Deception Detection Analysis or: How I Learned to Stop Aggregating Veracity Judgments and Embraced Signal Detection Theory Mixed Models
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior The SDT-GLMM approach avoids data aggregations that conflate response bias with underlying sensitivity, outperforms traditional factorial methods, and provides distinct estimates for discriminability (d') and… [094] (2024)On the Impact of a Simulated Cognitive Augmentation to Detect Deception on Decision-making Confidence
ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction Visualization methods alone did not significantly affect decision-making confidence, but a strong positive correlation existed between users' comfort with cognitive augmentation technologies and their decision-making… [095] (2024)Masking the truth: the impact of face masks on deception detection
The Journal of Social Psychology Face masks did not significantly impair overall deception detection accuracy, but participants were more accurate judging negatively valenced statements when speakers were unmasked. Positively valenced… [096] (2023)The influence of foreign-accented speech on credibility: Evidence from the illusory truth effect
Foreign accent did not reduce the illusory truth effect. Despite negative social biases toward foreign speakers on explicit trait ratings, accent did not diminish the… [097] (2023)The use-the-best heuristic facilitates deception detection
Nature Human Behaviour The use-the-best heuristic focusing solely on statement detailedness significantly outperformed intuitive deception detection, achieving 65-70% accuracy compared to chance-level performance (50-52%) when using multiple cues. [098] (2023)Developmental Factors in Deception and Lie Detection
An Introduction to the Science of Deception and Lie Detection As a review chapter rather than an empirical study, this source synthesizes existing research findings rather than reporting novel experimental results. [099] (2023)Challenges for Deception and Lie Detection Research
An Introduction to the Science of Deception and Lie Detection The field demonstrates lack of consensus on fundamental issues, with weak and declining behavioral cue effect sizes and profound ecological validity limitations stemming from artificial… [100] (2023)Increased Interpretability for Model-Driven Deception: MARS LDRD Project
The project successfully increased interpretability of machine learning models for industrial control system physical processes, allowing cyber analysts and incident response personnel to more optimally… [101] (2023)PERANCANGAN LIE DETECTOR MENGGUNAKAN ARDUINO
Jupiter: Journal of Computer & Information Technology The Arduino-based lie detector prototype failed to produce encouraging results, with unintended outcomes highlighting the substantial gap between DIY polygraph systems and professionally validated instrumentation. [102] (2023)Determining psycholinguistic features of deception in phishing messages
Information & Computer Security Words conveying certainty (e.g., always, never) and work-related features predicted higher end-user vulnerability to phishing, while achievement and reward language (e.g., earn, win, cash, money)… [103] (2023)A PARADIGM SHIFT IN 30 YEARS OF DECEPTION RESEARCH
AVALIAÇÃO E INTERVENÇÃO EM PSICOLOGIA FORENSE Meta-analyses show only 28% of studied cues significantly relate to deception with small effect sizes (d = .25), verbal cues are more diagnostic than nonverbal… [104] (2023)Effects of Mood on Psychophysiological Detection of Concealed Information and the Relation to Self-Assessed Lying Ability
Brain Sciences Induced happy or sad moods tended to lower relative skin conductance responses to critical items while enhancing relative cardiovascular responses. All physiological measures maintained significant… [105] (2023)Altered neural mechanisms of deception in individuals with autistic traits
Brain and Cognition High autistic trait individuals exhibited longer reaction times, lower P3 amplitude during decision-making, and reduced FRN and P3 during feedback evaluation compared to low autistic… [106] (2023)МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ПСИХОФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, ОСУЩЕСТВЛЯЕМОГО С ПОМОЩЬЮ ПОЛИГРАФА
BULLETIN Series Psychology The research presents a comprehensive methodology utilizing multi-channel physiological monitoring (electrodermal, respiratory, cardiovascular, and tremor responses) combined with three testing protocols (SAT, TOKV, P-TZV) and… [107] (2023)P300-based Concealed Information Test Using a Gradual Stimulus Presentation Method
Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange Specific findings unavailable; full text not accessible. Research investigates how gradual stimulus presentation affects P300-CIT effectiveness compared to conventional protocols. [108] (2023)Supplemental Material for The General Theory of Deception: A Disruptive Theory of Lie Production, Prevention, and Detection
Psychological Review The theory identified 99 elementary deception modes (87 verbal, 12 nonverbal) that combine to create approximately 10³⁰ possible deceptive messages. Experimental validation showed theory-based interventions… [109] (2023)Meta Learning Based Deception Detection from Speech
Applied Sciences CHAML with Wav2Vec 2.0 embeddings achieved 61.34% accuracy in person-independent deception detection, outperforming baseline approaches while using only a few labeled samples per test subject. [110] (2023)Optimization of Signal Processing Parameters in Psychophysiological Studies on the Example of GSR and PPG
Experimental Psychology (Russia) Universal signal processing parameters were validated that demonstrated superiority over traditional baseline-relative methods and proved applicable across various physiological signals including fMRI. [111] (2023)Deception Detection Deep Learning Comprehensive system Utilizing Explainable AI
2023 16th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE) The paper presents a conceptual framework integrating five sensing modalities with deep transfer learning and XAI techniques to create transparent, countermeasure-resistant deception detection systems. No… [112] (2023)Review 1: Uncertain Veracity Judgements: Does the Framing of the Question Influence Deception Detection?
No differences in veracity judgments were found between certainty and likelihood framing conditions, with average uncertainty ratings of 42% across both conditions, suggesting that subtle… [113] (2023)Man vs machine – Detecting deception in online reviews
Journal of Business Research Automated text analysis methods show complementary strengths in detecting deceptive reviews, with incentivized reviews exhibiting linguistic patterns similar to unverified content. Multi-method integration analyzing quantity,… [114] (2023)The Numerical Scoring Analysis Predecessors
European Polygraph Numerical scoring analysis was more evolutionary than revolutionary, with Backster likely adapting Richard Arther's check-mark system by replacing check-marks with numerical figures to create the… [115] (2023)An Introduction to the Science of Deception and Lie Detection
Human lie detection accuracy is only 54%, barely above chance. Nonverbal behavioral cues traditionally associated with deception are weak, unreliable, or nonexistent. The truth bias… [116] (2023)Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models for Deception Detection Analyses
The SDT GLMM approach separates true discriminability (d-prime) from response bias (criterion), incorporates individual differences through random effects, and reveals substantially greater uncertainty in effect… [117] (2023)The Present and Future of Verbal Lie Detection
The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Law Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) showed the strongest empirical support among modern protocols, while all four received validation for discriminating truth tellers from lie tellers.… [118] (2023)Revisiting Deception in Breonna Taylor’s Case: A Cognitive-Acoustic Approach
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research The modified ADCM framework combined with acoustic dimension analysis provided clear indicators of cognitive load management during lie construction and production in actual legal testimony,… [119] (2023)Is It the Judge, the Sender, or Just the Individual Message? Disentangling Person and Message Effects on Variation in Lie-Detection Judgments
Perspectives on Psychological Science Messages differed dramatically in detectability (21% explained variance), but senders did not—challenging sender demeanor theory. Judges determined variance in confidence (46%) and classifications (12%) but… [120] (2023)Gestures-adapters for persons involved in the crime in non-instrumental lie detection
Vestnik of Kostroma State University Resource pantomime was observed in 95% of subjects. During deception, adapter gestures were fixed in 40% of horizontal and vertical strokes and 30% of self-touches,… [121] (2023)Intelligent techniques for deception detection: a survey and critical study
Soft Computing Machine learning and deep learning methods have demonstrated significant effectiveness in deception detection across multiple modalities, though current datasets lack diversity and ecological validity, being… [122] (2023)A simple heuristic for distinguishing lie from truth
Nature Human Behaviour When instructed to judge only the level of detail in statements, participants consistently discriminated lies from truths (d = 0.41-1.73, accuracy 65-70%), significantly outperforming intuitive… [123] (2023)Murderer at the door! To lie or to mislead?
People judge lies as more reliable and committed than misleading statements. When deception is forbidden, lying is judged morally worse than misleading; in the murderer-at-the-door… [124] (2023)Using Eye Tracking to detect Faking Intentions
Proceedings of the 2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications Fixation number and duration emerge as the most reliable indicators of deceptive intentions, while saccade amplitudes and pupil size show promising potential but require further… [125] (2023)The Sound of Cooperation and Deception in High Stakes Interactions
Machine learning algorithms classified cooperative versus deceptive speech with 58-79% accuracy using only acoustic features, with higher pitch and lower intonation significantly associated with deceptive… [126] (2023)Is the uncertain self good at detecting lies? The influence of personal uncertainty on deception detection
European Journal of Social Psychology Personal uncertainty did not reliably improve lie detection accuracy across contexts. Effect sizes were larger in laboratory studies than online studies, and when effects emerged,… [127] (2023)Adversarial Abduction: The Logic of Detection and Deception
Handbook of Abductive Cognition The chapter provides a theoretical framework for understanding how reasoning operates differently in adversarial versus cooperative contexts, with applications to intelligence analysis, military deception, and… [128] (2023)Deception in Amber Heard and Johnny Depp’s Trials
Journal of the College of Education for Women Depp used fabrication (40%) and equivocation strategies most frequently, while Heard employed fabrication (50%) and concealment. Both parties showed equal frequencies (37.5%) of deception motivated… [129] (2023)Psychological and Ethological Aspects of the Classification of Gestures With Deliberate Concealment of Information (Deception)
SSRN Electronic Journal Gestures during deception were adaptive and resourceful in nature, with genesis rooted in evolutionary stress responses. The classification distinguishes between adaptive gestures (physiological self-preservation reactions)… [130] (2023)Hybrid Metaheuristics with Deep Learning Enabled Automated Deception Detection and Classification of Facial Expressions
Computers, Materials & Continua The study demonstrates a novel hybrid approach combining self-adaptive population-based firefly algorithm optimization with deep learning (MobileNet + LSTM) for facial expression-based deception classification in… [131] (2023)Counter-Deception Information Fusion Based on Reinforcement Learning Using the Guidance of Belief Entropy and Conflict Management
The reinforcement learning framework successfully detects deceptive evidence that provides little support to correct targets while supporting incorrect ones, outperforming previous conflict-based methods in special… [132] (2023)Use of Virtual Reality in Polygraph Testing
PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY VR environments produce significantly stronger emotional arousal and physiological responses than traditional 2D presentations, with detection of concealed recognition increasing by over 25% when crime… [133] (2023)A new theoretical perspective on concealed information detection
Psychophysiology The voluntary orienting response to significant, expected stimuli modulates CIT effects, and different physiological measures reflect distinct mechanisms: skin conductance reflects pure orienting to recognized… [134] (2023)Terminology Reference for the Science of Psychophysiological Detection
European Polygraph The reference standardizes terminology across the polygraph profession, providing authoritative definitions grounded in peer-reviewed literature with 94 scientific references, facilitating communication between practitioners, researchers, and… [135] (2023)The Primacy Position of the Comparison Question
European Polygraph The study provides analysis of how primacy positioning influences comparison question effectiveness in polygraph examinations. [136] (2023)The effects of mental countermeasures on psychophysiological memory detection: Facilitating orientation is easy, stopping inhibition is not
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Facilitating orientation proved easy but stopping inhibition proved impossible - skin conductance was successfully manipulated while respiration and heart rate remained resistant to voluntary control. [137] (2023)Verbal Indicators of Deception
Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation The three-variable grammatical structural analysis model (total words, text bridge ratio, spontaneous negation ratio) predicted truthful and deceptive oral narratives at accuracy rates higher than… [138] (2023)The Challenge to distinguish differences among encoding methods in the concealed information test An examination to distinguish encoding methods within participants
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study likely demonstrated that encoding method significantly moderates CIT detection efficiency, with differential physiological responses varying systematically based on how information was initially acquired,… [139] (2023)Guilty on the Go: Uncovering Concealed Information by Assessing Response Preparation Processes in a Go-Nogo-Paradigm
Collabra: Psychology The paradigm detected both familiarity effects and response preparation processes in guilty participants, with reduced error rates for crime-related probes when preceded by matching prime… [140] (2023)Individual differences in self-reported lie detection abilities
PLOS ONE Lower outgroup trust and higher social desirability significantly predicted higher self-reported lie detection abilities, while personality traits (Dark Triad, Big-Six), empathy, emotional intelligence, and cultural… [141] (2023)Choice blindness without deception: failures to notice false-feedbacks persist in explicit detection tasks
Choice blindness persisted even when participants were explicitly instructed to detect manipulations, though explicit warnings reduced the effect. Stimulus discriminability and prior beliefs about feedback… [142] (2023)To Use or Not to Use? Revisiting And Rethinking the Use of Polygraph and Psychophysiological Assessments in the Law Enforcement Setting
Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal The review highlights the continued tension between law enforcement needs for integrity assessment tools and persistent scientific skepticism about polygraph validity, particularly given risks of… [143] (2023)The Process of Honesty and DeceptionAbstract
An Introduction to the Science of Deception and Lie Detection Deception requires greater engagement of executive control processes including working memory, inhibition, and task switching compared to truth-telling, though this relationship is moderated by factors… [144] (2023)Enhancing Deception Detection with Exclusive Visual Features using Deep Learning
International Journal of Performability Engineering Deep learning models using CNN architectures successfully identified deceptive behavior from visual features alone, with automated feature extraction eliminating the need for manual annotation of… [145] (2023)Speech Deception Detection Based on EMD and Temporal Neural Network
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience The TCN-LSTM network achieved 86.2% accuracy and 86.0% F1 score on real-life trial dataset when combined with EMD preprocessing. EMD signal decomposition improved average accuracy… [146] (2023)Choosing to Lie: Strategic and Pathological Deception
Competition context produced significantly elevated deception compared to control conditions (Cohen's d > 1.0, p < 2.2e-16), with most participants showing no deception in neutral… [147] (2023)Automated Deception Detection from Videos: Using End-to-End Learning Based High-Level Features and Classification Approaches
arXiv preprint Facial expressions consistently outperformed gaze and head pose modalities, with multimodal fusion achieving AUC scores ranging from 0.65 in low-stakes scenarios to 0.86 in high-stakes… [148] (2023)In their own words: deception detection by victims and near victims of fraud
Frontiers in Psychology 69% of near victims (N=934) cited fraud knowledge as their primary detection strategy, while 27.9% noticed mistakes or inconsistencies. Actual victims (N=222) reported that seeking… [149] (2023)Methodological bases: the construction of a corpus for the detection of deception and credibility assessment: Bases metodológicas: la construcción de un corpus para la detección de mentiras y la evaluación de la credibilidad
Digital Humanities, Corpus and Language Technology / Humanidades Digitales, Corpus y Tecnología del Lenguaje : A look from diverse case studies / Una mirada desde diversos casos de estudio The chapter establishes methodological standards and best practices for corpus construction in deception detection research, with particular focus on Spanish-language applications and integration of computational… [150] (2023)Effects of Individual Traits on Polygraph Test Results
Criminal Investigation Studies The study analyzed relationships between examinees' demographic traits and polygraph examination outcomes, though specific statistical results require access to the full paper. [151] (2022)System Analysis of Experimenter-Determined and “Free” Lie-Producing Behavior
Psikhologicheskii zhurnal The study revealed systematic differences in psychophysiological patterns and behavioral organization between experimenter-determined and autonomous lie-producing behavior, with implications for understanding how laboratory findings generalize… [152] (2022)Mimicry Deception Scale
PsycTESTS Dataset The MDS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Long-term deception scores positively correlated with Machiavellianism, conscientiousness, and planning, with the complexity facet predicting successful… [153] (2022)Fake Online Reviews: A Unified Detection Model Using Deception Theories
IEEE Access Non-verbal behavioral features outperformed verbal linguistic features in detecting fake reviews, and combining both feature types enhanced model performance. The theory-based model achieved high interpretability… [154] (2022)Deception in everyday life of Japanese young adults: a reanalysis
Discover Psychology The reanalysis confirmed one prolific liar in the dataset, found no significant correlation between lies told and lies perceived (and no prolific lie perceivers), and… [155] (2022)How researchers can make verbal lie detection more attractive for practitioners
Psychiatry Psychology and Law The paper proposes focusing on "complications" (clusters of details that make stories more complex) as a practical real-time alternative to counting total details, and recommends… [156] (2022)What counts as a lie in and out of the courtroom? The effect of discourse genre on lie judgments
From Lying to Perjury Participants judged false implicatures to be less of a lie when they came from witnesses testifying under oath in a courtroom compared to the same… [157] (2022)The effect of neuropeptide ACTH4-10 on the adaptation of patients to dental prostheses according to the data of monitoring the emotional state using a polygraph
Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy The study likely demonstrated that ACTH4-10 treatment improved emotional adaptation to dental prostheses as measured by reduced autonomic arousal and stabilized physiological stress responses on… [158] (2022)Detecting Parental Deception in the Child Safeguarding Context
Child Abuse Review Multiagency practitioners identify falsification, omission, evasion and distraction as key deception behaviors, with parents deploying context-specific tactics depending on the professional (avoidance/intimidation with social workers,… [159] (2022)Verbal Lie Detection: Its Past, Present and Future
Brain Sciences Active interviewing protocols showed superior performance, with Cognitive Credibility Assessment achieving 60% accuracy versus 48% without it, and Reality Interviewing correctly classifying approximately 75% of… [160] (2022)The comparison of physiological responses by knowledge and those by auditory stimulus changes when asking questions in the concealed information tests
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology Recognition-based responses showed distinct temporal patterns and effect sizes compared to auditory-change responses, with the recognition group displaying maximum differentiation at 7 seconds post-stimulus. The… [161] (2022)Functional Connectivity Analysis in EEG Source Space During Deception
Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies Deception was associated with significantly greater connectivity between distant brain regions, particularly frontal-occipital and frontal-parietal connections, with the Anterior Cingulate Cortex showing enhanced connectivity with… [162] (2022)Complex Paralinguistic Analysis of Speech: Predicting Gender, Emotions and Deception in a Hierarchical Framework
Interspeech 2022 The hierarchical framework achieved 88.4 ± 1.5% accuracy for deception detection, a 2.8% improvement over previous state-of-the-art. Gender-specific models improved emotion recognition by 5.7% UAR,… [163] (2022)The confidence‐accuracy relation – A comparison of metacognition measures in lie detection
Applied Cognitive Psychology Regardless of analytical measure used, none of the 12 studies demonstrated a confidence-accuracy relationship, indicating people lack metacognitive insight into the quality of their veracity… [164] (2022)Building and benchmarking the motivated deception corpus: Improving the quality of deceptive text through gaming
Behavior Research Methods State-of-the-art BERT classifiers that achieved 93.6% accuracy on traditional deception corpora struggled with the motivated deception corpus, achieving only 76% accuracy within statement triplets and… [165] (2022)Verbal vs visual stimulation using the Concealed Information Test
Assessment and Development Matters Visual stimulus presentation produced significantly higher CIT detection rates compared to auditory presentation, with large effect sizes (d=7.35, p<.005) demonstrating robust differentiation between guilty and… [166] (2022)Are Presidential Candidates Impervious to Deception Detection? A Test of Voters' Truth‐Default
Presidential Studies Quarterly Most voters (>50%) did not spontaneously mention deception, veracity, suspicion, or evasiveness in open-ended responses after watching presidential campaign interviews, even when the candidate was… [167] (2022)Do people know when they are good at spotting liars? – Metacognitive efficiency in Lie Detection
Metacognitive efficiency in lie detection was only 23% of what would be expected given participants' discrimination performance, indicating people fail to use 77% of available… [168] (2022)No evidence that instructions to ignore nonverbal cues improve deception detection accuracy
Applied Cognitive Psychology Instructions to ignore nonverbal cues produced no improvement in deception detection accuracy across three experiments. Participants continued to rely on visual information even when explicitly… [169] (2022)Deception in the Interrogation Room: A Framework for Understanding the Psychology of Deceptive Investigative Practices
The framework identifies that deceptive interrogation practices share a common feature of misleading subjects about question purposes and response consequences, but differ in their underlying… [170] (2022)Psychophysiological lie detection using a polygraph: flaws and stagnation
Расследование преступлений: проблемы и пути их решения Unable to determine without access to the original paper. [171] (2022)Hierarchical Bayesian modeling for time series physiological data during the autonomic-based concealed information test.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Hierarchical Bayesian models applied to 167 participants' CIT data provided more accurate effect size estimates than conventional methods, confirmed CIT validity, and revealed heart rate… [172] (2022)Belief or disbelief in feedback influences the detection efficiency of the feedback concealed information test
Frontiers in Psychology Belief in feedback significantly influenced detection efficiency of feedback-related brain responses in the fCIT, with higher accuracy in high-belief participants, while recognition P300 remained effective… [173] (2022)A Personal Model of Trumpery: Linguistic Deception Detection in a Real-World High-Stakes Setting
Psychological Science The personalized model achieved 73% accuracy in training data and 74% in out-of-sample testing, with 36 linguistic variables showing significant differences between truthful and deceptive… [174] (2022)The Application of Machine Learning in Deception Detection : a study based on the effect of empathy on deception detection
2022 4th International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data and Business Intelligence (MLBDBI) The research investigates whether empathy levels moderate human performance when using ML-based deception detection systems, potentially informing personalized approaches to human-AI collaboration in credibility assessment. [175] (2022)Faculty Opinions recommendation of 'Please tell me all you remember': a comparison between British and Arab interviewees' free narrative performance and its implications for lie detection.
Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature British truth tellers reported significantly more details than Arab truth tellers (d = 1.32), while the veracity effect for details was more pronounced in British… [176] (2022)Truth-default theory and the psychology of lying and deception detection
Current Opinion in Psychology The paper advances three moderators that combine to affect acceptance of implausible false information: own belief congruity, social congruence, and message repetition. These factors explain… [177] (2022)Psychological and Legal Aspects of Verification and Detection of Lies during Polygraph Examination
BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Individuals showing deception demonstrated higher adaptive abilities but lower neuropsychological stability, with significant reactive aggression. Truthful respondents scored highest on reliability and moral norms scales,… [178] (2022)Leading Interview and Interrogation Techniques: Focus on Cognitive Interview
European Polygraph The cognitive interview is scientifically validated as one of the best tools to obtain court-admissible information and can be applied with victims, witnesses, or suspects.… [179] (2022)The Connection Between Deception Detection and Financial Exploitation of Older (vs. Young) Adults
Journal of Applied Gerontology Older adults exhibited significantly greater truth bias (M = .44) than young adults (M = .12), t(117) = 2.82, p = .006, d = .52,… [180] (2022)Thoughts on the Inconclusive Zone in Comparison Question Test (CQT)
European Polygraph Inconclusive results indicate CQT method failure to identify the subject's state of mind rather than reflecting actual truthfulness, requiring fundamental reframing of how examiners interpret… [181] (2022)Bayesian Persuasion with Lie Detection
The Sender lies more when lie detection probability increases. Below a critical threshold, equilibrium payoffs are unaffected because the Sender compensates by lying more frequently;… [182] (2022)A Review of Cognitive Load Lie Detection
All seven justifications for cognitive load lie detection contain significant research gaps and theoretical ambiguities. The unsystematic use of justifications shields the approach from severe… [183] (2022)Progress of Keystroke Dynamics in Deception Research
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi (Journal of Forensic Medicine) Keystroke dynamics research has achieved 75-95% accuracy in detecting deception across various contexts, with studies using unexpected questions and machine learning classification reaching up to… [184] (2022)LDM: A Systematic Review on Lie detection Methodologies
The review identified a clear evolution from traditional contact-based polygraph methods to machine learning-driven contactless approaches utilizing facial micro-expressions, thermal imaging, and voice analysis, with… [185] (2022)The cognitive neural network model of deception
Chinese Science Bulletin The review identifies multiple integrated brain networks supporting deception, including prefrontal executive control regions, emotion processing areas, and theory of mind networks, with different patterns… [186] (2022)Effective Connectivity in Cortical Networks During Deception: A Lie Detection Study Based on EEG
IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics High classification accuracy was achieved across delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands. The fronto-parietal network emerged as the most prominent information pathway during deception,… [187] (2022)Did You Just Lie to Me? Deception Detection in Face to Face versus Computer Mediated Communication
The Journal of Social Psychology Communication modality did not influence deception detection accuracy or truth bias. Deceivers experienced equivalent physiological arousal across conditions but reported higher anxiety only during face-to-face… [188] (2022)Everybody Lies: Deception Levels in Various Domains of Life
Biosemiotics Deception operates at all levels of biological organization, with plants and fungi exhibiting first and second-level mimicry, bacteria employing molecular deception, animals showing learned deceptive… [189] (2022)The perceived credibility of repeated-event witnesses depends upon their veracity
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Repeated experience diminished credibility of truthful witnesses but enhanced credibility of fabricators. Expert testimony improved perceived honesty and cognitive competence of repeated-event speakers, offering a… [190] (2022)Supplemental Material for Only True and Fabricated Baseline Statements Combined Might Improve Lie, But Not Truth, Detection
Law and Human Behavior Combined true and fabricated baselines modestly improved lie detection (39% to 61%), but true baselines alone significantly reduced truth detection accuracy (64% to 49%). Overall… [191] (2022)Prolonged Response Time Concealed Information Test Decreases Probe-Control Differences but Increases Classification Accuracy
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Increased test length consistently decreased probe-control response time differences but increased classification accuracy, with approximately 600 total trials emerging as the optimal threshold for maximizing… [192] (2022)Chapter 15 Detecting Deception in Negotiation: From Natural Observation to Strategic Provocation
De Gruyter Handbook of Organizational Conflict Management The chapter distinguishes between passive observation of deception cues and active strategic provocation techniques, emphasizing that systematic detection methods combining multiple behavioral, emotional, and verbal… [193] (2022)Intentional-Deception Detection Based on Facial Muscle Movements in an Interactive Social Context
Pattern Recognition Letters Facial EMG achieved 90% accuracy in detecting intentional deception, with the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus muscles playing key roles. Muscles related to lie detection were… [194] (2022)Lie detection in forensic interviews
The Future of Forensic Psychology The chapter synthesizes research showing that verbal cues are more diagnostic than non-verbal cues for deception detection, that mnemonic interview techniques enhance differences between truth… [195] (2021)Assessing Deception in Questionnaire Surveys With Eye-Tracking
Frontiers in Psychology Pupil dilation and increased fixation count and duration consistently indicated deception in both instructed and spontaneous lying conditions, with a linear SVM classifier achieving 74.09%… [196] (2021)Discriminating deceptive from truthful statements using the verifiability approach: A meta-analysis
Applied Cognitive Psychology Truth-tellers provided significantly more verifiable details (d = 0.49) and a higher proportion of verifiable details (d = 0.49) than liars across 28 studies, with… [197] (2021)The verifiability approach to deception detection: A preregistered direct replication of the information protocol condition of Nahari, Vrij, and Fisher (2014b)
Applied Cognitive Psychology Truth tellers provided significantly more verifiable details than liars (d = 0.49), confirming the Verifiability Approach prediction, but the effect was less than half the… [198] (2021)Hand Skin Temperature after Local Cold Test: Thermal Imaging Observation and Mathematical Computation
2021 Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radioelectronics and Information Technology (USBEREIT) Temperature recovery following cold water immersion exhibited oscillatory rather than linear patterns, and the uncooled hand showed temperature fluctuations indicating systemic autonomic responses. Computational modeling… [199] (2021)Explaining Neural Network Results by Sensitivity Analysis for Deception Detection
Communications in Computer and Information Science Neural networks analyzing observer physiological responses achieved 62% deception detection accuracy, exceeding typical human performance of 54%. Sensitivity analysis combined with genetic algorithms successfully extracted… [200] (2021)Does the cognitive approach to lie detection improve the accuracy of human observers?
Applied Cognitive Psychology Cognitive approaches to lie detection produced 60% accuracy overall, but only 55% after bias correction—barely above chance levels of 50%. [201] (2021)How humans impair automated deception detection performance
Acta Psychologica Machine learning alone achieved 69% accuracy in detecting deception, but human involvement through hybrid decision-making reduced performance to chance level (50%), demonstrating that human judgment… [202] (2021)Lie detection during the interview and interrogation process: a psychosocial criminal approach
Balkan Social Science Review The review concludes that facial expression and micro-expression reading are ineffective for lie detection, while information-gathering interviewing methods represent the most scientifically supported approach for… [203] (2021)Credibility and event frequency: Assessing the credibility of adults who recall a repeated event using reality monitoring.
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Reality Monitoring reliably classified single-event truth-tellers and liars but failed to discriminate veracity among repeated-event speakers in both experiments. Repeated experience reduced the sensory and… [204] (2021)Lie Detection Based on a DIFCW Radar with Machine Learning
2021 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS) Specific findings unavailable; paper proposes contactless radar-based deception detection using physiological signal analysis with machine learning. [205] (2021)The Impact of Culture in Deception and Deception Detection
Terrorism, Security, and Computation Cultural factors substantially affect both deceptive behavior and detection accuracy; deception cues like eye gaze vary significantly across cultures; people lie differently within versus across… [206] (2021)Psychological Assumptions Underlying Credibility Assessments in Finnish Asylum Determinations
Officials held assumptions about presentation of truthful claims, plausibility of behavior, and asylum system knowledge that were only partially aligned with psychological science. More than… [207] (2021)Deception detection and emotion recognition: Investigating F.A.C.E. software
Psychotherapy Research F.A.C.E. training software was completely ineffective for deception detection but did significantly improve emotion recognition for contempt, anger, and fear. No differences emerged between graduate… [208] (2021)Study of Neurocognitive Processes in a Paradigm of Information Concealment
Experimental Psychology (Russia) The study successfully validated simultaneous fMRI and MRI-compatible polygraph recording, demonstrating high consistency between expert scoring and automated assessment while identifying brain functional connectivity patterns… [209] (2021)Uncovering crime scene staging using deception detection
Detection Avoidance in Homicides Analysis of 141 staged scenes revealed that 43% of intimate partner femicides involved detection avoidance. Staging typically involved known offenders using blunt force or strangulation,… [210] (2021)Indirect and Unconscious Deception Detection: Too Soon to Give Up?
Frontiers in Psychology Despite criticisms, the authors conclude it is too soon to abandon indirect and unconscious deception detection methods, as methodological improvements—especially larger and more representative stimulus… [211] (2021)Detecting Deception Through Hedging in Forensic Analysis of Written Statements
Српски језик : студије српске и словенске Frequent occurrence of hedging and distancing linguistic features in specific parts of the written statement indicated approximate timing of the criminal act. Hedging strategy for… [212] (2021)Experience, learning and the detection of deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Increased experience significantly reduced average detection error in judges, with analysis confirming this relationship was driven by learning rather than selection bias. Male judges showed… [213] (2021)Implementation of Muscle Testing for Lie Detection
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation Traditional lie detection methods produce false positives when subjects are anxious or emotionally aroused, and computational approaches to lie prediction remain underdeveloped, creating opportunity for… [214] (2021)PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LIE DETECTION IN STUDIES USING A POLYGRAPH
PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL The paper identifies two forms of lies (silence and distortion), classifies common deception types including mystification and self-deception, and proposes that personality types influence deception… [215] (2021)Use of Machine Learning for Deception Detection From Spectral and Cepstral Features of Speech Signals
IEEE Access The LSTM classification method with time-difference spectral energy features achieved the highest deception detection accuracy after PCA dimensionality reduction, outperforming traditional MFCC-based approaches and demonstrating… [216] (2021)Differences in Psycho-physiological Responses Depending on Rapport-building During Polygraph Test
THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY Rapport-building during the pre-test interview phase significantly affected psychophysiological response patterns measured by ESS total scores, with interactions between veracity status and rapport condition demonstrating… [217] (2021)Brain-based concealed memory detection is driven mainly by orientation to salient items
Cortex P3 CIT effects were similarly strong in both conceal and reveal conditions and enhanced for high-salience items, demonstrating that brain-based concealed memory detection is driven… [218] (2021)Evidence Based Practice Integration into Polygraph Practice: A Suggested Paradigm
European Polygraph The paper argues that the polygraph field's movement toward rigid standardization may have overcorrected, potentially sacrificing necessary clinical flexibility for individual cases and circumstances. [219] (2021)Directed Lie – The Correct or the Easy Way?
European Polygraph The study found that 28.6% of directed lie questions failed to provoke physiological reactions during stimulation tests, and three examinees refused to lie as directed,… [220] (2021)From a Rigid Cover to an Elastic One Via a Blanket too Short: An Adaptive Polygraph Approach
European Polygraph The paper advocates for adaptive polygraph approaches that tailor protocols to specific case circumstances and examinee characteristics, similar to personalized medicine, rather than rigid 'one… [221] (2021)Improvement of the Technology of fMRI Experiments in the Concealed Information Paradigm
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The combined fMRI and MRI-compatible polygraph technology successfully identified significant stimuli in 80% of cases at the individual level, with distinct neural activation patterns corresponding… [222] (2021)Behavioural Data in Credibility Assessment: Case Study of Kaja Godek’s Explanatory Statement of Anti-LGBT Law
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia Behavioral analysis revealed flat arousal patterns during emotionally charged claims, with nonverbal signals failing to correspond with narrative peaks. Researchers concluded the speaker's involvement appeared… [223] (2021)A Critical Review of Cognitive Load Lie Detection
All seven theoretical justifications for cognitive load lie detection exhibit variable and unknown theoretical fitness, with no clear hierarchy among them. The unsystematic use of… [224] (2021)Literature Review and Analysis of the Multi-facet Hypothesis and the Evaluation of Independent Target Questions
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Grand total scoring achieved 89% accuracy compared to 78% for multi-facet hypothesis scoring—an 11 percentage point difference that challenges the operational utility of assuming independence… [225] (2021)Lie to my face: An electromyography approach to the study of deceptive behavior
Brain and Behavior Machine learning analysis of facial muscle activity achieved 73% accuracy in detecting lies, revealing two distinct groups: those who betrayed lies through cheek muscle activation… [226] (2021)Verbal cues to deceit when lying through omitting information: Examining the effect of a Model Statement interview protocol
Truth tellers consistently reported more complications than lie tellers across omission scenarios, while lie tellers provided more total details than truth tellers—a pattern opposite to… [227] (2021)Dull versus creative liars—Who deceives better? Fantasy proneness and verifiability of genuine and fabricated accounts
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Fantasy proneness did not moderate verifiability patterns, but experts successfully detected fabrications from high fantasy-prone individuals more often than from low or medium groups (p… [228] (2021)A within-statement baseline comparison for detecting lies
Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law Within-statement baseline comparisons did not improve lie detection accuracy, with performance remaining at chance levels regardless of whether participants received baseline instructions. [229] (2021)What deception tasks used in the lab really do: systematic review and meta-analysis of ecological validity of fMRI deception tasks
Neuroscience Intention to lie was the least frequently included component in fMRI deception studies. Tasks with high ecological validity recruited fewer brain regions (bilateral ACC and… [230] (2021)Quantification methods for within-series physiological variations in the concealed information test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology First-order difference measures of physiological transitions successfully distinguished between knowledgeable and unknowledgeable examinees, demonstrating that sequential response patterns contain diagnostic information beyond traditional amplitude-based scoring. [231] (2021)Distrust, False Cues, and Below-Chance Deception Detection Accuracy: Commentary on Stel et al. (2020) and Further Reflections on (Un)Conscious Lie Detection From the Perspective of Truth-Default Theory
Frontiers in Psychology Levine challenges the plausibility of massive below-chance accuracy (d = −2.09) from false cue reliance, arguing meta-analytic evidence shows behavioral cues lack sufficient reverse-diagnostic power.… [232] (2021)The mechanism of filler items in the response time concealed information test
Psychological Research Smaller proportions of familiarity-related fillers sharing response keys with targets produce larger probe-irrelevant RT differences, and semantic associations between targets and familiarity-referring fillers enhance detection… [233] (2021)Development of Non-contact Deception Detection using Facial Expression and Analysis of Significant Time Period
The Korean Academy of Scientific Criminal Investigation The facial expression-based system achieved 85.19% accuracy in classifying deceptive versus truthful videos on test data, confirming the viability of non-contact deception detection and identifying… [234] (2021)Ego Depletion and Time Pressure Promote Spontaneous Deception: An Event-Related Potential Study
Advances in Cognitive Psychology Ego-depleted participants engaged in more deception and showed larger P3 amplitudes than non-depleted participants. Higher time pressure paradoxically increased deceptive behavior. Results suggest deception induced… [235] (2021)PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF UNDERSTANDING THE ESSENCE OF POLYGRAPH RESEARCH
KELM (Knowledge, Education, Law, Management) Original paper not accessible for analysis. [236] (2021)Brain-Computer Interface in Lie Detection
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The review demonstrates that P300-based BCI lie detection methods achieve accuracy rates of 74-86% for distinguishing guilty from innocent subjects, representing a neurophysiologically-grounded alternative to… [237] (2021)A Novel Hybrid Network Model Based on Attentional Multi-Feature Fusion for Deception Detection
IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences The attention-based multi-feature fusion approach significantly outperformed traditional fusion methods and achieved advanced performance using only small amounts of labeled speech data, demonstrating the viability… [238] (2021)Lie Detection in Sex Crime Investigations
Criminal Investigations of Sexual Offenses Modern verbal lie detection protocols show substantial effect sizes, with statement-evidence consistency achieving d = 1.89, and active interviewing techniques that ask unanticipated questions, request… [239] (2021)Prelude: Relational Communication and the Link to Deception
Terrorism, Security, and Computation Trust was the most powerful predictor of deception, with all three relational message dimensions independently distinguishing Spies from Villagers. Deceivers failed to show the increased… [240] (2021)Lie Detection by Facial Expressions in Real Time
2021 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Application (DASA) The study demonstrates feasibility of real-time automated lie detection through facial expression analysis, identifying specific facial cues including eye blinking, lip movements, head movement, and… [241] (2021)Mnemonic Techniques and Lie Detection: Accuracy of Truth and Deception Judgments in Repeated Accounts
Psichologija Observers given explicit instruction about diagnostic memory-based cues (detail richness and memory decay patterns) showed no improvement in deception detection accuracy compared to uninformed participants,… [242] (2021)Identity Unbiased Deception Detection by 2D-to-3D Face Reconstruction
2021 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) The identity-unbiased approach achieved 68% accuracy on high-stakes courtroom deception detection with 0.72 recall, demonstrating improved generalization by separating temporal behavioral cues from person-specific facial… [243] (2021)Influence of emoticons on deception detection: An empirical exploration
Telematics and Informatics Reports Adding emotional cues through emoticons or annotations made deception detection easier but increased overall suspicion, with messages containing emotional elements judged as more deceptive than… [244] (2020)Analysis of Knowledge Graph of Polygraph Research at Home and Abroad Based on CiteSpace
Criminal Justice Science & Governance The study reveals growth in polygraph research output, identification of major research hotspots including CIT and countermeasures, divergent research priorities between Chinese and Western researchers,… [245] (2020)Study of the theory of mind in normal aging: focus on the deception detection and its links with other cognitive functions
Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition Older adults performed significantly worse than young adults on detecting deception, cooperation, and mixed social situations. Frontal abilities decline after age 65 and even more… [246] (2020)Neurobiology of Deception
The Non-Disclosing Patient The prefrontal cortex plays a predominant role in deception, but no single neural response uniquely predicts deceptive behavior; deception involves coordination of executive functions including… [247] (2020)Unraveling the Misconception About Deception and Nervous Behavior
Frontiers in Psychology Despite universal belief that nervous behaviors indicate deception, lie tellers do not display more gaze aversion, fidgeting, or body movements than truth tellers, with visual-only… [248] (2020)Seven- and eight-year-old children’s deception in the conflict situation
Seven- and eight-year-olds with second-order theory of mind successfully modulated deception based on social context, while six-year-olds showed selective deception limited to simple competitive scenarios… [249] (2020)The Picture Superiority Effect in Memory Detection: Modality Effects in the Concealed Information Test
Pictorially encoded crime details were easier to detect than verbally encoded details. Items encoded and tested in the same modality showed better detection. Verbally encoded… [250] (2020)Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Children’s Spontaneous Verbal Deception
The Social Brain Lying disrupted neural network efficiency in children, with spontaneous deception producing greater prefrontal activation but decreased global and local network efficiency compared to truth-telling. Older… [251] (2020)Applying the verifiability approach to deception detection in alibi witness situations
Acta Psychologica Truth-telling pairs provided significantly more checkable details demonstrating they were together than lying pairs, while lying pairs provided more uncheckable details. Collective statements enhanced the… [252] (2020)A model statement does not enhance the verifiability approach
Applied Cognitive Psychology Model statements did not enhance the discriminability of the verifiability approach, as both truth-tellers and liars similarly increased verifiable details without improving diagnostic value. [253] (2020)The deception faucet: A metaphor to conceptualize deception and its detection
New Ideas in Psychology The deception faucet metaphor reframes deception not as a binary opposite of truth-telling, but as adjustments to an ongoing flow of mostly truthful communication. Deception… [254] (2020)Concealed emotion analysis and recognition method
Advances in Psychological Science The paper presents a theoretical framework integrating micro-expressions with synchronized EEG and multiple physiological channels to overcome limitations of single-modality concealed emotion detection, with proposed… [255] (2020)Higher Self-Control, Less Deception: The Effect of Self-Control on Deception Behaviors
Advances in Cognitive Psychology Individuals with low self-control ability exhibited more deceptive behaviors than those with high self-control. High self-control individuals showed larger N2 and smaller P3 amplitudes, while… [256] (2020)Memory‐Based Deception Detection: Extending the Cognitive Signature of Lying From Instructed to Self‐Initiated Cheating
Topics in Cognitive Science Both instructed cheaters (n=107) and self-initiated cheaters (n=142) showed significant RT-slowing on the CIT compared to fair players, proving that the cognitive signature of lying… [257] (2020)Distinguishing true from false confessions using physiological patterns of concealed information recognition – A proof of concept study
Biological Psychology True confessors showed larger physiological responses to correct versus incorrect answers, while false confessors exhibited no differential responding, successfully distinguishing genuine from false admissions of… [258] (2020)Deception detection in repeated interviews: The effects of immediate type of questioning on the delayed accounts
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Differences between truth-tellers and liars were slightly larger when comprehensive 'report everything' instructions were used in the initial interview compared to spatial questioning, suggesting that… [259] (2020)Deception and the Elderly
Detecting Malingering and Deception Elderly individuals present unique challenges for polygraph testing due to reduced electrodermal activity, autonomic dysfunction, and medication effects. Older adults also show significantly lower deception… [260] (2020)The Structure of Deception: Validation of the Lying Profile Questionnaire
The LPQ demonstrated strong reliability (omega = 0.83) with four factors and three distinct lying profiles. K-means clustering revealed Tricksters (35%), Average (42%), and Virtuous… [261] (2020)Too Busy to Be Manipulated: How Multitasking with Technology Improves Deception Detection in Collaborative Teamwork
Journal of Management Information Systems Information multitasking improved deception detection in collaborative teams, likely because reduced engagement limited multitaskers' exposure to deceptive manipulation tactics and decreased the feedback available to… [262] (2020)A Discussion of PLC and DLC Question Procedure and Ironic Process Theory
Polygraph The paper introduces Ironic Process Theory to polygraph science, suggesting that the conscious effort to lie when directed paradoxically increases cognitive salience and physiological arousal.… [263] (2020)Leveraging Shared and Divergent Facial Expression Behavior Between Genders in Deception Detection
2020 15th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2020) GAHL outperformed logistic regression, decision trees, and SVM models in small-sample deception detection tasks (N<75), successfully balancing the use of full datasets for shared behavioral… [264] (2020)John Augustus Larson (1892–1965)
European Polygraph Larson became likely the first American policeman with a doctoral degree and created the foundational technology that launched a new era of scientific criminal investigation… [265] (2020)Interpreting nonverbal cues to deception in real time
PLOS ONE Adaptor gestures significantly reduced the likelihood of judging a speaker as honest (OR = 0.38, p < .001), demonstrating that nonverbal behavior has rapid, direct… [266] (2020)Is the CIT susceptible to misleading information? A constructive replication
International Journal of Psychophysiology Misleading information reduced explicit memory of mock crime details, but physiological CIT responses (skin conductance and respiration) were only partially attenuated, suggesting crime-relevant information detection… [267] (2020)A Half-Century of Experiences with the Polygraph
European Polygraph The essay chronicles the ideological shift from polygraph rejection to scientific acceptance in Eastern Europe, documents persistent challenges including inadequate legal knowledge and insufficient quality… [268] (2020)The Limits of Conscious Deception Detection: When Reliance on False Deception Cues Contributes to Inaccurate Judgments
Frontiers in Psychology Distrust produced dramatically below-chance accuracy (d = -0.89 to -2.09), with participants judging truth-tellers as more deceptive than liars. Trust conditions produced above-chance accuracy (d… [269] (2020)Financial Incentive does not Affect P300 in the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) Version in Concealed Information Test (CIT) in Malingering DetectionUninstructed Subjects
CHERKASY UNIVERSITY BULLETIN: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SERIES Financial incentive did not affect the P300 CIT effect across motivation conditions, though semantic memory probes (birthdates) produced larger P300s than episodic probes (names). The… [270] (2020)Verbal cues to deceit when lying through omitting information
Legal and Criminological Psychology Truth tellers reported more complications than lie tellers after Model Statement exposure, but no significant difference emerged for total details — an atypical finding suggesting… [271] (2020)Considerations regarding deception detection in investigative activities
SERIES VII - SOCIAL SCIENCES AND LAW Deception indicators mark areas requiring further exploration rather than providing proof of deception; subjectivity in deception assessment can be diminished through awareness of limitations but… [272] (2020)Complications travel: A cross-cultural comparison of the proportion of complication as a verbal cue to deceit
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Complications emerged as a cross-culturally stable cue to truthfulness across Russian, Hispanic, and Korean samples, with truth-tellers consistently providing more complications than liars. In contrast,… [273] (2020)Uncovering Credibility
The Oxford Handbook of Law and Humanities Evidence law relies on a false equivalence between detecting liars and determining who should be believed, using status-based proxies for social worthiness rather than scientifically… [274] (2020)Facial psychophysiology in forensic investigation: A novel idea for deception detection
Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences Masseter muscle EMG detected deception in 57% of card tests initially but only 14% on repeat testing, with 28-67% of deceptive responses remaining undetected across… [275] (2020)Do incompatible alternatives in a testimony affect witness credibility?
Applied Cognitive Psychology Witnesses reporting incompatible alternatives were consistently judged as less credible across three experiments. Educating participants that witnesses can legitimately report multiple alternatives reduced, but did… [276] (2020)Airport artificial intelligence can detect deception: or am i lying?
Security Journal The authors conclude that in vivo testing of AI deception detection based on micro-expressions is naïve and misinformed, noting that micro-expressions occur in only 2%… [277] (2020)Understanding and Explicitly Measuring Linguistic and Stylistic Properties of Deception via Generation and Translation
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Generation When conditioned on topic, deceptive content is shorter, less readable, more biased, and more subjective than credible content. Style transfer from deceptive to credible writing… [278] (2020)Effects of concealment on physiological and psychological responses during the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Concealment significantly enhanced physiological differentiation between critical and noncritical items across skin conductance, heart rate, normalized pulse volume, and respiration, while non-concealing participants showed differentiation… [279] (2020)Do people detect deception the way they think they do? Replication and extensions
Psicothema Behavioral cues were reported less often and contextual indicators more often when describing actual lie detection experiences compared to stated beliefs, regardless of whether participants… [280] (2020)Response Time Concealed Information Test on smartphones
Collabra: Psychology The RT-CIT performed equivalently on smartphones and desktop computers, with thumb-based responses on touchscreens yielding equally efficient results as conventional index finger responses. [281] (2020)A trifactorial model of detection of deception using thermography
Psychology, Crime & Law The 'at least two of three' thermal regions rule achieved 83% accuracy and 13% false alarm rate, substantially outperforming single-indicator approaches. [282] (2020)Structural Police Deception in American Police Interrogation: A Closer Look at Minimization and Maximization
Interrogation, Confession, and Truth Minimization and maximization interrogation techniques are inherently deceptive practices integral to the structure of American police interrogation, operating through pragmatic implication to communicate promises of… [283] (2020)RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS OF ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY SIGNAL TO A CONTROL QUESTION TEST: A NEW APPROACH FOR THE DETECTION OF DECEPTION
Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications Lmax and DET parameters decreased significantly for relevant questions in vertical EOG signals, while all RQA parameters except RR decreased significantly in horizontal EOG signals,… [284] (2020)Individual differences in ERPs during deception: Observing vs. demonstrating behavior leading to a small social conflict
Biological Psychology Women showed larger P300 differences between probe and irrelevant items. Response conflicts diminished for women in the informed/witness condition. High-Machiavellianism women showed smaller MFN amplitude… [285] (2020)Lie Detection: A Strategic Analysis of the Verifiability Approach
SSRN Electronic Journal The analysis reveals that strategic information revelation and verification work in tandem in partially pooling equilibria, and that improvements in verification reliability result in more… [286] (2020)Theoretical Model of Polygraph Testing: Concerns and Prospects for their Solution
Psychology and Law The paper proposes functional systems theory as a superior theoretical framework for polygraph testing, arguing that physiological responses reflect complex systemic organization rather than simple… [287] (2020)A Study on the Differences of Psychophysiological Response of Sexual Crime Victims by Question Conditions in Polygraph Examination
Korea Criminal Intelligence Review Mixing directed lie control questions with standard control questions and using pronouns instead of perpetrator names in relevant questions both produced significant improvements in polygraph… [288] (2020)Pengembangan Skala Deception Behavior in Social Media
Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat The scale demonstrated adequate psychometric properties with good reliability and validity, revealing two dimensions: concealing or changing identity, and presenting oneself better. The instrument proved… [289] (2019)How contemporary theory informs lie detection accuracy and bias
Crime Security and Society ALIED proposes that truth bias reflects informed Bayesian reasoning in low-diagnostic environments, while TDT argues people maintain a passive presumption of honesty until triggers activate… [290] (2019)Literature Survey of Structural Weighting of Polygraph Signals
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment EDA contributes over 60% of diagnostic information in polygraph testing, with cardiovascular responses accounting for approximately 34% and respiration contributing the remainder. [291] (2019)Increased Motor Cortex Excitability for Concealed Visual Information
Journal of Psychophysiology The study found a non-specific increase in overall corticospinal excitability at 300 ms post-stimulus during deception, but no muscle-specific activation of truth-telling motor representations, contrary… [292] (2019)Rebuttal: The CQT Has Scientific Support
Various Publications Directly addressed Iacono & Ben-Shakhar (2019) criticisms. Analyzed their arguments point-by-point and found them to lack merit. Corroborated contemporary research reporting high CQT accuracy. [293] (2019)Truth-Default Theory Summarized
Duped TDT explains that people are truth-biased by default, detecting truths significantly better than lies, with average accuracy around 54%. Most deception comes from a few… [294] (2019)Reaction time-based Concealed Information Test in eyewitness identification is moderated by picture similarity but not eyewitness cooperation
Psychological Research RT-CIT effectiveness was significantly impaired when using closely matched faces (as required for fair lineups) compared to non-matched faces, but eyewitness cooperativeness did not affect… [295] (2019)Methodological improvements of the association-based concealed information test
Both improved versions outperformed the original A-CIT, with the ID-EAST color-based version achieving AUC = 0.89, comparable to the most accurate deception detection methods. Classification… [296] (2019)Testing a potential alternative to traditional identification procedures: Reaction time-based concealed information test does not work for lineups with cooperative witnesses
Applied Cognitive Psychology The RT-CIT demonstrated negligibly small diagnostic validity (d = 0.14, 95% CI 0.08-0.19) across five experiments, failing to effectively identify perpetrators when eyewitnesses were cooperative… [297] (2019)Is it time to kill the detection wizard? Emotional intelligence does not facilitate deception detection
Personality and Individual Differences Emotional intelligence and attention to non-verbal cues do not improve deception detection accuracy. High-EI individuals spend more time observing non-verbal behaviors but perform no better… [298] (2019)Об аморальности обмана как средства получения достоверных показаний
Вестник МГПУ. Серия Юридические науки The paper concludes that any transmission of false information to an interrogated person should be considered deception and is morally impermissible during formal interrogations, though… [299] (2019)Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues
Applied Cognitive Psychology Observers achieve only 52% accuracy when viewing nonverbal behavior alone versus 63% when hearing verbal content. Meta-analyses show that of 50 nonverbal cues examined, only… [300] (2019)Emotion recognition and deception detection
Emotion recognition ability and microexpression training did not improve deception detection accuracy. Higher trait empathy was associated with worse performance, suggesting that emotional sensitivity may… [301] (2019)Why Methods Matter: Approaches to the Study of Deception and Considerations for the Future
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Methodological choices—including stakes, participant motivation, social interaction, and whether lies are instructed or spontaneous—fundamentally determine research outcomes. High-stakes conditions increase false alarms rather than improving… [302] (2019)Evaluative Observation in a Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychiatry Evaluative observation via live video camera did not enhance CIT detection: differential physiological responses were statistically equivalent across observation and no-observation groups for all measures… [303] (2019)Frequent Countermeasure Usage by Narcissistic Examinees in the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychology Narcissistic personality traits and high self-assessed lie-telling ability significantly predicted the frequency with which guilty examinees employed countermeasures in the CIT, with particularly strong correlations… [304] (2019)Why refugee visa credibility assessments lack credibility: a critical discourse analysis
Griffith Law Review Credibility assessments rely on flawed language ideologies that assign sole authorship to asylum seekers while erasing the roles of interpreters, decision-makers, and institutional processes. This… [305] (2019)Effects of Deception on the Deceiver: An Interdisciplinary View
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Deception activates multiple brain processes that create cognitive and emotional loads impairing communication management, and self-deception inevitably emerges as a consequence that alters the deceiver's… [306] (2019)Accuracy, Confidence, and Experiential Criteria for Lie Detection Through a Videotaped Interview
Frontiers in Psychiatry Judges showed moderately accurate detection with better truth than lie detection. Detection accuracy was negatively associated with confidence for lie detection but positively associated for… [307] (2019)Effects of Direct and Indirect Questions on the Ocular-motor Deception Test
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Classification accuracy declined by 23 percentage points when using indirect questions about falsifying answers compared to direct questions about specific behaviors, dropping from 83% to… [308] (2019)Validity of the Reaction Time Concealed Information Test in a Prison Sample
Frontiers in Psychiatry The RT-CIT demonstrated high validity in the prison sample with robust effect sizes. Error rate CIT-effects were elevated in prisoners compared to controls, while reaction… [309] (2019)Study on accuracy of polygraph inspection and GSR(Galvanic Skin Response) evaluation
Korean Association of Criminal Psychology The study verified that GSR channels occupy an important proportion in judging responses to stimuli, and demonstrated that palm placement can produce accurate stimulus responses… [310] (2019)Detecting concealed familiarity using eye movements: the role of task demands
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications In the concealed condition, participants showed significantly more fixations toward familiar faces (d = 1.06), but this effect completely disappeared when countermeasures were employed (d… [311] (2019)Investigations: Polygraph Use
Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management The central finding emphasized is that polygraph instruments cannot independently detect deception; only trained examiners who study physiological responses to control and relevant questions can… [312] (2019)Analysis of Concealed Anger Emotion in a Neutral Speech Signal
2019 IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing, VLSI, Electrical Circuits and Robotics (DISCOVER) Statistical measures of autocorrelated pitch, including central tendency and measures of spread, can detect and characterize concealed anger emotion in synthesized speech signals that combine… [313] (2019)Region of Interest Based Comparative Analysis in Deception Detection using Thermal Images
2019 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT) The study identified which specific facial regions provide superior discriminatory power for deception detection through comparative thermal analysis, contributing to standardization efforts in thermal imaging-based… [314] (2019)Verify the scene, report the symptoms: Testing the Verifiability Approach and SRSI in the detection of fabricated PTSD claims
Legal and Criminological Psychology The Verifiability Approach achieved 79% accuracy with high specificity for identifying honest claimants, while SRSI achieved 76% accuracy with better sensitivity for detecting fabricators. Combined… [315] (2019)Basic vs. Applied Psychology perspectives lead to different implications from the same data; reevaluating the impact of prior expectations on polygraph outcomes
Social Sciences & Humanities Open Examiner bias impacts only 3% of total polygraph examinations in real-world conditions, occurring only when charts are objectively inconclusive and multiple limiting conditions align. [316] (2019)Unexpected questions in deception detection interviews: Does question order matter?
Legal and Criminological Psychology Question order (expected-first vs. unexpected-first) did not significantly affect the amount of detail provided or lie detection accuracy, suggesting interviewers have flexibility in when they… [317] (2019)Possibilities and challenges of the polygraph test for applied psychophysiology
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Japanese polygraphers using visual inspection achieved 86.4% hit rate and 94.5% correct rejection rate in mock crime CIT studies, though field practice often lacks the… [318] (2019)Detecting Lie-A Practical Approach
Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle The study successfully demonstrated that physiological signals can be measured using accessible biomedical equipment to create a functional personal polygraph, identifying gender-based statistical differences in… [319] (2019)The impact of hedged testimony on judgments of credibility
Applied Cognitive Psychology Without cross-examination, participants counterintuitively rated testimony as more credible when the assault occurred 15 years ago (age 4 encoding). However, with cross-examination, participants appropriately rated… [320] (2019)It's a match!? Appropriate item selection in the Concealed Information Test
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications CIT validity was highest when there was a direct match between how information was encoded and tested, with congruent conditions producing effect sizes of d… [321] (2019)Deception Detection and Truth Detection Are Dependent on Different Cognitive and Emotional Traits: An Investigation of Emotional Intelligence, Theory of Mind, and Attention
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Truth detection and deception detection rely on distinct psychological processes: attentional alerting supports truth detection, while cognitive theory of mind and emotion perception support lie… [322] (2019)Community Standards of Deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Deception is perceived as ethical and people want to be deceived when deception prevents unnecessary harm. Eight community standards of deception were identified that most… [323] (2019)Managing Face in the Midst of Interpersonal Deception: A Cross-Cultural Examination
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Thai participants reported significantly more avoiding behaviors when responding to detected deception, while American participants used more dominating behaviors. Avoiding behaviors were positively correlated with… [324] (2019)Lie prevalence, lie characteristics and strategies of self-reported good liars
PLOS ONE Self-reported good liars tell more lies per day, with nearly 40% of all lies told by a few prolific liars. Good liars strategically embed lies… [325] (2019)Face-Focused Cross-Stream Network for Deception Detection in Videos
2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) The FFCSN achieved state-of-the-art performance on real-life courtroom trial videos (104 videos, 58 subjects) by explicitly detecting faces in the spatial stream and performing cross-stream… [326] (2019)Detecting deception in HRI using minimally-invasive and noninvasive techniques
2019 28th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) Significant differences in skin conductance, eye openness, and head pose emerged when participants deceived robot partners compared to human partners, demonstrating that deception detection approaches… [327] (2019)The Many Faces of Trustworthiness: Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Predicting Deception from Facial Appearance
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Accuracy in detecting trustworthiness from facial appearance varies dramatically by behavioral domain (55-65% accuracy overall). Facial trustworthiness judgments reliably influence real-world outcomes even when inaccurate,… [328] (2019)Polygraph Tests - Benefits and Challenges
Academicus International Scientific Journal Polygraph tests measure heart rate/blood pressure, respiration, and skin responses based on the assumption that dishonest individuals exhibit different autonomic responses than truthful individuals. However,… [329] (2019)Can fMRI discriminate between deception and false memory? A meta-analytic comparison between deception and false memory studies
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews Deception, relative to false memory, showed increased activation in the right superior temporal gyrus, right insula, left inferior parietal lobule, and right superior frontal gyrus,… [330] (2019)Facial Cues for Deception Detection in Virtual Reality Based Communication
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Big Data and Internet of Things Human observers were no better at detecting deception from VR avatars than in previous traditional experiments, and classification analysis identified substantial limitations in accurately representing… [331] (2019)Historical Perspectives on the Study of Lying and Deception
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication The study of deception transitioned from centuries of coexistence with truthfulness to systematic scientific investigation beginning in the late 1960s, developing theoretical frameworks including Information… [332] (2019)A Synergistic Concealed Information Test With Novel Approach for EEG Channel Selection and SVM Parameter Optimization
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security The dual Bat Algorithm approach successfully optimized both EEG channel selection and SVM hyperparameters simultaneously, achieving high classification accuracy while identifying that occipital lobe channels… [333] (2019)Reading Lies: Nonverbal Communication and Deception
Annual Review of Psychology Only 14 of 50 nonverbal cues (28%) showed significant relationships with deception, with effect sizes typically small (largest d = -0.55). People achieve only 54%… [334] (2019)Verbal and Non-verbal Symptoms of Deception in the Eyes of Policemen and Psychologists
European Polygraph The study reveals differences between police officers' and psychologists' beliefs about behavioral deception indicators, highlighting discrepancies between professional confidence and scientific evidence regarding deception detection… [335] (2019)An urban legend called: The 7/38/55 Ratio Rule
European Polygraph The 7/38/55 ratio applies only to judgments of emotional attitude based on single inconsistent words, not to complex communication, factual content, or deception detection contexts,… [336] (2019)Attempts at Lie Detection Based on Scientific Premises on the End of 19th Century and in the First Half of the 20th Century
European Polygraph Early researchers achieved notable results including Benussi's reported 97.5% accuracy using respiratory I/E ratios, Jung's successful forensic application of word association tests, and Luria's combined… [337] (2019)Planting the Seeds of Polygraph's Practice: A Brief Historical Review
European Polygraph Modern polygraphy evolved through adaptation and refinement of existing physiological measurement devices rather than being invented from whole cloth. The field's development represents a synthesis… [338] (2019)Theta Synchronization and ERPs in Deception Detection
2019 12th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI) Theta synchronization effects were strongest at frontal electrode Fz and overlapped temporally with P300 but showed distinct scalp distribution patterns. This effect was specific to… [339] (2019)Essentials of the Relevant Issue Gravity (RIG) Strength: A Theoretical Framework for Understanding the Comparison Question Test (CQT)
European Polygraph The RIG framework reframes CQT theory by emphasizing differential attention binding rather than simple threat perception, with the critical task being management of attention diversion… [340] (2019)Suggestion and its impact on the credibility of the statements of the minor witness
Issues of Forensic Science Research demonstrates reliable age-related declines in suggestibility, with 83% of developmental studies detecting decreased susceptibility with age. However, proper interview protocols using open-ended questions and… [341] (2019)Defining Deception
Duped The chapter establishes that truth-bias is a universal, adaptive human tendency; that most lies are told by a few prolific liars while most people are… [342] (2019)Verbal Cues Fostering Perceptions of Credibility and Truth/Lie Detection
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Official guidance now emphasizes verbal indices over nonverbal behavior for deception detection. Effective verbal analysis requires interview techniques that maximize verbal output, with the PEACE… [343] (2019)Application of Registration of Human Vegetative Reactions in the Process of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The study established that MRI-compatible polygraph use during fMRI studies is feasible and that classifying subjects according to their vegetative reaction dynamics enables more focused… [344] (2019)Likelihood Ratio in Evidential Evaluation of Polygraph Examination
Internal Security The paper demonstrates that likelihood ratio frameworks can quantify the evidential weight of polygraph results by comparing the probability of observed physiological responses under deception… [345] (2019)Sitting in judgment: How body posture influences deception detection and gazing behavior
Judges adopting an open posture were significantly more accurate at detecting deception (Hedge's g = 0.40, p = 0.036) compared to closed posture, with trait… [346] (2019)Examining probability distribution of within a set judgment method for Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study analyzed probability distributions of within-set judgment methods to establish statistical foundations for CIT decision-making and threshold setting in field applications. [347] (2019)Lessons from Pinocchio: Cues to deception may be highly exaggerated
Perspectives on Psychological Science Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the deception cue literature is consistent with there being no real behavioral indicators of deception, with effect sizes potentially inflated… [348] (2019)Devil's Advocate Tactic to Generate Rapport
Polygraph The Devil's Advocate tactic for rapport generation provides examiners with a structured method to reduce examinee defensiveness while building trust through perspective-taking exercises. [349] (2019)Familiarity revealed by involuntary eye movements on the fringe of awareness
Scientific Reports Familiar faces presented at the threshold of awareness produced prolonged oculomotor inhibition and earlier inhibition onset compared to unfamiliar faces, demonstrating for the first time… [350] (2019)Effects of emotional arousal at memory encoding on the P300-based Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association High emotional arousal at memory encoding significantly enhanced P300 amplitudes in response to concealed information, with no differences between groups for irrelevant stimuli, supporting the… [351] (2019)Effects of rule applicability on differential responding in the Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study suggests that differential responding in the CIT varies systematically with the rule applicability of tested information, with implications for strategic probe item selection… [352] (2019)Looking guilty: Handcuffing suspects influences judgments of deception
Both laypersons and police officers showed significantly impaired deception detection when judging handcuffed suspects (accuracy M = 0.45) compared to non-handcuffed suspects (M = 0.55),… [353] (2019)Designing good deception: Recursive theory of mind in lying and lie detection
Rational models incorporating recursive theory of mind predicted human lying and lie detection behavior better than non-rational models, demonstrating that humans control the extremeness of… [354] (2019)The intra-individual consistency of the differential physiological responses on the Concealed Information Test: hierarchical Bayesian approach.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Hierarchical Bayesian estimates of effect sizes were more accurate than conventional approaches, revealing that traditional Z-score methods overestimate the magnitude of differential responding. Heart rate… [355] (2019)Language of lies: Urgent issues and prospects in verbal lie detection research
Legal and Criminological Psychology The workshop identified multiple urgent challenges including lack of ecological validity, absence of decision criteria and cut-off points for practitioners, insufficient attention to individual and… [356] (2019)Question Formulation: Irrelevant, Relevant, and Comparison Questions
Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques The chapter establishes that all polygraph techniques utilize four question categories, each serving a distinct purpose. Key principles include ensuring questions are answerable by yes/no,… [357] (2019)Digging Further Into the Speech of Liars: Future Research Prospects in Verbal Lie Detection
Frontiers in Psychiatry Liars strategically provide low-resolution verifiable details and avoid contextualizing perceptual information, while truth-tellers provide high-resolution details with contextual framing. These qualitative differences offer more diagnostic… [358] (2019 • AUTONOMIC REVIEW)Beyond the Polygraph: Deception Detection and the Autonomic Nervous System
Federal Practitioner, 36(7), 316–321 Review of deception detection methods beyond traditional polygraph, including fMRI, EEG, thermal imaging, and cognitive-based approaches. Assessed readiness of each technology for practical deployment. [359] (2019)Do Not Think Carefully? Re-examining the Effect of Unconscious Thought on Deception Detection
Frontiers in Psychology Unconscious thought showed no advantage for deception detection in either audio/video (Study 1) or video/text conditions (Study 2), with overall accuracy at 47.93% (not different… [360] (2019)Why Won’t You Answer the Question? Mass-Mediated Deception Detection After Journalists’ Accusations of Politicians’ Evasion
Journal of Communication Journalist accusations of evasion—even when false—triggered suspicion → perceived dodging → distrust through serial mediation. Absent accusations, voters remained in truth-default. Study 2 replicated results… [361] (2019)Comparison of different functional connectives based on EEG during concealed information test
Biomedical Signal Processing and Control Deception responses showed significantly increased functional connectivity and enhanced small-world network properties compared to truth-telling, with mutual information-based connectivity analysis outperforming other linear and nonlinear… [362] (2019)Detecting Concealed Information in Text and Speech
Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Multi-task learning framework with acoustic, linguistic, and individual features outperformed human detection of concealed information by over 15%. Acoustic-prosodic indicators including pitch, intensity, and speaking… [363] (2019)The Polygraph Examiner Resource Guide (Validated Polygraph Techniques and Scoring Systems)
European Polygraph The guide establishes that validated evidentiary techniques must demonstrate minimum 90% accuracy with inconclusive rates not exceeding 20%, while providing structured frameworks for technique selection… [364] (2019)Being accurate about accuracy in verbal deception detection
PLoS ONE Training set optimization dramatically overestimates accuracy in verbal deception detection, with the effect being most severe in small samples where completely non-diagnostic tools can appear… [365] (2019)Neurotransmitter mechanisms of paraphilic disorders
Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova Patients with paraphilic disorders showed elevated urinary serotonin and norepinephrine (correlated with obsessive symptoms) and decreased DOPAC (correlated with affective and dissociative disorders), implicating central… [366] (2019)Five Reasons Why I Am Skeptical That Indirect or Unconscious Lie Detection Is Superior to Direct Deception Detection
Frontiers in Psychology Levine argues that empirical evidence for unconscious lie detection superiority is unconvincing, with behavioral cues to deception being too ephemeral and variable across persons and… [367] (2019)Paulhus Deception Scale--Italian Version; Short Form
PsycTESTS Dataset The 12-item Italian PDS short form demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties, with confirmatory factor analysis supporting the two-factor structure and adequate internal consistency and concurrent validity… [368] (2018)Research of Brain Network on Deception Identification Using Phase Synchrony
2018 5th International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering (ICISCE) The phase synchrony approach achieved 88% classification accuracy in distinguishing deceptive from truthful responses, demonstrating that functional connectivity network analysis can reveal meaningful brain communication… [369] (2018)F43. Lie Detection: How Autistic Traits Impact the Ability to Control Competing Representations of the Self and Others’ Opinions
Biological Psychiatry Full study results unavailable - conference abstract only provides theoretical framework without specific findings. [370] (2018)Using the model statement to elicit verbal differences between truth tellers and liars: The benefit of examining core and peripheral details
After exposure to a model statement, liars reported significantly more peripheral details than truth tellers, while both groups provided similar amounts of core details. This… [371] (2018)Human lie-detection performance: Does random assignment vs. self-selection of liars and truth-tellers matter?
Lie-detection accuracy did not vary as a function of whether senders were randomly assigned or self-selected to lie or tell the truth, nor did feeling-focused… [372] (2018)A concealment-specific frontal negative slow wave is generated from the right prefrontal cortex in the concealed information test
Biological Psychology Right prefrontal activation during the frontal negative slow wave (500-1000 ms) was observed only when participants attempted to conceal memorized items, not when motivated to… [373] (2018)What mechanisms underlie ERP-based concealed information detection?
International Journal of Psychophysiology P3 responses and multivariate brain patterns showed equivalent strength whether participants concealed or revealed information, but were strongly influenced by stimulus salience, demonstrating that brain-based… [374] (2018)Lie Detection Using fNIRS Monitoring of Inhibition-Related Brain Regions Discriminates Infrequent but not Frequent Liars
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience fNIRS monitoring of the left middle frontal gyrus achieved 83.3% accuracy in detecting infrequent liars but failed to distinguish frequent liars from innocents. Infrequent liars… [375] (2018)Covert lie detection using keyboard dynamics
Scientific Reports Keystroke analysis distinguished liars from truth-tellers with 95% accuracy, with liars showing significantly longer reaction times, more typing errors, and slower typing speeds, especially when… [376] (2018)Emotional Arousal at Memory Encoding Enhanced P300 in the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychology Emotional arousal at memory encoding significantly enhanced P300 amplitudes in response to concealed information (F(1,19)=10.705, p=0.004), supporting the theory that emotionally intense encoding strengthens CIT… [377] (2018)A Review of Approaches to Detecting Malingering in Forensic Contexts and Promising Cognitive Load-Inducing Lie Detection Techniques
Frontiers in Psychiatry Cognitive load techniques achieved 69% classification accuracy distinguishing truth tellers from liars using response time, answer consistency, eye movements, and pupil dilation, with low false-positive… [378] (2018)First Attempts in Deception Detection in HRI by using Thermal and RGB-D cameras
2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) Thermal and RGB-D cameras successfully detected physiological and behavioral changes during deceptive responses in HRI, including facial temperature changes, head pose variations, and eye openness… [379] (2018)Research of Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Revealing of the Information Concealing by the Person
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing High consistency was found between expert scoring and automatic assessment of polygraph data in the MRI environment, with different brain activation patterns observed based on… [380] (2018)Behavioral genetics of deception detection performance
Journal of Managerial Psychology Deception detection performance was largely determined by shared and non-shared environmental influences rather than genetic factors. Declarative training significantly moderated changes in detection performance, indicating… [381] (2018)The impact of memory retrieval on deception and truth telling
North American Journal of Psychology Lies about conflicting memories activated different brain regions (right superior medial frontal gyrus and left parietal lobe) compared to lies about consistent memories (left anterior… [382] (2018)Deception Processing by Third-Party Observers: The Role of Speaker Intent
Psychological Reports Reading about intentionally deceptive speakers primed faster processing of deception-related sentences in subsequent stories, demonstrating that observers are sensitive to intent rather than mere falsity. [383] (2018)An Exploration of Deception Detection: Are Groups More Effective Than Individuals?
Communication Research Established groups achieved 53% accuracy detecting lies compared to 37% for individuals and 33% for ad hoc groups (p = .007), demonstrating that group cohesion… [384] (2018)Evaluating Credibility of Witnesses – are We Instructing Jurors on Invalid Factors?
Journal of Tort Law Meta-analytic evidence demonstrates that people achieve only 54% accuracy in lie-truth judgments (compared to 50% chance), nonverbal cues show weak effect sizes (d = .25),… [385] (2018)Common Sense in Choice: The Effect of Sensory Modality on Neural Value Representations
eNeuro The anterior vmPFC represents subjective value regardless of whether stimuli are presented visually or aurally, demonstrated by both conjunction GLM analysis and cross-modality SVM classification… [386] (2018)Self-initiated versus instructed cheating in the physiological Concealed Information Test
Biological Psychology All three physiological measures detected concealed information equally well in both self-initiated cheaters (37.4% of those given opportunity) and instructed cheaters, with Bayesian statistics supporting… [387] (2018)Detecting deception in insurance claims: How effective are verifiability approach and model statement?
ResearchGate The replication failed to demonstrate that the Verifiability Approach with Information Protocol and Model Statement could effectively discriminate between true and fabricated insurance claims, contradicting… [388] (2018)The Strategic Meaning of CBCA Criteria From the Perspective of Deceivers
Frontiers in Psychology Of 24 criteria examined, 18 showed significant strategic value ratings (effect sizes d = 0.19 to 1.28), with participants recognizing memory-related criteria as strategically useful… [389] (2018)Video/Observation Analysis: Nonverbal Communication and Deception
Pathways in Crime Behaviour sequence analysis identified specific temporal sequences of nonverbal behaviours that indicate psychological distress caused by deception, with clear differences between honest and deceptive responses… [390] (2018)Idiosyncrasies in Chart Evaluation
European Polygraph The study found that individual physiological response patterns vary significantly, with EDA contributing 55% of reactions, cardio 26%, and pneumo 19%. The authors argue that… [391] (2018)Setting the Record Concerning the Differences Between the Matte Quadri-Track and the Backster Zone Comparison Techniques
European Polygraph The MQTZCT introduced substantive innovations distinguishing it from Backster's technique, including lower truth cut-off scores (+4 vs. ±5), Fear/Hope of Error questions addressing the Othello… [392] (2018)Is what we wear, is who we are?
European Polygraph The study suggests connections between clothing choices and psychological states, though specific findings cannot be determined without access to the full content. [393] (2018)Micro-expressions are not the best way to catch a liar
Frontiers in Psychology Only 25% of high-stakes deceivers displayed partial microexpressions with no complete microexpressions observed. Guilty participants in CIT experiments showed significantly reduced variance in facial emotions… [394] (2018)Why do we lie? A practical guide to the dishonesty literature
Journal of Economic Surveys Dishonesty is highly malleable and context-dependent rather than a stable trait, with most people cheating "just a little" to maintain positive self-image while being sensitive… [395] (2018)Common and distinct neural correlates of self-serving and prosocial dishonesty
Human Brain Mapping The study found dissociable behavioral and neural patterns: overall dishonesty correlated with vmPFC activity and vmPFC-dlPFC connectivity, while self-serving biased dishonesty correlated with striatum activity… [396] (2018)Deep Personality Recognition for Deception Detection
Interspeech 2018 Multi-task learning models that incorporated personality recognition improved deception detection F1 scores from 0.68 to 0.744, representing a 6%+ relative improvement and new state-of-the-art results… [397] (2018)Inferior detection of information from collaborative versus individual crimes based on a P300 Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Collaborative crime perpetrators showed significantly reduced P300 probe-irrelevant differences compared to individual criminals, resulting in near-chance discrimination from innocent participants (AUC = .66 vs. .84… [398] (2018)Lie Detection and the Law
The polygraph persists in legal systems not through scientific validity but through strategic management of uncertainty and migration to less-regulated legal spaces like interrogations and… [399] (2018)The exclusionary toolkit
Lie Detection and the Law Courts employ a systematic 'exclusionary toolkit' of legal strategies to exclude polygraph evidence, constructing and deploying scientific uncertainty through challenges to validity, reliability concerns, and… [400] (2018)Eye Movements and Lie Detection
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing Researchers identified robust eye movement markers for deception detection that generalize across different stimulus types and forms of deception, as well as specific markers that… [401] (2018)Linguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception
The Oxford Handbook of Lying Lying operates at the semantics-pragmatics interface, involving both truth-conditional semantics and pragmatic features of assertion and intent. The analysis reveals that deception is rooted in… [402] (2018)Supplemental Material for Does Exposure to Psychosocial Adversity Enhance Deception Detection Ability?
Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences Study 1 found no support for the hypothesis that adversity enhances deception detection. Study 2 found weak evidence that harsh parenting predicted greater accuracy, but… [403] (2018)A re-analysis that supports our main results: A reply to Levine et al.
Legal and Criminological Psychology The three criticisms were systematically refuted: cell-averaging does not constitute statistical confounding; control condition accuracy rates were not aberrant when compared to published benchmarks; and… [404] (2018)Torture, technology and truth
Lie Detection and the Law Lie detection technologies function as much through social and legal processes as through scientific capabilities, with uncertainties being managed differently across contexts. The work demonstrates… [405] (2018)Within-subjects verbal lie detection measures: A comparison between total detail and proportion of complications
Legal and Criminological Psychology Proportion of complications significantly differentiated truth-tellers from liars in the post-model statement phase, proving more diagnostic than total detail count when combined with the model… [406] (2018)The Act of Answering Questions Elicited Differentiated Responses in a Concealed Information Test
Journal of Forensic Sciences Respiratory and cardiovascular responses differentiated probe from irrelevant items during both question and answer phases, while skin conductance differentiation occurred only during question presentation, suggesting… [407] (2018)Cross-cultural verbal deception
Legal and Criminological Psychology Cultural cues overshadowed deception cues across all measures. While truth tellers provided more details than liars in all three cultures, the effect was significantly stronger… [408] (2018)Helping auditors identify deception through psycholinguistics
Journal of Financial Crime The review identifies multiple linguistic deception markers including pronoun shifts, emotional tone patterns, and cognitive complexity indicators, though findings vary across laboratory versus field settings,… [409] (2018)The mental nose and the Pinocchio effect: Thermography, planning, anxiety, and lies
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling When lying, participants' nose temperature decreased 0.6-1.2°C while forehead temperature increased 0.6-1.5°C, creating a distinctive thermal signature that achieved 80% detection accuracy with 20% false… [410] (2018)Eye movement research: Review of methodology and an update on recent developments
Eye movements reliably reveal concealed recognition, with familiar items eliciting longer fixation durations and fewer total fixations. Studies achieved 65% detection accuracy in some paradigms,… [411] (2018)Alcohol facilitates detection of concealed identity information
Scientific Reports Alcohol facilitated detection of concealed identity information, suggesting that intoxication impairs the cognitive control necessary to effectively conceal recognized information. [412] (2018)Speech Based Deception Detection Using Bispectral Analysis
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Graphics and Signal Processing Deceptive speech was accurately detected using normalized bispectral entropy for envelope (ENV) data and maximum bispectrum for temporal fine structure (TFS) data, with the authors… [413] (2018)Using the Unconscious to Improve Detection of Managerial Deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Unconscious judgments showed greater activation of deception concepts after deceptive calls, outperformed conscious judgments in detecting deception, and a period of unconscious thought before conscious… [414] (2018)Lying and Psychology
The Oxford Handbook of Lying A meta-analysis of 114 studies (n = 3307) using computerized reaction time paradigms revealed a large standardized RT difference of d = 1.049, representing one… [415] (2018)Psycholinguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception
The Oxford Handbook of Lying Lying consistently takes longer than truth-telling due to increased cognitive demands including suppressing truthful responses and constructing plausible alternatives. Reaction time differences are greater for… [416] (2017)Detecting deception in children: A meta-analysis.
Law and Human Behavior Adults accurately discriminated children's truths from lies at only 54%, barely above chance. A strong truth bias emerged: adults correctly identified true statements 63.8% of… [417] (2017)DECEITFULNESS ACCORDING TO THE INDICATORS OF EMOTIONAL MATURITY METHODOLOGY AND POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
Science and Education Integrative deceitfulness parameters correlated strongly with emotional maturity components, with empathic individuals showing the highest probabilistic deceitfulness. Factor analysis revealed that component dominance in emotional… [418] (2017)Nonverbal Detection of Deception
Oxford Scholarship Online Nonverbal cues to deception are faint and unreliable, with popular indicators like gaze aversion showing near-zero effect sizes (d = 0.03). Only 28% of studied… [419] (2017)“You must be lying because I don’t understand you: Language proficiency and lie detection:” Correction to Elliott and Leach (2016).
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Observers showed poorest discrimination when judging beginner English speakers compared to all other proficiency groups, and were less likely to exhibit a truth-bias toward nonnative… [420] (2017)Induction of memories and psychological criteria of assessing credibility of testimony
Issues of Forensic Science Induced memories are characterized by departure from rational reflection, active rationalization aimed at believability, and absence of spontaneous corrections. Key credibility assessment criteria include testimony… [421] (2017)Lie detection on pupil size by back propagation neural network
Procedia Computer Science The neural network with 10 hidden neurons achieved 100% accuracy in classifying pupil images during training, though results were not validated on independent test data… [422] (2017)Approaching the Crime Scene with an Eye toward Interview Strategy
Behavior, Truth and Deception The chapter provides practical guidelines for translating crime scene evidence and behavioral indicators into psychologically-informed interview strategies, though it does not present empirical research findings… [423] (2017)Predicting Intentions of a Familiar Significant Other Beyond the Mirror Neuron System
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience Participants demonstrated superior intention prediction accuracy for familiar partners compared to strangers, with enhanced brain activation in the precuneus and inferior frontoparietal network. Greater self-reported… [424] (2017)A cognitive approach to lie detection: A meta-analysis
Legal and Criminological Psychology Cognitive lie detection achieved 71% total detection accuracy compared to 56% for traditional methods, representing a 15-percentage point improvement. [425] (2017)Nelson R., Handler M., Smitley B., (2017), “Practical Polygraph: FAQ on Electrodermal Activity and the Electrodermal Sensor”, APA Magazine 2017, 50(3), 60–76.
European Polygraph Electrodermal activity demonstrates stronger correlation with ground truth than other physiological channels in polygraph testing. The FAQ format successfully bridges the gap between psychophysiological research… [426] (2017 • FIELD STUDY)Examining Different Types of Comparison Questions in a Field Study of CQT Polygraph Technique
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 14(2), 131–149 Field study comparing different types of comparison questions in real criminal investigations. Provided evidence for the practical effectiveness of both exclusive and non-exclusive comparison questions… [427] (2017)Insurance based lie detection: Enhancing the verifiability approach with a model statement component
Acta Psychologica Adding a Model Statement to the Verifiability Approach increased lie detection accuracy from 65% to 90% in insurance claim scenarios. [428] (2017)Detecting Deception: Practice, Practitioners, and Theory
Strategic Denial and Deception Of 46 detective types studied, all but trial lawyers used similar procedures combining deduction, induction, and intuition, with success strongly correlated with intuitive 'indirect thinking'… [429] (2017)Social Dynamics of Deception
Deception in the Digital Age The chapter reveals that underground cybercrime markets develop sophisticated trust mechanisms and social hierarchies despite operating in inherently adversarial environments. Price, customer service, and trust… [430] (2017)Seeing through crocodile tears? Sex-specific associations between the Dark Triad traits and lie detection accuracy
Personality and Individual Differences Machiavellianism significantly predicted higher lie detection accuracy in women, while narcissism significantly predicted lower accuracy in men. These sex-specific associations emerged only in high-stakes emotional… [431] (2017)Social Signals of Deception and Dishonesty
Social Signal Processing Automated systems analyzing constellations of nonverbal behavioral cues can classify deception and truth more accurately than many human observers, with eye movements, kinesic patterns, and… [432] (2017)Deception and Speech: A Theoretical Overview to Inform Future Research
Hostile Intent and Counter-Terrorism Temporal speech parameters (speaking rate, response onset time, hesitations) show more promise than acoustic features for detecting deception, but contextual factors and individual variability severely… [433] (2017)Deception Detection and Opinion Spam
Socio-Affective Computing The review demonstrates that affective and psychometric linguistic features effectively distinguish deceptive from truthful communication, with character n-gram models and low-dimensionality representations achieving competitive accuracy… [434] (2017)CRIMINALISTIC INVESTIGATION USING A POLYGRAPH: RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE
Sociopolitical Sciences Russian polygraph practice achieves legal admissibility through the theoretical framework of 'ideal traces' and formal forensic psychophysiological examination procedures, representing a significant departure from Western… [435] (2017)Mysteries and Myths in Human Deception and Deception Detection: Insights from Truth-Default Theory
Ewha Journal of Social Sciences Truth-Default Theory explains why deception detection accuracy hovers around 54% through two mechanisms: a few transparent liars and sender demeanor effects. The theory demonstrates that… [436] (2017)Deception Under Time Pressure: Conscious Decision or a Problem of Awareness?
SSRN Electronic Journal Time pressure significantly increased honest reporting, but when controlling for awareness of the misreporting opportunity, time pressure had no effect on the conscious decision to… [437] (2017)Assessing law enforcement performance in behavior-based threat detection tasks involving a concealed weapon or device.
Law and Human Behavior Law enforcement officers showed no detection advantage over untrained students across three experiments, with overall accuracy only slightly better than chance. Counterintuitively, more experienced officers… [438] (2017)The application of microexpression in the detection of deception
Advances in Psychological Science Even when liars deliberately attempt to control their expressions, they cannot prevent microexpression leakage of true emotions, making microexpressions a theoretically valid tool for detecting… [439] (2017)Redefining the Road for the Industry
European Polygraph The polygraph industry had almost entirely overlooked psychological issues in its training and publishing, creating a critical disconnect between the field's foundational understanding and its… [440] (2017)The Distribution of Useful Frequencies in Polygraph Sensor Channels
European Polygraph Full text unavailable for analysis. [441] (2017)The Polygraph in the English Courts
The Journal of Criminal Law The paper argues there is little English case law preventing polygraph use and that comparative reliability analysis suggests polygraphs may be more accurate than unaided… [442] (2017)Deception Detection by Hybrid-Pair Wireless fNIRS System
International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics The hybrid-pair system's regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) metric showed sensitivity to deceptive responses, while the dual-distance configuration successfully suppressed superficial physiological noise that plagued conventional… [443] (2017)Promises and lies: can observers detect deception in written messages
Experimental Economics Observers achieved slightly above-chance accuracy in deception detection by categorizing message types but failed to detect actual lies within categories. Money mentions predicted 25% higher… [444] (2017)Practical Polygraph: FAQ on Electrodermal Activity and the Electrodermal Sensor
APA Magazine Electrodermal activity demonstrates stronger correlation with ground truth compared to other polygraph channels in comparison question testing. The article clarifies technical terminology, electrical measurement principles,… [445] (2017)A Not So Bogus Pipeline: A Study of the Bogus Pipeline Effect And Its Implications for Polygraph Testing
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment: A Journal of Science and Field Practice The bogus pipeline effect remained robust even when participants believed the lie detector was only 75% accurate, challenging assumptions that polygraph effectiveness depends on belief… [446] (2017)Deep learning driven multimodal fusion for automated deception detection
2017 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) The deep learning multimodal fusion approach achieved 96% prediction accuracy compared to 82% in previous literature, with early fusion outperforming late fusion by approximately 5%. [447] (2017)Unraveling the roles of orienting and inhibition in the Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Skin conductance responses increased similarly in both conceal and reveal conditions, while respiratory line length shortened and heart rate decelerated only in the conceal condition,… [448] (2017)Memory detection: the effects of emotional stimuli
Biological Psychology Emotional stimuli enhanced CIT detection efficiency using skin conductance (ROC 0.84 vs. 0.75 for neutral stimuli), representing a substantial 9-point improvement in discriminative ability. [449] (2017)Commentary: Can Ordinary People Detect Deception after All?
Frontiers in Psychology The commentary found that only two cited studies provided unambiguous evidence for unconscious lie detection, both with serious reliability issues, and that the tipping point… [450] (2017)Targeted Subject Interview
Behavior, Truth and Deception TSI provides structured tools including checklists for indirect personality assessment, victimology evaluation, and psychological background investigation to develop suspect-specific verbal tactics and interview themes that… [451] (2017)Mental health in an open prison: preliminary research findings
Division of Forensic Psychology British Psychological Society Annual Conference Despite the relatively permissive open-prison environment producing lower anxiety and better-than-average well-being scores, rates of clinically screened mental health problems were as high as or… [452] (2017)The Anatomy of Deception: A Literature Review of the Neurobiological Basis, Underlying Cognitive Processes, and Motivations that Facilitate Lying
UC Merced Undergraduate Research Journal Deception consistently activates prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex regions, with different prefrontal subregions supporting distinct executive functions. The review identifies that lying involves working memory,… [453] (2017)Understanding the Link Between Emotional Intelligence and Deception: A Theoretical Model
Academy of Management Proceedings The model proposes a paradoxical relationship where high emotional intelligence enhances both the ability to deceive effectively and the ability to detect deception, while also… [454] (2017)The Impact of Foreign Accent on Credibility: An Analysis of Cognitive Statement Ratings in a Swiss Context
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research No influence of foreign accent on credibility ratings was found in the Swiss context, and response patterns did not differ between French and Swiss-German accent… [455] (2017)Detecting Deception In Spontaneous Versus Rehearsed Statements: Direct Deception Judgments for Rehearsed Truths Fall Short While Affective Character Judgments Endure
During spontaneous statements, observers successfully distinguished liars from truth-tellers, but this ability disappeared with rehearsed statements as rehearsed truths looked like lies. Liars were consistently… [456] (2017)Can Magic Deception Be Detected at an Unconscious Level?
Perception The indirect SC-IAT measure of trick detection showed higher accuracy than direct self-report, indicating that while humans cannot consciously detect magic deception, they retain unconscious… [457] (2017)“Lie to me”—Oxytocin impairs lie detection between sexes
Psychoneuroendocrinology Oxytocin decreased both male and female participants' ability to correctly classify other-sex statements as truths or lies compared to placebo, with the effect based on… [458] (2017)A Method to Extract P300 EEG Signal Feature Using Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for Lie Detection
Journal of Energy, Mechanical, Material, and Manufacturing Engineering ICA successfully extracted P300 components from multi-channel EEG recordings, with responses clustering in the 13-30 Hz beta frequency range associated with active cognitive processing. Amplitude… [459] (2017)The Sound of Deception — What Makes a Speaker Credible?
Interspeech 2017 Tremolo and breathy voice quality significantly increased perceived credibility, while unfilled pauses and raised fundamental frequency decreased credibility. Speech rate showed no significant effect, challenging… [460] (2017)Supplemental Material for Deception and Decay: Verbal Lie Detection as a Function of Delay and Encoding Quality
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The diagnostic utility of detail-richness as a verbal cue to deception disappeared after a three-week retention interval, with truth tellers showing memory decay while liars… [461] (2017)Watching children learn how to lie
Children discovered deception within 10 days of competitive gameplay, with three distinct learning patterns (fast, intermediate, slow discovery). Theory of mind and executive function skills… [462] (2017)Familiarity-related fillers improve the validity of reaction time-based memory detection
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Familiarity-related filler items significantly and substantially improved RT-CIT classification accuracy for both single-probe and multiple-probe protocols across two independent preregistered experiments, addressing a critical limitation… [463] (2017)Association-based Concealed Information Test: A novel reaction time-based deception detection method
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The A-CIT achieved AUC values of .857 and .835 across two experiments, with particularly strong performance (96% correct classification, 4% false positives) when innocent participants… [464] (2017)P300 amplitude at Pz and N200/N300 latency at F3 differ between participants simulating suspect versus witness roles in a mock crime: P300 and N200/N300 in a CIT
Psychophysiology Suspects showed significantly larger P300 amplitudes at Pz and delayed N200/N300 latency at F3 compared to witnesses, indicating distinct neural processing patterns despite identical knowledge… [465] (2017)From Geoffrey Chaucer to Jeff Sessions, misspeaking is when you lie about lying
Claiming to have 'misspoken' represents a distinct form of meta-deception where prepared, deliberate statements are retroactively characterized as errors. The linguistic strategy crosses party lines… [466] (2017)The Pinocchio effect and the Cold Stress Test: Lies and thermography
Psychophysiology The study achieved 85% accuracy in lie detection with 25% false alarms, with lying producing decreased nose and hand temperatures and impaired thermal recovery after… [467] (2017)Psychophysiological Responses of People with Psychopathic Tendencies to the Concealed Information Test
Journal of Forensic Sciences Both high and low psychopathic tendency groups showed significant differentiation between crime-relevant and irrelevant questions for respiration and skin conductance, with no differences between groups,… [468] (2017)The Moderating Role of Binge Drinking on the Self-Assertiveness-Sexual Victimization Relationship among College Students
Korean Journal of Stress Research Binge drinking significantly moderated the self-assertiveness–sexual victimization relationship: assertiveness was a significant protective factor only among low binge drinkers (Exp(B)=1.90, p=0.02), while among high binge… [469] (2017)Multinomial reference distributions for the Empirical Scoring System
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment The study successfully produced theoretical multinomial reference distributions that showed virtually perfect concordance with Monte Carlo simulations, enabling Bayesian classification that reduced inconclusive results by… [470] (2017)Verbal Lie Detection
Psychology and Law in Europe Meta-analyses show CBCA discriminates truth from lies with effect sizes of d = 0.55 (adults) and d = 0.78 (children). The Verifiability Approach achieves approximately… [471] (2017)P300 amplitude at Pz and N200/N300 latency at F3 differ between participants simulating suspect versus witness roles in a mock crime
Psychophysiology Suspects showed significantly larger P300 effects at Pz and delayed N200/N300 latencies at F3 compared to witnesses, with only the suspect group demonstrating frontal inhibitory… [472] (2017)Lying takes time: A meta-analysis on reaction time measures of deception
Psychological Bulletin Lying showed a large standardized reaction time difference compared to truth-telling (d = 1.049) across all paradigms, with effects remaining substantial even when participants were… [473] (2017)Utilizing Integrated Psychological Investigation Techniques - Focused on the Integration of the Polygraph and Forensic Hypnosis -
Korean Association of Criminal Psychology The integrated approach showed a 70% increase in overall memorial ability and a 30% increase in recalled testimony following forensic hypnosis implementation, suggesting complementary value… [474] (2017)High Emotional Arousal Enables Subliminal Detection of Concealed Information
Psychology High emotional arousal enabled subliminal detection of concealed information via enhanced P300 responses. The High Arousal group showed significantly greater P300 amplitudes to probe stimuli… [475] (2017)The effects of truth–lie base-rates on deception detection accuracy in Korea
Asian Journal of Communication Detection accuracy is a predictable linear function of truth-lie base rates, with accuracy increasing as honesty becomes more prevalent. This pattern held even in cross-cultural… [476] (2017)Justifications and Questions in Detecting Deception
Group Decision and Negotiation Liars' strategy of providing plausible task details backfired and led to more detection of lies, while truth-tellers' voluntary disclosure of endowment information reduced suspicion. Deceivers… [477] (2016)A cognitive approach to elicit nonverbal and verbal cues of deceit
Cheating, corruption, and concealment: The roots of dishonest behavior The cognitive approach produces superior detection accuracy (71% total detection) compared to traditional passive observation methods (56%), with techniques including reverse order recall, model statements,… [478] (2016)Seeing the Unseen: Evidence for Indirect Recognition of Brief, Concealed Emotion
SSRN Electronic Journal Participants could not explicitly identify the emotions in microexpressions, yet showed elevated electrodermal (skin conductance) responses specifically to anger and sadness expressions, demonstrating unconscious physiological… [479] (2016)Decoding fMRI signatures of real-world autobiographical memory retrieval
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Whole-brain multivoxel pattern analysis achieved near-perfect accuracy distinguishing recognized from novel events at 1-3 week retention intervals, successfully differentiated recollection from familiarity, and showed that… [480] (2016)Guilt, Lying, and Attentional Avoidance of Concealed Information
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal Guilty individuals demonstrated a two-stage attentional process: automatic initial orientation toward crime-relevant information followed by strategic attentional avoidance, with longer dwell times on neutral stimuli… [481] (2016)Estimating the amenibility of new domains for deception detection
Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection The study showed that out-of-rank distance measures on n-grams can predict whether new text domains will support successful deception classification, offering researchers a preliminary assessment… [482] (2016)Corrigendum: Detecting Deception within Small Groups: A Literature Review
Frontiers in Psychology Truth-telling groups exhibit significantly more interactive and communicative behaviors during collective interviews compared to lying groups, who lack shared transactive memory and merely repeat rehearsed… [483] (2016)Supplemental Material for The role of motivation to avoid detection in reaction time-based concealed information detection
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Financial incentives to avoid detection, even when verified to increase motivation, did not impact RT-CIT validity in either experiment. Neither the motivational effort hypothesis nor… [484] (2016)Machiavelli as a poker mate — A naturalistic behavioural study on strategic deception
Personality and Individual Differences High Machiavellians bluffed with significantly larger bet sizes but not more frequently than low Machiavellians, and the 'desire for control' sub-trait predicted bluffing frequency. High… [485] (2016)Scientific (Analytic) Theory of Polygraph Testing
APA Magazine The analytic theory provides a unified framework explaining polygraph responses through differential physiological loading rather than specific emotional states, offering a scientifically defensible basis that… [486] (2016)Contributions of personality dimensions to spontaneous and deliberate information processing in the guilty actions test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Introversion predicted enhanced skin conductance responses to critical items only during first presentations of early questions, while extraversion was linked to sustained cardiovascular responses, suggesting… [487] (2016)Theoretical basis of pretest interview the survey on a polygraph
Applied psychology and pedagogy The author proposes reconceptualizing the pretest interview as a semi-formalized directional diagnostic interview that functions as the experimental introduction to the polygraph procedure, emphasizing its… [488] (2016)Through the eyes to memory: Fixation durations as an early indirect index of concealed knowledge
Memory & Cognition The early memory effect in second fixation durations appeared consistently across all experiments regardless of stimulus materials, paradigm, or retention interval, with an effect size… [489] (2016)A megtévesztés tipológiája – összefoglaló tanulmány
Psychologia Hungarica Caroliensis Confirmatory factor analysis validated a two-factor model of deception with excellent fit indices (RMSEA: .043, TLI: .975, CFI: .987), demonstrating that both cognitive and emotional… [490] (2016)Possibility of registration of changes in the human body at influence of harmful production factors by means of the polygraph
2016 11th International Forum on Strategic Technology (IFOST) The study successfully demonstrated that polygraph instrumentation can register negative effects of magnetic fields on the human body and identify which physiological parameters are most… [491] (2016)Deception and cognitive load: expanding our horizon with a working memory model
Frontiers in Psychology The model generates specific predictions about how memory retrieval processes differ between truth-tellers and liars, identifies individual differences in working memory span and temporal distance… [492] (2016)Detecting Deception within Small Groups: A Literature Review
Frontiers in Psychology Truth-telling groups are often equal to or less consistent than lying groups when interviewed separately, contradicting the consistency heuristic. However, when interviewed collectively, truthful groups… [493] (2016)You must be lying because I don’t understand you: Language proficiency and lie detection.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Discrimination between liars and truth-tellers was poorest when observers judged beginner English speakers compared to any other proficiency group. Observers exhibited a truth-bias toward native… [494] (2016)Is Deception Emotional? An Emotion-Driven Predictive Approach
Interspeech 2016 Arousal emerged as the strongest individual emotion dimension for identifying deception, and emotion-related features derived from transfer learning successfully improved upon baseline acoustic features for… [495] (2016)True Lies: People Who Lie Via Telling Truth Viewed Harshly, Study Finds
PsycEXTRA Dataset 52% of experienced business negotiators reported using paltering in some or most negotiations. Targets perceive paltering as ethically equivalent to lying by commission, while palterers… [496] (2016)Preparation to Experimental Testing of the Potential from Using Facial Temperature Changes Registered with an Infrared Camera in Lie Detection
European Polygraph The study successfully established the theoretical framework for using infrared cameras to measure facial temperature fluctuations during deception detection, identifying methods to convert thermal images… [497] (2016)Anticlimax Dampening Concept: It Does Exist
European Polygraph The examinee displayed strong reactions only to the knife threat question (R8) despite being deceptive about both the knife incident and ongoing possession of stolen… [498] (2016)The Pre-test interview; the Foundation of Polygraph
The manual elevates pre-test interviewing from an informal preliminary step to a structured, teachable skill set, emphasizing that examination quality begins before sensors are attached… [499] (2016)A Field Polygraph Examination: Science or Art?
European Polygraph Field polygraph examination integrates both scientific methodology through validated techniques and scoring systems, and professional artistry in areas like question formulation, pre-test interviewing, and clinical… [500] (2016)The First Polygraph?
European Polygraph The term 'polygraph' was used by Napoleon Cybulski in 1895 and Leon Zbyszewski in 1914 to describe multi-channel physiological recording devices, predating Mackenzie's 1908 ink… [501] (2016)Polygraph Examinations Contaminating Factors
European Polygraph Multiple psychological contaminating factors can cause innocent examinees to produce inconclusive or false positive results even when standard protocols are followed correctly, with mental contamination… [502] (2016)Which lie detection tools are ready for use in the criminal justice system?
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Arousal-based techniques (BAI and CQT) fall short on numerous criteria despite widespread use. Cognitive approaches show more promise: Strategic Use of Evidence and encouraging interviewees… [503] (2016)Training in the Strategic Use of Evidence technique: Improving deception detection accuracy of American law enforcement officers
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology SUE-trained interviewers achieved 65% deception detection accuracy compared to 43% for untrained interviewers, representing a 22 percentage point improvement and a medium-to-large effect size (d=0.72).… [504] (2016)Comparing a Perceptual and an Automated Vision-Based Method for Lie Detection in Younger Children
Frontiers in Psychology Judges detected lies above chance level but with modest accuracy. Increased movement was correlated with perception of lies, though automated analysis found no actual movement… [505] (2016)Validating the four components of Mimicry Deception Theory from the victim's perspective
Personality and Individual Differences All four MDT components were significantly intercorrelated, and the long-term deception composite significantly predicted post-deception doubt (Study 1) and amount of money lost (Studies 1… [506] (2016)Superiority of visual (verbal) vs. auditory test presentation modality in a P300-based CIT: The complex-trial protocol for concealed autobiographical memory detection
International Journal of Psychophysiology Visual presentation produced significantly larger probe-irrelevant P300 differences (effect sizes 0.19-0.31) and higher detection accuracy than auditory presentation. The study revealed important interactions between probe/irrelevant… [507] (2016)Using the verifiability of details as a test of deception: A conceptual framework for the automation of the verifiability approach
Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection The paper provides theoretical and methodological blueprints for automating verifiability coding through LIWC-based linguistic analysis and rule-based named entity recognition, establishing a foundation for computational… [508] (2016)Deception detection with behavioral, autonomic, and neural measures: conceptual and methodological considerations that warrant modesty
Psychophysiology The review identified significant conceptual clarity issues and methodological problems across deception detection paradigms, particularly challenging the oversold promises of neuroimaging-based lie detection technologies. [509] (2016)Polygraph or Variograph?
Issues of Forensic Science The term 'polygraph' is historically and scientifically appropriate, with nearly 200 years of usage in physiological and medical literature; the proposed alternative 'variograph' lacks justification… [510] (2016)The influence of self-control on deception
Advances in Psychological Science The review establishes that self-control operates through both cognitive and motivational pathways to regulate deception, with trait self-control negatively predicting dishonest behavior and state depletion… [511] (2016)Advances in Lie Detection
Wrongful Allegations of Sexual and Child Abuse Research shows human deception detection accuracy averages only 54%, polygraph false positive rates average 19.1%, and verbal methods like the Verifiability Approach can achieve 90%… [512] (2016)Examining Sender and Judge Variability in Honesty Assessments and Deception Detection Accuracy: Evidence for a Transparent Liar but No Evidence of Deception-General Ability
Communication Research Reports More variance was observed in senders than judges; data suggested the existence of an unusually transparent liar but found no evidence for deception-general ability. Judges… [513] (2016)EMOTIONAL SPHERE AS A BASIS OF POLYGRAPH EVIDENCE
Science and Education Stable emotional features can determine a person's fraudulent propensity to a certain degree. Neutral emotional properties serve as important baseline indicators for analyzing psycho-physiological changes… [514] (2016)Thermal signatures of voluntary deception in ecological conditions
Scientific Reports The nose region showed a rise in temperature (parasympathetic activation) for self-gain lies in reputation-risk conditions throughout decision-making, response, and post-response phases, with this nasal… [515] (2016)Индивидуальные особенности стрессорного реагирования во время психофизиологического исследования с применением полиграфа
Российский психологический журнал Contrary to the hypothesis, trait anxiety and stress resistance showed no significant correlation with polygraph test results, suggesting that properly conducted comparison question tests may… [516] (2016)Deception Detection and Rumor Debunking for Social Media
The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods Human deception detection achieves only 50-63% accuracy without technological assistance. Automated machine learning approaches reach approximately 65% accuracy, with hybrid methods combining linguistic analysis and… [517] (2016)Psychophysiology
Essentials of Polygraph and Polygraph Testing The chapter establishes that electrodermal activity is the most sensitive measure in deception detection studies, mediated by sympathetic nervous system control of eccrine sweat glands… [518] (2016)Data Analysis
Essentials of Polygraph and Polygraph Testing The chapter synthesizes established data analysis methods emphasizing the shift from subjective assessment to standardized numerical scoring systems, reflecting the field's evolution toward evidence-based practice… [519] (2016)Exploring time- and frequency-dependent functional connectivity and brain networks during deception with single-trial event-related potentials
Scientific Reports Deceptive responses showed significantly greater connectivity than truthful responses, particularly in the theta frequency band between prefrontal/frontal and central regions and between prefrontal/frontal and left… [520] (2016)Temperature effects on polygraph detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology Among guilty participants, electrodermal and cardiovascular measures were least effective at 10°C, with electrodermal results optimal at 22°C and cardiovascular results optimal at 34°C. Temperature… [521] (2015)Head movement analysis in lie detection
2015 Conference Grid, Cloud & High Performance Computing in Science (ROLCG) Head movement patterns showed measurable correlations with deception, but results were not conclusive and cannot be used without additional information from other channels. [522] (2015)A Review of the Polygraph: History, Methodology and Current Status
Crime Psychology Review, 1(1), 59–83 Comprehensive review of both CQT and CIT methods. Analyzed shortcomings and potential of both approaches. Concluded that the CIT appears to be a more promising… [523] (2015)Deception detection.
APA handbook of forensic psychology, Vol. 2: Criminal investigation, adjudication, and sentencing outcomes. Statement Validity Analysis achieves approximately 70% accuracy while SCAN shows no diagnostic value. Verbal cues are more diagnostic than nonverbal behaviors, and cognitive load techniques… [524] (2015)A corpus-based analysis of potential linguistic indicators of corporate deception in tobacco industry documents
Cognitive-emotional verbs (believe, think, seem, feel) were strongly associated with likely deception and most prevalent in external audience documents and materials from the Tobacco Institute… [525] (2015)Saccadic eye movement rate as a cue to deceit
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Participants displayed significantly fewer saccades when telling the truth than when lying (F(2,28) = 80.55, p < .001, η² = .85), with a difference in… [526] (2015)Ivane Tarkhnishvili (Ivan Tarchanoff) and His Links With Poland
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences Tarchanoff died in Nawojowa Góra, Poland on August 24, 1908, not in Saint Petersburg as previously reported. After dismissal from the St. Petersburg Academy in… [527] (2015)Base Rates, Deception Detection, and Deception Theory: A Reply to Burgoon (2015)
Human Communication Research Data consistently show people are insensitive to others' veracity across interactive and non-interactive contexts, with base rate manipulations producing large linear effects on accuracy (r… [528] (2015)Unobtrusive Deception Detection
The Oxford Handbook of Affective Computing Multimodal sensor fusion combining laser Doppler vibrometry with human judgment achieved 90% true positive rate with minimal false positives. An embodied conversational agent (AVATAR) system… [529] (2015)TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS OF CREATING A DIGITAL POLYGRAPH BASED ON VIDEO AND AUDIO DATA
Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova Specific findings are not available as the original full text could not be accessed. The research explored the feasibility of multimodal video-audio deception detection as… [530] (2015)You cannot hide your telephone lies: Providing a model statement as an aid to detect deception in insurance telephone calls
Legal and Criminological Psychology The model statement technique enabled successful discrimination between truth tellers and liars through CBCA quality scores and plausibility ratings, while baseline detection accuracy was only… [531] (2015)Superiority of pictorial versus verbal presentation and initial exposure in the P300-based, Complex Trial Protocol for concealed memory detection
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Pictorial presentation significantly outperformed verbal presentation across all P300 measurement indices, regardless of initial encoding modality. The largest probe-irrelevant P300 differences were found with congruent… [532] (2015)Lie detection – of what?
Problemy kryminalistyki Polygraph testing does not directly detect lies but rather measures physiological responses associated with emotions, cognitive effort, and recognition of significant stimuli. The concept of… [533] (2015)Test question construction
Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice The chapter establishes standardized construction rules for six question types, emphasizing that proper question formulation is critical to valid results. Key principles include single-issue focus,… [534] (2015)Advanced topics
Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice This is a textbook chapter synthesizing existing knowledge on advanced polygraph practice topics, not original research with statistical findings. [535] (2015)Are computers effective lie detectors? A meta-analysis of linguistic cues to deception
Personality and Social Psychology Review Relative to truth-tellers, liars showed greater cognitive load, expressed more negative emotions, distanced themselves more from events, used fewer sensory-perceptual words, and referred less to… [536] (2015)Selecting the Most Optimal Conditions for the Polygraph Examination
European Polygraph The authors developed a stress-response model showing that examinees stressed between certain threshold points may become apathetic to external factors including polygraph examination when fatigued. [537] (2015)A Theoretical Analysis of the Directed Lie Question (DLC)
European Polygraph The analysis questions whether the DLC's adoption represents genuine scientific advancement or a problematic simplification driven by political correctness and examiner convenience rather than empirical… [538] (2015)Discoverers of the Galvanic Skin Response
European Polygraph Féré and Tarchanoff independently discovered that skin electrical properties change with emotional and psychological states, using exosomatic and endosomatic methods respectively, establishing GSR as what… [539] (2015)Specific-issue testing techniques
Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice The chapter describes three validated comparison question techniques for criminal investigation, with event-specific testing demonstrating aggregated accuracy rates near 89-90% and inconclusive rates around 10-11%… [540] (2015)The strategic use of evidence technique: A conceptual overview
Deception Detection: Current Challenges and New Directions The SUE technique, grounded in the psychology of instrumental mind reading and counter-interrogation strategies, has demonstrated substantially improved deception detection accuracy (85.4% for trained vs.… [541] (2015)Transcranial Current Stimulation of the Temporoparietal Junction Improves Lie Detection
Current Biology Electrical stimulation of the right temporoparietal junction significantly improved lie detection performance specifically in situations where participants' own opinions conflicted with the statements they were… [542] (2015)Deception Task--Adapted Version
PsycTESTS Dataset Children with implanted false memories were faster to confirm than deny statements about false events, providing evidence that implanted false memories reflect actual memory traces… [543] (2015)Lie, truth, lie: the role of task switching in a deception context
Psychological Research Error and reaction time switch costs were equally large for switching from truth-telling to lying and from lying to truth-telling, demonstrating that task switching does… [544] (2015)Online Deception
The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication Research synthesis shows that lies are not more prevalent online than offline, but are represented differently due to technological features. Design features like recordability, synchronicity,… [545] (2015)The Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) technique: A conceptual overview
Deception Detection: Current Challenges and New Directions The SUE technique produces large effect sizes in distinguishing guilty from innocent suspects (d = 1.83) through statement-evidence inconsistencies, with trained interviewers achieving 65-85% accuracy… [546] (2015)Detecting deception through reaction times
Detecting Deception The RT-based Concealed Information Test demonstrates exceptionally low false positive rates and large effect sizes (d = 0.97-1.55) for detecting concealed information. The autobiographical IAT… [547] (2015)Ecologies of Deception in Psychology and Rhetoric
Quarterly Journal of Speech Deception and agency are participatory, emergent properties of rhetorical encounters rather than possessive traits of individuals. The analysis challenges subject-centered models of deception underlying most… [548] (2015)Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice Cognitive approaches successfully detected simulation across multiple clinical domains by examining knowledge accuracy and strategic behavior patterns. Detection success depends on the extent of the… [549] (2015)RT-based memory detection: Item saliency effects in the one probe and multiple probe protocol
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The multiple-probe protocol consistently outperformed the single-probe protocol, and pronounced item saliency differences affected RT-CIT validity in laboratory conditions, though the saliency effect was attenuated… [550] (2015)The comparative advantages of brain-based lie detection
The International Journal of Evidence & Proof P300 CIT could serve as a credible signaling mechanism in pre-trial bargaining, allowing innocent defendants to distinguish themselves from guilty ones through voluntary testing, offering… [551] (2015)Identifying the location of a concealed object through unintentional eye movements
Frontiers in Psychology The entropy-based algorithm successfully identified concealed spatial locations through passive analysis of eye movement patterns, with target cells showing high entropy values and narrow entropy… [552] (2015)RT-Based Memory Detection: Item Saliency Effects in the Single-Probe and Multiple-Probe Protocol
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The multiple-probe protocol outperformed the single-probe protocol in both laboratory and internet studies. High salient items were better detected than low salient items in controlled… [553] (2015)The “Good Cop, Bad Cop” Effect in the RT-Based Concealed Information Test: Exploring the Effect of Emotional Expressions Displayed by a Virtual Investigator
PLOS ONE Friendly virtual investigator expressions enhanced lie-specific reaction times, making deception more detectable, while hostile expressions reduced the concealed information effect. Higher anxiety levels were associated… [554] (2015)Using conditioning to elicit skin conductance responses to deception
Learning and Motivation Conditioning deceptive responses with mild electric shock significantly increased discriminative skin conductance responses to deception, and this effect occurred regardless of shock probability, demonstrating that… [555] (2015)Scientific basis for polygraph testing
Polygraph The review demonstrates that modern polygraph practice is based on sophisticated models involving differential salience and signal detection theory rather than older fear-based explanations, establishing… [556] (2015)Lie Vignettes
PsycTESTS Dataset Overstatements were judged more inaccurate than understatements of equal magnitude, self-favorable statements were perceived as more inaccurate than self-unfavorable ones, and deliberate lies were rated… [557] (2015)Is Truth Stranger Than Fiction? Bizarre Details and Credibility Assessment
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology Credibility was negatively related to bizarreness level across all three studies. Action and event details were significantly less believable than perpetrator descriptions when bizarre elements… [558] (2015)In vino veritas? Alcohol, response inhibition and lying
Alcohol and Alcoholism Alcohol significantly impaired response inhibition (longer stop-signal reaction times with higher BAC) but had no effect on the cognitive costs of lying, challenging the theory… [559] (2015)Psychophysiological detection of deception and Preliminary Process Theory: a comment on Palmatier and Rovner (2015)
International Journal of Psychophysiology The commentary acknowledges common psychophysiological processes underlie CQT and CIT but finds arguments for Preliminary Process Theory unconvincing, calling for demonstrations of effects that differentiate… [560] (2015)The Effect of Multiple Auditors on Deception Detection in a Client Inquiry Setting
SSRN Electronic Journal Mediation analysis revealed that two-auditor teams successfully detected deception through behavioral cues (nervousness and discussion level), while single auditors failed to effectively utilize these same… [561] (2015)The Origins of Lying and Deception in Everyday Life
American Scientist Children below age three typically peek at forbidden toys and most cannot effectively lie about it, while older preschoolers show increasing rates of both self-control… [562] (2015)Historical Techniques of Lie Detection
Europe’s Journal of Psychology The review documents that physiological principles underlying modern polygraph testing—that deception produces measurable autonomic arousal like dry mouth from decreased salivation—have been recognized since at… [563] (2015)Translating theory into practice: Evaluating a cognitive lie detection training workshop.
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Training resulted in modest improvements in distinguishing truths from lies and significantly increased the percentage of appropriate questions asked. When detectives successfully implemented the taught… [564] (2015)The cognitive mechanisms underlying deception: An event-related potential study
International Journal of Psychophysiology Lying produced significantly longer reaction times (d = 1.91), higher error rates (d = 1.24), an enhanced N200, and a reduced P300 compared to truth… [565] (2015)The protection of innocent suspects: a comment on Palmatier and Rovner (2015)
International Journal of Psychophysiology The commentary argues that CQT and CIT differ fundamentally in how they protect innocent suspects, with this difference representing a critical gap in attempts to… [566] (2015)Anatomy and physiology for polygraph examiners
Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice This is a foundational educational text explaining physiological principles underlying polygraph testing, not a research study with empirical findings. It provides essential anatomical and physiological… [567] (2015)Using reality monitoring to improve deception detection in the context of the cognitive interview for suspects.
Law and Human Behavior Combining Reality Monitoring criteria correctly classified 86.6% of statements with excellent sensitivity (.899) and specificity (.833). Truthful and deceptive statements differed significantly on all RM… [568] (2015)Problems in expert deception detection and the risk of false confessions: no proof to the contrary in Levine et al. (2014)
Psychology, Crime & Law The paper concludes that Levine et al.'s findings do not demonstrate genuine expertise in deception detection, as the experimental design made the task unrealistically easy… [569] (2015)An Electroencephalography Network and Connectivity Analysis for Deception in Instructed Lying Tasks
PLoS One The study revealed significantly increased connectivity between executive control, memory, comprehension, and speech perception networks during instructed lying compared to truth-telling, with distinct clustering coefficient… [570] (2015)Reading Between the Lies
Social Psychological and Personality Science Naive perceivers who were not warned about potential deception demonstrated higher empathic accuracy than informed perceivers who were told to anticipate lies, with the highest… [571] (2015)Analysis of emotional stress in voice for deception detection
2015 4th International Work Conference on Bioinspired Intelligence (IWOBI) The study developed a biomechanical approach to estimate alterations in speech caused by stress as an indicator of deceptive speech, examining vocal fold tension, tremor… [572] (2015)Catching the liar as a matter of justice: Effects of belief in a just world on deception detection accuracy and the moderating role of mortality salience
Personality and Individual Differences Participants with strong belief in a just world showed worse deception detection accuracy under normal conditions, but this deficit disappeared when mortality was made salient,… [573] (2014)Exploratory Study of Relationships among Statement Credibility, Context, and Semantic Similarity
2014 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT) The study demonstrated that semantic similarity measures could be systematically applied to sentence-level credibility assessment using a probabilistic framework, providing preliminary evidence that semantically related… [574] (2014)Theorizing About Deception
Journal of Language and Social Psychology The theories shift focus from deception cues to communication content, arguing that truth-default is adaptive and that theory-data consistency should be paramount in evaluating deception… [575] (2014)Lying, Prevalence of
Encyclopedia of Deception The distribution of lying is highly skewed: 60% of people report telling no lies in a 24-hour period, and almost half of all lies are… [576] (2014)Questioning the Assumptions of Deception Research
Journal of Language and Social Psychology TDT questions whether nonverbal behaviors are important for deception detection, and IMT2 challenges the assumption that deception requires more cognitive effort than truth-telling. The paper… [577] (2014)14. Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities in nonverbal and verbal lie detection
Interpersonal Communication Human lie detection accuracy averages only 54% correct, with 75% of 158 examined cues showing no association with deception. Police and other professionals over-rely on… [578] (2014)Deception Detection Within and Across Cultures
Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing Cross-cultural deception classifiers achieved 60-70% accuracy using LIWC psycholinguistic features as a semantic bridge, with linguistic categories showing 2-4% improvement over unigrams. Universal deception cues… [579] (2014)Polygraph Test Results Assessment by Regression Analysis Methods
Science and Education of the Bauman MSTU The study demonstrated that regression-based statistical methods could provide systematic evaluation of polygraph data, reducing examiner subjectivity and establishing quantifiable decision rules for deception detection… [580] (2014)Sender Ethnicity Differences in Lie Detection Accuracy and Confidence
GSTF Journal of Law and Social Sciences (JLSS) Asian senders were judged more accurately than European American senders, contradicting ingroup advantage predictions. European American receivers showed higher confidence when judging same-ethnicity senders, but… [581] (2014)Deception Detection Accuracy
Encyclopedia of Deception Meta-analyses consistently show humans accurately classify truths 61% of the time and lies 47% of the time, yielding 54% overall accuracy. Professional lie-catchers perform no… [582] (2014)The neural basis of dishonest decisions that serve to harm or help the target
Brain and Cognition Harmful (bad) lies selectively activated the right temporoparietal junction and right medial frontal cortex compared to honest decisions, while helpful (good) lies showed no distinguishing… [583] (2014)Dissociable neural systems for moral judgment of anti- and pro-social lying
Brain Research Moral judgment of anti-social lying activated the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex, bilateral temporoparietal junction, and posterior cingulate regions, while pro-social lying activated the right middle… [584] (2014)Detecting Deception with fMRI
Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice The best individual-level classification accuracy achieved via fMRI was 71% using the medial prefrontal cortex at a conservative statistical threshold, with no single brain region… [585] (2014)Reaction Time
Encyclopedia of Deception Meta-analysis found lying produces a large RT delay (d = 1.049) compared to truth-telling, even after correcting for publication bias. The RT-CIT shows low false… [586] (2014)Truth-Default Theory (TDT): A theory of human deception and deception detection
Journal of Language and Social Psychology TDT establishes that honesty is normative with most people lying rarely while a few prolific liars account for most deception, and that truth-bias is universal… [587] (2014)The verifiability approach: Countermeasures facilitate its ability to discriminate between truths and lies
Applied Cognitive Psychology When forewarned about verifiability checking, truth-tellers provided significantly more verifiable details than liars (d = 1.14), demonstrating that the Verifiability Approach is resistant to countermeasures… [588] (2014)Detecting concealed information using feedback related event-related brain potentials
Brain and Cognition The study identified two independent feedback-related ERP components (peaking at 219ms and 400ms) that discriminated probes from irrelevants and were uncorrelated with recognition-related P300, suggesting… [589] (2014)Covert Detection of Deception
Detecting Deception Covert methods show promise for overcoming countermeasures in deception detection. Thermal imaging successfully discriminated guilty from innocent participants via periorbital temperature changes, while covert respiration… [590] (2014)Credibility Assessment in Eyewitness Memory
Handbook Of Eyewitness Psychology 2 Volume Set CBCA shows accuracy rates of 55-90% for trained coders, with confirmed cases receiving significantly higher scores than unconfirmed cases. The Undeutsch hypothesis that experienced memories… [591] (2014)Eye Contact
Encyclopedia of Deception Research across multiple studies demonstrates that eye contact is not a reliable indicator of deception, with over 80% of experts agreeing that liars and truth-tellers… [592] (2014)Channel Choice, Justification of Deception, and Detection
Journal of Communication Distributors preferentially chose text chat for deceptive offers, but this choice backfired—receivers achieved higher detection accuracy in text chat than face-to-face, likely because the absence… [593] (2014)Exploiting liars' verbal strategies by examining the verifiability of details
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars included fewer verifiable details than truth tellers but an equal number of unverifiable details, and classifying participants by verifiable detail frequency alone achieved 79%… [594] (2014)Wizards of Lie Detection
Encyclopedia of Deception Encyclopedia entries are summary articles, not original research with empirical findings. [595] (2014)Detecting deception using ocular metrics during reading
In D.C. Raskin, C.R. Honts, & J.C. Kircher (Eds.), Credibility assessment: Scientific research and applications Combined ocular-motor measures (pupil dilation and reading behavior) correctly classified over 85% of participants as guilty or innocent in laboratory studies and 86.1% in a… [596] (2014)Active Deception Detection
Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences Active deception detection methods significantly outperform passive observation, with content-in-context approaches achieving 69-75% accuracy compared to 54% baseline. Evidence-based strategies and confession solicitation prove more… [597] (2014)Detecting Deception in Non‐Native English Speakers
Applied Cognitive Psychology Observers showed a systematic lie bias toward non-native English speakers, judging them as deceptive more often than native speakers, with asymmetric effects where ability to… [598] (2014)Measurement Model for Deception Detection in Online Chat Software
Information Technology Journal The software analysis produced an average deception probability of 11.36% across participants, and users' trust in the analysis affected their decision-making during chat interactions. [599] (2014)Personality dimensions predict psychophysiological responses in the Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Introversion predicted enhanced skin conductance responses to critical items only during the first repetition of early questions, explained by orienting sensitivity. Extraversion was linked to… [600] (2014)fMRI as a Method of Detection of Deception: A Review of Experiences
European Polygraph The review provided a critical assessment of fMRI's capabilities for deception detection, highlighting methodological challenges and the gap between laboratory findings and real-world applications at… [601] (2014)Results of Polygraph Examinations: Direct or Circumstantial Evidence?
European Polygraph Polygraph results are classified as circumstantial evidence requiring logical inference rather than direct evidence, which helps explain judicial resistance to their admission in court proceedings. [602] (2014)Field Examination: Certain Phenomena Related to Electrodermal Activity
European Polygraph The research documented specific EDA curve shapes and formations that deviated significantly from standard response patterns in real-world testing conditions. [603] (2014)Truth Bias
Encyclopedia of Deception People demonstrate a robust truth bias, correctly identifying truths 61% of the time but lies only 47% of the time. Truth bias is strongly positively… [604] (2014)Polygraph examination in analysis of evidence
European Polygraph The paper provides a systematic framework for understanding polygraph results in relation to fundamental concepts in evidence law and forensic science, including the distinction between… [605] (2014)Scientific Content Analysis
Encyclopedia of Deception Multiple validation studies found SCAN performed at chance level accuracy (around 50%), showed poor inter-rater reliability, lacks theoretical foundation, and has been characterized by scientific… [606] (2014)Mad and Misleading: Incidental Anger Promotes Deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Across four studies, 82% of angry participants deceived counterparts versus 61% in neutral conditions (p=.019). Anger reduced empathy, which in turn increased self-serving deception, with… [607] (2014)Clever Hans
Encyclopedia of Deception Pfungst demonstrated that Clever Hans answered correctly 89% of the time when questioners knew answers and were visible, but only 6% when these conditions were… [608] (2014)Patterns of nonverbal behavior associated with truth and deception: illustrations from three experiments
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Deceptive and truthful participants exhibited significantly different temporal patterns of nonverbal behaviors across all three experiments, with patterns occurring far more frequently than chance. Deceivers… [609] (2014)The processes involved with fewer eyeblinks in a concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Fewer eyeblinks and longer first-blink latency occurred for crime-related items in both concealing and non-concealing groups, while heart rate differences appeared only between groups, demonstrating… [610] (2014)A Rigidity Detection System for Automated Credibility Assessment
Journal of Management Information Systems The system successfully detected kinesic rigidity in real-time during concealed information tests, confirming rigidity as a viable automated deception indicator and providing new theoretical insights… [611] (2014)Cognitive and Emotional Reactions to Questions in the Comparison Question Test
Perceptual and Motor Skills Innocent participants did not rate comparison questions as more emotionally concerning than relevant questions when using generic questions, directly challenging the CQT rationale. When participants… [612] (2014)CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS SUCCESSFUL IN LIE DETECTION THROUGH NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR OBSERVATION
SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings The research contributed to understanding individual differences in deception detection ability, revealing that certain personal characteristics may predict success at identifying lies from nonverbal behavior,… [613] (2014)Strategic use of evidence during investigative interviews: The state of the science
Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications Statement-evidence inconsistencies represent one of the strongest cues to deception in the literature (effect size d = 1.83), and trained interviewers using SUE achieved 65%… [614] (2014)Cross‐Cultural Deception Detection
Detecting Deception Cross-cultural deception detection accuracy deteriorates significantly, with eight cultural norms (including individualism-collectivism and communication context) causing culturally normative behaviors to be misinterpreted as deception. Verbal… [615] (2014)The Strategic Use of Evidence Technique
Detecting Deception The SUE technique framework demonstrates that strategic evidence disclosure, combined with systematic questioning, can substantially improve deception detection accuracy by eliciting statement-evidence inconsistencies, with synthesized… [616] (2014)Expertise in Deception Detection Involves Actively Prompting Diagnostic Information Rather Than Passive Behavioral Observation
Human Communication Research Expert interviewers using flexible, active questioning strategies achieved near-perfect accuracy (97.8% to 100%) in detecting deception, and even untrained observers viewing expert interviews obtained 79-94%… [617] (2014)False Confessions
Encyclopedia of Deception Polygraph examiners interpret ambiguous charts as indicating deception when told suspects confessed; false claims of polygraph failure have caused documented false confessions; police are legally… [618] (2014)Different Questions – Different Accuracy? The Accuracy of Various Indirect Question Types in Deception Detection
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Only three of six indirect questions (thinking hard, confidence of opinion, and mixed emotions) outperformed or matched direct veracity judgments, and combining direct and indirect… [619] (2014)It takes one to know one: Psychopathy and deception detection
Personality and Individual Differences Men with higher primary psychopathy showed enhanced lie detection ability, while women with higher primary psychopathy showed reduced detection accuracy. Overall, participants performed above chance… [620] (2014)How awareness of possible evidence induces forthcoming counter-interrogation strategies
Applied Cognitive Psychology When alerted to possible evidence from surveillance cameras, guilty suspects polarized into extremely withholding or extremely forthcoming verbal strategies, while innocent suspects remained consistently forthcoming… [621] (2014)Cognitive Load
Encyclopedia of Deception Meta-analytic evidence showed cognitive load approaches achieved 67-71% detection accuracy compared to 47-57% for standard approaches. Reverse order recall, unanticipated questions, and eye contact maintenance… [622] (2014)Detecting deception via eyeblink frequency modulation
PeerJ Discriminant function analysis achieved 81.3% overall classification accuracy with 88.2% sensitivity for detecting liars and 73.3% specificity for identifying truth-tellers. Liars exhibited blink suppression during… [623] (2014)Sender credibility and deception detection
Computers in Human Behavior Perceived sender credibility significantly affected both detection success and false alarms—less credible senders were detected better but generated more false positives. Training, motivation, and email… [624] (2014)Effects of Questioning and Responding Styles in Detection of Deception
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study revealed systematic differences in perceived cognitive load across questioning styles and distinct response characteristics attributed to guilty versus innocent examinees, providing insights into… [625] (2014)Detection of Deception Via Handwriting Behaviors Using a Computerized Tool: Toward an Evaluation of Malingering
Cognitive Computation Deceptive writing was significantly broader and took longer than truthful writing. Three distinct handwriting profiles emerged with profile-specific spatial and temporal differences between deceptive and… [626] (2014)Gender differences of sensitivity and response bias in lie detection
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study identified gender differences in both sensitivity and response bias when detecting lies, demonstrating that signal detection theory can reveal whether apparent gender effects… [627] (2014)Contingent negative variation using a serial presentation of meaningful word: A study on application to detection of deception
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study examined CNV modulation during concealment of meaningful words presented in sequences, building on prior findings that CNV amplitude decreases significantly when subjects attempt… [628] (2014)The RT-based Concealed Information Test: An Overview of Current Research and Future Perspectives
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences RT measures reliably indicate guilty knowledge, with slower reaction times for recognized probe items. Increasing executive load through concurrent tasks can enhance detection efficiency. The… [629] (2014)Functional neuroimaging of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology As a conference abstract, specific quantitative findings are not available in published form, though the work contributed to understanding neural correlates of deception through functional… [630] (2014)Probing Effect
Encyclopedia of Deception Asking probing questions does not enhance deception detection accuracy but does increase perceptions of source honesty for both liars and truth-tellers, likely through heuristic processing… [631] (2014)Deception in Police Interrogation
Justice, Crime, and Ethics The authors identified eight types of deceptive interrogation tactics routinely used and judicially accepted, argued that deception in interrogation increases likelihood of deception in testimony,… [632] (2014)Psycho-physiological Recorder — Seeking Inspiration from the Polygraph
Internal Security The research successfully adapted traditional polygraph psychophysiology measurement principles—particularly galvanic skin response monitoring—to create a training feedback system integrated with gamified cognitive exercises for law… [633] (2014)Aroused Suspicion
Encyclopedia of Deception Research consistently shows that aroused suspicion decreases truth-bias but has asymmetric effects on accuracy: it impairs truth detection while improving lie detection, potentially resulting in… [634] (2014)“Time for Some Traffic Problems”: Enhancing E-Discovery and Big Data Processing Tools with Linguistic Methods for Deception Detection
Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law The linguistic classifier successfully demonstrated capability to stratify the large Enron Email Dataset and identify potentially deceptive records by analyzing linguistic feature distributions while avoiding… [635] (2014)An exploratory study of using polygraph to detect deception in patients with traumatic brain injury
NeuroReport Polygraph accuracy dropped from 76.7% in controls to 56.7% in TBI patients (P=0.020), with manual scoring yielding 86.7% vs 61.7% respectively. Within the TBI group,… [636] (2014)Neurophysiology
Encyclopedia of Deception Neuroimaging shows modest advantages over polygraph (24% improvement in some studies), but faces similar fundamental challenges. Brain regions activated during deception overlap with general executive… [637] (2014)Did somebody see it? Applying the verifiability approach to insurance claims interviews
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Liars were significantly more likely than truth tellers to report unwitnessed incidents (86% vs. 54%), but no significant difference in the count of verifiable details… [638] (2014)Can I borrow your alibi? The applicability of the verifiability approach to the case of an alibi witness
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The Verifiability Approach correctly classified 88% of truth-telling and lying pairs, with truth-tellers providing significantly more verifiable details and liars preferentially generating non-verifiable, unfalsifiable accounts. [639] (2014)Deception detection using a multimodal approach
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction The combination of thermal and linguistic features exceeded 70% detection accuracy for both deceptive and truthful classes, significantly outperforming single-modality approaches and demonstrating the viability… [640] (2014)Registered report: measuring unconscious deception detection by skin temperature
Frontiers in Psychology Finger skin temperature declined when observing liars regardless of awareness condition, though patterns varied by phase. Participants consistently judged liars as less trustworthy and likeable… [641] (2014 • OCULAR-MOTOR)Lyin’ Eyes: Ocular-Motor Measures of Reading Reveal Deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology Evaluated eye-tracking as deception detection. Guilty subjects showed increased pupil responses but less reading time on deceptive statements. Combined measures correctly classified 85% of participants. [642] (2014)Some Evidence for Unconscious Lie Detection
Psychological Science Indirect measures of lie detection were significantly more accurate than direct conscious judgments across two experiments, with unconscious processes appearing to automatically activate deception-related concepts… [643] (2014)The impact of prior knowledge from participant instructions in a mock crime P300 Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Prior knowledge of a stolen item conveyed through experimental instructions caused 69% of innocent participants to be misclassified as guilty, and also enhanced detection rates… [644] (2014)Can Groups Catch a Liar? Group Discussion Outperforms the Majority Rule in Lie Detection, But Not in Truth Detection
PsycEXTRA Dataset Groups achieved 60-62% accuracy in detecting low-stakes lies compared to 53-54% for individuals, and 53.2% vs. 48.7% for high-stakes lies (d = 0.34). The advantage… [645] (2014)Gender differences in deception behaviour – the role of the counterpart
Applied Economics Letters No gender differences in underreporting were found based on officer gender or gender matching. Both men and women reduced deceptive behavior equally in response to… [646] (2014)Conversing With a Devil's Advocate: Dialogical Dynamics of Movement and Speech in Deception and Conflict
PsycEXTRA Dataset Deceptive conversations displayed more structured speech rate coordination and higher head movement synchronization compared to truthful conversations, with the strongest effects occurring during deceptive disagreement.… [647] (2014)Thermal infrared imaging in psychophysiology: Potentialities and limits
Psychophysiology Thermal imaging showed extremely high correlations with traditional measures (r = 0.968 with finger GSR, r = 0.943 with perinasal GSR) and demonstrated validity for… [648] (2014)Deception detection, transmission, and modality in age and sex
Frontiers in Psychology Raters detected lies best in audiovisual modality and worst in visual-only modality. College students were better detectors than older adults, with detection ability declining with… [649] (2014)Situational Familiarity
Encyclopedia of Deception Across four experiments, participants with high situational familiarity achieved 21-49 percentage point improvements in deception detection accuracy, with this enhancement mediated by increased reliance on… [650] (2014)Letter to the Editor: Calculating Polygraph Decision Accuracy
European Polygraph Specific findings cannot be determined without access to the full text of this brief editorial communication. [651] (2014)The Impact of Genetics and Training on Deception Detection Performance
SSRN Electronic Journal Deception detection ability showed minimal genetic heritability, with variability largely determined by shared and non-shared environmental factors, indicating the skill is highly trainable rather than… [652] (2014)Honest Baseline Behaviors
Encyclopedia of Deception Baseline behaviors can be systematically altered when individuals are aware they are being observed, with demand characteristics producing unconscious behavioral changes. Deviations from stable baselines… [653] (2013)Detecting Deception through Linguistic Abstraction: The Effects of Temporal Distance on Verbal Construals
PsycEXTRA Dataset The study was part of a research line that ultimately found Construal Level Theory predictions do not reliably distinguish truthful from deceptive statements, with temporal… [654] (2013)Unconscious processes improve lie detection.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Unconscious thought participants achieved detection accuracy approximately 20% higher than conscious deliberation or immediate decision groups across experiments, with effect sizes ranging from d =… [655] (2013)Detection of Deception in a Virtual World
Linguistic Evidence in Security, Law and Intelligence Community members detected deception through multimodal analysis, with avoidance of voice communication being a primary red flag for claimed gender identity. Detection relied on pattern… [656] (2013)A novel approach for detection of deception using Smoothed Pseudo Wigner-Ville Distribution (SPWVD)
Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering The SPWVD approach achieved 89.73% accuracy in P300-based deception detection, surpassing earlier methods by providing enhanced time-frequency resolution while suppressing cross-term interference in EEG signal… [657] (2013)Concealed semantic and episodic autobiographical memory electrified
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience A double dissociation between memory types was demonstrated across four ERP components: semantic autobiographical probes produced larger N2, N400, and P3b CIT effects, while episodic… [658] (2013)I want to lie about not knowing you, but my precuneus refuses to cooperate
Scientific Reports Left precuneus BOLD signal activity achieved an 84.6% individual-level classification accuracy (11/13 subjects) in identifying participants who lied about recognizing familiar faces, while traditional executive-process… [659] (2013)Lying through the eyes: detecting lies through eye movements
Proceedings of the 6th workshop on Eye gaze in intelligent human machine interaction Significant differences in saccade amplitudes were observed between truth-telling and lying, with longer saccades during truthful responses. Results supported cognitive load theory but revealed substantial… [660] (2013)Reaction time measures in deception research: Comparing the effects of irrelevant and relevant stimulus–response compatibility
Acta Psychologica Relevant SRC tasks yielded substantial compatibility effects for deception detection while irrelevant SRC tasks showed no significant effects, with results replicated across different stimulus features.… [661] (2013)Exploring liars' strategies for creating deceptive reports
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars overwhelmingly chose to base their deceptive reports on previously experienced events — 67% in Study 1 and 86% in Study 2 — with reported… [662] (2013)Cognitive load or emotional arousal? The accuracy of indirect methods of deception detection in different lie scenarios
PsycEXTRA Dataset Behavioral indicators of deception varied systematically by lie topic. Six cues (arm/head movements, facial intensity, eye contact, contradictions, pauses) showed main effects for topic type.… [663] (2013)The Connection between Score Threshold, Rate of Inconclusives and Minimum Number of Charts Required for Decision of Truth or Deception
European Polygraph Higher scoring thresholds increase accuracy while maintaining manageable inconclusive rates, with +3 and +1 score thresholds demonstrating equivalent 0.0 error rates. [664] (2013)The Effects of Group Factors on Deception Detection Performance
Small Group Research Behavioral familiarity had a positive effect on group success in deception detection but a negative effect on efficiency. Gender diversity negatively affected detection success, while… [665] (2013)A Realistic Perspective of the Art and Science of Forensic Psychophysiology
European Polygraph The paper provides professional perspective on the balance between evidence-based polygraph methodology and the role of examiner skill and experience in conducting effective examinations. [666] (2013)Effects of recollection and familiarity on recognition memory in the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Both recollection and familiarity produced characteristic CIT physiological responses (respiration deceleration, increased skin conductance, heart rate changes), but recollection yielded significantly larger effect sizes for… [667] (2013)Exploring the movement dynamics of deception
Frontiers in Psychology Upper face movements during deception showed significantly less determinism (B=0.126, p<0.05) and greater complexity (t(41)=1.976, p<0.05) than during truth-telling, with similar patterns marginally significant for… [668] (2013)Deception and the misinformation effect: An event-related potential study
International Journal of Psychophysiology Deception produced strong parietal P3b suppression and a large frontal N400 negativity, while misinformation produced its own P3b suppression plus unique occipital LPC effects —… [669] (2013)Neural correlates of deception in social contexts in normally developing children
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience The right precuneus showed significantly greater activation during social versus less-social deception contexts, while the right inferior parietal lobule showed marginally greater activation for deception… [670] (2013)Understanding Body Language and the Polygraph
Nonverbal Communication: Science and Applications The chapter integrates nonverbal communication science with polygraph practice, emphasizing that behavioral observation serves as supplementary information to physiological chart analysis rather than a standalone… [671] (2013)An interfering dot-probe task facilitates the detection of mock crime memory in a reaction time (RT)-based concealed information test
Acta Psychologica Adding a within-trial dot-probe interference task boosted detection AUC from .88 to .94 and classification accuracy from 85.7% to 92.1%, with the correct rejection rate… [672] (2013)Previous Exposure to the Sender's Behaviour and Accuracy at Judging Credibility
Psychology in the Courts Baseline familiarity with truthful behavior improves deception detection accuracy by approximately 4 percentage points (from 52% to 56%), but exposure to deceptive baselines provides no… [673] (2013)Detection of concealed information by frontal EEG asymmetry
Neuroscience Letters Concealed critical items produced greater relative right frontal alpha activity (withdrawal motivation signature), and combining this frontal EEG asymmetry score with P300 amplitude significantly improved… [674] (2013)The autonomic signature of guilt in children: A thermal infrared imaging study
PLoS ONE The mishap caused marked nasal temperature drops indicating sympathetic arousal (vasoconstriction), while subsequent soothing produced temperature increases reflecting parasympathetic recovery. Behavioral analyses confirmed distress responses,… [675] (2013)Lie detection in interrogations using digital signal processing of brain waves
2013 3rd International Conference on Instrumentation, Communications, Information Technology and Biomedical Engineering (ICICI-BME) Initial results showed good reliability in the hardware-implemented DSP-based lie detection system, though the researchers acknowledged that further testing on additional subjects was required to… [676] (2013)Catching liars: Training mental health and legal professionals to detect high-stakes lies
The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology Overall detection accuracy increased significantly from M = 46.4% to 80.9% following a single comprehensive, empirically based full-day training workshop — a gain of more… [677] (2013)Employing Polygraph Assessment
The Handbook of Forensic Psychology The CQT has weak theoretical foundations, is biased against innocent examinees, and vulnerability to countermeasures. Field validity studies systematically overestimate accuracy due to confession-verification bias,… [678] (2013)Deception detection in speech using bark band and perceptually significant energy features
2013 IEEE 56th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) Bark scale spectral energy features outperformed traditional mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) for deceptive speech classification, demonstrating the viability of psychoacoustically-motivated features for voice-based deception detection. [679] (2013)P300-based Concealed Information Test and Inter-Stimulus Intervals (ISIs): A Comparison Among 500ms, 800ms, and 3000ms ISIs
한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 The 800ms ISI preserved P300 amplitude differences between probe and irrelevant stimuli comparable to the standard 3000ms ISI and maintained resistance to countermeasures, while 500ms… [680] (2013)Eliciting cues to deception by tactical disclosure of evidence: The first test of the Evidence Framing Matrix
Legal and Criminological Psychology SUE-Incremental elicited strong cues to deception, especially for statement-evidence inconsistency. Late disclosure was more effective than early disclosure, and stepwise disclosure was more effective than… [681] (2013)Prospects of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Lie Detector
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience The authors conclude that fMRI is unlikely to constitute a viable lie detector for criminal courts due to unresolved scientific limitations (group vs. individual inference,… [682] (2013)Interviewing to elicit cues to deception: Improving strategic use of evidence with general-to-specific framing of evidence
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology General-to-specific evidence framing effectively discriminated between guilty and innocent suspects through differential patterns of statement-evidence inconsistency, though results only partially supported the hypotheses. Gradual disclosure… [683] (2013)Intentional retrieval suppression can conceal guilty knowledge in ERP memory detection tests
Biological Psychology When motivated to suppress crime retrieval, participants' memory-related ERP effects were significantly decreased, allowing guilty individuals to evade detection, challenging the core assumption that neural… [684] (2013)Vocal Pitch Production during Lying: Beliefs about Deception Matter
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Participants' pitch increased when they lied, and importantly, participants who believed that pitch increases during deception produced significantly higher pitch in their lying compared to… [685] (2013)Investment Professionals' Beliefs about Deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Investment professionals believed their lie detection accuracy exceeds 65%, substantially higher than the 50-54% rate found in meta-analyses. They subscribed to invalid stereotypes about gaze… [686] (2013)Does Testimonial Inconsistency Indicate Memory Inaccuracy and Deception? Beliefs, Empirical Research, and Theory
Applied Issues in Investigative Interviewing, Eyewitness Memory, and Credibility Assessment The chapter demonstrates that inconsistency is the most often cited reason for discrediting witnesses, yet this reliance is scientifically problematic: memory research shows truthful recollections… [687] (2013)Ten possible experiments on communication and deception
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization The paper identifies that distinguishing between cost-of-lying and lack-of-sophistication explanations for observed overcommunication represents a central empirical challenge, with heterogeneous honesty attitudes and self-selection into… [688] (2013 • COGNITIVE LOAD)Imposing Cognitive Load to Detect Deception: A Meta-Analysis
Legal and Criminological Psychology Meta-analysis finding that imposing cognitive load increased accuracy of deception detection from 56% to 71%. Supported theoretical models underlying both polygraph and behavioral detection approaches. [689] (2013)Towards the Detection of Deception in Interactive Multimedia Environments
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The study successfully demonstrated deception detection using non-intrusive off-the-person sensors in an interactive game-based environment, providing useful guidelines for future work while engaging public audiences… [690] (2013)Polygraph Principles: A Literature Review
Polygraph Comprehensive review of the scientific principles underlying modern polygraph testing, including signal detection theory, test data analysis methods, and statistical foundations. Served as a reference… [691] (2013)Is Le Mot Juste? The Contexualization of Words by Expert Lie Detectors
Applied Issues in Investigative Interviewing, Eyewitness Memory, and Credibility Assessment Expert lie detectors pay extraordinary attention to word choice contextualized within broader narratives, emotional states, and situational demands. They notice odd phrasing, inconsistencies in delivery,… [692] (2013)Sorting the liars from the truth tellers: The benefits of asking unanticipated questions
Applied Cognitive Psychology Liars' verbal responses showed a greater decline in details across three of four question pairs when shifting from anticipated to unanticipated questions, and liars sorted… [693] (2013)The Affect Deception Model:A Review of Deception In Negotiation & The Role Of Emotion In Deception
Academy of Management Proceedings Dishonest individuals may experience more positive emotions than honest ones when deception goes undetected; incidental and integral emotions profoundly influence deception decisions through both direct… [694] (2013)Neural correlates of spontaneous deception: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)study
Neuropsychologia Spontaneous deception produced greater activation in the left superior frontal gyrus compared to truth-telling, demonstrating that voluntary lying engages executive control systems. Correct-truth trials showed… [695] (2013)Deception in avatar-mediated virtual environment
Computers in Human Behavior Avatar similarity in attitude and behavior heightened self-awareness, which reduced deception. Appearance similarity directly decreased deceptive behavior. Self-awareness was the key psychological mechanism linking avatar… [696] (2013)Deceptively simple … The “deception-general” ability and the need to put the liar under the spotlight
Frontiers in Neuroscience A significant correlation (r = −0.348, p = 0.006) between lie detection accuracy and lie production ability provided first evidence for a deception-general ability that… [697] (2013)When Interference Helps: Increasing Executive Load to Facilitate Deception Detection in the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychology The concealed information effect was robust across all conditions with accurate signal detection parameters, but cognitive interference tasks did not significantly improve individual classification accuracy… [698] (2013)Primacy effect in credibility judgments: The vulnerability of verbal cues to biased interpretations
Applied Cognitive Psychology A robust primacy effect was found: participants judged the same narrator as more credible when the detail-rich account came first, and in a single-story paradigm,… [699] (2013)Detecting concealed information from groups using a dynamic questioning approach: Simultaneous skin conductance measurement and immediate feedback
Frontiers in Psychology The dynamic group CIT correctly identified the target country in 19 of 20 groups (95%) with zero false positives and a group-level effect size of… [700] (2013)High Precision Credibility Analysis of Information on Twitter
2013 International Conference on Signal-Image Technology & Internet-Based Systems Testing on 2,960 tweets achieved kappa statistics greater than 0.6 agreement with human evaluators. The expertise score successfully addressed accuracy problems when tweet volume was… [701] (2013)Advancing lie detection by inducing cognitive load on liars: A review of relevant theories and techniques guided by lessons from polygraph-based approaches
Frontiers in Psychology Cognitive load-inducing techniques use heightened cognitive load indices rather than physiological arousal as primary deception cues. The proposed taxonomy classifies techniques by cognitive load type… [702] (2013)Promises and Lies: Can Observers Detect Deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Observers achieved 63% accuracy in detecting deception, 12% above chance. While evaluators successfully distinguished promises from empty talk, they failed to identify which promises would… [703] (2013)Identifying concealment-related responses in the concealed information test
Psychophysiology N2, P3, heart rate, skin conductance, and cutaneous blood flow reflected recognition in both concealed and disclosed conditions, while late positive potential and respiration differed… [704] (2013)Deception in Context: Coding Nonverbal Cues, Situational Variables and Risk of Detection
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology Across three studies, deceivers showed consistent hand movement reduction. Higher risk of detection magnified overall negative and controlled impressions (M=2.51 vs. M=2.14 for lower risk)… [705] (2013)Smiling Behaviors and Credibility in Actual Trials: Naturalistic Observations of Witnesses
PsycEXTRA Dataset Smiling enhanced perceived likeability, with smiling female witnesses rated as more likeable than smiling males or non-smiling females. Male witnesses were seen as more trustworthy… [706] (2013)Guess who? An empirical study of gender deception and detection in computer‐mediated communication
Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology The study confirmed that speakers' domain knowledge, perceived trustworthiness, and self-efficacy significantly impact the success of gender deception and attribution in text-based online communication. Perceived… [707] (2013)Little Liars: Development of Verbal Deception in Children
Child Development Perspectives Most 2-3 year-olds confess transgressions, but by age 4-5 the majority begin lying. Successful lying requires first-order theory of mind to initiate deception and second-order… [708] (2013)Two heads are better than one? How to effectively use two interviewers to elicit cues to deception
Legal and Criminological Psychology Truth tellers provided significantly more detail than liars only in the supportive second interviewer condition, despite participants looking at the second interviewer less than 10%… [709] (2013)Special Issue of Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling on The Detection of Deception within Investigative Contexts
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Individuals detect deception more accurately in situations involving real transgressions compared to mock laboratory scenarios; current baseline lie detection techniques used in interrogation do not… [710] (2013)Fixations and eye-blinks allow for detecting concealed crime related memories
International Journal of Psychophysiology Guilty participants displayed fewer but longer fixations on central crime details with reduced blink rates. Validity estimates were moderate (AUC ≈ 0.69), with fixations reflecting… [711] (2013)Validity of the psychophysiological diagnosis of paraphylia
Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova Verbal psychophysiological stimulation correctly identified paraphilia in 80% of cases and visual stimulation in 69.6% of cases, with an overall validity coefficient of 0.63, indicating… [712] (2013)Detecting false intent using eye blink measures
Frontiers in Psychology Participants with false intent showed suppressed blinking during relevant questions, fewer total blinks, and shorter maximum blink duration compared to truthful participants. Discriminant analysis achieved… [713] (2012)'Erm... What did I tell the other guy?' Using inconsistency to detect deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Results supported the hypotheses: truth-telling pairs interrupted each other more, corrected each other more, and added more information to each other's answers compared to lying… [714] (2012)A game theory approach to deception strategy in computer mediated communication
2012 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics Deceivers employ systematically different communication strategies than truth-tellers and adapt their behaviors across multiple interaction stages, supporting a rational-actor model of strategic deception that challenges… [715] (2012)Windows of the Soul? Deliberate Eye Contact and Deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Liars displayed significantly more deliberate eye contact than truth tellers, whereas the amount of gaze aversion did not differ between truthful and deceptive participants, suggesting… [716] (2012)The contribution of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to the preparation for deception and truth-telling
Brain Research The left DLPFC was more activated during lie preparation than truth preparation in a left-lateralized pattern, but preparatory DLPFC activity was not uniquely specific to… [717] (2012)Eliciting cues to deception and truth: What matters are the questions asked
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The paper presents a conceptual framework proposing that researchers should focus on interview protocols that actively create differences between liars and truth-tellers rather than searching… [718] (2012)Tests with Numbers
European Polygraph Mental arithmetic tasks produced observable EDA responses that increased systematically with problem difficulty, demonstrating that cognitive processing alone can generate physiological reactions detectable by polygraph… [719] (2012)Effects of coping and cooperative instructions on guilty and informed innocents' physiological responses to concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Guilty participants exhibited stronger physiological responses to critical items than informed innocents, and cooperative instructions reduced false positive rates by attenuating skin conductance responses in… [720] (2012)Learning to lie: Effects of practice on the cognitive cost of lying
Frontiers in Psychology Frequent liars showed a 53 ms lie-effect during training, compared to 239 ms for frequent truth-tellers, but training effects did not generalize to unpracticed items… [721] (2012)Minimum Number of Polygraph Charts Required to Reach a Conclusion of Truth or Deception in Psychophysiological Veracity Examinations
European Polygraph The study provided a mathematical framework for determining chart collection requirements based on reliability coefficients, questioning whether the standard two-chart minimum is scientifically justified. [722] (2012)Imposing cognitive load to elicit cues to deceit: Inducing the reverse order technique naturally
Psychology, Crime & Law Reverse-order recall produced more prominent verbal cues to deception than chronological recall, and human observers achieved higher deception detection accuracy when evaluating reverse-order accounts —… [723] (2012)Does the Truth Come Out in the Writing? SCAN as a Lie Detection Tool
Law and Human Behavior SCAN showed no statistically significant ability to discriminate truth-tellers from outright liars or concealment liars, while Reality Monitoring successfully detected both types of deception in… [724] (2012)The European Roots of Instrumental Lie Detection
European Polygraph European researchers including Mosso, Lombroso, and Benussi developed the fundamental physiological measurement instruments and theoretical understanding of emotion-related physiological changes that preceded and enabled American… [725] (2012)Study regarding psychophysiological reactivity values depending on subject's gender in polygraph testing
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences Women showed significantly higher electrodermal amplitude (d = 0.50) and line length scoring (d = 0.58), while men exhibited greater respiration line length (d =… [726] (2012)Conditions and Requirements of Polygraph Examination
European Polygraph Identifies key procedural and environmental conditions essential for valid polygraph examination administration. [727] (2012)Review of Research on Detecting Deception Through Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
European Polygraph Laboratory studies demonstrated 76-90% accuracy in distinguishing lies from truth under controlled conditions, with consistent activation of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices during deception, though… [728] (2012)Effect of the Stimulation Test Administered Before and After the First Relevant Chart of the Control Question Test
European Polygraph The research examined how stimulation test timing influences examinee psychological set and physiological response patterns to relevant and comparison questions across multiple chart positions. [729] (2012)Search for New Tests
European Polygraph The study identifies potential new testing methodologies that could enhance polygraph examination effectiveness beyond conventional approaches. [730] (2012)Detection of deception researchers needs to collaborate with experienced practitioners.
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The commentary argues that laboratory deception studies fail to capture the high-stakes nature of real criminal investigations and that collaboration between academic researchers and experienced… [731] (2012)A Framework for Modeling Decision Making and Deception with Semantic Information
2012 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops The study proves that in the proposed three-player game, there are always equilibria in pure strategies, and in more complex scenarios involving uncertainty about statement… [732] (2012)Lying and executive control: An experimental investigation using ego depletion and goal neglect
Acta Psychologica Goal neglect induced by long RSI (5-8 seconds) significantly increased the cognitive cost of lying compared to short RSI (0.2 seconds), but ego depletion manipulation… [733] (2012)Credibility assessment and inference for fusion of hard and soft information
Advances in Design for Cross-Cultural Activities Part I The research introduces an analytical framework enabling automatic and efficient processing of both physics-based sensor data and human-generated information for enhanced decision-making, with applications including… [734] (2012)The possible role of an error detection mechanism in brain processing of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology Both deceptive and honest manipulative actions activated overlapping brain networks including the bilateral prefrontal cortex, right anterior cingulate cortex, and right parietal regions. ACC activation… [735] (2012)Unification Of Randomized Anomaly In Deception Detection Using Fuzzy Logic Under Uncertainty
International Journal of Research in Computer Science Fuzzy logic outperformed randomness by approximately 45% and uncertainty methods by 55% in maximum deception detection scenarios, demonstrating that graded membership functions capture the ambiguous… [736] (2012)Deception Awareness Improves P300-based Deception Detection in Concealed Information Tests
International Journal of Psychophysiology The deception-aware group achieved a 100% individual detection rate (10/10) compared to only 50% (5/10) in the control group, with significantly larger probe-versus-irrelevant P300 amplitude… [737] (2012)Combating automatic autobiographical associations: The effect of instruction and training in strategically concealing information in the autobiographical implicit association test
Psychological Science Explicit instruction and training allowed guilty participants to reverse their aIAT outcomes by strategically speeding up incongruent block responses, and critically, this form of countermeasure… [738] (2012)Algorithms for detecting concealed knowledge among groups when the critical information is unavailable
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Reanalysis of three datasets showed that both averaging and PCA-based algorithms successfully detected critical items and differentiated knowledgeable from unknowledgeable subjects with efficiency approaching standard… [739] (2012)A repeated lie becomes a truth? The effect of intentional control and training on deception
Frontiers in Psychology Training with intentional practice (360 additional deceptive-response trials) fully erased the reaction-time gap between lying and truth-telling (108.67 ms reduced to a non-significant 15.82 ms;… [740] (2012)The Direction of Deception: Neuro-Linguistic Programming as a Lie Detection Tool
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology Only 9.7% of participants (3 out of 31) displayed the eye movement pattern predicted by NLP theory, a rate no better than chance. No conclusive… [741] (2012)Indirect vs. Direct Measures to Detect Deception: A Cross-national Comparison
PsycEXTRA Dataset The study compared direct and indirect deception detection measures across German and Spanish samples, exploring cultural moderators of measurement approach effectiveness in credibility assessment contexts. [742] (2012)Reaction time-based detection of concealed information in relation to individual differences in executive functioning
Applied Cognitive Psychology The RT-CIT successfully differentiated guilty from innocent participants, with set-shifting and inhibition directly related to deception accuracy and speed; individuals with better working memory engaged… [743] (2012)Cry Me a River: Identifying the Behavioral Consequences of Extremely High-Stakes Interpersonal Deception
Law and Human Behavior A multi-cue behavioral model combining emotional facial leakage (upper face surprise, lower face happiness), reduced word count, and elevated tentative language correctly classified 92.3% of… [744] (2012)Secrets and Lies: Involuntary Leakage in Deceptive Facial Expressions as a Function of Emotional Intensity
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Emotional leakage occurred in 98.3% of participants attempting to mask their feelings, was significantly more prolonged and frequent during high-intensity versus low-intensity emotions, and was… [745] (2012)Age-related differences in deception.
Psychology and Aging Older adults were significantly worse at detecting rehearsed lies than younger adults, and older adults' lies were more transparent. Critically, worse emotion recognition in older… [746] (2012)Applicability of Multivariate Hierarchical Linear Model to Concealed Information Test data.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Hierarchical linear models provide a principled framework for handling the multi-level structure of CIT data (items within questions within individuals), offering more accurate effect size… [747] (2012)“You can't kid a kidder”: association between production and detection of deception in an interactive deception task
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Results revealed a significant correlation (r = -0.348, p = 0.006) between lie production and detection abilities, providing the first empirical evidence for a 'deception-general'… [748] (2012)How You Lie Affects What You Remember
PsycEXTRA Dataset Participants showed good memory for false descriptions but poor memory for false denials 48 hours later. Repeatedly truthfully denying having seen an unstudied object paradoxically… [749] (2012)Heart Rate Variability in the concealed information test with Lorenz Plot.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The research demonstrated the feasibility of applying Lorenz plot methodology to analyze heart rate patterns in CIT, exploring whether geometric HRV analysis could reveal distinctive… [750] (2012 • DECEPTION STUDY)The Neural Correlates of Deception: A Review and Integration
NeuroImage Activation likelihood estimate meta-analysis identifying prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate as consistent neural correlates of deception across fMRI studies. Confirmed cognitive control theory of lying. [751] (2012)Diagnosing Deception
The Science of Deception The institutionalization of lie detectors and psychotherapy in police and judicial settings, despite public resistance, led to a fundamental reconceptualization of the normal self as… [752] (2012)The design and development of a lie detection system using facial micro-expressions
2nd International Conference on Advances in Computational Tools for Engineering Applications (ACTEA) The system successfully classified eight basic facial expressions using geometric-based dynamic templates and frame-by-frame analysis, demonstrating technical feasibility of automated micro-expression detection, though specific accuracy… [753] (2012)The Negotiator’s Challenge: Anticipating, Detecting, and Contending with Deception in Negotiations
SSRN Electronic Journal Emotions are fundamental to the deception decision process, with studies showing that undetected dishonesty can induce positive emotions ('cheater's high') rather than guilt, and that… [754] (2012)Forensic Psychophysiology Using the Polygraph: Scientific Truth Verification, Lie Detection
JAM Publications (Book) This comprehensive synthesis establishes a foundational reference that has become an enduring source within the polygraph profession, addressing both theoretical understanding and practical application. [755] (2012)Lie-Detection, Neuroscience, and the Law of Evidence
SSRN Electronic Journal The paper's central thesis is that the Daubert standard inappropriately conflates scientific and legal standards, and that 'bad science' might be 'good evidence' in legal… [756] (2012)How do teachers perceive cheating students? Beliefs about cues to deception and detection accuracy in the educational field
European Journal of Psychology of Education Teacher trainees performed no better than chance in detecting true versus fabricated stories about cheating. Participants predominantly relied on stereotypical invalid cues like gaze aversion,… [757] (2012)The Eyes Don’t Have It: Lie Detection and Neuro-Linguistic Programming
PLoS ONE All three studies failed to find support for NLP's eye movement-deception hypothesis. Eye movement patterns did not differ between lying and truth-telling, NLP training did… [758] (2012)Lie-detection using Autobiographical Implicit Association Test
PsycEXTRA Dataset Validation research on the aIAT demonstrated over 90% accuracy in detecting true autobiographical memories, with test-retest reliability also exceeding 90%, though subsequent research identified vulnerabilities… [759] (2012)Linguistic Cues to Deception Assessed by Computer Programs: A Meta-Analysis
PsycEXTRA Dataset Computer-analyzed linguistic cues reliably differentiate lies from truths, with liars showing increased cognitive load, more negative emotion, greater psychological distancing, fewer sensory details, and reduced… [760] (2012)A Secure Group Collaboration Protocol for Nonverbal Human Social Signals Featuring Deception Detection
2012 International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2012 International Confernece on Social Computing The authors developed a cryptographic protocol allowing secure multi-party computation on deception-related nonverbal social signals, providing privacy guarantees against semi-honest participants while enabling collaborative analysis… [761] (2012)Criminal Prosecutors: Over-rating lie-catching abilities and misconstrued defendants' deceptions
PsycEXTRA Dataset Prosecutors overestimated lie-detection abilities but correctly rejected nervousness and eye contact as deception indicators. However, they showed willingness to pressure defendants for confessions when convinced… [762] (2012)Decomposing cognitive processes underlying the concealed information test by event-related potentials
International Journal of Biomedical and Soft Computing Principal component analysis revealed three distinct ERP components differentiating crime-relevant from irrelevant items: an N2 component peaking at 180 ms, a P300 component peaking at… [763] (2012)Mechanisms underlying response bias in deception detection
Psychology, Crime & Law Asymmetrical error weighting emerged as the strongest predictor of response bias: participants more concerned about False Alarms showed truth bias, while those more concerned about… [764] (2012)Windows to the Soul? Deliberate Eye Contact as a Cue to Deceit
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Liars displayed significantly more deliberate eye contact than truth tellers as an impression management strategy, whereas gaze aversion showed no difference between groups. This finding… [765] (2012)Emotional arousal modulates the encoding of crime-related details and corresponding physiological responses in the Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Emotional arousal during crime encoding modulates both the retention of crime-related details and the corresponding physiological responses measured by the CIT, affecting test validity over… [766] (2012)The Detection of Deception Using the Steady-State Visual Evoked Field
IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines The study demonstrated that steady-state visual evoked magnetic fields show measurable differences between deceptive and truthful responses, suggesting that cognitive demands of lying disrupt neural… [767] (2012)Lies worth catching involve both emotion and cognition
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition High-motivation deception studies show substantially larger effect sizes for emotional cues (nervousness d=.35, voice pitch d=.59) compared to low-motivation conditions, while cognitive load techniques achieve… [768] (2012)Impact of deception detection errors on public's trust in the police
Legal and Criminological Psychology The public trusted police officers who disbelieved suspects more than those who believed them, independent of whether the judgment was correct, indicating that lie-biased credibility… [769] (2012)Using perception shifts to create unanticipated questions and to elicit cues to deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Liars' verbal responses showed a greater decline in details across three out of four question pairs when comparing anticipated to unanticipated questions, and liars sorted… [770] (2011)The Relation Between Knowledge of Cues to Deception and the Ability to Detect Deceit
Problems of Forensic Sciences Observers performed at chance level in detecting lies and truths and showed a truth bias. However, those with more accurate knowledge of deception cues achieved… [771] (2011)Cognitive Load and EEG Beta Spectrum Analysis for Deception Detection
한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 Guilty participants showed significantly higher beta power activity when providing cognitively demanding deceptive responses to crime-relevant questions compared to simple truth responses, while innocent participants… [772] (2011)Evidence for training the ability to read microexpressions
Motivation and Emotion Training group participants showed significantly higher microexpression recognition accuracy than comparison groups immediately after training and demonstrated better third-party ratings of social and communicative workplace… [773] (2011)Commentary on: Horvath F, Palmatier JJ. Critique of Horvath‐Palmatier Laboratory Study on Effectiveness of Exclusive v. Non‐Exclusive Control Questions in Polygraph Examination. J Forensic Sci 2008;53(4):889–99
Journal of Forensic Sciences Matte raised methodological concerns about cuff pressure settings (40-55 mmHg vs. recommended 90 mmHg), test structure deviations from validated protocols, and implementation of exclusive control… [774] (2011)Science on the rise: birth and development of the Concealed Information Test
Memory Detection The CIT has achieved 88-100% accuracy in detecting guilt with false positive rates as low as 2%, with 75% of scientists endorsing its scientific basis… [775] (2011)Detecting concealed information in less than a second: Response latency-based measures
In: Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test The oddball task, which manipulates stimulus-response compatibility, produces exceptional effect sizes (d = 1.97 for reaction times), comparable to traditional skin conductance measures (d =… [776] (2011)How the Brain Shapes Deception
Neuroscientist The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction play crucial and dissociable roles in deception, with deception consistently recruiting more prefrontal executive resources than truth-telling; no… [777] (2011)The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in deception when remembering neutral and emotional events
Neuroscience Research The bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed overlapping activation during deception about both neutral and emotional memories, demonstrating that the DLPFC serves as a domain-general executive… [778] (2011)The case of juvenile polygraphy as a clinical ethics dilemma
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment Polygraph use with juveniles is used by half of U.S. JSO programs despite being rarely used internationally or with other juvenile populations. Chaffin argues the… [779] (2011)A Little About Memory Traces
European Polygraph The study discusses theoretical aspects of how memory traces are formed and maintained, with implications for polygraph practice. [780] (2011)Which helps detect lies, eagerness or vigilance? The impact of regulatory focus on lie detection
PsycEXTRA Dataset Prevention focus consistently enhanced lie detection accuracy across all four studies, while promotion focus was associated with lower accuracy. The vigilance associated with prevention focus… [781] (2011)Psychological Aspects of the Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique and Attendant Benefits of its Inside Track
European Polygraph The Inside Track mechanism theoretically addresses the major cause of false positives and inconclusives by quantifying innocent examinees' fear of error and guilty examinees' hope… [782] (2011)An Investigation of the Guilty Knowledge Test Polygraph Examination
Journal of Criminal Psychology Results demonstrated real variations between the physiological measures used, and gender differences were observed in polygraph response patterns, with implications for sensor selection and demographic… [783] (2011)Effect of Habituation to Least Threatening Zone Questions on the Most Threatening Zone Comparison Questions in Psychophysiological Veracity Examinations
European Polygraph 62.9% of confirmed deceptive cases showed higher scores in subsequent charts, supporting differential habituation theory where deceptive examinees maintain or increase responsivity to relevant questions… [784] (2011)Efficiency Formula for Polygraph Examination
European Polygraph A mathematical formula was developed to calculate polygraph examination efficiency based on quantitative parameters. [785] (2011)Why do lie-catchers fail? A lens model meta-analysis of human lie judgments
Psychological Bulletin People rarely rely on wrong cues—they strongly associate deception with impressions of incompetence (r = .59) and ambivalence (r = .49), and these intuitive judgments… [786] (2011)The processes leading to deception: ERP spatiotemporal principal component analysis and source analysis
Social Neuroscience Two serial cognitive processes—decision-making and response preparation—underlie deliberate deception, evidenced by temporally distinct patterns of brain activation in left lateral frontal regions (800-1000 ms) and… [787] (2011)Reasoning as a lie detection device
Behavioral and Brain Sciences Reasoning evolved not to improve shared knowledge but to advertise one's ability to detect lies and errors through consistency checking, with further reasoning abilities developing… [788] (2011)How the brain shapes deception: an integrated review of the literature
Neuroscientist Converging evidence from fMRI, PET, and loss-of-function studies demonstrates that the prefrontal cortex, particularly dorsolateral and ventromedial regions, plays a predominant role in deception by… [789] (2011 • REVIEW)Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test (Book)
Book Comprehensive edited volume with contributions from leading CIT researchers worldwide. Covered theoretical foundations, laboratory research, field applications in Japan, countermeasures, and legal issues. [790] (2011)Event-Related Potentials in Deception Detection
Psychology in Russia: State of Art The study successfully identified neurophysiological correlates of deception using ERP analysis, supporting the development of cognitive lie detection technology based on central nervous system indicators… [791] (2011)Effects of Within-individual Standardization on Statistical Test and Effect Size on the Concealed Information Test.
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology The study found that the choice of within-individual standardization method significantly affects both statistical test results and calculated effect sizes in CIT data analysis. [792] (2011)Detecting of deception and concealed information using neuroimaging techniques
Memory Detection A ventral frontoparietal network involved in detecting behaviorally relevant stimuli and matching them with memory representations was recruited in both deception and concealed information paradigms,… [793] (2011)Can the affect misattribution procedure detect deception?
PsycEXTRA Dataset Specific findings are not available; the work appears to be a conference presentation that was not subsequently published in peer-reviewed form. [794] (2011)The impact of family climate on Romanian youngsters’ physiological reactivity to violent video stimuli measured by the polygraph
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences Youngsters growing in negative family climates showed statistically significant differences in physiological reactions (measured by polygraph) when exposed to violent video stimuli from Saw films,… [795] (2011)Effects of Automated and Participative Decision Support in Computer-Aided Credibility Assessment
Journal of Management Information Systems Decision aids that collect both automated linguistic cues and human perceptual observations perform better than systems relying on only one type of cue, while participatory… [796] (2011)Using sketch drawing to induce inconsistency in liars
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars showed significantly lower consistency between sketches and verbal reports than truth-tellers, with classification accuracy of 80-100% for truth-tellers and 70-77% for liars across two… [797] (2011)Assessing the adequacy of post-experimental inquiries in deception research and factors that promote participant honesty
PsycEXTRA Dataset Participants frequently fail to disclose suspicion or prior knowledge on postexperimental inquiries, with only modest improvements (d = 0.24-0.27) from computer-based administration and reward incentives,… [798] (2011)Detecting deception from emotional faces: Is that really how you feel?
PsycEXTRA Dataset Direct deception judgments yielded at-or-below-chance accuracy with negative effect sizes, while indirect emotion inference successfully distinguished liars from truth tellers for negative emotional expressions (Hedges's… [799] (2011)Using sketch-drawing to induce inconsistency in liars
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars demonstrated significantly lower consistency between sketch drawings and verbal reports compared to truth-tellers, with correct classification rates of 70-100% across two experiments, substantially exceeding… [800] (2011)Sender Demeanor: Individual Differences in Sender Believability Have a Powerful Impact on Deception Detection Judgments
Human Communication Research Sender demeanor explained up to 98% of variance in detection accuracy across five experiments, with accuracy swings of 36-80% between matched and mismatched conditions. Eleven… [801] (2011)Executing Facial Control During Deception Situations
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Participants could significantly reduce but not eliminate facial movements when instructed to suppress them, with liars showing lesser suppression ability than truth-tellers. The lower face… [802] (2011)Detecting concealed information using autonomic measures
Memory detection: Theory and application of the Concealed Information Test Recognition of concealed information produces consistent autonomic coactivation of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, with skin conductance showing the largest effect size (d = 1.55), and… [803] (2011)Memory instructions, vocalization, mock crimes, and concealed information tests with a polygraph
Perceptual and Motor Skills Guilty participants who incidentally encoded crime details without explicit priming showed significantly lower memory, detection scores, and detection rates compared to those who received explicit… [804] (2011)Practical guidelines for developing a CIT
Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test Central crime details directly related to crime execution are recalled at 90.2% compared to only 65.9% for peripheral details. Guidelines emphasize selecting information present in… [805] (2011)Leakage of information to innocent suspects
Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test Research demonstrates that mere knowledge of crime details elicits CIT effects regardless of how the information was acquired, creating false-positive risk for informed innocents. However,… [806] (2010)Truth Bias and Regression toward the Mean Phenomenon in Detecting Deception
Psychological Reports Elaad proposed that the decrease in truth bias over time reported by Masip et al. could reflect regression toward the mean rather than cognitive change,… [807] (2010)Lie Detection with Computer
Computerized scoring systems can apply consistent measurement standards across variable field conditions, and examinees must maintain an optimal stress level (inverted-U relationship) to produce interpretable… [808] (2010)The psychosocial implications in teenage exposure to aggressive blood visual stimuli evidenced by the polygraph
PsycEXTRA Dataset Teenagers showed adaptation to aggressive blood visual stimuli with significantly decreased galvanic skin response across repeated exposures (p<0.05), suggesting unconscious emotional desensitization. Urban youth treated… [809] (2010)Countermeasure mechanisms in a P300-based concealed information test
Psychophysiology The study found a greater P300 amplitude to probes in the guilty omit probe condition compared with the guilty no omit and innocent omit irrelevant… [810] (2010)Lying about the valence of affective pictures: an fMRI study
PLoS ONE Neural activity during deception is significantly modulated by the emotional valence of the concealed information, with lying about positive pictures producing more extensive brain activation… [811] (2010)A New Computer Vision Based Polygraph System
Recent Patents on Computer Science The authors reported experimental validation of a computer vision system that successfully detected deception through automated pupil size measurement, claiming it represented the best computer… [812] (2010)Understanding False Confessions
European Polygraph Confessions were judged as honest more frequently than denials, and observers systematically failed to identify false confessions due to the absence of perceived motive for… [813] (2010)Forensic Examination of Memory Traces (Part 2)
European Polygraph The framework challenges prevailing American and European deception detection approaches by positioning memory traces as the true object of polygraph examination, requiring fundamental changes to… [814] (2010)Polygraph Examination as Scientific Evidence
European Polygraph The work provides a legal and scientific framework for evaluating polygraph evidence admissibility, particularly examining polygraph methodology against Daubert criteria and established forensic science standards. [815] (2010)The Attempts at Detecting Deception Through Evaluation of Non-verbal Symptoms
European Polygraph Ancient practitioners across multiple cultures independently recognized that deception produces observable physiological changes, particularly in pulse rate, establishing foundational principles that underpin modern psychophysiological deception… [816] (2010)A truth that’s told with bad intent: An ERP study of deception
Cognition The medial frontal N450 deflection occurred equally for lies and for truths told with deceptive intent (F(3,96)=3.79, p<.01), indicating that deceptive intention, rather than truth… [817] (2010)Psychological Set or Differential Salience: A Proposal for Reconciling Theory and Terminology in Polygraph Testing
Polygraph The authors propose replacing 'Psychological Set' with 'Differential Salience' as the theoretical basis of polygraph testing, demonstrating that the new framework accounts for CQT, DLC,… [818] (2010)A Proposal for Reconciling Theory and Terminology in Polygraph Testing
Polygraph Addressed the need for standardized terminology and theoretical consistency across polygraph testing methods. Proposed a unified framework to reconcile competing theoretical models and improve scientific… [819] (2010)Some Thoughts About Feelings: A Study in the Role of Cognition and Emotion in Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
Polygraph Cognitive appraisal of goal-relevant test questions — not fear alone — mediates the range of emotional and physiological responses recorded during PDD testing, with both… [820] (2010)Brain mechanisms of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology Regional cerebral blood flow assessment revealed anterior cingulate cortex involvement in deception, indicating that error detection mechanisms are fundamentally involved in processing deceptive behavior. [821] (2010)Detecting true and false opinions: The Devil's advocate approach as a lie detection aid
Acta Psychologica Truth tellers produced more words and had shorter latency times when arguing for their actual opinion, while liars showed the reverse pattern and their Devil's… [822] (2010)Advances in the concealed information test: Introductory remarks
International Journal of Psychophysiology The editorial introduced research demonstrating that multimodal measurement combining autonomic responses with event-related potentials enhances CIT validity, and that various presentation modalities and testing parameters… [823] (2010)Deception Recognition: Rethinking the Operational Commander's Approach
Military doctrine provides extensive guidance on executing deception but falls short in helping operational commanders protect against adversary deception operations. A proactive counterdeception approach using… [824] (2010)Some thoughts about feelings: a study of the role of cognition and emotion in polygraph testing
Polygraph The paper proposes that polygraph-recorded physiological responses arise from two appraisal routes — conceptual/schematic and associative/reinstatement — combined with conditioned emotional responses to lying and… [825] (2010)Does the guilty action test allow for differentiating guilty participants from informed innocents? A re-examination
International Journal of Psychophysiology Neither electrodermal, respiratory, nor heart rate responses differed by guilt status or questioning technique. Both GKT and GAT failed to distinguish guilty participants from informed… [826] (2010 • EXPERIMENTAL)Psychophysiological and Behavioral Measures for Detecting Concealed Information: The Role of Memory for Crime Details
Psychophysiology Examined how memory strength affects CIT detection accuracy. Found that central crime details produced stronger physiological responses than peripheral details, with implications for real-world CIT… [827] (2010)The production and detection of deception in an interactive game
Neuropsychologia Both claiming truthfully and falsely in a competitive game activated fronto-polar cortex (BA10), while false claims showed additional activity in premotor and parietal cortices. Deceptive… [828] (2010)Anatomy of deception: A behavioral contingency analysis
Behavioural Processes All instances of deception are based on some combination of misperception, misprediction, non-perception, or non-prediction by the deceived party. Intentional deception involves the deceiving party… [829] (2010)The Polygraph and the Detection of Deception
Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice The CQT detects deception better than chance but with significant error rates, contrasting sharply with industry claims of 98% accuracy. The CIT demonstrates superior validity… [830] (2010)Police-induced confessions: Risk factors and recommendations
Law and Human Behavior False confessions result from interactions between situational pressures (excessive interrogation time, false evidence, minimization tactics) and individual vulnerabilities (juveniles, intellectual disability, mental illness), with 35%… [831] (2010)Impression and information management: On the strategic self-regulation of innocent and guilty suspects
The Open Criminology Journal Liars and truth tellers reported equal planning of demeanor and nonverbal behavior, but guilty suspects engaged substantially more in information management strategies, including preparing explanations… [832] (2010)Content in context improves deception detection accuracy
Human Communication Research Across six studies with 340 participants, average accuracy was 75% when judges had contextual information compared with 57% in control conditions—an 18 percentage point improvement… [833] (2010)Tonic variation of physiological activities in concealed information test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Normalized pulse volume showed progressive anticipatory changes that peaked at relevant item presentation then released—validating the Peak of Tension concept. Skin conductance declined overall but… [834] (2010)Deceit and Self-Deception
Mind the Gap Cognitive load appears to be the most important cue to deception in human interactions, surpassing nervousness. Self-deception serves dual evolutionary functions: hiding deception from others… [835] (2010)In defence of gullibility: the epistemology of testimony and the psychology of deception detection
Synthese Meta-analytic data show human deception detection achieves only 54% accuracy, with real-world lie detection relying primarily on contextual evidence rather than behavioral cues, placing monitoring… [836] (2010)On Deception Detection in Multiagent Systems
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans The correlation-based approach successfully detected deception in multi-agent systems by predicting agent responses and flagging statistically significant deviations, demonstrating that computational analysis of reasoning consistency… [837] (2010)Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging May Promote Theoretical Understanding of the Polygraph Test
Journal of Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, 21, 52–65 Explored how fMRI research can advance understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying polygraph responses. Proposed that neuroimaging could provide construct validation for traditional polygraph measures. [838] (2010)Nonverbal indicators of deception: How iconic gestures reveal thoughts that cannot be suppressed
Semiotica Participants produced significantly fewer iconic gestures when lying, with deceptive gestures showing fewer post-stroke holds and shorter stroke durations. Three participants produced gestures that morphologically… [839] (2010)Reading about deception
The Psychiatrist A clinically helpful distinction emerges between truth (accuracy) and truthfulness (sincerity). Meta-analyses reveal human deception detection accuracy of only 54%—barely above chance—with professionals performing no… [840] (2010)Strength of Memory Encoding Affects Physiological Responses in the Guilty Actions Test
Biological Psychology Culprits showed differential forgetting of peripheral (but not central) crime details, maintaining stable GAT validity across a 2-week delay, while informed innocents' false positive errors… [841] (2010)Not Pollyannas
Social Psychological and Personality Science High-trust individuals were significantly better at detecting lies than low-trust individuals (R² = .24), challenging the stereotype that cynical, suspicious people make better lie detectors.… [842] (2010)Extracting concealed information from groups
Journal of Forensic Sciences All three concealed critical items were successfully detected using group-aggregated and within-person standardized skin conductance responses, achieving a 100% item-detection rate across the three embedded… [843] (2010)Interviewer’s Verbal Strategies
Behavior, Truth and Deception Effective verbal interrogation strategies must align with suspects' psychological defense mechanisms through carefully selected themes that provide moral excuses while preserving legal culpability, with strategies… [844] (2010)The effect of response type and intention to deceive in a detection of deception test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The research demonstrated that different physiological measures show distinct sensitivity to question presentation versus answering processes, with question perception driving primary detection signals more than… [845] (2010)Need for Cognition and the process of lie detection
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology High Need for Cognition individuals achieved higher accuracy at classifying truthful and deceptive messages by focusing on diagnostic verbal content cues, while low NFC individuals… [846] (2010)Gap and connection between laboratory research and field application of the CIT in Japan
International Journal of Psychophysiology Laboratory and field CIT data showed convergent physiological patterns across all major autonomic measures (skin conductance increase, heart rate decrease, respiration suppression, finger pulse volume… [847] (2010)The Truth About Lies: What Works in Detecting High-Stakes Deception
Legal and Criminological Psychology No single behavioral cue consistently reveals deception; best-validated indicators include illustrators, blink and pause rate, speech rate, vague descriptions, repeated details, contextual embedding, reproduction of… [848] (2010)The occurrence of eye blinks during a guilty knowledge test
Psychology, Crime & Law Eye blink suppression during crime-relevant questions successfully distinguished guilty from innocent participants with 76% overall accuracy, supporting the use of cognitive load-based ocular measures in… [849] (2010)Technology Dominance in Complex Decision Making: The Case of Aided Credibility Assessment
Journal of Management Information Systems Both novices and professionals improved credibility assessment accuracy using the automated decision aid, but professionals showed no greater benefit than novices. Both groups frequently ignored… [850] (2009)The polygraph: The truth lies within
The Journal of Psychiatry & Law The polygraph accurately detects physiological arousal but is often inaccurate in lie detection; reliability estimates range from 81-91%; the examiner's role in administration and interpretation… [851] (2009)Knowledge of Cues to Deception – Looking for its Determinants
Problems of Forensic Sciences Beliefs about deception cues were generally stereotypical and inadequate across groups, but criminals and Internal Security Agency officers demonstrated significantly higher accuracy than students and… [852] (2009)Probability Assessment of the Value of Psychophysiological Stimuli
European Polygraph The paper proposes a probability assessment framework for understanding stimulus value in polygraph testing, formalizing the relationship between stimulus psychological significance and physiological response magnitude,… [853] (2009)Neural processes underlying self- and other-related lies: An individual difference approach using fMRI
Social Neuroscience Both hypotheses were confirmed: self-related and other-related lies rely on partially distinct rate-limiting brain regions, and a cingulate–insular–prefrontal network is critically involved in both types… [854] (2009)Portrait of a Lie
Scientific American Mind Lying consistently activates brain regions involved in suppressing information and resolving conflicts, particularly the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal lobes. Combined fMRI and physiological measures… [855] (2009)Problems of Questions in Event Knowledge Tests
European Polygraph The study identified critical problems in EKT question construction and emphasized that EKT tests cannot be used in a template-based way, requiring extensive preparation time… [856] (2009)Can simultaneously acquired electrodermal activity improve accuracy of fMRI detection of deception?
Social Neuroscience Adding simultaneously acquired electrodermal activity to an established fMRI deception-detection paradigm did not improve classification accuracy beyond what fMRI alone achieved, suggesting substantial informational redundancy… [857] (2009)When should the Polygraph Stimulation Number Test be Performed?
European Polygraph In 63% of deceptive subjects, reactions to critical questions were greater in the control question test administered after the stimulation test compared to before, challenging… [858] (2009)Are errors differentiable from deceptive responses when feigning memory impairment? An fMRI study
Brain and Cognition Intentional feigning of memory impairment uniquely activated the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus, whereas unintentional errors produced no significant activation in these… [859] (2009)The Problems of Truth Perception during Psychophysiological Examination
European Polygraph Specific findings unavailable due to inaccessibility of full text. [860] (2009)Forensic examination of memory traces (Part 1)
European Polygraph The paper proposes reconceptualizing polygraph testing as forensic examination of memory traces, arguing this framework provides stronger scientific grounding than traditional lie detection paradigms and… [861] (2009)Training to detect what? The biasing effect of training on veracity judgments
Applied Cognitive Psychology Deception-focused training increased lie judgments while truthfulness-focused training decreased them; both training types inflated confidence without improving accuracy; traditional training programs bias trainees toward deception… [862] (2009)Why Modern Evidence Law Lacks Credibility
SSRN Electronic Journal Evidence law remains overly fixated on detecting perjury rather than honest mistakes, lacks any systematic approach to credibility determination, and treats scientific or psychological evidence… [863] (2009)Differentiating orienting and defensive responses to concealed information: The role of verbalization
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback When CIT participants remained silent rather than giving verbal responses, heart rate showed the deceleration predicted by orienting theory, confirming that verbal responding is responsible… [864] (2009)Detecting concealed information with reaction times: Validity and comparison with the polygraph
Applied Cognitive Psychology Both the RT-based CIT and the polygraph-based CIT successfully discriminated between concealed and control autobiographical information, with similarly high effect sizes, supporting the RT-CIT as… [865] (2009)Do parkinsonian patients have trouble telling lies? The neurobiological basis of deceptive behaviour
Brain Parkinson's disease patients showed significantly lower accuracy on instructed lying tasks (71.5%) versus truth-telling (80.4%), with controls showing no such difference; deception impairment correlated strongly… [866] (2009)The neurobiology of deception: evidence from neuroimaging and loss-of-function studies
Current Opinion in Neurology Converging evidence from fMRI and loss-of-function studies identifies the prefrontal cortex as the dominant neural substrate of deception, organizing the inhibition of true responses and… [867] (2009)Relevant Issue Gravity (RIG) strength – a new concept in PDD that reframes the notion of psychological set and the role of attention in CQT polygraph
RIG strength represents the intensity of attention directed toward the relevant issue based on internal cognitive and emotional preoccupation rather than external stimuli, and distributes… [868] (2009)In the Eye of the Beholder: Individual Differences in Perceived Social Isolation Predict Regional Brain Activation to Social Stimuli
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Lonely individuals showed significantly weaker ventral striatum activation to pleasant social stimuli and stronger activation to pleasant nonsocial stimuli compared to nonlonely individuals, forming a… [869] (2009)Outsmarting the liars: The benefit of asking unanticipated questions
Law and Human Behavior Unanticipated questions — especially requests to draw the restaurant layout — enabled correct classification of up to 80% of liar and truth-teller pairs, compared to… [870] (2009 • THEORETICAL)Relevant Issue Gravity (RIG) Strength: A New Concept in PDD
Polygraph Introduced the Relevant Issue Gravity concept, proposing that the psychological weight of relevant questions influences CQT accuracy. Provided a theoretical framework explaining why serious criminal… [871] (2009)The role of intention to conceal in the P300-based Concealed Information Test
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback P300 amplitude differences between chosen and unchosen cards were significant only when participants had motivation to conceal or transmit, not in the no-secret condition, indicating… [872] (2009)Replication of Functional MRI Detection of Deception
The Open Forensic Science Journal Twenty-five of twenty-nine participants (86%) were correctly identified as deceptive, and a Chi-Squared test (χ²=0.246, p=0.6197) confirmed no significant difference from the prior study's accuracy,… [873] (2009)Detection of deception using functional magnetic resonance imaging: well above chance, though well below perfection
Social Neuroscience No brain region could correctly detect deception across all individuals; medial prefrontal cortex showed the best performance at 71% accuracy with zero false positives, demonstrating… [874] (2009)Can intuition improve deception detection performance?
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Intuitive processing produced 10-15% improvements in deception detection accuracy across two experiments, with participants viewing brief 15-second clips or performing concurrent tasks outperforming those who… [875] (2009)Imaging facial signs of neurophysiological responses
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering Thermal imaging of facial regions achieved detection performance comparable to galvanic skin response (GSR), the gold standard for peripheral neurophysiological measurement, while being completely non-contact.… [876] (2009)4. Why Most People Parse Palters, Fibs, Lies, Whoppers, and Other Deceptions Poorly
Deception Most people achieve only 50-54% accuracy in lie detection due to truth bias, reliance on incorrect behavioral cues, accusatory reluctance, and lack of feedback. Exceptional… [877] (2009)Can Dogs Detect Human Deception?
PsycEXTRA Dataset Dogs learned to approach cooperators more than deceivers but showed no evidence of understanding human intentions. Performance was similar whether cues came from humans or… [878] (2009)Dangerous decisions: A theoretical framework for understanding how judges assess credibility in the courtroom
Legal and Criminological Psychology DDT posits that instantaneous facial trustworthiness judgments are enduring and powerfully bias evidence interpretation in court; even experienced trial judges hold false stereotypes about deception… [879] (2009)3. Thoughts, Feelings, and Deception
Deception Frank identifies 44 facial movements linked to deception-related emotions and demonstrates that microexpressions result from conflicts between voluntary and involuntary facial muscle control systems. The… [880] (2009)Lies, True Lies, and Conscious Deception
Police Quarterly Police deception exists on a continuum from necessary investigative lies to career-ending misconduct. Repetitive use of deception creates cognitive scripts linking deception with success, causing… [881] (2009)Focused polygraph technique for PCSOT and law enforcement screening programs
Polygraph The paper proposes a standardized DLST format with two neutral questions, one sacrifice relevant question, two separate relevant questions, and two directed-lie comparison questions, with… [882] (2009)Criteria-Based Content Analysis of true and suggested accounts of events
Applied Cognitive Psychology CBCA successfully discriminated true from suggested events overall, but discriminative power collapsed for participants with full false memories, where CBCA scores for true and false… [883] (2009)Stress and Deception in Speech: Evaluating Layered Voice Analysis
Journal of Forensic Sciences LVA produced hit rates no better than chance (42–56%) and false positive rates of 40–65% across all detection conditions, with sensitivity statistics confirming the system… [884] (2009)Brain Imaging Research: The Detection of Deception Utilizing HD-ERP, fMRI, and Pupillometry
Deceptive responses showed significantly longer reaction times (100 ms delay) and lower accuracy than truthful responses. Brain imaging achieved approximately 85.3% accuracy in detecting deception,… [885] (2009)Lie Catching and Microexpressions
The Philosophy of Deception Most people perform at chance levels in lie detection (approximately 50% accuracy). Microexpressions are rare and training produces only modest improvements (30% to 40% accuracy).… [886] (2009)Deception and dating: Knowledge of tactics may improve detection accuracy.
Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology Knowledge of opposite-gender deception tactics significantly improved female detection accuracy, with women aware of common male deceptive strategies demonstrating superior lie detection compared to those… [887] (2009 • HONTS-SCHWEINLE)Information Gain of the CQT Over Interpersonal Deception Detection
Polygraph Used Information Gain analysis to demonstrate CQT provides significant improvement over human deception detection across nearly the complete range of base rates. [888] (2009)Effectiveness of pupil diameter in a probable-lie comparison question test for deception
Legal and Criminal Psychology Pupil diameter demonstrated significant predictive validity for deception (r = 0.61), performed comparably to traditional skin conductance measures, and showed potential as a replacement for… [889] (2009)Electromyographic Evidence for Response Conflict in the Exclude Recognition Task
Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience Results showed 28% partial errors for probe items compared to only 2% for irrelevant items, providing direct physiological evidence that familiarity and recollection processes activate… [890] (2009)Do textual features affect credibility judgment? It all depends on who is the judge
Applied Cognitive Psychology High-absorption individuals judged sparse narratives as more credible than low-absorption individuals, while both groups rated detail-rich narratives similarly, demonstrating that credibility assessment depends on the… [891] (2009)Lie catching and micro expressions
The philosophy of deception Most people fail to detect lies not because lies are told flawlessly, but because liars' mistakes go undetected; poor lie-catching ability is explained by evolutionary… [892] (2009)An exploration of emotion and cognition during polygraph testing
Polygraph Polygraph testing activates a complex array of emotions mediated by both subconscious and conscious cognitive appraisal processes, with specific emotions triggered by how examinees appraise… [893] (2009)The Functionally Separation of P300 and CNV in Lie Detection
Acta Psychologica Sinica P300 (evoked at ~450ms) remained stable across feedback conditions and reflected stimulus recognition, while CNV (evoked at ~800ms) increased significantly for guilty participants making deceptive… [894] (2009)Deception: Detection of and Brain Imaging
Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science Brain imaging studies identified consistent neural signatures of deception in prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and parietal regions, with accuracy rates typically under 90%. However, the… [895] (2009)The moral, epistemic, and mindreading components of children’s vigilance towards deception
Cognition Children as young as 3 prefer testimony from benevolent communicators, but understanding that lies are false emerges only at age 4, with a dramatic shift… [896] (2009)Information gain of psychophysiological detection of deception in forensic and screening settings
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Polygraph tests demonstrated substantial improvements in information gain over unassisted laypersons across nearly the complete range of base rates of guilt in forensic settings, based… [897] (2009)A respiration primer for polygraph examiners
Four validated respiratory features with replicated scientific support for diagnostic value were identified: suppression, apnea, slowing, and baseline rise. Apnea (breathing cessation) is considered the… [898] (2009)The effects of asymmetric vs. symmetric probability of targets following probe and irrelevant stimuli in the complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information with P300
Physiology & Behavior No significant differences in Probe-minus-Irrelevant P300 amplitudes or individual detection rates were found between asymmetric and symmetric target probability conditions, validating the internal integrity of… [899] (2009)Cognitive lie detection: Response time and consistency of answers as cues to deception
Journal of Business and Psychology Classification accuracy reached 89% using response time and answer consistency to distinguish liars from truth-tellers after controlling for individual differences, with liars showing longer response… [900] (2009)Lie-Detection Biases among Male Police Interrogators, Prisoners, and Laypersons
Psychological Reports Police interrogators overestimated their lie-detection abilities and were influenced by stereotypical beliefs about deception cues. Prisoners demonstrated more modest self-assessments and recognized pupil dilation as… [901] (2009)Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage
International Journal of Police Science & Management No single clue to deceit is foolproof, including polygraph measures of autonomic nervous system activity. The Othello error and Brokaw Hazard represent major detection failures,… [902] (2008)The Behavioral Analysis Interview: Clarifying the Practice, Theory and Understanding of its Use and Effectiveness
European Polygraph The landmark 1994 field study demonstrated 91% accuracy on truthful suspects and 80% accuracy on deceptive suspects when trained evaluators used the BAI with actual… [903] (2008)Individual Differences in Comparison Question Anxiety
European Polygraph Individual psychological differences significantly affect comparison question anxiety levels, potentially impacting test validity and interpretation. [904] (2008)You Can't Run, But You Can Hide: A Critical Look at the Fight or Flight Response in Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
European Polygraph The authors demonstrated that the fight-or-flight paradigm was inadequate as the primary explanatory mechanism for polygraph responses, showing that multiple factors including cognitive arousal, various… [905] (2008)How to accurately detect autobiographical events
Psychological Science The aIAT achieved 91% correct classification rates at both group and individual levels, with test-retest reliability exceeding 90% and split-half reliability showing 88% agreement. The… [906] (2008)Neural correlates of true memory, false memory, and deception
Cerebral Cortex fMRI successfully differentiated deliberate deception from false memory at a group level: the left middle frontal gyrus (dorsolateral PFC) reliably indexed intentional response manipulation, while… [907] (2008)Cultural Differences in Credibility Assessment
Paper to Digital Cross-cultural deception detection accuracy deteriorates significantly, with eight specific cultural norms identified that create systematic biases including gaze aversion patterns, storytelling styles, and linguistic cue… [908] (2008)Detection of Deception by Detection “Wizards”
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Only 47 of 15,000+ tested individuals (0.3%) achieved wizard status (80%+ accuracy on 2+ tests). Wizards rely on social-emotional cognition and attention to microexpressions, body… [909] (2008)A cognitive load approach to lie detection
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Actively imposing cognitive load through interview interventions — such as instructing interviewees to recall events in reverse chronological order — substantially increased behavioral cues to… [910] (2008)Deception Detection Expertise
Law and Human Behavior Two experts achieved 80-90% accuracy detecting deception from paroled felons' statements, showed high discrimination without response bias in signal detection analyses, and relied on nonverbal… [911] (2008)Periorbital Thermal Signal Extraction and Applications
30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference The fuzzy-based periorbital segmentation algorithm achieved an 82% deception classification success rate across four experimental runs, consistently outperforming the previous 10% hottest-pixels heuristic method by… [912] (2008)Effective Policing
Criminal Justice and Behavior The CQT cannot be considered scientifically valid due to weak theoretical foundations, bias against the innocent, and countermeasure vulnerability. Only 30-36% of surveyed scientists consider… [913] (2008)Cooperation and deception recruit different subsets of the theory-of-mind network
PLoS One Deception reasoning elicited significantly higher activation in medial prefrontal cortex and inferior frontal cortex compared to cooperation, while temporoparietal junction showed greater activation during combined… [914] (2008)Detection of Deception in Adults
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Humans detect deception at only 54% accuracy (barely above chance), with no reliable expertise advantage for law enforcement professionals, judges, or other presumed experts compared… [915] (2008)Detection of Deception: Cognitive Load
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law The cognitive load approach is based on the premise that lying is more cognitively demanding than truth telling. By introducing mentally taxing interview techniques such… [916] (2008)Enhancing the complex trial protocol (CTP) and detecting concealed information in a mock crime scenario
International Journal of Psychophysiology The CTP achieved greater than 90% detection accuracy across all testing conditions including when participants attempted countermeasures. Countermeasure use was detectable via elevated reaction times,… [917] (2008)Training for Individual Differences in Lie Detection Accuracy
Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security Out of over 20,000 people tested, only about 50 individuals (0.25%) demonstrated Truth Wizard status with 80%+ accuracy. However, brief 20-minute training sessions significantly improved… [918] (2008)Detection of Deception: Use of Evidence in
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Late disclosure of evidence produced 61.7% detection accuracy compared to 42.9% for early disclosure. Police trainees trained in SUE achieved 85% accuracy versus 56% for… [919] (2008)Limitations to the Detection of Deception: True and False recollections are Poorly Distinguished using an Event-related Potential Procedure
Social Neuroscience Both studies found very high rates of false recognition and little evidence that brain electrical activity could distinguish true from false memories, with false recollections… [920] (2008)Detection of Deception in High-Stakes Liars
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law High-stakes liars displayed decreased blink frequency, longer pauses, and reduced movement during deception, contradicting stereotypes about nervous fidgeting and gaze aversion. No single cue consistently… [921] (2008)On being happy and gullible: Mood effects on skepticism and the detection of deception
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Negative mood increased skepticism and significantly improved accuracy in detecting deceptive communications (F(1,38) = 11.34, p < .01 for guilty vs. innocent discrimination), while positive… [922] (2008)Electrodermal and phasic heart rate responses in the Guilty Actions Test: Comparing guilty examinees to informed and uninformed innocents
International Journal of Psychophysiology Informed participants (both guilty and innocent-aware) showed equivalent SCR and heart rate deceleration patterns to crime-relevant items, indicating that the GAT physiological response is driven… [923] (2008)Reading Between the Lies: Identifying Concealed and Falsified Emotions in Universal Facial Expressions
Psychological Science Inconsistent emotional leakage occurred in 100% of participants attempting deception, yet true microexpressions appeared in only 21.95% of participants and just 2% of all expressions… [924] (2008)Is the Face a Window to the Soul? Investigation of the Accuracy of Intuitive Judgments of the Trustworthiness of Human Faces
Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science Intuitive trustworthiness judgments of criminal faces were at chance level (M = 48.8%), while judgments of humanitarian faces were modestly above chance (M = 62.7%);… [925] (2008)The Language of Deception: Computational Approaches
Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies Computational approaches reveal systematic linguistic differences between deception and truth, including distinctions between imaginative and informative language patterns, with practical applications across security, forensic, and… [926] (2008)Effective Policing: Understanding How Polygraph Tests Work and Are Used
Criminal Justice and Behavior Examined how polygraph tests function in real law enforcement contexts and their practical effectiveness as investigative tools. Found that polygraph’s primary value may be in… [927] (2008)The role of deception in the P300-based concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology P300 memory detection was significant even without deceptive responding, demonstrating recognition is sufficient. However, deception improved detection accuracy, suggesting it plays a modulatory rather than… [928] (2008)A new theoretical perspective on deception detection: On the psychology of instrumental mind-reading
Psychology, Crime & Law The paper presents differential behavioral predictions for guilty versus innocent suspects, including that innocent suspects rarely prepare strategies and believe in the visibility of innocence,… [929] (2008)Social and Cognitive Correlates of Children's Lying Behavior
Child Development Children's initial false denials were related to first-order belief understanding and inhibitory control, while their ability to maintain lies through consistent follow-up statements was related… [930] (2008)Feedback-related Negativity in Outcome Evaluation with a Deception Task
Acta Psychologica Sinica Deception motivation significantly enhanced FRN amplitude and shortened latency in response to monetary losses, with dorsal ACC generating FRN and rostral ACC generating P300, suggesting… [931] (2008)Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: A review
Psychophysiology The anterior N2 should be divided into at least two subcomponents: one reflecting detection of novelty or perceptual mismatch, and another reflecting cognitive control processes… [932] (2008)The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation
Psychophysiology Pupillary changes were significantly larger when viewing emotionally arousing pictures (both pleasant and unpleasant) compared to neutral pictures, regardless of valence, indicating that pupil dilation… [933] (2008)Looking for truth and finding lies: The prospects for a nascent neuroimaging of deception
Neurocase Deception consistently activates prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, while truthfulness appears to represent a cognitive baseline. However, significant variability across studies and ethical concerns limit… [934] (2008)Combining P300 and SCR in the detection of concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Both P300 and SCR independently discriminated crime-relevant from irrelevant stimuli in a mock crime CIT, but the two measures were statistically uncorrelated — indicating distinct… [935] (2008)Detecting concealed information using brain-imaging technology
Neurocase Neuroimaging-based deception detection faces substantial challenges including vulnerability to countermeasures, limited ecological validity of laboratory paradigms, and the fundamental limitation that decoding performs pattern recognition… [936] (2008)Cerebral mechanisms of error detection during deceptive responses in the normal state and under the influence of alcohol
Human Physiology Deceptive responses produced higher amplitude N190 ERP components compared to truthful responses in the sober condition, but this pattern inverted under alcohol intoxication, indicating that… [937] (2008)Combining physiological measures in the detection of concealed information
Physiology & Behavior SCR demonstrated significantly higher ROC AUC values than both HR and RLL as standalone measures; a weighted logistic regression combining all three physiological channels produced… [938] (2008)Déjà vu! The effect of previewing test items on the validity of the Concealed Information polygraph Test
Psychology, Crime & Law Previewing CIT test items with examinees prior to the formal examination did not reduce the physiological differentiation between guilty and innocent participants, directly contradicting the… [939] (2008)Polygraph and Polygraph Techniques
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law No specific physiological response uniquely identifies deception; all polygraph methods rely on stimulus control and inference. Two major families of techniques exist—knowledge approaches and deception… [940] (2008)See no lies, hear no lies: Differences in discrimination accuracy and response bias when watching or listening to police suspect interviews
Applied Cognitive Psychology Officers listening to audio-only interviews achieved significantly higher accuracy (60%) than those watching audio-visual presentations (47%). Exposure to visual cues alone led to systematic lie… [941] (2008)Computer Mediated Negotiations and Deception
Handbook of Research on Computer Mediated Communication Individuals negotiating via instant messaging used more forcing tactics, experienced higher tension, and had significantly lower deception detection accuracy compared to face-to-face negotiators. Unexpectedly, instant… [942] (2008)Blinking During and After Lying
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Liars displayed significantly decreased blink rates during deception followed by compensatory increases afterward, while truth tellers showed increased blink rates during the target period with… [943] (2008)The art of investigative interviewing: Countering the lie of omission
PsycEXTRA Dataset Successful interviewers use backward-reaching questions that return to the exact point of omission, restate the subject's preceding language word-for-word, and systematically expand on missing details.… [944] (2007)An attempt to falsify the results of a polygraph test through the implementation of false memory: a case study
European Polygraph The study explored the relationship between false memory techniques and polygraph test validity, though specific results are not accessible without the full text. [945] (2007)Effects of arousal level on the physiological responding on the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Evaluative observation successfully elevated participants' overall arousal levels (indicated by higher skin conductance, vasoconstriction, and self-reports), but differential physiological reactivity to critical versus non-critical items… [946] (2007)Cues to deception and ability to detect lies as a function of police interview styles
Law and Human Behavior Accusatory interviews produced the fewest verbal cues to deceit and resulted in significantly more false accusations of innocent suspects compared to information-gathering interviews. Reality Monitoring… [947] (2007)The Comparison Question Test: Does It Work and If So How?
Law and Human Behavior Investigated the theoretical mechanisms underlying CQT effectiveness. Examined the role of comparison questions in calibrating physiological responses. Provided experimental evidence for the psychological processes driving… [948] (2007)Imaging Facial Physiology for the Detection of Deceit
International Journal of Computer Vision The automated periorbital thermal imaging system achieved 87.2% overall deception classification accuracy across 39 subjects in a realistic mock-crime scenario, with detection rates of 87.5%… [949] (2007)Forehead Thermal Signature Extraction in Lie Detection
Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS The forehead thermal channel achieved a 76.3% success rate in classifying deceptive states in a 38-subject mock-crime sample, confirming the corrugator muscle's supraorbital vasculature as… [950] (2007)Startling secrets: Startle eye blink modulation by concealed crime information
Biological Psychology Reduced startle modulation to crime pictures occurred only when participants inhibited physiological responding, suggesting that both orienting and inhibition processes contribute to CIT effects, challenging… [951] (2007)K Criminal-Forensic Deception Analysis from Chapter 9 (Hall, Poirier, and Thompson)
Forensic Psychology and Neuropsychology for Criminal and Civil Cases The FDA model provides a systematic three-component framework covering five symptom domains (behavioral, affective, cognitive, psychophysiological, somatic), multiple response styles, and multi-method detection strategies designed… [952] (2007)Anterior Cingulate and Prefrontal Activity as Correlates of Attention Switching and Consideration of Multiple Relations during Truthful and Deceptive Responses: A BOLD Imaging Study
The 12th annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society The research identified distinct neural activation patterns in prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions associated with the attention switching and relational processing demands of deception, contributing… [953] (2007)Psychological structure and theoretical concept of the Backster Zone Comparison Technique and the Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique
Polygraph The paper articulates fundamental principles showing that the examinee's psychological set must be self-directed without examiner influence, and that comparison questions are intentionally designed to… [954] (2007)An Investigation of Heuristics of Human Judgment in Detecting Deception and Potential Implications in Countering Social Engineering
2007 IEEE Intelligence and Security Informatics An automated system using discriminant analysis significantly outperformed human judges in detecting deception, validating the potential of computational tools to overcome inherent human cognitive biases… [955] (2007)Guilty and innocent suspects' strategies during police interrogations
Psychology, Crime & Law Guilty suspects reported significantly higher use of strategic impression management (detailed storytelling, consistency, avoiding direct lies) compared to innocent suspects. The Strategic Use of Evidence… [956] (2007)Polygraph terms for the 21st century
Polygraph The central recommendation is to replace 'psychological set' with 'salience,' a term more widely recognized in scientific literature. Additional key proposals include using 'electrodermal activity'… [957] (2007)Criminalistic diagnostic investigation using a polygraph
Polygraph Kholodny established that polygraph testing detects mental impressions of criminal events stored in memory, legitimizing polygraph examination as a specialized diagnostic method within Russian forensic… [958] (2007)Polygraph Testing
Beyond Common Sense Field research shows the CQT correctly identifies only 55-57% of innocent suspects, meaning 43-45% are falsely classified as deceptive. Scientific surveys reveal that fewer than… [959] (2007)Assessment Criteria Indicative of Deception (ACID): An integrated system of investigative interviewing and detecting deception
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling The ACID system achieved 86.8% classification accuracy. Honest respondents provided longer, more detailed statements and benefited from recall mnemonics, while deceptive respondents gave shorter, more… [960] (2007)Psychophysiological Mechanisms in Deception Detection: A Theoretical Overview
Polygraph The paper concluded that polygraph responses are not driven by fear alone but by psychological salience arising from multiple cognitive and emotional processes, proposing a… [961] (2007)Lie detection - recovery of the periorbital signal through tandem tracking and noise suppression in thermal facial video
International Journal of Computer Vision The tandem CONDENSATION tracker-based system achieved 87.2% accuracy in classifying deceptive versus truthful subjects, matching the performance of highly trained polygraph experts while operating in… [962] (2007)On lie detection "Wizards."
Law and Human Behavior Statistical modeling revealed that 29 'wizards' performing at 80%+ accuracy could emerge by chance alone from large-scale sequential testing of 12,000 individuals, challenging claims of… [963] (2007)P300 and the Human Brain: Evoked Potentials in Clinical and Basic Research
Psychophysiology The review establishes a dual-component neuropsychological model with distinct neural generators and neurotransmitter systems for P3a (frontal/dopaminergic) and P3b (parietal/norepinephrine), providing the theoretical foundation for… [964] (2007)Unicorns or Tiger Woods: Are lie detection experts myths or rarities? A response to On lie detection "Wizards' by Bond and Uysal.
Law and Human Behavior O'Sullivan rebutted claims that wizard-level performance was due to chance, demonstrating that profession-specific patterns of expertise (therapists excelling at emotion detection, law enforcement at crime… [965] (2007)Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b
Clinical Neurophysiology The paper provides theoretical architecture showing that P300 signals represent specific patterns of attention allocation, memory operations, and neural inhibition rather than simple stimulus recognition,… [966] (2007)Audit Inquiries and Deception Detection: Standards, Research, and Guidance
SSRN Electronic Journal People detect deception at only 54-57% accuracy (4% better than chance), auditors demonstrate a strong truth bias believing interviewees 70% of the time regardless of… [967] (2007)The Lie Detectors: The History of An American Obsession
Free Press (Book) The polygraph's success stemmed from cultural psychology rather than scientific validity, with field accuracy for innocent subjects at only 53% (hardly better than chance). The… [968] (2007 • DECEPTION TYPES)Deceiving Others: Distinct Neural Responses of the Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala in Simple Fabrication and Deception with Social Interactions
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 287–295 Distinguished neural responses for simple fabrication vs. socially complex deception. Found amygdala involvement in social deception but not simple lies, revealing multiple neural deception pathways. [969] (2007)Behavioral Methods and Paradigms for Understanding Deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset The review finds no behavioral clue or pattern specific to deception itself, though clues exist for emotion and cognition. Most people cannot detect lies from… [970] (2007)Single versus multiple probe blocks of P300-based concealed information tests for self-referring versus incidentally obtained information
Biological Psychology The single-probe protocol showed marginally superior detection sensitivity (p<.07) compared to the multiple-probe protocol, attributed to lower cognitive task demand. Self-referring information was better detected… [971] (2007)Moderators of nonverbal indicators of deception: a meta-analytic synthesis
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Only nodding, hand/finger movements, and leg/foot movements showed reliable associations with deception, all decreasing during lies (effect sizes: d = -0.18, -0.38, -0.14 respectively). No… [972] (2007)Localisation of increased prefrontal white matter in pathological liars
British Journal of Psychiatry Pathological liars showed highly significant white matter increases of 22-26% in orbitofrontal cortex, 32-36% in inferior frontal cortex, and 28-32% in middle frontal cortex compared… [973] (2007)Selected aspects of uncertainty in polygraph examination
European Polygraph The study identifies multiple sources of uncertainty in polygraph examinations that can impact test reliability and accuracy. [974] (2006)Challenging interviewees during interviews: The potential effects on lie detection
Psychology, Crime & Law The most significant behavioral differences between liars and truth tellers emerged in Phase 3 after returning to information-gathering style (η² = 0.49, p<0.01), supporting the… [975] (2006)Psychopathy and Physiological Detection of Concealed Information: A review
Psychologica Belgica Reduced orienting responses in high antisocial individuals threaten CIT validity, with autonomic hyporesponsivity responsible for decreased detection in antisocial personalities, while emotional detachment and antisocial… [976] (2006)Detecting deception by manipulating cognitive load
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Deliberately increasing cognitive load during interviews disproportionately impairs liars relative to truth tellers, producing more observable and reliable behavioral cues to deception and improving third-party… [977] (2006)True Lies: Delusions and Lie-Detection Technology
The Journal of Psychiatry & Law The authors propose that delusions could lead to objectively false statements that are nevertheless subjectively true and indistinguishable from truth by traditional polygraph measures, but… [978] (2006)Wavelet analysis for EEG feature extraction in deception detection
2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Wavelet analysis detected significant differences between deceptive and truthful responses in beta-band activity during the P300 time window, while conventional ERP analysis failed to reveal… [979] (2006)Memory for Murder: The Qualities and Credibility of Homicide Narratives by Perpetrators
Offenders' Memories of Violent Crimes Psychopaths exaggerated the reactive nature of their instrumental homicides to a greater degree than non-psychopaths and were more likely to omit major offense details. This… [980] (2006)A World of Lies
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology Gaze aversion is universally believed to indicate lying (63.66% worldwide), with remarkably strong cross-cultural consensus (median correlation r = .80, Cronbach's α = .98). This… [981] (2006)Improving a textual deception detection model
Proceedings of the 2006 conference of the Center for Advanced Studies on Collaborative research - CASCON '06 The study revealed that each of the four kinds of words in the Pennebaker model acts as a separate latent factor for deception, rather than… [982] (2006)Psychophysiological analysis (PSPHA): A modular script based program for analyzing psychophysiological data
Behavior Research Methods PSPHA successfully provides a free, flexible platform for analyzing biosignals including skin conductance, ECG, respiration, and EMG with VBScript-based modularity allowing user customization for specific… [983] (2006)Deception, Evolution, and the Brain
Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience The right prefrontal cortex is critical for both self-awareness and deception, with evidence suggesting these capacities evolved in concert. Only species capable of self-recognition demonstrate… [984] (2006)Nonverbal Communication and Deception
The SAGE Handbook of Nonverbal Communication Only 28% of nonverbal cues showed any significant relationship with deception, with small average effect sizes (d = .25). People's lie detection accuracy averages just… [985] (2006)To act truthfully: Nonverbal behaviour and strategies during a police interrogation
Psychology, Crime & Law No differences in nonverbal behaviors distinguished liars from truth tellers during lengthy, high-stakes police interrogations, despite liars experiencing greater internal stress. Both groups adopted similar… [986] (2006)Interrogation using polygraph and its scientific basis
Polygraph Task-oriented memory test theory provides the most parsimonious explanation for differential physiological responses in polygraph testing, better accounting for both Comparison Question Test (CQT) and… [987] (2006)Accuracy of deception judgements
Personality and Social Psychology Review Humans detect lies at only 54% accuracy (barely above chance), with better performance on truths (61%) than lies (47%). Accuracy varies more by sender characteristics… [988] (2006 • MOTIVATION STUDY)The Effects of Motivation on the Detection of Deception in CQT
Psychophysiology Examined how participant motivation levels affect CQT accuracy. Found higher motivation produced larger physiological differences between truth and deception, supporting real-world generalizability. [989] (2006)Deception Detection Accuracy is a Predictable Linear Function of Message Veracity Base-Rate: A Formal Test of Park and Levine's Probability Model
Communication Monographs The Park-Levine model successfully predicted detection accuracy across all eight base-rate conditions, explaining 24% of variance. In the 50-50 condition, participants showed 67% accuracy for… [990] (2006)EDA Primer for Polygraph Examiners
Polygraph Electrodermal response is the most robust and informative signal in polygraph testing, driven exclusively by sympathetic nervous system activity and providing the greatest contribution to… [991] (2006)Surface features of utterances, credibility judgments, and memory
Memory & Cognition Intonation of utterances continues to influence delayed credibility assessments and these effects depend on listening strategies, while people have difficulty using pause length for delayed… [992] (2006)Temporal Context Lie Detection and Generation
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The research demonstrated that Dynamic Bayesian Networks can effectively model both the detection and generation of lies in temporal context systems by exploiting dependencies between… [993] (2006)Validated polygraph techniques
Polygraph The paper identified which polygraph techniques met validation standards circa 2006, but sparked controversy by including techniques with low accuracy for truthful examinees while excluding… [994] (2006)Personality factors in human deception detection: comparing human to machine performance
Interspeech 2006 Human judges performed worse than chance and worse than automated machine learning systems when detecting deception from audio interviews. Personality factors measured by the NEO… [995] (2006)Paraverbal indicators of deception: a meta-analytic synthesis
Applied Cognitive Psychology Only 2 of 9 paraverbal speech behaviors showed reliable associations with deception in weighted analyses. Small effect sizes and substantial heterogeneity across contexts indicate limited… [996] (2006)Speakers gaze at objects while preparing intentionally inaccurate labels for them
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Speakers gazed significantly longer at objects before intentionally labeling them inaccurately with semantically related words than when naming them accurately, and continued to gaze at… [997] (2006)The Prospects of the using Wavelet - Transform for Analysis Information Function in the Test Technology
2006 International Conference on Actual Problems of Electron Devices Engineering Paper unavailable for analysis. Title suggests exploration of wavelet methods for polygraph signal processing. [998] (2006)A new discrimination method for the concealed information test using pretest data and within-individual comparisons
Biological Psychology The latent class discrimination method showed superior discrimination performance compared to conventional statistical methods by incorporating pretest card test data and accounting for individual response… [999] (2006)The cognition of deception: the role of executive processes in producing lies
Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs Executive processes including inhibition and working memory are central to producing lies, with converging evidence from developmental trajectories, neuroimaging of prefrontal activation, and cognitive demand… [1000] (2005)Deception Across Cultures: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The most comprehensive method for modeling deception across cultures is to synthesize bottom-up cultural analysis with top-down theory testing rather than treating them as opposing… [1001] (2005)Neural correlates of feigned memory impairment
NeuroImage Bilateral activation of the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, anterior cingulate, and caudate nucleus during feigned memory impairment was invariant across different stimulus types, participant genders,… [1002] (2005)Polygraph Testing: A Utilitarian Tool
PsycEXTRA Dataset Of 2,641 FBI polygraph examinations analyzed, 50% of examinees who showed deceptive results subsequently provided confessions, admissions, or information of investigative value, confirming that examinees'… [1003] (2005)The detection of deception with the reality monitoring approach: A review of the empirical evidence
Psychology, Crime & Law Individual RM criteria showed inconsistent performance across studies, with temporal and spatial details demonstrating stronger discriminative power than criteria such as cognitive operations and clarity/vividness.… [1004] (2005)Detecting deception via strategic disclosure of evidence
Law and Human Behavior Late disclosure of evidence improved overall detection accuracy to 61.7% compared to 42.9% for early disclosure. Deceptive statements were identified with 67.6% accuracy in the… [1005] (2005)Blob Analysis of the Head and Hands: A Method for Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences The study successfully validated automated blob analysis for tracking head and hand movements across diverse skin tones, demonstrating the technical feasibility of using computer vision… [1006] (2005)An Empirical Investigation of Deception Behaviorin Instant Messaging
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication Three types of nonverbal behaviors and three types of verbal behaviors significantly differentiated deceivers from truth tellers, including greater word count, more turn-taking, increased negative… [1007] (2005)Behavioral and physiological measures in the detection of concealed information
Journal of Applied Psychology Skin conductance response (SCR) reliably detected concealed information across both paradigms, but reaction time (RT) differentiated relevant from neutral items only when the critical words… [1008] (2005)Psychopathic traits and autonomic responding to concealed information in a prison sample
Psychophysiology Prisoners scoring high on the Impulsive Antisociality factor (PPI-II) of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory exhibited reduced electrodermal responding to concealed information, indicating that CIT sensitivity… [1009] (2005)Deception: The Role of Consequences
American Economic Review Lying rates varied systematically with payoff structures: 17% when sender gained minimally and harmed receiver substantially, 36% at moderate stakes, and 52% when both parties… [1010] (2005)Practice Effects, Workload, and Reaction Time in Deception
The American Journal of Psychology Deceptive responding generated longer reaction times than truthful responding, and this relationship remained constant across three practice sessions, suggesting the cognitive cost of deception is… [1011] (2005)Effects of prior demonstrations of polygraph accuracy on outcomes of probable-lie and directed-lie polygraph tests
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The stimulation test with effective feedback increased probable-lie test accuracy to 90% and directed-lie test accuracy to 83%. Probable-lie tests benefited from the demonstration alone,… [1012] (2005)Using a linguistic analysis tool to detect deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Technological tools showed promise for detecting deception through linguistic analysis, but effectiveness varied significantly based on communication medium and personal investment in the topic, demonstrating… [1013] (2005)Hemispheric asymmetry and deception detection
Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition Participants showed a highly significant (p < .004) left ear advantage in detecting whether statements were true or false, indicating right hemisphere specialization for deception… [1014] (2005)Emerging neurotechnologies for lie-detection: promises and perils
American Journal of Bioethics The paper identified that measurement validity of neurotechnologies for lie detection remained largely unknown, laboratory paradigms failed to replicate real-world deception contexts, and the field… [1015] (2005)Lie detection and the polygraph: A historical review
Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology The modern polygraph emerged in the early 1920s as a multi-channel instrument recording respiration, cardiovascular activity, and electrodermal responses. Throughout its history, polygraph use has… [1016] (2004)Statement Validity Analysis and the detection of the truth
Deception Detection in Forensic Contexts SVA distinguishes between cognitive and motivational components of deception, with criteria indicating truthfulness but their absence not necessarily implying deception. The presence of contrary-to-truthfulness-stereotype criteria… [1017] (2004)Musical mood induction and its effects on lie detection accuracy
PsycEXTRA Dataset Specific quantitative findings are unavailable as the original conference presentation could not be located for review. The study likely examined how different mood states influenced… [1018] (2004)Orienting to guilty knowledge
Cognition & Emotion Probe response times were significantly slower on guilty knowledge trials than neutral trials across all three experiments, demonstrating that crime-relevant stimuli produce a general interruption… [1019] (2004)Deception detection: Psychologists try to learn how to spot a liar
Science News Across hundreds of laboratory studies, humans distinguish truths from lies at only 55% accuracy—barely better than chance. Common stereotypes like gaze aversion show no correlation… [1020] (2004)Female deception detection as a function of commitment and self-awareness
Personality and Individual Differences Females not in committed relationships were significantly better at detecting males 'faking good' compared to committed females. Private self-awareness correlated significantly with deception detection ability,… [1021] (2004)Instrumental detection of lies: Academic course
This is a training textbook, not an empirical research study, and therefore does not report experimental findings or statistical results. [1022] (2004)Lie detection using thermal imaging
Thermosense XXVI (SPIE Proceedings) The study demonstrated that periorbital blood flow changes captured via mid-infrared thermal imaging can be computationally classified to distinguish deceptive from non-deceptive subjects, with the… [1023] (2004)Detection of the Cognitive Components of Brain Potentials Using Wavelet Coefficients
Iranian Journal of Biomedical Engineering Discrete wavelet transform successfully decomposed single-trial P300 ERP signals into informative time-frequency features that distinguished guilty from innocent subjects, with subsequent work confirming 86% correct… [1024] (2004)A Pilot Study of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Correlates of Deception in Healthy Young Men
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Group-level fMRI analysis revealed consistent deception-related activation in the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, with EDA changes correlated to BOLD signal in these regions;… [1025] (2004)Crime-related amnesia as a form of deception
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts Between 25-40% of homicide offenders claim amnesia for their crimes. Symptom Validity Testing achieves 40-65% detection rates for simulators, though sensitivity drops with coaching. The… [1026] (2004)Deception detection under varying electronic media and warning conditions
37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the People were extremely successful at deceiving others regardless of medium used, and only receivers who were warned beforehand had a realistic chance of detecting lies.… [1027] (2004)The detection of deception in forensic contexts
Cambridge University Press The volume documents that deception detection research had shifted from merely assessing detection ability toward enhancing performance. Polygraph testing shows approximately 90% accuracy in forensic… [1028] (2004)True or false: ‘I'd know a false confession if I saw one’
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts Neither college students nor police investigators could reliably distinguish true from false confessions at levels above chance. Police were more confident and showed a guilty… [1029] (2004)Discerning lies from truths: Behavioural cues to deception and the indirect pathway of intuition
In: Granhag, P.A., Strömwall, L. (Eds.), The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts Behavioral cues to deception are generally weak and unreliable, with many behaviors showing no discernible links to deceit. Human accuracy in detecting lies from behavior… [1030] (2004)Computer-Aided Support of the Detection of Deception
Group Decision and Negotiation The research program demonstrated that automated detection systems achieved 70-92% accuracy compared to 54% for human judgment, with multimodal approaches combining kinesic, vocal, and linguistic… [1031] (2004)Self-efficacy, Training Effectiveness, and Deception Detection: A Longitudinal Study of Lie Detection Training
Lecture Notes in Computer Science Training novelty influenced perceptions of effectiveness, and developing accurate self-efficacy for deception detection requires multiple task iterations with feedback to allow skill calibration. Feedback on… [1032] (2004)Criminal Identity Deception and Deception Detection in Law Enforcement
Group Decision and Negotiation The study found that 30% of suspects used intentionally false identities, with 62.5% using partly deceptive names and 29.2% using completely false names. An algorithmic… [1033] (2004)Serious Lies
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Serious lies were overwhelmingly self-serving (85–94%), most often originated in bad behavior (69–75%), concentrated in close relationships (64% involving closest partners), and produced substantially more… [1034] (2004)The gap between training and research in the detection of deception
International Journal of Police Science and Management The paper concluded that research provides only limited support for the Reid Technique's nonverbal behavior model, with many purported deception cues showing weak or no… [1035] (2004)Guidelines to catch a liar
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts Professional lie-catchers achieve only 56.6% accuracy in deception detection (barely above chance). The chapter provides fifteen evidence-based guidelines emphasizing systematic examination of combined behavioral, auditory,… [1036] (2004)Reality monitoring and the detection of deception
In Granhag, P.A., & Strömwall, L.A. (Eds.), Deception detection in forensic contexts Knowledge of RM criteria improved detection accuracy to 69% versus 53-59% for intuitive judgments. Clarity, temporal information, and realism emerged as the most effective discrimination… [1037] (2004)Positions of truthfully answered controls on control question tests with the polygraph
Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science Control questions answered truthfully could effectively differentiate guilty from innocent participants, but only when presented before relevant questions. When relevant questions came first, most participants… [1038] (2004)Nonverbal Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts
Handbook of Forensic Psychology Only 0.25% of people tested (50 out of 20,000) qualified as Truth Wizards achieving 80% deception detection accuracy versus 50% average. The ability to detect… [1039] (2004)Efficacy of Detecting Deception in Psychopaths Using a Polygraph
Polygraph The review addressed a critical gap in understanding psychopaths' susceptibility to polygraph testing despite theoretical concerns about their reduced emotional reactivity and lack of anxiety. [1040] (2004)Computer-Based Training for Deception Detection: What Users Want?
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The study demonstrated good system usability and identified key user requirements including configurable interfaces, improved audio/video quality, more immediate feedback, and additional real-world examples to… [1041] (2004)Estimation of blood flow speed and vessel location from thermal video
IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition The study successfully demonstrated that blood flow speed and subsurface vessel location could be quantitatively estimated from thermal video using inverse bioheat modeling, with potential… [1042] (2004)The relationship of suggestibility and compliance with self-deception and other-deception
Psychology, Crime & Law Self-deception and other-deception did not significantly correlate with suggestibility or compliance scores, confirming that self-favouring bias does not substantially influence the Gudjonsson scales. [1043] (2004)Deception 101 - Primer on Deception
The work establishes fundamental distinctions between passive deception (concealing real capabilities) and active deception (creating false impressions), between fabrication and manipulation, and between ambiguity-increasing and… [1044] (2004)Response-Specific Scalp Distributions in Deception Detection and ERP Correlates of Psychopathic Personality Traits
Journal of Psychophysiology P300-based detection using bootstrapped peak-to-peak amplitudes correctly identified 100% of low psychopathic trait and 92% of high psychopathic trait participants, with both groups showing malingering-related… [1045] (2004)"Intuitive" Lie Detection of Children's Deception by Law Enforcement Officials and University Students.
Law and Human Behavior Police officers, customs officers, and university students all performed at or below chance levels (44-51% accuracy) detecting children's deception in standard interviews. Accuracy improved to… [1046] (2004)The Influence of Task Load and Automation Trust on Deception Detection
Group Decision and Negotiation Participants under high task load exhibited over-reliance on automated systems regardless of their trust levels, while low task load conditions showed the expected trust-use relationship.… [1047] (2004)A cognitive neurobiological account of deception: evidence from functional neuroimaging
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences Deception consistently activates bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), with truthful responding showing no corresponding increased activation, suggesting lying requires greater… [1048] (2004)Detection of deception: collaboration systems and technology
37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the The paper established collaboration systems as platforms for embedded credibility assessment, framing research showing that technology-enabled multimodal analysis of verbal, vocal, and behavioral cues could… [1049] (2003)How to Detect Deception? Arresting the Beliefs of Police Officers, Prosecutors and Judges
Psychology, Crime & Law All three professional groups held beliefs about deception detection that contradicted scientific research, with most relying on nonverbal cues like gaze aversion and body movements… [1050] (2003)Prawo i psychologia. Wiarygodność zeznań i materiału dowodowego
The authors conclude that no perfect lie detection test exists and experts make regular errors, though detection methods can perform above chance level and may… [1051] (2003)Lie detection with contingent negative variation
International Journal of Psychophysiology CNV exhibited significantly more negative shifts for target faces (requiring deceptive responses) compared to non-target faces, with statistical significance across most electrode positions. Vector length… [1052] (2003)Estimating the validity of the guilty knowledge test from simulated experiments: The external validity of mock crime studies
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Realistic mock crime procedures produced lower recall rates and weaker GKT detection efficiency compared to standard procedures where participants were told crime details in advance.… [1053] (2003)Cues to deception
Psychological Bulletin Only 14 of 50 frequently examined cues (28%) showed significant relationships with deception, with small average effect sizes (d = .25). Liars appeared less forthcoming,… [1054] (2003)Automated Scoring of Polygraph Data
Statistical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery With a simplified logistic regression approach using carefully selected features from electrodermal, cardiovascular, and respiratory channels, the study achieved classification accuracy rates comparable to more… [1055] (2003)Misrepresentation of pain and facial expressi
Malingering and illness deception Human observers showed poor accuracy (approximately 49%) at discriminating genuine from faked pain expressions, while objective FACS coding revealed that faked pain displays more facial… [1056] (2003)The Physiological Detection of Deception: Differentiation of True and False Statements Using Semantic Conditioning
PsycEXTRA Dataset The research proposed semantic conditioning as a theoretical approach to create deception-specific physiological responses, though full quantitative results were not published in accessible literature. The… [1057] (2003)Behavioral confirmation in the interrogation room: On the dangers of presuming guilt
Law & Human Behavior Interrogators with guilty expectations selected more guilt-presumptive questions, used more coercive techniques, and judged suspects as guilty—especially when paired with innocent suspects. Neutral observers perceived… [1058] (2003)Review of: Handbook of Polygraph Testing
Journal of Forensic Sciences The review highlighted the Handbook as a significant scholarly contribution to a field with limited academic literature, noting its balanced coverage of theory and practice… [1059] (2003)Darwin, Deception, and Facial Expression
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Research confirmed Darwin's hypothesis that difficult-to-fabricate facial expressions (particularly involving the orbicularis oculi muscle) are also difficult to inhibit, and identified micro-expressions lasting 1/25 to… [1060] (2003)The Concealed Information Test as a Tool for Investigating Hidden Knowledge of Crime-Relevant Information
Journal of Applied Psychology Police interrogators' judgments supported the CQT inference rule that guilty suspects show greater concern about relevant questions while innocent suspects are more concerned about control… [1061] (2003)Partners in crime: How liars in collusion betray themselves
Journal of Applied Social Psychology Lying pair members were more consistent between themselves than truth-telling pair members, while individual liars and truth tellers showed equal within-person consistency over time. Truth… [1062] (2003)To Catch a Liar: Challenges for Research in Lie Detection Training
Journal of Applied Communication Research Training significantly raised lie detection accuracy rates with a mean effect size of r = .20, improving accuracy from baseline 54% to approximately 58%. However,… [1063] (2003)Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic styles
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin The LIWC classification model achieved 67% accuracy when topic was constant and 61% overall accuracy across all studies—significantly better than chance (50%) and untrained human… [1064] (2003)A Four-Domain Model for Detecting Deception: An Alternative Paradigm for Interviewing.
PsycEXTRA Dataset The four-domain model provides a practical taxonomy for behavioral observation, emphasizing that comfort/discomfort is among the most important indicators for assessing veracity, while acknowledging that… [1065] (2003)An UWB Radar Based Stealthy ‘Lie Detector’
Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics 6 The research demonstrated technical feasibility of remotely detecting cardiac and respiratory activity using UWB radar at close range (2 inches), with signals comparable to traditional… [1066] (2003)Is the inference rule of the control question polygraph technique plausible?
Psychology, Crime & Law Police interrogators' judgments supported the CQT inference rule, and field data showed truthful outcomes were more common than critics predicted, suggesting lower false positive rates… [1067] (2003)MY RIGHT I: DECEPTION DETECTION AND HEMISPHERIC DIFFERENCES IN SELF-AWARENESS
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal A significant left ear/right hemisphere advantage (p < .004) was found for detecting whether statements were true or false, supporting the hypothesis that deception detection… [1068] (2003)Increased cortical excitability in human deception
NeuroReport Motor cortex showed significantly increased excitability during deceptive responses compared to truthful responses, suggesting enhanced cognitive activity in motor and premotor connections during the act… [1069] (2003)Concealed knowledge tests employed in field practice
Overall effect size was d = 1.55, with mock-crime studies producing d = 2.09. Under optimal conditions (mock crime, motivation, deceptive responses, ≥5 questions), effect… [1070] (2002)Practical Kinesic Information Recovery and Statement — Credibility Assessment
Principles of Kinesic Interview and Interrogation The chapter establishes that no single verbal or nonverbal behavior proves deception, emphasizing cluster-based pattern recognition. Key credibility markers include pronoun consistency, verb tense patterns,… [1071] (2002)Detecting evidence of self-deception: Defensive verbal behavior assessment
Journal of Research in Personality High self-deceptive individuals displayed significantly more defensive verbal behavior (M=.89) than low self-deceptive individuals (M=.63), F(1,61)=12.83, p<.001. Reflective interview conditions increased defensive responding compared to… [1072] (2002)Thermal Facial Screening for Deception Detection
Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conference Thermal facial imaging achieved an overall correct classification rate of 83% in a mock-crime paradigm (versus 70% for traditional polygraph by expert examiners), with 90%… [1073] (2002)Repeated interrogations: Verbal and non-verbal cues to deception
Applied Cognitive Psychology Liars displayed significantly fewer smiles, self-manipulations, pauses, and less gaze aversion than truth-tellers, with these differences increasing over time. Contrary to conventional wisdom, truthful and… [1074] (2002)The role of psychophysiology in clinical assessment: ERPs in the evaluation of memory
Psychophysiology ERP-based memory assessment using P300 can support statistically reliable individual-level memory determinations via bootstrapping and Bayesian methods; application to DID patients demonstrated that ERP evidence… [1075] (2002)P300 Scalp Distribution as an Index of Deception: Control for Task Demand
Journal of Credibility Assessment and Witness Psychology Scaled P300 scalp distributions differed significantly between honest and dishonest responses within the lie group (p<.02 for response type × site interaction), with lie responses… [1076] (2002)What is the current truth about polygraph lie detection?
Basic and Applied Social Psychology The CQT meets only one of five core validity criteria (coding objectivity). Published evidence does not allow item analysis, the decision model remains unspecified, predictive… [1077] (2002)The Effects of Augmented Physiological Feedback on Detection of Deception
Augmented physiological feedback decreased habituation rates and improved discrimination between innocent and guilty participants, with effects persisting across multiple test charts, suggesting feedback manipulation can… [1078] (2002)Human behaviour: Seeing through the face of deception
Nature Thermal imaging of the periorbital region achieved 84% classification accuracy in detecting deception during mock crime interrogations, with performance comparable to traditional polygraph examination, though… [1079] (2002 • IMPLICIT MEASURES)Detecting Deception with Implicit Behavioral Measures
Psychophysiology Explored implicit measures (reaction times, IAT) as supplements to physiological deception detection. Found promising but modest detection rates, suggesting potential as auxiliary measures. [1080] (2002)Event-related potentials in the detection of deception, malingering, and false memories
Handbook of Polygraph Testing P300-based methods achieved 92-100% accuracy in detecting malingered amnesia and successfully identified concealed information through involuntary brain responses. P300 latency distinguished real memories from false… [1081] (2002)Suspects, lies and videotape: An analysis of authentic high-stakes liars
Law and Human Behavior Suspects blinked less frequently and made longer pauses during deceptive statements compared to truthful statements, while maintaining equal eye contact in both conditions. These findings… [1082] (2002)Effects of questions' repetition and variation on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test: A reexamination
Journal of Applied Psychology Electrodermal detection efficiency showed a dramatic monotonic increase with question diversity, achieving ROC areas of 0.68, 0.81, and 0.99 for conditions with 1, 4, and… [1083] (2002 • FOUNDATIONAL fMRI)Brain Activity During Simulated Deception: An Event-Related fMRI Study
NeuroImage First major fMRI deception study. Found increased anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex activation during lying, establishing the neural basis for fMRI-based lie detection research. [1084] (2002)Group and individual accuracy in deception detection
Communication Research Reports Small group judgments were more accurate than individual judgments when detecting lies but not when identifying truths, indicating an asymmetric benefit of collaborative decision-making in… [1085] (2002 • THERMOGRAPHY)Thermal Image Analysis for Polygraph Testing
IEEE Journals Seminal thermal imaging study finding periorbital warming during deception detectable by infrared cameras. Proposed non-contact alternative to traditional polygraph. [1086] (2002)The Development of Deception Detection Skill: A Longitudinal Study of Same-Sex Friends
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Deception detection accuracy improved only for emotionally close friend pairs over a 5-month period; less close pairs became more suspicious without gaining accuracy. Indirect measures… [1087] (2002 • MODERN HANDBOOK)Handbook of Polygraph Testing
Book Comprehensive edited volume covering all aspects of modern polygraph science and practice. Included chapters on CQT, CIT, countermeasures, computerized scoring, legal issues, and PCSOT. [1088] (2002)A critical review of the control questions test (CQT)
The CQT was found to lack adequate scientific validation, failing to satisfy major Daubert criteria. Key problems included absence of proper theoretical foundation, inadequate control… [1089] (2001)Statistics and Other Lies
Polygraph Unable to determine without access to full text. [1090] (2001)The Effects of Varying Stake and Cognitive Complexity on Beliefs About the Cues to Deception
International Journal of Police Science and Management Police officers and students showed remarkably similar deception beliefs with no expertise advantage. While stake level influenced expected verbal behaviors in high-stakes scenarios, cognitive complexity… [1091] (2001)Respiratory changes during detection of deception
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Respiratory responses to deception showed inhibitory breathing characterized by decreased expiratory volume and minute ventilation, contrasting sharply with the hyperventilation pattern observed during general stress… [1092] (2001)The face of fear
The Lancet Acute fear produced a consistent, measurable increase in periorbital facial temperature detectable by thermal camera, with subsequent work confirming the technique's accuracy is comparable to… [1093] (2001)Nonlinear Feature Based Classification of Speech under Stress
IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing The TEO-CB-Auto-Env feature substantially outperformed traditional pitch and MFCC features, achieving consistent classification rates of 73.9%–85.2% across different stress styles and maintaining performance in both… [1094] (2001)Deception Detection: Interrogators' and Observers' Decoding of Consecutive Statements
The Journal of Psychology Consistency over time was by far the most commonly used cue for veracity judgments, yet deceptive statements were at least equally consistent as truthful statements.… [1095] (2001)Psychophysiological differentiation of deception: The effects of electrodermal lability and mode of responding on skin conductance and heart rate
International Journal of Psychophysiology The psychophysiological deception differentiation effect was robustly replicated under low emotional-stakes conditions, and was extended beyond skin conductance to phasic heart rate; electrodermal lability and… [1096] (2001 • BOGUS PIPELINE)Polygraph Testing and Sexual Abuse: The Lure of the Magic Lasso
Child Maltreatment, 6, 195–206 Critical examination of the “bogus pipeline” effect in PCSOT — that the belief in being monitored by polygraph drives increased disclosure regardless of the test’s… [1097] (2001)Voice stress analysis and evaluation
Proceedings of SPIE 4232, Enabling Technologies for Law Enforcement and Security The Air Force Research Laboratory evaluation found that commercial VSA systems could detect physiological stress in the voice with high accuracy, but failed to prove… [1098] (2001 • BEHAVIORAL CUES)Cues to Deception: A Meta-Analysis of Behavioral Indicators
Psychological Bulletin Massive meta-analysis of 116 studies examining behavioral deception cues. Found most behavioral cues are weak or unreliable, explaining why human deception detection is near chance… [1099] (2001)A comparative analysis of polygraph with other screening and diagnostic tools
Department of Defense Polygraph Institute, Research Support Service For field screening, polygraph demonstrated sensitivity of .59 and specificity of .92, with inter-rater reliability (kappa = .77) exceeding physicians (.56) and nearly matching psychologists… [1100] (2001)Deception detection based on repeated interrogations
Legal and Criminological Psychology Lie-catchers given access to multiple statements did not outperform those with single statements, yet repeated interrogations inflated confidence in judgments. Consistency over time was the… [1101] (2001)Behavioral and Functional Anatomical Correlates of Deception in Humans
NeuroReport Lying was associated with significantly longer response times (p < 0.001) and greater bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation (p < 0.05, corrected) compared to truthful… [1102] (2001)Differentiation of deception using pupillary responses as an index of cognitive processing
Psychophysiology Task-evoked pupil dilation was significantly greater when participants confabulated responses compared to truthful responses for both episodic and semantic memory questions, indicating that deception imposes… [1103] (2001)Truthfulness, Deception and Self-Deception in Recovering True and False Memories of Child Sexual Abuse
International Review of Victimology Self-deception detection presents unique challenges beyond traditional deception detection because it involves implicit processes where individuals simultaneously appear to know and not know information. Detection… [1104] (2001)The case for peak-to-peak measurement of P300 recorded at 0.3 Hz high pass filter settings in detection of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology The combination of 0.3 Hz filter settings with peak-to-peak P300 measurement achieved 100% correct classification (26/26 participants) in a laboratory deception paradigm, significantly outperforming all… [1105] (2001)Psychological Set: Its Origin, Theory and Application
Polygraph The paper documented that psychological set theory proposes examinees focus attention and arousal on question categories perceived as most threatening—relevant questions for deceptive subjects, comparison… [1106] (2001)Forensic 'Lie Detection': Procedures Without Scientific Basis
Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice Studies published in top scientific journals indicated that approximately 43% of innocent subjects fail the CQT polygraph test. Surveys of relevant scientific experts found that… [1107] (2001)Eye blinks: new indices for the detection of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology Blink rate patterns discriminated between relevant and irrelevant stimuli in a card-based guilty knowledge test, with more blinks occurring before responses to relevant cards and… [1108] (2001)A concise history of the comparison question
Polygraph The comparison question concept predates Reid's 1947 publication, with Walter Summers using 'emotional standards' as early as 1939 and the Marstons experimenting with 'hot questions'… [1109] (2000)Orienting Response Reinstatement and Dishabituation: The Effects of Substituting, Adding and Deleting Components of Nonsignificant Stimuli
Psychophysiology Component substitution systematically affected OR reinstatement, with between-category substitutions producing larger responses than within-category changes. Adding and deleting components had equivalent effects, supporting the theory… [1110] (2000)Using response time measures to assess guilty knowledge
Journal of Applied Psychology Response times to recognized probe stimuli were approximately 200 ms slower than irrelevant items, enabling reliable discrimination of guilty from innocent participants with 98% hit… [1111] (2000)Thermal imaging for anxiety detection
Proceedings 2000 IEEE Workshop on Computer Vision Beyond the Visible Spectrum The study demonstrated proof-of-concept feasibility for using thermal image analysis to detect facial anxiety patterns at a distance without physical sensor contact, with measurable temperature… [1112] (2000)A Brief Note on the Misleading and the Inaccurate: A Rejoinder to Matte (2000) With Critical Comments on Matte and Reuss (1999)
Polygraph Matte's assertions that reviewing comparison or relevant questions between chart repetitions produces predictable changes in false positive and false negative rates are found to be… [1113] (2000)Considering organizations as a unique interpersonal context for deception detection: A meta‐analytic review
Communication Research Reports Organizational members demonstrated substantial ability to differentiate honest from dishonest communicators (r = .472), with an effect size of d = 1.07 standard deviations—markedly higher… [1114] (2000)Detecting Deceit via Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Nonverbal behavior alone correctly classified 78% of lies and truths. Even higher accuracy was achieved when all three detection techniques (nonverbal behavior, CBCA, and Reality… [1115] (2000)Malingering and Deception Among Psychopaths
The Clinical and Forensic Assessment of Psychopathy Contrary to clinical folklore, psychopaths do not appear more successful at malingering than non-psychopaths, and standard validity scales on instruments like the MMPI-2, SIRS, and… [1116] (2000)International deception
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Lies can be detected across cultures at above-chance levels, including between cultures that do not share a language. Contrary to expectations, perceivers often judged foreigners… [1117] (2000)Lie detection and language comprehension
Nature Left-hemisphere aphasics significantly outperformed all control groups at detecting emotional deception (61% vs. 44-47%), with accuracy reaching 73% when judging facial expressions alone, providing first… [1118] (2000)Metadiscursive Deception
The Language of Deception: A Discourse Analytical Study The research identified two main types of metadiscursive deception: function misrepresentation (concealing evasion or attack) and propositional content manipulation (through implicature and felicity condition violations).… [1119] (2000)How People Deceive
The Language of Deception: A Discourse Analytical Study The typology identifies three main categories of linguistic deception: falsifications and distortions related to propositional content, taking words out of context related to utterance function,… [1120] (2000)The frequency of appearance of evaluative criteria in field polygraph charts
Polygraph Electrodermal activity accounted for 55% of all reactions, followed by cardiograph (26%) and pneumograph (19%). Criteria frequency ranged from 5 to 4,793 appearances, with rank… [1121] (2000)Detecting lies and deceit: The psychology of lying and implications for professional practice
John Wiley & Sons Certain verbal characteristics (shorter responses, fewer self-references, indirect replies) are more consistently present in lies than honest accounts, but popular beliefs about how liars behave… [1122] (1999)Measuring facial expressions by computer image analysis
Psychophysiology The automated hybrid system achieved 91% accuracy in recognizing six upper facial Action Units, outperformed non-expert humans, matched expert-level performance, and reduced coding time from… [1123] (1999 • TECHNIQUE STUDY)The Discussion of Comparison Questions Between List Repetitions Is Associated with Increased Test Accuracy
Polygraph Demonstrated that between-chart discussion of comparison questions significantly improved CQT accuracy. This procedural refinement became standard practice in modern CQT administration. [1124] (1999)Leakage of relevant information to innocent examinees in the GKT: An attempt to reduce false-positive outcomes by introducing target stimuli
Journal of Applied Psychology Informed innocents showed larger electrodermal responses to critical items than uninformed innocents but smaller than guilty participants. The target stimulus manipulation tended to reduce differences… [1125] (1999)The willingness of children to lie and the assessment of credibility in an ecologically relevant laboratory setting
Applied Developmental Science Expert application of CBCA achieved 89% overall accuracy (75% for truths, 100% for lies) in classifying children's statements, significantly outperforming lay evaluators. Approximately 56-69% of… [1126] (1999)Auditory and visual P300 topography from a 3 stimulus paradigm
Clinical Neurophysiology Both target and non-target stimuli produced identical normalized topography across auditory and visual modalities, suggesting both elicited P3b rather than distinct P3a/P3b components. Visual P300s… [1127] (1999)Numerical evaluation of the Army zone comparison test
Polygraph The study detailed the Army ZCT seven-position numerical scoring system (-3 to +3) with standardized criteria for evaluating respiration, electrodermal, cardiovascular, and vasomotor responses, documenting… [1128] (1999 • SCIENTIFIC STANDARDS)Admissibility of Polygraph Tests: The Application of Scientific Standards Post-Daubert
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Applied behavioral science concepts of reliability and validity to polygraph admissibility. Argued that accuracy rates are unpredictable and called for mutual language between scientists and… [1129] (1999)Polygraph (lie detector) testing: The state of the art
Approximately 43% of innocent subjects fail polygraph examinations, there is no distinctive physiological lie response that polygraphs can detect, and the Comparison Question Test has… [1130] (1998)Language and Constitutional Rights
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception Shuy's forensic analysis revealed that constitutional rights were not effectively protected in practice despite formal Miranda compliance, with linguistic complexity, ambiguous rights invocations, and failure… [1131] (1998)Some Basic Principles of Interrogation, Confession, and Deceptive Language
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception The chapter establishes five core principles for reliable interrogation practice and demonstrates how linguistic analysis reveals coercive elements in seemingly voluntary confessions, with particular emphasis… [1132] (1998)The role of prior expectations in polygraph examiners decisions
Psychology, Crime and Law Prior expectations produced no discernible effect on polygraph test outcomes when examiners conducted complete examinations including pre-test interviews, suggesting that behavioral information from direct examiner-examinee… [1133] (1998)Language of the Implicational Confession
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception The chapter demonstrates that implicational confessions occur when suspects appear to admit guilt through pragmatically implied rather than explicitly stated language, creating legal challenges in… [1134] (1998)Deception and Deception Detection: The Role of Cross‐Modal Inconsistency
Journal of Personality Lying resulted in cross-modal discrepancies in impressions of Agreeableness, which were related to dishonesty judgments. Deception detection was substantial when judges had acoustic information and… [1135] (1998)Everyday Lies in Close and Casual Relationships
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology People lie significantly less per social interaction to emotionally close partners, with subjective closeness as the sole significant predictor when controlling for duration and interaction… [1136] (1998)Detection of deception with event-related brain potentials
Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification The P3 (P300) component was identified as the most viable ERP-based detection index due to its large amplitude, ease of recording, and slightly superior correct… [1137] (1998)Contingent negative variation (CNV) in the detection of deception task using a serial presentation of pictures
Japanese Journal of Psychology CNV amplitude was significantly reduced immediately before the target stimulus in the guilty (concealment) condition compared to the innocent condition, with the decrease interpreted as… [1138] (1997)The Accuracy-Confidence Correlation in the Detection of Deception
Personality and Social Psychology Review Confidence and accuracy are independent in deception detection (r = .04). Paradoxically, confidence was associated with truth bias, judging truths, male gender, and relationship closeness—none… [1139] (1997)Autonomic responsivity in psychopaths: A critical review and theoretical proposal
Clinical Psychology Review The review concluded that psychopaths show a specific pattern of autonomic dysfunction characterized by deficient BIS functioning, resulting in poor passive avoidance, reduced electrodermal activity… [1140] (1997 • EXPERIMENTAL)The Role of Comparison Questions in Physiological Detection of Deception
Psychophysiology Mock crime study with 120 participants examining comparison question mechanisms. Found comparison questions produced different physiological patterns for innocent vs. guilty subjects, providing empirical support… [1141] (1997)The psychology of confession evidence
American Psychologist The paper identified three specific problems: police routinely use deception and psychological coercion during interrogation; these methods can cause innocent people to falsely confess; and… [1142] (1997)The ability to detect deceit generalizes across different types of high-stake lies
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Deception detection ability generalizes across different types of high-stake lies, with observers accurate at detecting one type of lie also showing accuracy at detecting others.… [1143] (1997)P300 from a single-stimulus paradigm: Passive versus active tasks and stimulus modality
Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology: Evoked Potentials Under passive ignore conditions, single-stimulus P300 amplitudes exceeded those from the oddball paradigm, while the reverse held for active tasks; for press and count conditions,… [1144] (1997)Effects of Situational Variables on Judgments About Deception and Detection Accuracy
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Participants made significantly more deceptive judgments when situational contexts indicated high gain for the communicator, low probability of detection, and low cost of deception, demonstrating… [1145] (1996)Lie experts' beliefs about nonverbal indicators of deception
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Prisoners held more accurate beliefs about deception cues than professionals or students. 75% of professional lie detectors incorrectly believed gaze aversion indicates deception, and professionals… [1146] (1996)Detection of simulated malingering using forced choice recognition enhanced with event-related potential recording
The Clinical Neuropsychologist The P300-enhanced procedure correctly identified approximately 70% of simulators based on neurophysiological evidence alone, with more than 70% showing significantly larger P300 amplitudes to recognized… [1147] (1996)Some elementary distinctions among, and comments concerning, the ‘control’ question ‘test’ (CQT) polygrapher's many problems: A reply to Honts, Kircher and Raskin
International Journal of Psychophysiology Furedy maintained that the CQT should be abandoned on logico-ethical, ethical, methodological, and evidential grounds, arguing that the technique's fundamental problems are obscured by misleading… [1148] (1996)A Test of the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA) Theory of Operation
Polygraph The laboratory simulation established that the CVSA performed electrically according to frequency modulation detection theory and could detect discrete changes in simulated speech fundamental frequency.… [1149] (1996)Event-related potentials as indirect measures of recognition memory
International Journal of Psychophysiology ERP signals — particularly the centro-parietal P300 in the 500–1000 ms window — reliably distinguished recognized from unrecognized auditory stimuli independently of overt behavioral responses,… [1150] (1996)The language of deceit: An investigation of the verbal clues to deception in the interrogation context
Law and Human Behavior Only 16.7% (3 out of 18) of tested verbal deception clues significantly differentiated truthful from deceptive accounts, with all effective indicators derived exclusively from Statement… [1151] (1996)Testing Interpersonal Deception Theory: The Language of Interpersonal Deception
Communication Theory Senders displayed greater verbal nonimmediacy when deceiving, with expertise having a greater effect than relationship familiarity. Equivocation produced the most verbally nonimmediate language, while suspicion… [1152] (1996 • EVERYDAY DECEPTION)Lying in Everyday Life
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Seminal diary study finding people lie in approximately 25% of daily social interactions. Established baseline deception frequency in normal populations, contextualizing polygraph applications. [1153] (1996)Deception and nondeception in guilty knowledge and guilty actions polygraph tests
Journal of Applied Psychology Innocent witnesses tested on the GKT were misclassified as guilty at a rate of 76%, compared to only 24% under the GAT format, with overall… [1154] (1996)The Control Question Test in Polygraphic Examinations with Actual Controls for Truth
Perceptual and Motor Skills The modified CQT with truthfully answered control questions correctly identified 86% of guilty subjects and 83–89% of innocent subjects, demonstrating that the test's diagnostic accuracy… [1155] (1996)The North American polygraph and psychophysiology: disinterested, uninterested, and interested perspectives
International Journal of Psychophysiology The North American research psychophysiological community has largely failed to meet standards of disinterestedness regarding psychophysiological detection of deception, representing a departure from rigorous scientific… [1156] (1996)Interpersonal deception theory
Communication Theory IDT established that deception success depends on interactivity, relationship factors, and receiver suspicion; deceivers engage in strategic adaptation while experiencing cognitive load leading to behavioral… [1157] (1996)The effects of age, sex and time of testing on skin conductance activity
Biological Psychology Age and sex significantly affect skin conductance measures and must be considered in electrodermal research. Females showed greater responsiveness to environmental conditions (season, time of… [1158] (1996)Is an apple a fruit? Semantic relatedness as reflected by psychophysiological responsivity
Psychophysiology Semantic generalization varied by relationship type: no generalization occurred across coordinate terms (apple/pear), but moderate generalization appeared for superordinates and synonyms, with complete generalization between… [1159] (1996)Emotional expression in the deception process
Handbook of Communication and Emotion Emotions play four distinct roles in deception: motivating lies, serving as deceptive content, leaking as involuntary arousal, and functioning as strategic credibility signals. Deception produces… [1160] (1995)Baseline familiarity in lie detection
Communication Research Reports Detection accuracy increased linearly with baseline exposure frequency, improving from 56% with no exposure to 72% with four baseline exposures, demonstrating that familiarity with individual… [1161] (1995)The Effect of Non‐conscious Perception of Frequent Stimuli on Credibility Judgement
International Journal of Psychology Assertions following familiar primes (public faces, exposed faces, or objects) were granted significantly more credibility than those following unfamiliar primes, with effects occurring even at… [1162] (1995)Demeanor and credibility
Semiotica The paper concluded that common beliefs about behavioral indicators of deception lack empirical support, and that observers perform little better than chance at detecting lies… [1163] (1995)Anchoring, Familiarity, and Confidence in the Detection of Deception
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Results showed partial support for anchoring predictions: judgment order did not significantly affect truthfulness bias or accuracy, but accuracy declined over time and confidence was… [1164] (1995)Behavioral Correlates of Deception in a Simulated Police Interview
The Journal of Psychology Results showed a significant decrease in subtle hand and finger movements during deception compared to truth-telling, strongly supporting the behavioral control hypothesis that subjects attempt… [1165] (1995)Global cue usage in behavioral lie detection
Communication Quarterly Participants judging truthful communicators achieved 70% accuracy versus 54% for deceptive communicators. Observers relied primarily on global heuristics (verbal plausibility, nervousness, nonverbal expectancy violation) rather… [1166] (1995)Polygrapher's dilemma or psychologist's chimaera: a reply to Furedy's logico-ethical considerations for psychophysiological practitioners and researchers
International Journal of Psychophysiology The authors concluded that Furedy's concerns about the CQT were lacking on almost all counts and that his arguments were based on misrepresentations and logical… [1167] (1995)The biology of deception: The evolution of cognitive coping as a denial-like process
Medical Hypotheses The paper theorizes that cognitive processes provided animals with stress coping strategies through denial-like mechanisms, that perceived rationality may itself be a deceptive behavioral response,… [1168] (1995)P300 in response to the subject's own name
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology P300 amplitude was significantly larger in response to subjects' own names compared to control words in passive listening conditions, with an average enhancement index of… [1169] (1995)Psychophysiology: The Mind-body Perspective
Harvard University Press The textbook systematically explains electrodermal activity mechanisms, orienting response theory, classical conditioning principles, and cardiovascular psychophysiology—all fundamental to understanding polygraph testing. It integrates brain-body relationships… [1170] (1995)Generalization of the orienting response to significant stimuli: The roles of common and distinctive stimulus components
Psychophysiology Both common and distinctive features independently affected OR generalization, with distinctive components showing a threshold effect—the first novel element produced a large OR decline, but… [1171] (1995 • TRUTH VERIFIERS HISTORY)Truth Verifiers: From the Hot Iron to the Lie Detector
Kentucky Law Journal, 84, 597–680 Fascinating historical review tracing deception detection from ancient trial by ordeal (hot iron, poison) through medieval methods to modern polygraphy. Provided cultural context for truth… [1172] (1994)Análisis de la credibilidad de recuerdos percibidos e imaginados
Apuntes de Psicología When prepared accounts were compared, subjects classified them at chance levels (~50% accuracy), regardless of evaluator experience. Preparation enriched both perceived and imagined memories with… [1173] (1994)Detection of Deception: Polygraph and Integrity Tests
Current Directions in Psychological Science Saxe concludes that polygraph tests do not assess deceptiveness but rather measure fear, with no way to determine the cause of anxiety, making validation impossible.… [1174] (1994)The effects of prior expectations and outcome knowledge on polygraph examiners' decisions
Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Prior expectations created statistically significant bias in scoring inconclusive polygraph charts, affecting both experienced and inexperienced examiners. However, when physiological evidence clearly contradicted expectations, judgments… [1175] (1994)Differentiation of truthful and deceptive criminal suspects in Behavior Analysis Interviews
Journal of Forensic Sciences Trained BAI evaluators achieved 91% accuracy on truthful suspects and 80% accuracy on deceptive suspects (excluding inconclusives), with deceptive suspects manifesting theoretically predicted behavioral cues… [1176] (1994)Interpersonal deception: V. Accuracy in deception detection
Communication Monographs Accuracy was much higher for truth than deception; novices outperformed trained experts; suspicion impaired accuracy for experts; truth-biases intensified with familiar others, especially when suspicious;… [1177] (1994)The Accuracy of Human Decisions and Objective Measurements in Psychophysiological Detection of Knowledge
The Journal of Psychology All three measurements discriminated better than chance, but objectively measured SRR and RLL proved superior to subjective human respiration evaluation (RRE). Skin resistance showed the… [1178] (1994)Analysis of variance versus bootstrap procedures for analyzing dependent observation in small group research
Small Group Research Bootstrap procedures substantially outperformed ANOVA in maintaining appropriate Type I error rates under conditions of observational dependency, while ANOVA showed dramatically inflated error rates as… [1179] (1994)The current status of research in forensic psychophysiology and its application in the psychophysiological detection of deception
Polygraph The computerization of polygraph represented the most significant technological advance, with research directed toward new sensors, digitized data collection, automated diagnostic algorithms, and countermeasure detection… [1180] (1994)The impact of information and setting on detection of deception by police detectives
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior The study systematically examined whether providing information about valid deception indicators, outcome feedback, spontaneous interview contexts, or baseline behavioral comparisons could improve police detectives' lie… [1181] (1993)The Role of Guessing and Verbal Response Type in Psychophysiological Detection of Concealed Information
The Journal of Psychology Participants with certain knowledge of the selected card showed significantly stronger physiological responses to the relevant item compared to those who were asked to guess,… [1182] (1993)Development of scales to assess specific deception strategies in the Psychological Screening Inventory.
Psychological Assessment Four strategy-specific validity scales successfully differentiated distinct deception approaches on the PSI, demonstrating effectiveness similar to MMPI-2 validity scales and showing expected patterns across 15… [1183] (1993)Usage of polygraphic detection of deception test, in verifying complaints about violence; analysis, and policy recommendations
Unpublished manuscript - Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Two fundamental CQT assumptions encounter difficulties when testing violence victims, increasing false positive error risk. The paper establishes that polygraphing authentic victims adds psychological suffering… [1184] (1993)The Use of Fuzzy Set Classification for Pattern Recognition of the Polygraph
The fuzzy k-nearest neighbor algorithm successfully classified polygraph data using optimized feature combinations from multiple physiological channels, demonstrating that machine learning approaches could extract meaningful… [1185] (1992)Saccadic Eye Movements in Deception.
Eye movements occurring during inter-trial periods (between response and next question) were not indicative of subject veracity, contradicting informal observations. However, eye movements measured during… [1186] (1992)Saccadic eye movements in deception: Report DoDPI92-R-003
Department of Defense Polygraph Institute Eye movements occurring between a subject's response to a question and the beginning of the next question did not reliably indicate deception, contrasting with findings… [1187] (1992 • EXPERIMENTAL)Effectiveness of Control Questions Answered ‘Yes’: Dispelling a Polygraph Myth
Forensic Reports, 5, 265–272 Challenged the assumption that “yes” answers to control questions reduce test accuracy. Found no significant accuracy difference between yes and no answers, dispelling a widely… [1188] (1992)From coercion to deception: the changing nature of police interrogation in America
Crime, Law and Social Change Psychological deception has replaced physical coercion as the most salient feature of contemporary police interrogation. Modern interrogators openly condemn physical force and believe psychological tactics… [1189] (1992)Awareness of crime-relevant information and the Guilty Knowledge Test
Journal of Applied Psychology The study achieved perfect or near-perfect detection rates with a hierarchical physiological response pattern (guilty > informed innocent > uninformed innocent), demonstrating that informed innocent… [1190] (1992)Perceived Credibility of the Communicator: Studies of Perceptual Bias in Police Officers Conducting Rape Interviews
Psychology and Law Police officers rated emotionally distressed rape victims as significantly more credible than controlled victims, and their judgments were influenced by both referral bias (prior information… [1191] (1992)Electrodermal differentiation of deception: potentially confounding and influencing factors
International Journal of Psychophysiology Voice latency and skin conductance both increased for difficult biographical questions, but only skin conductance showed the deceptive > honest differentiation effect, providing evidence that… [1192] (1992)The effect of common versus distinctive stimulus features on electrodermal orientation to significant stimuli
Psychophysiology Distinctive features significantly affected electrodermal responsivity (more distinctive features = decreased responding), but common features had no effect—contradicting additive feature-matching model predictions and suggesting mismatch… [1193] (1992)Comment on Application of Decision Science
Psychological Science Applying decision science principles — including Bayesian analysis and base rate reasoning — to polygraph testing reveals that even nominally accurate instruments can produce misleading… [1194] (1991)Why (some) Americans believe in the lie detector while others believe in the guilty knowledge test
Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science Lykken argues that real-world CQT accuracy is barely above chance, sustained by confirmation bias and the exam's confession-eliciting function, while the GKT offers a theoretically… [1195] (1991)Interpersonal deception: I. Deceivers’ reactions to receivers’ suspicions and probing
Communication Monographs Suspicious receivers concealed their skepticism by asking fewer skeptical questions, yet their nonverbal behavior revealed cognitive engagement. Deceivers strategically increased gaze and facial expressiveness when… [1196] (1991)Polygraphy: A new beginning
Polygraph Abrams argues that polygraph validity is scientifically supportable but contingent on examiner competence and standardized methodology, and identifies sex offender management as a promising emerging… [1197] (1991)The roles of deception, intention to deceive, and motivation to avoid detection in the psychophysiological detection of guilty knowledge
Psychophysiology Deceptive 'no' answers increased skin conductance differentiation, but better-than-chance detection occurred even with truthful answers or silence. Motivation to avoid detection had no significant effect.… [1198] (1991)Learning Disabled Students' Detection of Deception
Learning Disabilities Research & Practice Learning disabled students showed significantly reduced ability to determine deceptive statements compared to non-disabled peers, suggesting heightened vulnerability to manipulation and exploitation in peer relationships. [1199] (1991)An ERP-based, control-question lie detector analog: Algorithms for discriminating effects within individuals' average waveforms
Psychophysiology Experiment 1 achieved 92.3% accuracy for guilty subjects and 86.7% for innocent subjects. However, a 7-14 day delay without additional rehearsal reduced guilty detection to… [1200] (1991)Interpersonal deception: II. The inferiority of conversational participants as deception detectors
Communication Monographs Conversational participants did not differentiate between truthful and deceptive messages but observers did, demonstrating that interactive engagement creates truth-bias and impairs detection accuracy. [1201] (1991)Science and CQT polygraph tests: A theoretical critique
International Journal of Psychophysiology The CQT lacks construct validity because it assesses fear rather than deception, making proper validation impossible. While the test may achieve better-than-chance accuracy when subjects… [1202] (1991)Electrodermal differentiation of deception: Perceived accuracy and perceived memorial content manipulations
International Journal of Psychophysiology Skin conductance responses to deceptive answers exceeded honest responses regardless of participants' beliefs about polygraph accuracy or the complexity of question content, demonstrating that electrodermal… [1203] (1991)Science and the CQT polygraph: A theoretical critique
Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science The CQT lacks construct validity and does not assess deceptiveness but rather measures fear and anxiety. Validation is impossible because the source of physiological arousal… [1204] (1991)Clinical judgment and decision-making in CQT-polygraphy: A comparison with other pseudoscientific applications in psychology
Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science The CQT decision process is vulnerable to confirmation bias because examiners start with preconceived hypotheses and the lack of well-defined quantification rules allows them to… [1205] (1991)A confederate's Perspective on Deception
Ethics & Behavior Both research participants and confederates experienced significant discomfort and ethical concerns. Debriefing sometimes angered subjects rather than alleviating distress, and the success of deception inherently… [1206] (1991)Another Critical Assault on Lie Detection
Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews Iacono's review reinforced critical perspectives on polygraph validity and contributed to academic discourse questioning the scientific foundations of the Comparison Question Test, building on work… [1207] (1991)RECONSIDERING RESPONSE SETS, TEST-TAKING ATTITUDES, DISSIMULATION, SELF-DECEPTION, AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY
Psychological Reports The paper provides a conceptual synthesis reconsidering how response sets, empirical keying methods, and social desirability interact to affect the validity of personality assessments and… [1208] (1991)The forensic use of the polygraph: A psychophysiological analysis of current trends and future prospects
Advances in Psychophysiology (Vol. 4) The Control Question Technique (CQT) is found to lack construct validity as a measure of deception, because it indexes differential anxiety and fear responses rather… [1209] (1990)Self-deception and other-deception in forensic assessment
Personality and Individual Differences Violent and sex offenders demonstrated significantly higher other-deception (impression management) scores than other offenders, but no group differences emerged for self-deception scores. Assessment setting (pre-trial… [1210] (1990)Novelty and significance in orientation and habituation: A feature-matching approach
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Experiment 2 supported the feature-matching model, showing that effects of novelty and significance were additive rather than interactive. Electrodermal responsivity reflected the degree of habituation… [1211] (1990)Review of Clinical Assessment of Malingering and Deception.
Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews The reviewed volume established malingering assessment as a distinct specialty requiring validated, multi-method approaches. It positioned polygraph as one specialized technique among many deception detection… [1212] (1990)Theories and applications in the detection of deception: A psychophysiological and international perspective
Book The authors developed a cognitive theoretical framework for understanding psychophysiological deception detection that would profoundly influence subsequent polygraph research and policy debates for decades. [1213] (1990)History and Description
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception The chapter documents the evolution of polygraph instrumentation and identifies six major problems with the Control Question Test, establishing a critical framework that distinguished scientifically… [1214] (1990)Reliability and Validity of Polygraph-Based Classification
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception Across 10 GKT laboratory experiments, 84% of guilty examinees and 94% of innocent examinees were correctly classified, with accuracy rates highest when tests included more… [1215] (1990)Development of a Computerized Polygraph System and Physiological Measures for Detection of Deception and Countermeasures: A Pilot Study
Contract Report The study demonstrated the feasibility of fully computerized polygraph systems for both data acquisition and automated analysis, contributing to algorithms and measurement techniques that formed… [1216] (1990)Vocal Stress/Lie Detectors
The Acoustics of Crime Voice stress evaluators demonstrated only chance-level accuracy in detecting both stress and deception. Research found no empirical support for the existence of laryngeal microtremors, the… [1217] (1990)Beyond Validity: Utility and Legal Considerations in the Application of Psychophysiological Detection
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception The authors demonstrated that validity alone is insufficient for evaluating polygraph applications—practical utility depends on base rates, differential consequences of errors, stakeholder perspectives, and legal… [1218] (1990)A Critical Comparison of the Major Methods of Polygraph Interrogation
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception The GKT/CIT relies on solid scientific principles and incorporates proper control questions with standardized procedures, while the CQT suffers from questionable scientific status, lack of… [1219] (1990)The orienting response, and future directions of its development
Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science Two distinct mechanisms of the orienting response must be differentiated: involuntary orienting expressed as mismatch negativity (triggered by stimulus mismatch with hippocampal neuronal models) and… [1220] (1990)Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception
Springer-Verlag The book establishes that the CQT lacks the scientific foundation necessary for valid testing due to non-equivalent comparison questions, while the GKT offers a scientifically… [1221] (1989)Psychopathy, threat, and polygraph test accuracy
Journal of Applied Psychology Psychopathy did not confer any advantage in defeating the CQT — guilty psychopaths were detected just as easily as guilty non-psychopaths at 87% accuracy —… [1222] (1989)The Perceived Credibility of Child Eyewitnesses: What Happens When They Use Their Own Words?
Perspectives on Children’s Testimony The same factors that drive credibility judgments of adult eyewitness testimony, such as confidence and response patterns, also drive credibility judgments of child testimony. When… [1223] (1989)The Psychopath as Prototype for Pathological Lying and Deception
Credibility Assessment The chapter's central finding was a marked discrepancy between clinical/behavioral manifestations of deception by psychopaths and empirical findings from laboratory measures, with evidence suggesting that… [1224] (1989)Assessing credibility of allegations of child sexual abuse: Polygraph examinations and statement analysis
Criminal behavior and the justice system: Psychological perspectives At the University of Utah during 1983-85, 56% of accused persons examined by polygraph were diagnosed as truthful in their denials. The authors proposed that… [1225] (1989)Why lies fail and what behaviors betray a lie
Credibility Assessment Combined facial and vocal behavioral measures achieved 86% accuracy in lie detection using case-by-case analysis. Most people rely on the least diagnostic behavioral cues rather… [1226] (1989)The polygraph test: Lies, truth and science
Biological Psychology The CQT polygraph lacks construct validity, measuring fear of detection rather than deceptiveness itself; the technique fails to meet basic psychophysiological scientific standards including proper… [1227] (1989)Effects of motivation level and verbal response type on psychophysiological detection in the guilty knowledge test
Psychophysiology Highly motivated subjects were detected significantly better than less motivated subjects, and the act of lying enhanced differential responsivity. However, no differences emerged between verbal… [1228] (1989)Knowledge, probability, and credibility
Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Credibility is multi-dimensional (sensitivity, objectivity, veracity) and evidence evaluation requires cascaded inference through multiple uncertainty stages. Applying Bayes' rule to this structure provides a systematic… [1229] (1989)Event related potential (P3 and CNV) as an index of detection of deception
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Both the P300 and CNV showed differential responses to concealed crime-relevant information, demonstrating that complementary ERP components — one reflecting post-stimulus recognition and one reflecting… [1230] (1989)P300 from a passive auditory paradigm
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology The passive sequence paradigm yielded P3 waveforms with central-parietal maximum scalp distributions and virtually identical peak latencies compared to active discrimination tasks, though amplitude decreased… [1231] (1989)Criteria-Based Content Analysis
Psychological Methods in Criminal Investigation and Evidence The work consolidated 19 verbal content criteria organized into five categories (general characteristics, specific contents, peculiarities, motivation-related contents, and offense-specific elements), emphasizing that CBCA requires… [1232] (1989)The Complete Polygraph Handbook
The handbook presented field accuracy estimates of approximately 98% and laboratory accuracy of 83% based on literature reviews, while providing comprehensive coverage of all validated… [1233] (1988)Assessing deception: Polygraph techniques
In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception The authors concluded that polygraph techniques, particularly the widely-used Control Question Test, lack sound theoretical foundations, are vulnerable to countermeasures, and cannot provide reliable error… [1234] (1988)Deceptive behavior in social relationships: A consequence of violated expectations
Journal of Psychology Students used deception when their behavior violated perceived expectations of parents or employers. Guilt occurred only when violations aligned with both personal and role partner… [1235] (1988)Choice and the Detection of Deception
Perceptual and Motor Skills The study demonstrated that examinees' voluntary choices regarding cooperation significantly influenced physiological detection patterns, with cooperative choices potentially attenuating electrodermal responses and affecting the validity… [1236] (1988 • RESEARCH)Patterns of Activation and Deception
Psychophysiology Examined physiological activation patterns during deceptive vs. truthful responding. Found distinct activation patterns across respiratory, cardiovascular, and electrodermal channels that differentiate truth from deception. [1237] (1988)Personality and deception ability
Personality and Individual Differences Outgoing and energetic subjects were more successful deceivers, while apprehensive subjects were less successful. Persons scoring high on social desirability and the 16PF motivational distortion… [1238] (1988)Evaluating Polygraphy from a Psychophysiological Perspective: A Specific-Effects Analysis
Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 22, 145–152 Evaluated polygraph testing from a psychophysiological perspective. Analyzed whether polygraph responses represent specific deception-related effects or general arousal. Contributed to the theoretical understanding of what… [1239] (1988)Validity of the Lie Detector: A Psychophysiological Perspective
Criminal Justice and Behavior Provided a psychophysiological perspective on polygraph validity. Examined construct and criterion validity from a basic science standpoint. Influenced subsequent research on the theoretical foundations of… [1240] (1988)Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Perceived autobiographical events contain significantly more perceptual detail, contextual information, and supporting memories than imagined events. When explaining source judgments, people cite sensory and contextual… [1241] (1988)Decoding deception: A look at the process
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior No sex differences in deception detection accuracy were found, but males showed greater confidence and faster response times while females demonstrated more cue awareness and… [1242] (1988)The evolution of deception
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior The review found that deception has evolved under natural selection across species, that heredity influences human deceptiveness, and that genetically-transmitted anatomical features (such as facial… [1243] (1988)Longing for Presence in the Semiotic of Deception
Semiotics Unable to determine - full text not accessible. [1244] (1988)Use of a motion chair in the detection of physical countermeasures
Defence Life Science Journal Subliminal aversive stimuli acted as an effective deterrent to physical countermeasures during polygraph testing, with significantly fewer countermeasure attempts compared to supraliminal (consciously perceived) stimuli… [1245] (1988 • INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE)Interviewing and Interrogation for Law Enforcement
Williams & Wilkins (4th Edition) Updated edition of the influential Reid Technique manual. Documented the evolution of polygraph from pure detection tool to interview-enhancing instrument that promotes confession and disclosure. [1246] (1988)Does science support polygraph testing?
The Polygraph test: Lies, truth and science Raskin presented field evidence showing CQT accuracy could exceed 90% with skilled examiners, with 100% accuracy on guilty subjects and 92% on innocent subjects in… [1247] (1987)Common and distinctive features of verbal and pictorial stimuli as determinants of psychophysiological responsivity
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Skin conductance responses increased monotonically with the number of matching features between test stimuli and relevant memorized items, supporting an automatic feature-matching model of similarity… [1248] (1987)Machiavellianism and CIT Accuracy
Psychophysiology Found that subjects high in Machiavellianism showed different response patterns during CIT. Demonstrated that personality characteristics can influence detection accuracy, informing examination interpretation. [1249] (1987)Detecting infrequent deception.
Journal of Applied Psychology When base rates are .10 or lower, false positive rates must be equally low regardless of decision threshold. Improving detection of true deception from .85… [1250] (1987)A Cognitive Model for Exposition of Human Deception and Counterdeception
The CDM provided a systematic hierarchical organization of deception principles grounded in cognitive psychology, demonstrating how cognitive limitations in targets create exploitable vulnerabilities and establishing… [1251] (1987)The Horizontal Scoring System
Polygraph The rank-order method showed accuracy rates of 90-93% in subsequent validation studies, though it was limited to single-issue testing situations and some diagnostic criteria lacked… [1252] (1987)Anchoring in lie detection revisited
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Judgment order influenced how receivers anchored to verbal message content, confirming that anchoring mechanisms moderate both truthfulness bias and over-attribution in lie detection contexts. [1253] (1987)Comparison of P300 from a passive tone sequence paradigm and an active discrimination task
Psychophysiology The passive tone sequence paradigm yielded P3 waveforms with central-parietal maximum scalp distributions and virtually identical peak latencies to active discrimination tasks, with the first… [1254] (1987)Interpreting research on countermeasures and the physiological detection of deception
Journal of Police Science and Administration Test format determines optimal countermeasure strategy: Concealed Information Tests require hyperresponsivity/hyporesponsivity strategies while Control Question Tests require selective augmentation of responses. The framework explains apparently… [1255] (1987)The effects of selective inattention upon the electrodermal orienting reflex: A test of information-processing theory
Biological Psychology Despite clear differences in long-term memory between attended and unattended stimuli, there was no corresponding difference in skin conductance response magnitude or habituation rate, suggesting… [1256] (1987)What psychologists should know about lie detection
PsycEXTRA Dataset Field and laboratory studies of the Control Question Test produced mixed and inconclusive results, with some studies finding it accurate and others showing it was… [1257] (1986)On the job experience and skill at detecting deception
Journal of Applied Social Psychology Experienced federal law enforcement officers were significantly more confident in their deception judgments than students or recruits, but showed no greater accuracy. None of the… [1258] (1986)PREDICTIVE POWER OF THE POLYGRAPH: CAN THE "LIE DETECTOR" REALLY DETECT LIARS?
The Lancet In many screening or investigative situations, the positive predictive value of the polygraph would be poor, with most positive results being false positives. Truthful persons… [1259] (1986)The Psychological Principles of Criminal Interrogation
Criminal Interrogation and Confessions, 3rd edition Jayne's central finding is that the interrogator's goal can be operationalized as simultaneously reducing the perceived consequences of truthful disclosure while increasing the anxiety associated… [1260] (1986)Selective Attention Induced by Relevant Items Modeling CQT Effect
Unpublished research - Tel-Aviv University and Israel Police The research demonstrated that selective attention processes could model CQT effects, with relevant items inducing attention patterns that differ between truth-tellers and deceivers. This finding… [1261] (1986)Trial by polygraph: Scientific and juridical issues in lie detection
Behavioral Science and the Law Only the GKT is argued to be well grounded in psychological theory, while CQT validity research is characterized as frequently contaminated by methodological flaws; the… [1262] (1986)Lie detection as psychophysiological differentiation: Some fine lines
In M.G.H. Coles, E. Donchin, & S.W. Porges (Eds.), Psychophysiology of the cardiovascular system The CQT fails to meet psychophysiological differentiation standards because its control questions do not isolate the deception process and confound multiple psychological factors. Furedy argued… [1263] (1986)Applications of brain event related potentials to problems in engineering psychology
In M. Coles, S. Porges, & E. Donchin (Eds.), Psychophysiology: Systems, Processes and Applications The chapter established P300 amplitude as a real-time index of attention allocation, mental workload, and stimulus recognition, demonstrating that task-relevant infrequent stimuli elicit large P300… [1264] (1986)The eccrine system and electrodermal activity
Psychophysiology: Systems, Processes, and Applications The chapter definitively established that electrodermal activity results from eccrine sweat gland activity controlled by sympathetic innervation, with the electrical signal generated by sodium reabsorption… [1265] (1986)Self-Deception and Impression Management in Test Responses
Personality Assessment via Questionnaires Factor analyses revealed two distinct dimensions of socially desirable responding—self-deception and impression management—with scales loading on impression management showing the greatest increases from anonymous to… [1266] (1985)Behavioral-inhibition and electrodermal activity during deception
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Subjects exhibited significantly fewer eye movements and facial expressions during deceptive responses compared to truthful responses, and this behavioral suppression coincided with increased electrodermal activity,… [1267] (1985)In my opinion ... Credulous vs. Critical Police Use of the Polygraph in Criminal lnvestigations
Canadian Journal of Criminology Furedy argued that police 'credulous' use of polygraphs—treating them as definitive lie detectors—contradicted scientific evidence showing CQT polygraphs lack construct validity and cannot distinguish deception… [1268] (1985)Detection of Conscious Deception Using the Child Abuse Potential Inventory Lie Scale
Journal of Personality Assessment All tested scales successfully discriminated between honest and faking good conditions. Only the Marlowe-Crowne scale detected faking bad through low scores, indicating the CAP Lie… [1269] (1985)Effects of segmentation patterns on the perception of deception
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Segmentation pattern systematically affected both truthfulness perception and detection accuracy. When speech was available, medium-unit segmentation produced highest accuracy; when speech was unavailable, small-unit segmentation… [1270] (1985)Testing the Polygraph
PsycEXTRA Dataset The review identified fundamental problems with polygraph validity, finding that while claimed to be highly accurate, the evidence was unclear particularly for screening applications. Control… [1271] (1985)Detection of Deception of Planned and Spontaneous Communications
The Journal of Social Psychology Planned lies were detected less accurately than spontaneous lies by untrained observers, suggesting that preparation time makes deception harder to detect. Planning did not systematically… [1272] (1985)Telling lies: Verbal and nonverbal correlates of deception
Multichannel Integrations of Nonverbal Behavior Meta-analysis identified vocal pitch elevation and pupil dilation as the most consistent behavioral correlates of deception, while speech disturbances, longer response latency, slower speech rate,… [1273] (1985)Significance of MMPI "Lie" Scale Elevations
PsycEXTRA Dataset All forensic patients meeting criteria of Lie scale > 6 with no clinical elevations showed psychotic disorders with prominent paranoid features, suggesting elevated L scales… [1274] (1985)Learning to detect deception from three communication channels
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Feedback-based learning improved deception detection for speech and combined channels, with progressive accuracy gains over time, but no improvement occurred for face-only presentations despite feedback,… [1275] (1985)Recognition of Discrepant Nonverbal Messages and Detection of Deception
Perceptual and Motor Skills Suspicion of deception led observers to discount facial expressions in favor of vocal and body cues. Participants expecting deception learned to recognize channel discrepancies as… [1276] (1985)Standardization Within Individuals: A Simple Method to Neutralize Individual Differences in Skin Conductance
Psychophysiology Within-subject standardization (z-scores) consistently produced superior discrimination between relevant and neutral stimuli compared to range correction methods across all five data sets examined. The standardization… [1277] (1984)Autonomic recognition of names and faces in prosopagnosia: a neuropsychological application of the Guilty Knowledge Test
Neuropsychologia Patient LF showed zero overt face recognition and chance-level performance on forced-choice naming, yet electrodermal responses accurately discriminated correct from incorrect names, demonstrating covert recognition… [1278] (1984)Effects of actual deception and suspiciousness of deception on interpersonal perceptions.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Suspicion did not improve deception detection accuracy or ability to discern true dispositions. However, primed interviewers were less confident and judged all applicants as more… [1279] (1984)Innocence, information, and the guilty knowledge test in the detection of deception
Psychophysiology Guilty subjects showed significantly higher detection scores than all innocent groups. Informed innocent subjects generally did not differ from uninformed subjects, and most did not… [1280] (1984)Trial by polygraph
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Lykken documented that the Control Question Technique lacked adequate scientific validity for forensic use, with evidence suggesting high false positive rates potentially approaching 50%. The… [1281] (1984)Lie detector lies
Nature The Bayesian analysis revealed that conventional polygraph accuracy statistics are misleading when base rates are not considered, showing that screening applications in low-prevalence populations will… [1282] (1984)Cognition and event-related potentials: II. The orienting reflex and P300
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences The paper established that P300 represents a complex family of components rather than a simple orienting response, with Donchin's context updating theory positioning P300 as… [1283] (1984)Anchoring in the detection of deception and leakage.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Judgment order significantly affected deception detection: subjects who judged attitude first became anchored to verbal message content and showed greater truthfulness bias and over-attribution. Both… [1284] (1984)Effects of diazepam and methylphenidate on the electrodermal detection of guilty knowledge
Journal of Applied Psychology Neither diazepam nor methylphenidate impaired the validity of the Guilty Knowledge Test, which achieved an overall classification accuracy of 94% across all drug conditions. Subjects… [1285] (1984)The social organization of lie-detector tests
Urban Life The study reveals that polygraph examinations function through structured social interactions involving power dynamics, role performance, and ritualized procedures that construct legitimacy and produce socially… [1286] (1984)Face, Body, and Speech as Channels of Communication in the Detection of Deception
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Deception was detected better from body than from face cues, but only when the deception involved making a positive description of a disliked person, demonstrating… [1287] (1984)"P300" and memory: Individual differences in the von Restorff effect
Cognitive Psychology P300 amplitude predicted memory only for subjects using rote rehearsal strategies, not for those using elaborative encoding. Subjects using complex strategies showed excellent overall memory… [1288] (1984)On the fallibility of lie detection
American Psychologist The paper concluded that lying does not produce a measurable physiological response, that empirical evidence showed high false positive rates (50% in laboratory studies), and… [1289] (1984)Alcohol and the psychophysiological detection of deception
Psychophysiology Alcohol intoxication during the mock crime (encoding phase) significantly reduced detection accuracy on both Control Question Test and Guilty Knowledge Test protocols, whereas alcohol intoxication… [1290] (1984)Detecting Deception in 1984
American Behavioral Scientist Lykken concluded that polygraph tests are wrong one-third of the time overall, biased against innocent and conscientious persons, can be beaten by sophisticated liars, and… [1291] (1983)Vernehmung und non-verbale Information [Assessing validity of testimonial statements by interviewing and polygraphic techniques]
Wissenschaftliche Kriminalistik Undeutsch argued that polygraphic assessment is most valid when integrated with verbal statement analysis and nonverbal behavioral observation, with no single technique being sufficient on… [1292] (1983)Relationship between Nonverbal Sensitivities and Detection of Deception
Perceptual and Motor Skills The study found evidence that general nonverbal sensitivity relates to deception detection ability, though the relationship appears modest, contributing to broader understanding that individual differences… [1293] (1983)Nonverbal communication and deception: Differences in deception cues due to gender and communicator dominance
Communication Monographs Men and women displayed different nonverbal cue patterns during prepared deception, with men suppressing illustrators and showing more facial adaptors than women. Psychological dominance was… [1294] (1983)The perspective of social psychology: Toward a viable model for application
Advances in applied social psychology The chapter established that applied psychological procedures must rest on sound theoretical foundations and construct validity, not merely pragmatic demonstrations of effectiveness—principles that would prove… [1295] (1982)Effects of altered outcome experiences stemming from placebo and feedback treatments on the validity of the guilty knowledge test
Journal of Applied Psychology Despite successfully manipulating subjects' expectations about test outcomes through placebo and feedback treatments, detection efficiency remained unaffected, suggesting the GKT is robust against expectancy effects. [1296] (1982)Nonverbal strategies for decoding deception
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Judges who expected more deception discounted facial cues when evaluating discrepant messages, but this strategy reduced their accuracy when decoding truthful, consistent communications. Even without… [1297] (1982)Cross-validation of a computerized diagnostic procedure for detection of deception
Psychophysiology Computerized discriminant analysis achieved accuracy rates equivalent to experienced human evaluators in classifying guilty and innocent subjects, with successful cross-validation demonstrating generalizability across independent samples. [1298] (1982)Extraversion and the detection of deception: comments on the paper by Bradley and Janisse
Personality and Individual Differences Extraversion showed negative correlation with skin reactivity in males but no relationship with detection accuracy. Overall, no consistent personality trait effects on GKT detection were… [1299] (1982)Some psychological determinants of electrodermal responses to deception
Personality and Individual Differences No consistent relationships were found between personality traits (measured by Eysenck Personality Inventory, Gough Socialization Scale, and Arrow-Dot test) and detection accuracy. Instead, detectability related… [1300] (1982)Detecting Deception: The Promise and the Reality of Voice Stress Analysis
Journal of Forensic Sciences Without exception, scientific evidence showed voice stress analyzers were not effective in detecting deception, with none achieving detection rates above chance levels in controlled situations.… [1301] (1982)The dichotimization theory for differential autonomic responsivity reconsidered
Psychophysiology The reconsidered theory established that stimulus significance is more potent than novelty alone in producing differential electrodermal responses, and that habituation generalizes completely within but… [1302] (1982)The dichotomization theory for differential autonomic responsivity reconsidered
Psychophysiology The revised Dichotomization Theory demonstrated that stimulus significance and novelty have additive effects on electrodermal orienting responses in the CIT paradigm, with significance emerging as… [1303] (1982)An evaluation of polygraphers' judgments: A review from a decision theoretic perspective
Journal of Applied Psychology Polygraphers systematically weighted detection of guilty suspects far more heavily than protection of innocent examinees, and formal decision-theoretic analysis showed the CQT is unlikely to… [1304] (1982)Detection of Deception: Consistency in Responding and Personality
Perceptual and Motor Skills No consistent relationships emerged between personality dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism, socialization, ego control) and detection accuracy. Situational factors like task involvement, countermeasure use, and confidence in… [1305] (1982)Interactive effects of stimulus probability and significance on the skin conductance response
Psychophysiology A significant interaction between stimulus significance and relative frequency was identified, whereby the skin conductance response advantage for low-probability stimuli was substantially greater when those… [1306] (1982)Discrepancy as a cue to actual and perceived deception
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Communications involving concealment or deception showed greater face-speech discrepancy than truthful communications, especially with full speech. Senders appearing more discrepant were more likely to be… [1307] (1982)The Physiological Detection of Deception
American Scientist Electrodermal response was the most accurate of the three standard polygraph measures, and subjects with lower socialization scores were significantly less detectable due to reduced… [1308] (1982)Analiza przesłanek diagnozowania w badaniach poligraficznych
The monograph articulated the theoretical constructs and diagnostic premises that enable polygraph testing to achieve validity as a forensic tool, clarifying the logical structure of… [1309] (1982)Actual and perceived cues to deception: A closer look at speech
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Laypeople's intuitions about verbal deception cues demonstrated significant correspondence with actual deception markers, including reduced positivity, increased neutrality, and elevated nonfluencies in deceptive speech. However,… [1310] (1981)Detection and Perception of Deception: The Role of Level of Analysis of Nonverbal Behavior*
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences The study demonstrated that how observers parse behavioral streams into units (fine vs. coarse segmentation) systematically affects both lie detection accuracy and judgments of truthfulness,… [1311] (1981)Detection of deception from clients' eye contact patterns.
Journal of Counseling Psychology The study found opposite results from the common stereotype: liars did not avoid eye contact more than truth-tellers, contributing to evidence that eye gaze patterns… [1312] (1981)Extraversion and the detection of deception
Personality and Individual Differences Extraverts demonstrated selective physiological responding to crime-relevant questions and were more accurately detected, while introverts showed diffuse responding to both critical and non-critical questions that… [1313] (1981)The polygraph: a psychiatric resource
Polygraph Lynch argued that the polygraph serves dual functions in psychiatric settings — both as a psychophysiological assessment tool and as a facilitator of patient disclosure… [1314] (1981)Surprise!? Surprise?
Psychophysiology P300 amplitude is controlled multiplicatively by subjective probability and task relevance of events, while latency depends on stimulus evaluation duration. The P300 represents context updating—revision… [1315] (1981)Accuracy demonstrations, threat, and the detection of deception: Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and pupillary measures
Psychophysiology Detection accuracy on the Control Question Test increased systematically with demonstrated polygraph effectiveness (dose-response relationship), while the Concealed Information Test showed weaker effects from the… [1316] (1981)Meprobamate Reduces Accuracy of Physiological Detection of Deception
Science Only 3 of 11 guilty subjects who took meprobamate were correctly identified as deceptive, compared to statistically significant detection rates in the placebo and no-pill… [1317] (1981)Cross-Modal Physiological Effects of Electrodermal Lability in the Detection of Deception
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Electrodermal lability produced cross-modal distortion of polygraph outcomes: high-lability truthful subjects were more often falsely detected as deceptive, while low-lability deceptive subjects escaped detection more… [1318] (1981)Cognitive, Social, and Personality Processes in the Physiological Detection of Deception
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Polygraph detectability is shaped by multiple independent factors — including attentional processing, prior feedback, personality (socialization, electrodermal lability), birth order, and examiner-subject ethnicity — and… [1319] (1981)Meprobamate reduces the accuracy of physiological detection of deception
Science A standard 400 mg clinical dose of meprobamate rendered the electrodermal-based Guilty Knowledge Test unable to reliably distinguish deceptive from truthful subjects, while the examiner… [1320] (1981)Computerized chart evaluation in the detection of deception
The computerized algorithm achieved classification accuracy comparable to expert human examiners, with skin conductance amplitude emerging as the most diagnostic measure and multivariate discriminant analysis… [1321] (1981)Verbal and nonverbal communication of deception
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Eight of 19 behavioral cues showed statistically significant differences between truthful and deceptive communication, including elevated vocal pitch, pupil dilation, self-adaptors, increased blinking, speech errors,… [1322] (1981)The Reflection of Stress in Voice—1: Understanding the Basic Correlates
Proceedings of the 1981 Carnahan Conference on Crime Countermeasures Fundamental frequency (F0) increase emerged as the most consistent acoustic correlate of psychological stress, though individual variability and the complexity of stress-voice relationships were substantial.… [1323] (1981 • CLASSIC TEXT)A Tremor in the Blood: Uses and Abuses of the Lie Detector
Book Influential book presenting a comprehensive scientific critique of CQT polygraphy while advocating for the Guilty Knowledge Test. Became the most-cited critical analysis of polygraph practice. [1324] (1980)The responding of normals, alcoholics, and psychopaths in a laboratory lie detection experiment
Dissertation Abstracts International No differences in detectability of deception were found among normal individuals, alcoholics, and psychopaths, challenging assumptions that psychopaths could evade polygraph detection. [1325] (1980)Electrodermal Lability and Concealed Information Detection
Psychophysiology Found that electrodermally labile subjects were more frequently detected in CIT tasks, while electrodermally stabile subjects were less detectable. Individual differences in physiological reactivity can… [1326] (1980)Trait Anxiety and Skin Conductance in CIT
Psychophysiology Found that high trait anxiety “guilty” subjects responded more strongly in mock-crime CIT than low-anxiety subjects. Demonstrated that personality variables can moderate CIT detection rates. [1327] (1980)Individual differences in electrodermal lability and the detection of information and deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Electrodermal lability systematically influenced polygraph outcomes: guilty stabiles escaped detection more often than guilty labiles, while innocent labiles were falsely identified as deceptive more frequently… [1328] (1980)Guilty knowledge versus innocent associations: Effects of trait anxiety and stimulus context on skin conductance
Journal of Research in Personality The GKT achieved 97.5% correct classification accuracy, with high-anxiety guilty participants showing strong differential responses while low-anxiety subjects showed minimal effects regardless of guilt status. [1329] (1980)Detecting Deception in Children
Journal of Communication Adults accurately detected first graders' lies but older children successfully concealed deception, demonstrating that children's ability to control nonverbal leakage and maintain deceptive presentations increases… [1330] (1980)The Art and Science of the Polygraph Technique
The textbook established frameworks for understanding how psychological factors interact with autonomic nervous system responses during polygraph testing and introduced standardized, objective approaches to polygraph… [1331] (1980)Amnesia: Its detection by psychophysiological measures
Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Personality-disordered patients were found deceptive at a rate of 63%, nearly five times the rate observed in patients with no major psychiatric illness, and shorter… [1332] (1980)Humans as Lie Detectors
Journal of Communication Human lie detectors achieved only 57% accuracy across reviewed studies, marginally above the 50% chance level, establishing that unaided human judgment provides minimal advantage in… [1333] (1980)Nonverbal indicators of deception: A new theoretical perspective
Communication Monographs Contrary to earlier theories, liars showed fewer easily controlled gestures than truth-tellers, supporting a monitoring-and-control framework where behavioral suppression rather than increased nervous activity characterizes… [1334] (1980)Effects of self‐monitoring and familiarity on deception detection1
Communication Quarterly Observers with prior baseline exposure to communicators' behavior were significantly better at detecting deception compared to strangers, with a positive linear relationship between familiarity level… [1335] (1980)Vocal Indicators of Psychological Stress
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Voice stress indicators showed inconsistent effects, high individual variability, and validation studies demonstrated poor accuracy rates often near chance levels. The microtremor claims of devices… [1336] (1979)Standardized Polygraph Notepack and Technique Guide
The Backster Zone Comparison Technique introduced the first numerical scoring system for polygraph chart interpretation and achieved mean criterion accuracy of .86 in subsequent validation… [1337] (1979)Orienting and defensive reflexes in the detection of deception
The Orienting Reflex in Humans Skin conductance and vasoconstriction were the most effective physiological indicators. Polygraph responses were explained through orienting reflex mechanisms involving differential attention and information processing to… [1338] (1979)Distinguishing among orienting, defense, and startle reflexes
In The orienting reflex in humans Graham established that heart rate deceleration satisfies criteria for orienting reflexes while acceleration reflects defense or startle responses. The chapter introduced the protection of processing… [1339] (1979)The orienting reflex: Novelty or significance detector?
Psychophysiology O'Gorman concluded that the evidence used to support the significance hypothesis could be explained within traditional novelty-based theory when individual differences and arousal factors were… [1340] (1979)The time constant in P300 recording
Psychophysiology Short time constant settings distort P300 waveforms by creating artifactual negative components; optimal P300 recording requires time constants of approximately 10 seconds or high-pass filter… [1341] (1979)The detection of deception
Psychological Bulletin Lykken concluded that the CQT lacks construct validity because it assesses fear rather than deception and fails to create true experimental controls between relevant and… [1342] (1979)A direct comparison method of the skin conductance and skin resistance methods
Psychophysiology Skin conductance and skin resistance methods produced equivalent results for amplitude, area, reliability, and behavioral validity, but skin conductance yielded significantly shorter recovery times (p… [1343] (1979)Die Leistungsfähigkeit der heutigen Methoden der psychophysiologischen Täterschaftsermittlung
Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform Undeutsch reported that contemporary polygraph literature showed accuracy rates of 70-90% and emphasized the need for conceptual precision in distinguishing perpetrator identification from other assessment… [1344] (1979)Accounts and Other Interpersonal Strategies in a Credibility Detracting Context
The Pacific Sociological Review The study identified that polygraph examinations create unique social dynamics where examinees actively employ accounts and interpersonal strategies to manage credibility, highlighting the examination as… [1345] (1979)Truth and Deception: A Reply to Lykken
Psychological Bulletin Raskin and Podlesny asserted that the CQT achieves approximately 90% accuracy in real-world applications when properly administered by skilled examiners, with errors tending toward false… [1346] (1979)Effects of Level of Socialization on Electrodermal Detection of Deception
Psychophysiology Deceptive subjects who evaded polygraph detection scored significantly lower on the CPI Socialization scale (r = .45, p < .05), with the effect mediated by… [1347] (1979)Socialization, awareness, and the electrodermal response to deception and self-disclosure
Journal of Abnormal Psychology Level of socialization significantly predicted polygraph detectability: poorly socialized deceptive subjects were less likely to be caught by their skin conductance responses, while highly socialized… [1348] (1979 • THEORETICAL CRITIQUE)Detecting Deception: The Polygraph Technique
In Prokasy & Raskin (Eds.), Electrodermal Activity in Psychological Research Lykken’s detailed theoretical critique arguing the CQT lacks a valid scientific foundation while the GKT/CIT has strong theoretical support from orienting response research. [1349] (1979)Facial and vocal cues of deception and honesty
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Posed deception was more detectable than spontaneous deception across both facial and vocal channels. A negative correlation between ability to convey honesty and deception revealed… [1350] (1978)Verbal and nonverbal cues in the perception of lying
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Observers achieved moderate deception detection accuracy using multiple cues. Liars produced less plausible, shorter answers with longer response latencies. Response hesitation interacted with content: it… [1351] (1978)The Psychopath and the Lie Detector
Psychophysiology Lykken concluded that Raskin and Hare's mock crime experiment lacked the real-world motivational stakes necessary to genuinely test the CQT's theoretical mechanisms, and that their… [1352] (1978)Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement
FACS achieved good to excellent inter-observer reliability for coding occurrence, intensity, and timing of facial action units. The system became the gold standard for facial… [1353] (1978)Effects of Physiological Variables on the Detection of Deception
Psychosomatic Medicine The research demonstrated that electrodermal measures provided superior deception detection compared to cardiovascular and pupillary responses, and that accuracy demonstrations and threat manipulations significantly enhanced… [1354] (1978)Decision Theory Approach to the Problem of Polygraph Interrogation
Journal of Applied Psychology The study demonstrated mathematically that polygraph test accuracy cannot be evaluated in isolation — low base rates of deception in screened populations demand impossibly high… [1355] (1978)Cues to Deception in an Interview Situation
Social Psychology Deceptive responses showed increased hesitation and greater message length compared to truthful responses. Visual presence increased variability in response latencies and decreased response duration. Interviewers… [1356] (1978)Psychopathy and detection of deception in a prison population
Psychophysiology 100% of guilty subjects (both psychopaths and nonpsychopaths) were correctly identified using the CQT, with 91% accuracy for innocent subjects. Psychopaths showed equivalent physiological responsivity… [1357] (1978)Effects of Attention, as Indexed by Subsequent Memory, on Electrodermal Detection of Deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Deceptive subjects who were correctly detected by their electrodermal responses remembered significantly more control words after the test than undetected deceptive subjects, indicating that broader… [1358] (1978)Electrolyte medium effects on measurements of palmar skin potential
Psychophysiology The study replicated large effects of epidermal hydration on skin potential measurements. Agar and Unibase did not differ significantly from each other, but both may… [1359] (1977)A polygraph handbook for attorneys
Abrams documented a growing mid-1970s trend toward stipulated admission of polygraph evidence and argued that, when properly understood and administered, polygraph results represent legitimate forensic… [1360] (1977)Die Untersuchung mit dem Polygraphen ('Lügendetektor')
Kriminalistik Undeutsch concluded that polygraph examination, when conducted by a trained expert, constitutes a scientifically defensible method capable of producing reliable forensic evidence, with particularly strong… [1361] (1977)Physiological Measures and the Detection of Deception
Psychological Bulletin The review concluded that cardiovascular and electrodermal measures showed consistent effectiveness in discriminating between deceptive and truthful subjects, while also identifying the absence of inferential… [1362] (1977 • PHYSIOLOGICAL)Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Polygraph Variables
Psychophysiology Applied multivariate statistics to polygraph data analysis. Demonstrated that combining multiple physiological channels provided superior discrimination compared to any single measure alone. [1363] (1977)Pitch changes during attempted deception
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Voice fundamental frequency was significantly higher when subjects lied compared to telling the truth. Judges' truthfulness ratings were negatively correlated with pitch when listening to… [1364] (1977)A further study of the dichotomization theory in detection of information
Psychophysiology The study confirmed that critical items elicit larger responses when presented less frequently, and demonstrated 'negative detection' when neutral items became the rare stimulus category,… [1365] (1976)A numerical scoring system for Relevant-Irrelevant polygraph tests
Paper presented at the 1976 Annual Seminar of the American Polygraph Association The presentation introduced a numerical scoring approach for R-I tests to address standardization concerns, though the R-I technique's fundamental theoretical limitations regarding differential psychological salience… [1366] (1976)Deception and role playing: On telling the good guys from the bad guys.
American Psychologist Cooper argued that laboratory mock-crime studies lacked the realistic stakes and consequences of field polygraph examinations, leading to overestimates of accuracy. The paper highlighted fundamental… [1367] (1975)Reading Frustration Level as Indicated by the Polygraph1
The Journal of Educational Research The mean of 10% oral reading errors was consistent with polygraph indication of frustration, validating conventional criteria. However, comprehension errors required more than 50% error… [1368] (1975)Detection of Information and GSR Habituation: An Attempt to Derive Detection Efficiency From Two Habituation Curves
Psychophysiology Relevant and neutral stimuli exhibited structurally similar but independently progressing GSR habituation curves, and predictions derived from these two curves successfully anticipated the rank ordering… [1369] (1974)Efficiency of GSR detection of information with repeated presentation of series of stimuli in two motivational states
Journal of Applied Psychology Detection errors were reduced by combining GSR responses across 10 repetitions of the same items. Surprisingly, motivation level (high vs. low) produced no noticeable effect… [1370] (1974)The validity of the polygraph with schizophrenics
Polygraph The study found that polygraph examinations are generally valid with schizophrenic patients in stable states, but that agitated or acutely psychotic individuals produce unreliable results… [1371] (1974)Detecting deception from body or face
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Body language enabled 50-65% deception detection accuracy when baseline comparison was provided, while facial expressions alone remained at chance level (50% accuracy), demonstrating that the… [1372] (1974)Detecting deception from the body or face
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Body language provided significantly more accurate deception cues than facial expressions, with observers achieving 50-65% accuracy from body-only video versus chance-level (50%) accuracy from face-only… [1373] (1973)Information Detection Through Differential GSRs in Bedouins of the Israeli Desert
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology Bedouin participants showed higher baseline skin conductance and attenuated differential GSR reactivity compared to Jewish Israeli samples, and level of formal education emerged as a… [1374] (1973)Psychophysiological baselines as a function of race and ethnic origin
Psychophysiology Psychophysiological resting baselines, particularly electrodermal (GSR) and pulse measures, varied significantly across racial and ethnic groups, demonstrating that baseline physiological levels cannot be assumed equivalent… [1375] (1973)Detection of Deception in Electrodermal Activity
Psychological Research Electrodermal activity was identified as the most sensitive physiological parameter for deception detection, with differential increases in skin conductance and skin potential serving as valid… [1376] (1973)The Polygraph in a Psychiatric Setting
American Journal of Psychiatry Polygraph testing using hierarchical stress word presentation could successfully identify emotionally significant material in psychiatric patients through differential physiological responses, offering a potential tool for… [1377] (1973)Mechanisms, instrumentation, recording techniques and quantification of responses
Electrodermal Activity in Psychological Research The work established that skin conductance should be preferred over skin potential for most purposes, specified silver-silver chloride electrodes with sodium chloride electrolyte and 0.5… [1378] (1972)On the detection of deception: A model for the study of physiological effects of psychological stimuli
In N. Greenfield & R. Sternbach (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology Subjects motivated to deceive showed detection rates far greater than chance while unmotivated subjects showed only chance-level detection, demonstrating that the effort to deceive rather… [1379] (1972)The Polygraph Silent Answer Test
The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science The Silent Answer Test produced better respiratory reactions and more reliable chart quality by reducing objectionable movements from verbal responses. The method became widely adopted… [1380] (1972)The Diagnosis of Love‐Sickness: Experimental Psychophysiology Without the Polygraph
Psychophysiology Ancient physicians successfully detected concealed emotions using pulse monitoring in ways remarkably similar to modern Concealed Information Test logic, establishing that psychophysiological detection principles have… [1381] (1972)The objective use of multiple physiological indices in the detection of deception
Psychophysiology All nine physiological variables were statistically significant indicators of deception (p < .01 or p < .05), and a combined six-variable index provided an advantage… [1382] (1972)Electrodermal recovery rate, goal orientation, and aversion
Psychophysiology Fast electrodermal recovery rates were systematically associated with goal-oriented behavior and sustained task engagement, while slower recovery characterized aversive or defensive motivational states, providing the… [1383] (1972)A cardio activity monitor
Polygraph The CAM successfully demonstrated fingertip-based measurement of cardiovascular activity using strain gauge sensors, though it required electronically enhanced components and was ultimately employed less frequently… [1384] (1972)Detection of deception as a function of galvanic skin response recording methodology
The Journal of Psychology The study compared constant voltage and constant current GSR recording techniques in a laboratory deception detection paradigm, contributing methodological evidence that informed subsequent standardization of… [1385] (1972)Implications of laboratory research for the detection of deception
Polygraph The most important finding was that psychological factors, rather than physiological responses alone, overwhelmingly determine whether deception can be detected. Deceptive intent—not the act of… [1386] (1972)On the Detection of Deception: A Method for the Study of the Physiological Effects of Psychological Stimuli
Handbook of Psychophysiology Psychological rather than physiological variables are the primary determinants of differential physiological responsivity in deception detection; the GSR is the most reliable single laboratory discriminator;… [1387] (1971)Manipulation of contrast between differential GSRs in very young children
Psychophysiology Very young children demonstrated differential GSR reactivity to significant versus neutral stimuli, and the magnitude of this contrast could be systematically manipulated through procedural task… [1388] (1971 • CLASSIC)Comparison of Bayesian and Regression Approaches to the Study of Information Processing in Judgment
Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 6, 649–744 Foundational work on statistical decision models applied to polygraph scoring. Influenced later development of Bayesian approaches to polygraph data interpretation. [1389] (1971)The bogus pipeline: A new paradigm for measuring affect and attitude
Psychological Bulletin The bogus pipeline effectively reduced impression management across multiple experiments, with participants providing significantly different and more negative attitude reports when believing their responses could… [1390] (1970)The information content of the recovery limb of the electrodermal response
Psychophysiology Recovery rate successfully differentiated spontaneous responses during rest versus tasks, orienting responses versus responses to signals, and alerting versus execution signals. Individuals with fast recovery… [1391] (1970)Guilty Knowledge Technique: Application of Signal Detection Measures
Journal of Applied Psychology Under a fixed a priori decision rule, 98% of innocent and 42% of guilty subjects were correctly classified; applying an SDT-optimal decision rule improved guilty… [1392] (1970)“Please Don't Talk to Anyone about This Experiment:” Disclosure of Deception by Debriefed Subjects
Psychological Reports Disclosure rates were alarmingly high: 16.7% of participants disclosed confidential information in immediate face-to-face interviews, while 78.9% disclosed when contacted by telephone several days later,… [1393] (1970)Efficiency of GSR detection of information as a function of stimulus set size
Psychophysiology Detection scores did not significantly decline as stimulus set size increased, and Signal Detection analysis suggested enhanced autonomic discrimination with larger sets, supporting what became… [1394] (1969)Skin conductance changes and word recall
British Journal of Psychology Larger phasic skin conductance responses to items during encoding positively predicted later recall, and this predictive relationship strengthened with increasing retention delay, supporting arousal-mediated consolidation… [1395] (1969)Manipulation of contrast between differential GSR responses through the use of ordered tasks of information detection
Psychophysiology Sequential ordering of information detection tasks significantly modulates the contrast between differential GSR responses to relevant and neutral stimuli, demonstrating that detection efficiency in the… [1396] (1969)Subjective report and credibility: An inquiry involving hypnotic hallucinations.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology The study demonstrated that high behavioral performance on hypnotic suggestions did not necessarily indicate genuine subjective experience, establishing that experienced involuntariness is central to authentic… [1397] (1968)The Relation Between Ethnic Origin and GSR Reactivity in Psychophysiological Detection
Journal of Applied Psychology The study found that ethnic origin significantly moderated GSR reactivity in psychophysiological detection, with participants from different ethnic backgrounds — particularly Jewish Israeli and Bedouin… [1398] (1968)A comparison of physiological indices in detection of deception
Psychophysiology GSR and SPR were the only measures to consistently and significantly discriminate deception above chance, and were significantly superior to finger volume; breathing amplitude and… [1399] (1968)Effects of the type of stimulus employed and the level of subject awareness on the detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Personally relevant stimuli (name, date of birth) were significantly more detectable via GSR than experimentally assigned code words despite equal motivational consequences, and detection rates… [1400] (1967)Beurteilung der Glaubhaftigkeit von Aussagen
Handbuch der Psychologie Vol. 11: Forensische Psychologie The work introduced the Undeutsch Hypothesis, establishing that experience-based statements differ systematically from fabricated accounts in content quality, detail, consistency, and linguistic characteristics, shifting credibility… [1401] (1967)The Role of 'Lying' in Psychophysiological Detection
Psychophysiology Detection of the concealed item succeeded at well above-chance accuracy even when subjects were truthful on the critical trial and deceptive on all others, demonstrating… [1402] (1967)Group GSR technique in the detection of deception
Perceptual and Motor Skills The group GSR averaging technique successfully reduced idiosyncratic noise and enhanced detection of shared concealed information, with the courier paradigm yielding individual detection rates of… [1403] (1966)Orienting Reflex as Information Regulator
Psychological Research in the USSR The orienting reflex demonstrates systematic habituation to repeated innocuous stimuli, with electrodermal activity serving as the model physiological measure. Significant stimuli elicit larger responses that… [1404] (1966)Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics
The work empirically validated that discrimination performance can be separated into sensitivity (d') and decision criterion (β) components, with the area under the ROC curve… [1405] (1966)Truth and Deception: The Polygraph (Lie-Detector) Technique
Williams & Wilkins The book authoritatively codified the Reid Control Question Technique — including multi-channel physiological recording, control question logic, stimulation tests, and symptom-based chart interpretation — establishing… [1406] (1966)Truth and Deception
The manual introduced the full Reid technique including control question methodology, the silent answer test, card tests, and procedures for managing responsive and unresponsive examinees,… [1407] (1966 – 1967)Effects of Realistic Stress and the Role of “Lying” in Psychophysiological Detection
Journal of Applied Psychology Examined how stress and the cognitive act of lying itself affect physiological responses. Found that realistic stress conditions influence detection accuracy differently than laboratory conditions… [1408] (1966)Principles of psychophysiology
The text systematized critical principles including arousal, habituation, orienting and defensive responses, autonomic balance, the law of initial values, stimulus-response specificity, and individual response stereotypy,… [1409] (1966)Attention, Arousal and the Orienting Reaction
The monograph established that orientation reactions are complex multi-system responses involving motor, autonomic, and cortical components that habituate to neutral stimuli but persist for personally… [1410] (1966)Correcting psychophysiological measures for individual differences in range
Psychological Bulletin Range correction significantly reduced error variance in psychophysiological data and produced larger, more statistically significant treatment effects by normalizing individual differences in autonomic response capacity. [1411] (1965)AN INSTRUMENT FOR PRODUCING ACCUMULATIVE TRACINGS ON POLYGRAPH RECORDERS
Psychophysiology The instrument provided freedom from electrical and acoustical noise, variable step height adjustment, and bidirectional recording capability, representing an advancement in solid-state psychophysiological instrumentation. [1412] (1965)Effects of perceived role and role success on the detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Detectability on a second polygraph trial was determined not by feedback content alone but by whether that feedback matched the subject's perceived role, with all… [1413] (1965)The effects of verbal responses on the laboratory detection of deception
Psychophysiology Subjects instructed to say 'no' to each question were most frequently detected via GSR, while those required to produce word associations were least frequently detected… [1414] (1964)Pupil size in relation to mental activity during simple problem-solving
Science Pupil diameter increased proportionally with multiplication problem difficulty, demonstrating that pupillary response provides a direct, involuntary measure of mental activity and cognitive load during problem-solving. [1415] (1964)Analysis of Polygraphic Data
Contrary to expectations, Dependent Judgment situations (comparing multiple suspects' charts) did not increase decision accuracy over Independent Judgment (evaluating charts individually), possibly due to greater… [1416] (1963)Higher nervous functions; the orienting reflex
Annual Review of Physiology The orienting reflex is a multi-system response involving motor, autonomic, and central activation components that habituates with repeated stimulus presentation. Signal stimuli produce enhanced responses… [1417] (1963)Effects of heightened motivation on the detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Subjects motivated to deceive produced significantly larger skin resistance responses to critical items and were detected at rates far exceeding chance, while unmotivated subjects were… [1418] (1962)Criminal Interrogation and Confessions
Williams & Wilkins (First Edition) The 1962 manual formalized the Reid Technique's nine-step interrogation process and linked polygraph examination outcomes directly to psychological interrogation strategy, becoming the foundational practitioner text… [1419] (1962)Some aspects of fundamental frequency and envelope amplitude as related to the emotional content of speech
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Pitch aided emotional identification by 44% while amplitude added only 3%, demonstrating pitch dominance. Accuracy declined from 44% to 25% when pitch variations were smoothed… [1420] (1961)Scientific Theory and Scientific Evidence: An Analysis of Lie-Detection
The Yale Law Journal Skolnick concluded that polygraph testing involved excessive interpretive subjectivity, lacked validated theoretical foundations, suffered from examiner qualification problems, and failed to meet the Frye standard… [1421] (1960)Neuronal models and the orienting reflex
The orienting reflex occurs when a stimulus mismatches the neuronal model stored from previous presentations, creating a comparator-based detection system for novelty. This mechanism provides… [1422] (1959)A Comparison of Arm-Cuff and Wrist-Cuff Blood Pressure Patterns in Polygraph Charts
The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science The study provided empirical comparison of arm-cuff and wrist-cuff blood pressure monitoring methods, contributing to evidence-based standardization of polygraph instrumentation and technique during a pivotal… [1423] (1959)The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior
Psychological Review Arousal produces systematic narrowing of attention, with performance optimized at moderate arousal levels that exclude irrelevant cues but declining when high arousal causes exclusion of… [1424] (1958)Statement of Principles regarding Polygraph ("Lie-Detector") Examinations
The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science This historical policy document established early guidelines for professional polygraph conduct, examiner qualifications, and ethical practice during a formative period when the field lacked formal… [1425] (1957)Studies of autonomic response patterns: Rationale and methods
Behavioral Science The paper established methods for simultaneous multi-channel autonomic recording and documented that individual subjects show consistent response specificity patterns, with approximately 27% displaying complete stereotypy… [1426] (1955)Blood Pressure Rises on Relevant Questions in Lie Detection: Sometimes an Indication of Innocence Not Guilt
The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science Innocent examinees demonstrated significant blood pressure elevations on relevant questions driven by anxiety about false accusation rather than fear of detection, with distinct physiological patterns… [1427] (1955)Studies on the physiology of awareness: An oximetrically monitored controlled stress test
Canadian Journal of Psychology The research demonstrated that oximetric measurements of capillary blood oxygen saturation, blood flow, and tissue changes could detect systematic physiological responses during standardized stress conditions. [1428] (1953)Scientific Proof of Credibility
Tennessee Law Review Trovillo argued that converging physiological evidence — including electrodermal, cardiovascular, and respiratory indices — provided a scientifically legitimate basis for polygraph admissibility, citing accuracy claims… [1429] (1947)A revised questioning technique in lie detection tests
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Reid established that innocent examinees would react more strongly to control questions about past wrongdoing, while guilty examinees would react more strongly to relevant crime… [1430] (1947)The Control Question Test
Various Publications Invented the Control Question Test (CQT) — the testing format that would become the most widely used polygraph method worldwide. Reid’s innovation of using comparison… [1431] (1945)Inbau, F. E. Lie detection and criminal interrogation. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co., 1942. Pp. viii + 142. $3.00
Journal of Clinical Psychology The review documented Inbau's influential synthesis of polygraph science and interrogation practice, notably his articulation of the peak-of-tension test for guilty knowledge examinations, establishing foundations… [1432] (1942)Deception Test Criteria: How One Can Determine Truth and Falsehood from Polygraphic Records
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Trovillo identified and classified 23 physiological response patterns indicative of deception — 11 cardiovascular, 6 respiratory, and 6 electrodermal — marking the first formal, peer-reviewed… [1433] (1942)Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation
Williams & Wilkins The book established standardized operational procedures for the Relevant-Irrelevant polygraph technique and the Peak of Tension (guilty knowledge) test, and laid the doctrinal groundwork for… [1434] (1939)History of lie-detection (I)
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology The review demonstrated that deception detection has been a universal human concern across all cultures and historical periods, with methods progressing from superstition-based ordeals (rice… [1435] (1939)Science Can Get the Confession
Fordham Law Review Summers claimed 98–100% accuracy for his Pathometer (galvanometric/GSR device), asserting that it was 'quite impossible' for a subject to deceive an experienced examiner, and argued… [1436] (1939 • COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY)A History of Lie Detection (Parts I & II)
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Definitive two-part history of lie detection from ancient China (rice ordeal) through modern polygraphy. Standard historical reference cited in virtually all subsequent reviews. [1437] (1938)The truth about lie-detector
Journal of Applied Psychology Ruckmick demonstrated that the so-called psychogalvanic reflex was neither a true reflex nor uniquely indicative of deception, and that electrodermal responses could be triggered by… [1438] (1938 • EARLY HISTORY)Lie Detection: Its History, Methods and Techniques
New York: Published Works (1938) Early comprehensive account of lie detection history and methods. Documented the transition from ancient ordeals to scientific instruments and the development of questioning techniques. [1439] (1937)A New Polygraph
The American Journal of Psychology The paper presented technical innovations in polygraph instrument design during the transitional period of 1930s polygraph development, contributing to the standardization of multi-channel physiological recording… [1440] (1936)A recording psychogalvanometer
Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists Summers reported 98-100% accuracy with his single-channel electrodermal device, outperforming the Keeler polygraph in a 271-subject comparison study, though most validation occurred in laboratory settings… [1441] (1936)A comparison of the cardio-pneumo-psychograph and association methods in the detection of lying in cases of theft among college students
Journal of Applied Psychology The cardio-pneumo-psychograph showed higher diagnostic accuracy than word association testing for detecting deception in theft cases, while respiratory measurements were found to have minimal discriminative… [1442] (1932)Lying and its detection
Larson found the polygraph's results inconclusive about 40 percent of the time despite grandiose claims by proponents. He maintained a scientifically skeptical stance throughout his… [1443] (1932)The Nature of Human Conflicts or Emotion, Conflict and Will: An Objective Study of Disorganisation and Control of Human Behaviour
Emotional conflicts and hidden knowledge produced selective disruption of coordinated motor performance and increased reaction latency in response to emotionally salient or guilt-related stimuli. The… [1444] (1932)Lying and its detection: A study of deception and deception tests
University of Chicago Press (Behavior Research Fund Monographs) The monograph established that coordinated multi-channel physiological recording — integrating blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity — could provide a scientifically grounded basis for… [1445] (1932)A Continuously Variable Speed Polygraph with a Telechronic Time Marker
The Journal of General Psychology Full text was not accessible for review; this appears to be a technical apparatus description paper rather than an empirical study, documenting innovations in multi-channel… [1446] (1931)Deception: a study in forensic psychology.
The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology The study contributed to conceptual frameworks distinguishing types of deceptive communication and establishing that deception involves both conscious cognitive processes and involuntary physiological responses, though… [1447] (1931)Legal Psychology
The textbook synthesized emerging scientific evidence on physiological deception detection methods including blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response, establishing an academic framework for forensic… [1448] (1929)The Emergency Reaction and Autonomic Arousal Theory
Various Publications Cannon’s fight-or-flight hypothesis provided the first theoretical foundation for polygraph testing. His work on sympathetic nervous system activation during emotional disturbances explained why deception produces… [1449] (1928)Galvanic Phenomena of the Skin
Journal of Experimental Psychology The research characterized fundamental properties of galvanic skin responses including response patterns, individual variability, and stimulus specificity, establishing GSR as a scientifically legitimate measure of… [1450] (1928)Deception and self-deception.
The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology The study provided early recognition that self-deception posed fundamental challenges to polygraph validity, contributing to scientific skepticism about relying solely on physiological measures to detect… [1451] (1927)The use of the polygraph in the study of deception at the Institute of Juvenile Research, Chicago
Dept. of Public Welfare Larson reported inconclusive polygraph results in approximately 40% of examinations due to individual physiological variability, and identified both false positive responses in innocent subjects (driven… [1452] (1926)Pathological Lying, Accusation, and Swindling: A Study in Forensic Psychology
Among 1,000 juvenile offenders studied, 8-10 were genuine pathological liars showing excessive falsification disproportionate to any discernible goal. The study documented gender differences (26% of… [1453] (1925)Negative Type Reaction-Time Symptoms of Deception
Psychological Review Marston demonstrated that deception produces two distinct classes of reaction-time deviation — positive (prolonged) and negative (inhibited/shortened) — showing that a complete diagnostic framework must… [1454] (1924)The cardio-pneumo-psychogram in deception
Phillips Bros., Print Larson demonstrated that simultaneous continuous recording of cardiovascular and respiratory physiology during structured questioning produced a convergent, interpretable physiological record of deception-related arousal, with multi-channel… [1455] (1924)Studies in Testimony
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Expert blind reading of blood pressure charts by Marston achieved a reported 97.1% accuracy across 35 cases, compared to 74.3% accuracy when non-specialist officers conducted… [1456] (1923)Sex Characteristics of Systolic Blood Pressure Behavior
Journal of Experimental Psychology Female participants were reported to exhibit stronger and more consistent systolic blood pressure elevations during deception than male participants, with Marston interpreting this as evidence… [1457] (1923)Frye v. United States
Federal Reporter The court held that for scientific evidence to be admissible, the underlying principle or technique must be 'sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in… [1458] (1921 – 1922)The Cardio-Pneumo-Psychograph (First Continuous Polygraph)
First scientific article published 1922 John A. Larson, working for the Berkeley (California) Police Department, developed the first continuous polygraph recording device. Unlike Marston, Larson was cautious about polygraph use… [1459] (1920)Reaction time symptoms of deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology Deceptive responses produced consistently longer reaction times than truthful ones in word-association tests, with Marston reporting accuracy rates as high as 96–100% in laboratory and… [1460] (1920)Reaction-time symptoms of deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology Marston reported 96-97% accuracy in detecting deception using reaction-time measures combined with physiological indicators, though practical application was limited by information contamination and individual variability.… [1461] (1919)Studies in Word-association
Jung demonstrated that emotionally charged stimulus words produced prolonged reaction times, memory disturbances, and measurable physiological changes (galvanic skin response, respiration) that could not be… [1462] (1916)AN ADAPTATION OF THE ERLANGER CAPSULE TO ANY POLYGRAPH FOR OBTAINING . ARTERIAL PULSE RECORDS
Archives of Internal Medicine Halsey successfully demonstrated that the Erlanger capsule could be universally adapted to diverse polygraph recording systems, enabling high-fidelity pulse measurement without requiring specialized or expensive… [1463] (1915)Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement
Cannon demonstrated that emotional arousal produces unified sympathoadrenal activation causing cessation of digestion, blood redistribution to vital organs, increased heart rate, elevated blood sugar, and… [1464] (1915 – 1917)Systolic Blood Pressure and Deception Detection
Various Publications William Moulton Marston (who later created Wonder Woman) developed the discontinuous systolic blood pressure test for deception. His wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston suggested the blood… [1465] (1915 • FOUNDATIONAL)Systolic Blood Pressure Symptoms of Deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology Marston’s detailed experimental work establishing systolic blood pressure as an indicator of deception. Reported 96% accuracy, though later criticized for methodological limitations. [1466] (1908)The Ink Polygraph
British Medical Journal Mackenzie's ink polygraph achieved breakthrough simultaneous multi-channel cardiovascular recording, enabling critical clinical discoveries including the clarification of arrhythmias, the identification of atrial fibrillation, and the… [1467] (1908 • ORIGINS)On the Witness Stand
New York: The McClure Company Harvard professor’s seminal collection of essays on law and psychology. The chapter “The Traces of Emotion” suggested the physiological data channels that would later become… [1468] (1907)On Psychophysical Relations of the Associative Experiment
Journal of Abnormal Psychology Galvanometric responses were determined by emotional intensity rather than physical stimulus strength, appearing after a 1-6 second latency period. Words connected to emotional complexes produced… [1469] (1907)Psychophysical Investigations with the Galvanometer and Pneumograph in Normal and Insane Individuals
Brain Normal individuals showed average galvanic response latencies of 3 seconds, with marked individual differences. Patients with catatonic dementia praecox demonstrated prolonged latencies and diminished or… [1470] (1891)Physiognomy and Expression of Emotion
The work systematically classified emotional expressions across cultures using photography as an objective recording method, establishing that physiological and behavioral changes reliably accompany emotional states—a… [1471] (1873)The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
Darwin identified six core emotions with universal expressions, documented involuntary physiological responses to emotional arousal (particularly fear and guilt), and proposed the 'inhibition hypothesis' that… [1472] (0)The Relationship of Conversational Sensitivity and Employment Interview Experience to Deception Detection in Employment Interviews.
Neither professional interviewing experience nor conversational sensitivity substantially improved deception detection accuracy. Judges across all groups demonstrated a truth bias and frequently relied on invalid… [1473] (0)Remote detection of deception using radar vital signs monitor technology
Proceedings IEEE 34th Annual 2000 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (Cat. No.00CH37083) The radar system successfully detected heartbeat at 10 meters and respiration at 20 meters in non-contact mode, establishing technical proof-of-concept for remote physiological monitoring in… [1474] (0)Cognitive Aspects of Deception
SpringerReference Tactical deception in cognitively advanced species involves withholding information, assessing others' knowledge states, and flexible behavioral strategies. Research shows strong correlation between neocortex size and… [1475] (0)Lie detection: A measure of emotion.
Exploring behavior: An introduction to psychology. The chapter established the conceptual framework that polygraph instruments measure emotional arousal associated with deception rather than detecting lies directly, a distinction that remains fundamental… [1476] (0)Brain-Based Lie Detection and the Mereological Fallacy: Reasons for Optimism
Neurolaw and Responsibility for Action The mereological fallacy critique has less force when applied to P300-CIT because it primarily detects recognition rather than deception. Brain-based methods should be evaluated by… [1477] (0)The Effect of Embedded Lies on the Verbal Quality of Statements and Implications for Credibility Assessment
Embedded lies are not qualitatively different from lies in fully fabricated statements (supported by Bayesian analysis), and lies embedded in truthful statements can still be… [1478] (0)Practices for Interpretation of Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (Polygraph) Data
The standard requires that acceptable test data analysis procedures be published in refereed journals with confirmed replications, that examiners use only methods for which they… [1479] (0)Modality Effects in Deception Detection and Applications in Automatic-Deception-Detection
Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Differences between deception and truth were generally consistent across the three modalities, with only specificity showing significant modality-by-condition interaction effects. Modality had strong main effects… [1480] (0)Psychophysiology and the detection of deception: promises and perils
The Comparison Question Test was found to have weak scientific validity that cannot be remedied by neuroimaging. Question format rather than measurement technology was identified… [1481] (0)Personality Traits and Deception Detection Ability Among College Students with Primary Psychopathic Traits
Both primary hypotheses were not supported: sex did not moderate the relationship between primary psychopathic traits and deception detection accuracy, and Big Five personality traits…Related research topics
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