Screening

[001] Karolina Ambrazaitytė (2025)

Lithuanian govt in favor of polygraph tests for risky aliens, company business reps

European Polygraph Lithuania's Defence Ministry proposed allowing polygraph testing for three new categories: private company employees with classified access, candidates for intelligence collaboration, and foreigners posing potential… Legal & Policy Studies [002] O.V. AREFIEVA (2025)

FEATURES OF THE CONTENT OF VISUAL STIMULI OF RISK FACTORS FOR POLYGRAPH TESTING OF CANDIDATES FOR SERVICE IN THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРОФАЙЛИНГА И ДЕТЕКЦИИ ЛЖИ В ЮРИДИЧЕСКОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ И ПСИХОЛОГИИ: ВЫЗОВЫ, ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ, БУДУЩЕЕ The study identified risk factors for deviant behavior considered important by law enforcement professionals and provided empirical guidance for developing visual stimuli appropriate for Russian… Screening & Personnel Security [003] D. V. Zdebskyi (2025)

Features of information reliability assessment by polygraph method in criminal analysis

Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law The study concludes that polygraph-based methodology can be effectively integrated into criminal analysis to assess information reliability, providing synergistic benefits when combined with analytical processes… Field Validity Studies [004] Laimutis Kraujalis (2025)

Law on Using Polygraph in Lithuania – Latest Developments and its Impact

European Polygraph Lithuania's Defense Ministry proposed expanding polygraph use beyond traditional law enforcement to include private sector security screening and foreign national vetting, representing a significant broadening… Legal & Policy Studies [005] Petra Hypšová, Martin Seitl, Jan Kubíček, Tomáš Mimra (2025)

Unveiling faking in job interviews by examining facial thermal cues in deception detection

Scientific Reports Nasal temperature was higher in rehearsed responses than spontaneous responses and higher in spontaneous lies than spontaneous truths, while forehead and cheek temperatures remained stable.… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [006] Zhi Li (2025)

Real-time cross-cultural lie detection system via multimodal fusion: microexpression enhancement and adversarial defense for forensics

Advances in Engineering Innovation The MPBFS achieved 84.6% accuracy (F1=0.87) on cross-cultural datasets at 23 FPS, with a 31% improvement in Cultural Stability Index and 42% reduction in adversarial… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [007] William George Iacono (2024)

Psychology and the Lie Detector Industry: A Fifty-Year Perspective

Psychophysiology Comprehensive 50-year retrospective on polygraph science since Lykken (1974). Reviews the evolution of CQT, CIT, and screening tests. Notes that government promotion has expanded polygraph… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [008] Irina Usacheva, Igor Parshutin (2024)

The use of the “attitudechange” technique in conducting a special psychophysiological examination with application of polygraph

Russian Journal of Deviant Behavior The attitude change technique effectively neutralized the accusatory bias of polygraph testing when working with anxious subjects, significantly reducing false positive rates and improving overall… Screening & Personnel Security [009] Jo Ann Oravec (2024)

From Polygraphs to Truth Machines: Artificial Intelligence in Lie Detection

Critical Humanities AI-enhanced lie detection systems introduce novel concerns around 'biomarkers of deceit,' algorithmic opacity, invasive data collection, and bias, potentially enabling pervasive 'truth machines' that displace… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [010] A. Yu. Tsygankov, A. A. Kravchuk (2024)

Use of special technical means (polygraph) on personnel recruitment in corporate structures

Vestnik Universiteta Sociological surveys indicate that polygraph screening is increasingly accepted and utilized as a personnel recruitment tool in Russian corporate structures, with both employers and employees… Screening & Personnel Security [011] Dmytro Zdebskyi (2023)

Application of the polygraph under the conditions of marital state in Ukraine

Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences Polygraph applications in Ukraine shifted to 75% security-focused operations during martial law, with voluntary mobilization of civilian examiners supporting military vetting, infiltrator detection, and mass… Screening & Personnel Security [012] Wasiq Khan; Keeley Crockett; Abir Jaafar Hussain (2023)

Intelligent Eye-Tracker-Based Methods for Detection of Deception: A Survey

MDPI Journals Eye-tracking methods show promise as a contactless, non-invasive alternative to conventional polygraph examinations, with potential applications in mass-screening scenarios like airport security and pre-employment procedures. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [013] Emelina Zaimova-Tsaneva, Velina Vladimirova, Todor Todorov, Daniel Genkov (2023)

Polygraph Examinations as Preventative Measure of Corruptive Behavior – A Case Study

Open Journal for Psychological Research The study demonstrates the practical implementation of evidence-based polygraph methods (ESS scoring) for corruption prevention in Bulgarian workplaces, advocating for preventive screening as a deterrent… Screening & Personnel Security [014] D.M. Kuptsova, N.V. Dvoryanchikov (2023)

Evaluation of the Value of Physiological Cues to Determining the Salience of a Risk Factor in a Situation of Screening Polygraph Test

Psychology and Law The study clarified the contribution of specific physiological cues to detecting topic salience during screening polygraph examinations using a directed-lie format with document forgery as… Screening & Personnel Security [015] Rustem Rafekovich Sadekov, Natal'ya Vladimirovna Boiko (2023)

Some Features of Conducting a Screening Examination Using a Polygraph

Современное образование Full text was not accessible for detailed analysis. The article appears to address procedural and methodological considerations specific to multi-issue screening examinations in Russian corporate… Screening & Personnel Security [016] Albul Serhii, Vladyslav Shendryk, Oleksandr Horbachov, Serhii Penkov, Maryna Voloshyna (2023)

Legal principles of polygraph use in the field of corruption prevention: international experience

Cuestiones Políticas The study identifies diverse international approaches to polygraph regulation in corruption prevention, with Japan operating approximately 70 polygraph examiners across police laboratories and some jurisdictions… Legal & Policy Studies [017] Dmitri Asonov; Mikhail Krylov; Vladislav Omelyusik; Anastasiya Ryabikina; Evgeny Litvinov; Mikhail Mitrofanov; Mikhail Mikhailov; Albert Efimov (2023)

Building a second-opinion tool for classical polygraph

Nature Scientific Reports The study successfully created a system that can catch mistakes in historical polygraph records by identifying examiner errors in interpreting raw physiological data. AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [018] Rebecca Wing-Man Lau (2023)

To Use or Not to Use? Revisiting And Rethinking the Use of Polygraph and Psychophysiological Assessments in the Law Enforcement Setting

Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal The review highlights the continued tension between law enforcement needs for integrity assessment tools and persistent scientific skepticism about polygraph validity, particularly given risks of… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [019] M.V. Vinogradov, O.A. Ulyanina (2022)

Specifics of Conducting Special Psychophysiological Studies with the Use of a Polygraph on the Employees of Internal Affairs Bodies Appointed to Other Positions in the System of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

Psychology and Law Comparative analysis revealed temporal changes in risk factor detection patterns between 2011 and 2020, with regional variation in identified risk factors among candidates screened from… Screening & Personnel Security [020] Anton A. Chekunov, Valentin A. Shapoval, Dmitry V. Belykh-Silaev (2022)

Psychological, Organizational and Legal Aspects of the Use of Polygraph for the Evaluation of Reliability of Candidates to Security, Defense and Law Enforcement Agencies

Juridical psychology The full text was unavailable for review. The paper appears to provide a theoretical and legal analysis of polygraph screening practices in Russian security agencies,… Screening & Personnel Security [021] (2022)

Looking for Lies: An Exploratory Analysis for Automated Detection of Deception

Word count-based machine learning models were most accurate at detecting deception (76% accuracy), with similar performance across video and text-based interviews, though significant gender bias… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [022] Michał Widacki (2022)

Polygraph examinations in Russia

Przegląd Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego Polygraph use in Russia's Ministry of Internal Affairs increased 14-fold from 2002-2007, reaching nearly 22,000 examinations annually, with 35,000-40,000 examinations conducted across federal agencies by… International Polygraph Practices [023] Frank S. Horvath; Robert Peters (2022)

Polygraph Testing and Social Intolerance: A Warning to Examiners Outside of the United States

European Polygraph Testing applicants for social intolerance represents a dangerous expansion from behavioral screening to thought-screening that could encourage efforts to prohibit polygraph testing internationally. Legal & Policy Studies [024] Lucie Sousedikova, Milan Adamek (2022)

Security Clearance and Polygraph Examination

DAAAM Proceedings The study demonstrated measurable physiological responses across multiple sensor channels during security clearance-relevant questioning, providing empirical support for continued polygraph use in personnel security vetting… Screening & Personnel Security [025] Peters, R., Horvath, F. (2021)

Social Intolerance: A Dangerous and Mistaken Approach to Polygraph Testing for Positions of Trust: Response to Nelson and Handler

American Polygraph Association Magazine Testing for social intolerance is highly objectionable and likely to encourage efforts to prohibit polygraph testing, especially internationally, with concerns about increased false positives/negatives and… Legal & Policy Studies [026] Lucie Sousedikova, Adam Malatinsky, Irena Drofova, Milan Adamek (2021)

The Role of Lie Detection Based System in Controlling Borders

DAAAM Proceedings Laboratory testing of the iBorderCtrl ADDS component with 32 participants achieved approximately 76% accuracy (75.56% for deceptive, 73.67% for truthful participants), but field testing produced… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [027] (2021)

Hybrid Polygraph and Ocular-Motor Deception Tests for Screening and Specific-Incident Investigations

Psychology Applications & Developments VII The hybrid DLC protocol achieved 88% accuracy for specific-incident testing, while the hybrid MCT protocol achieved 91% accuracy for multi-issue screening, demonstrating that combining eye-tracking… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [028] Velina Vladimirova, Todor Todorov (2020)

The essence of the polygraph method and its usage in Bulgaria

5th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences: Conference Proceedings Bulgaria operates under a unique legal framework where polygraph evidence must be incorporated into psychological expert testimony rather than standing alone. Commercial polygraph use has… International Polygraph Practices [029] Nelson, R., Handler, M. (2020)

Practical polygraph: Interviewing and screening public-safety applicants for social intolerance

American Polygraph Association Magazine Authors concluded that polygraph examiners should become conversant with social intolerance topics and provided operational definitions, mind-mapping tools, and interview strategies for addressing religious, gender,… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [030] Mann, S., Vrij, A., Hope, L., Pontigia, L. (2020)

Detecting smugglers: Identifying strategies and behaviours in individuals in possession of illicit objects

Applied Cognitive Psychology Observer detection of smugglers was remarkably poor with accuracy rates of 48% and 39.2% in two experiments, despite smugglers actually experiencing significantly more nervousness than… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [031] Potts, A. C. (2020)

1, 2, 3 crimes you're out: Ocular‐motor methods for detecting deception in a multiple‐issue screening protocol

Journal of Forensic Sciences Classification accuracy ranged from 83.3% to 91.7% across participant groups, with the system also demonstrating strong item-level accuracy in identifying specific deceptive topics (81.1-88.3% accuracy). Neuroimaging & New Technologies [032] Geoffrey Bunn (2020)

Clearer than Truth: The Polygraph and the American Cold War

Journal of American History Baesler argues that the polygraph's ambiguity was key to its Cold War influence, with the technology embodying conflicts between collective security and personal autonomy. The… Foundational & Historical Research [033] Imasha Lakshan, Lumini Wickramasinghe, Sandaru Disala, Smirithika Chandrasegar, Prasanna S. Haddela (2019)

Real Time Deception Detection for Criminal Investigation

2019 National Information Technology Conference (NITC) The PREDICTOR system demonstrated feasibility for real-time monitoring of deception, emotion, and attentiveness during criminal investigations, though specific accuracy metrics are not available in accessible… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [034] Benjamin L. Blalock (2019)

Practical Polygraph: How to Parse Categorical Results for Test Questions of Diagnostic and Screening Polygraphs

APA Magazine For diagnostic examinations, the Grand Total Rule should be used when all relevant questions address the same issue, while for screening examinations, the Subtotal Score… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [035] Ehi Esoimeme (2018)

Using the Lie Detector Test to Curb Corruption in the Nigeria Police Force

SSRN Electronic Journal The paper concludes that polygraph testing could help curb corruption in the Nigeria Police Force only if multiple conditions are met: adequate funding through the… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [036] Инна Скляренко, INNA SKLYARENKO, Валентина Синчагова, Valentina Shinagawa (2018)

The psychophysiological research using the polygraph in the framework of professional selection on the service of the interior ministry in the native language of the candidate

Applied psychology and pedagogy Conducting polygraph examinations in candidates' native languages improved assessment validity by enhancing rapport, reducing language-induced anxiety, improving question comprehension, and minimizing false positive responses caused… Screening & Personnel Security [037] S. Hryshyn, M. Kuzmenko, S. Khalimanenko (2018)

THE SUBSTANTIATION OF THE PERIODIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH SYSTEM WITH USE OF POLYGRAPH IN PERSONNEL WORKING PROCESS IN THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF UKRAINE AND THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE

Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences The study establishes a framework for periodic psychophysiological research systems within Ukrainian military structures, addressing legal justifications, organizational integration, and standards for systematic personnel screening. Screening & Personnel Security [038] Kleinberg, B., van der Toolen, Y., Vrij, A., Arntz, A., Verschuere, B. (2018)

Automated Verbal Credibility Assessment of Intentions: The Model Statement Technique and Predictive Modeling

Applied Cognitive Psychology Machine learning classification achieved 80% accuracy in initial testing but dropped to 63% in independent validation, with liars paradoxically including more person and location references… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [039] Aaron C. Elkins, Jeffrey G. Proudfoot, Nathan Twyman, Judee K. Burgoon, Jay F. Nunamaker (2018)

Embodied Conversational Agent-Based Deception Detection

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems Electrodermal activity successfully confirmed the presence of arousal during agent-based interviews, demonstrating that automated avatar systems can elicit valid physiological responses for detecting guilty knowledge… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [040] Jan Stefan Widacki; Anna Szuba-Boroń (2017)

Polygraph Examinations of Civil Servants in Poland

European Polygraph The paper reviews Polish legislation authorizing polygraph use in security agencies including the Internal Security Agency, Central Anticorruption Bureau, and military intelligence services. International Polygraph Practices [041] Łukasz Lep (2017)

Polygraph Examinations in the Secret Services of the People's Republic of Poland

European Polygraph Polish Military Internal Service experts conducted 4,626 polygraph examinations in 943 cases between 1969-1989, primarily for internal security matters including firearms theft, personnel vetting, and… International Polygraph Practices [042] David Dietzel (2017)

Prison Mental Health Screening tools: choices and sensitivity

Assessment and Development Matters The three validated screening tools produced referral rates ranging from 47.3% to 100% in the same sample, a spread of over 50 percentage points, demonstrating… Screening & Personnel Security [043] David Dietzel (2017)

Mental health in an open prison: preliminary research findings

Division of Forensic Psychology British Psychological Society Annual Conference Despite the relatively permissive open-prison environment producing lower anxiety and better-than-average well-being scores, rates of clinically screened mental health problems were as high as or… Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [044] Marcin Gołaszewski (2017)

Report from the 10th Interdepartamental Polygraph Seminar Waplewo 2017

European Polygraph The seminar focused on pre-employment screening examinations and forensic polygraph applications in criminal proceedings, with presentations including case studies from expert witnesses in Polish Border… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [045] John C. Kircher; David C. Raskin (2016)

Laboratory and Field Research on the Ocular-motor Deception Test

European Polygraph Cross-validation accuracy averaged 83.1% under standard laboratory conditions and 86.1% in field studies, with accuracy rates ranging from 78% to 86% across diverse populations including… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [046] A. V. Lugovoy (2016)

LEGAL ASPECTS OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES USING POLYGRAPH IN ANTICORRUPTION POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Polythematic Online Scientific Journal of Kuban State Agrarian University Russian courts do not recognize polygraph results as meeting evidentiary standards, yet federal agencies continue using psychophysiological examinations for personnel screening with voluntary consent. Effectiveness… Legal & Policy Studies [047] Raymond Nelson (2015 • META-ANALYTIC UPDATE)

Updated Meta-Analytic Survey of Validated Polygraph Techniques

Polygraph Extension of the 2011 APA meta-analytic survey with additional validated techniques. Confirmed mean accuracy rates of approximately 89% for event-specific tests and documented ESS/OSS scoring… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [048] (2015)

Public Law 100 – 347

Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice The Act prohibits private sector employers from requiring, using, or basing employment decisions on lie detector tests, with narrow exemptions for national security, ongoing theft… Legal & Policy Studies [049] Donald J. Krapohl; Walt Goodson (2015)

Decision Accuracy for the Relevant-Irrelevant Screening Test: Influence of an Algorithm on Human Decision-Making

European Polygraph The study addressed the poor interrater reliability problem that has plagued RI screening tests, investigating whether algorithmic support could resolve fundamental reliability issues that undermine… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [050] Matsuda, I., Ogawa, T., Tsuneoka, M., Verschuere, B. (2015)

Using pretest data to screen low-reactivity individuals in the autonomic-based concealed information test

Psychophysiology Pretest screening significantly improved the diagnostic value of the mock-crime CIT, though it led to a substantial number of undiagnosed participants (33.6%), suggesting a trade-off… Laboratory & Analog Studies [051] Douglas J. Hacker (2014)

Detecting deception using ocular metrics during reading

In D.C. Raskin, C.R. Honts, & J.C. Kircher (Eds.), Credibility assessment: Scientific research and applications Combined ocular-motor measures (pupil dilation and reading behavior) correctly classified over 85% of participants as guilty or innocent in laboratory studies and 86.1% in a… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [052] Nathan W. Twyman, Aaron C. Elkins, Judee K. Burgoon, Jay F. Nunamaker (2014)

A Rigidity Detection System for Automated Credibility Assessment

Journal of Management Information Systems The system successfully detected kinesic rigidity in real-time during concealed information tests, confirming rigidity as a viable automated deception indicator and providing new theoretical insights… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [053] Raskin, D.C., Honts, C.R., Kircher, J.C. (2014)

Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications

Elsevier Academic Press Polygraph test accuracy is estimated at approximately 89% for specific-incident criminal investigations and 85% for screening applications. Electrodermal reactions are the most diagnostic psychophysiological measure,… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [054] Donald J. Krapohl; S. Rosales; Donald J. Krapohl; Leonard Goodson (2014)

Relevant-Irrelevant Screening Format Accuracy

Polygraph Concluded that the decision accuracy of the RIR screening format is substantially poorer than other validated screening formats. Provided evidence-based justification for agencies to adopt… Field Validity Studies [055] Tuvya T. Amsel (2013)

Comparative Review of Polygraph and Other Diagnostic Tools and Methods

European Polygraph Polygraph diagnostic accuracy (.88) was comparable to established medical imaging technologies including MRI, CT scan, and ultrasound. Inter-rater reliability among polygraph examiners (.77) exceeded physicians… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [056] William G. Iacono, Christopher J. Patrick (2013)

Employing Polygraph Assessment

The Handbook of Forensic Psychology The CQT has weak theoretical foundations, is biased against innocent examinees, and vulnerability to countermeasures. Field validity studies systematically overestimate accuracy due to confession-verification bias,… Foundational & Historical Research [057] Олександр Іванович Мотлях, Анна Олександрівна Потильчак (2013)

Polygraph in the psychological personnel selection for agencies of the Internal Affairs of Ukraine: achievements, shortcomings and ways of their overcoming

Scientific works of National Aviation University. Series: Law Journal "Air and Space Law" The paper identifies successes in adopting validated polygraph techniques and growing institutional acceptance, while documenting shortcomings including inconsistent protocol application, gaps in legal frameworks, and… Screening & Personnel Security [058] Marchak, F. (2013)

Detecting false intent using eye blink measures

Frontiers in Psychology Participants with false intent showed suppressed blinking during relevant questions, fewer total blinks, and shorter maximum blink duration compared to truthful participants. Discriminant analysis achieved… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [059] Pamela K. Shaw (2012)

The Empirical Basis for the Use of Directed Lie Comparison Questions in Diagnostic and Screening Polygraphs

APA Magazine The review found little to no meaningful difference in effect size or detection accuracy between directed lie and probable lie comparison questions, supporting the scientific… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [060] Jeffrey Gainer Proudfoot, Nathan W. Twyman, Judee K. Burgoon (2012)

A Comparison of Invasive and Noninvasive Sensors in the Concealed Information Test

2012 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference This was a proposal paper that did not report empirical results. The authors outlined plans to investigate and compare accuracy rates of electrodermal, oculometric, and… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [061] Michał Widacki; Aleksandra Cempura (2011)

Legal Admissibility of Employee Polygraph Examinations in Poland

European Polygraph Employee polygraph examinations in Poland's private sector face significant legal obstacles absent explicit statutory authorization or genuine voluntary consent. While government agencies have clear statutory… Legal & Policy Studies [062] Gabriel Giordano, Joey George, Kent Marett, Brian Keane (2011)

Reviewers and the Detection of Deceptive Information in Recorded Interviews

Journal of Applied Social Psychology Reviewers were more accurate at detecting deceptive information than participant interviewers; warnings about deception's presence improved reviewers' detection accuracy without increasing false alarms across text… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [063] Игорь Сергеевич Дикий (2010)

Возможности применения полиграфа и новых альтернативных методов инструментальной детекции лжи для предупреждения террористических угроз

Российский психологический журнал The paper reports that brain-based methods using evoked potentials demonstrate high reliability and accuracy in detecting concealed information about terrorist activities, even during planning stages,… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [064] David Mclean, Zuhair Bandar, James O'Shea, Keeley A. Crockett (2010)

Commercialisation of an artificially intelligent deception detection system in the current security climate

International Conference on Fuzzy Systems The paper discusses commercialization pathways for AI-based deception detection in security contexts, highlighting that while the Silent Talker system achieved above-chance detection of deception versus… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [065] Fren T. Y. Smulders (2010)

Extracting concealed information from groups

Journal of Forensic Sciences All three concealed critical items were successfully detected using group-aggregated and within-person standardized skin conductance responses, achieving a 100% item-detection rate across the three embedded… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [066] Honts, C.R., & Crawford, M. (2010)

Polygraph countermeasures cannot be detected from respiratory signatures: Government policy puts the innocent at risk

Polygraph examiners could not reliably detect countermeasures from respiratory patterns, contradicting policy assumptions and creating significant false positive risks for innocent examinees showing normal stress-related… Countermeasures Research [067] Webb, A.K., Hacker, D.J., Osher, D., Cook, A.E., Woltz, D.J., Kristjansson, S., Kircher, J.C. (2009)

Eye Movements and Pupil Size Reveal Deception in Computer Administered Questionnaires

Foundations of Augmented Cognition Guilty participants demonstrated larger pupil responses and faster, more efficient reading of crime-relevant statements compared to innocent participants, with oculomotor discriminant functions successfully distinguishing between… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [068] Geoffrey P. Alpert, Jeffrey J. Noble (2009)

Lies, True Lies, and Conscious Deception

Police Quarterly Police deception exists on a continuum from necessary investigative lies to career-ending misconduct. Repetitive use of deception creates cognitive scripts linking deception with success, causing… Legal & Policy Studies [069] Handler, M., Nelson, R., Blalock, B. (2009)

Focused polygraph technique for PCSOT and law enforcement screening programs

Polygraph The paper proposes a standardized DLST format with two neutral questions, one sacrifice relevant question, two separate relevant questions, and two directed-lie comparison questions, with… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [070] Burgoon, J. K., Twitchell, D. P., Jensen, M. L., Adkins, M., Kruse, J., Deokar, A., Lu, S., Metaxas, D. N., Nunamaker, J. F., Jr., Younger, R. E. (2009)

Detecting concealment of intent in transportation screening: A proof of concept

IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems The research demonstrated that automated analysis of verbal and nonverbal behavior during interviews could detect concealed intent at above-chance levels, with kinesic tracking revealing differences… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [071] Charles Robert Honts; William J. Schweinle (2009)

Information gain of psychophysiological detection of deception in forensic and screening settings

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Polygraph tests demonstrated substantial improvements in information gain over unassisted laypersons across nearly the complete range of base rates of guilt in forensic settings, based… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [072] Walczyk, J. J., Mahoney, K. T., Doverspike, D., Griffith-Ross, D. A. (2009)

Cognitive lie detection: Response time and consistency of answers as cues to deception

Journal of Business and Psychology Classification accuracy reached 89% using response time and answer consistency to distinguish liars from truth-tellers after controlling for individual differences, with liars showing longer response… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods [073] Harris, J.C., McQuarrie, A.D. (2009)

The Preliminary Credibility Assessment System Embedded Algorithm Description and Validation Results

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Validation studies showed 80% accuracy when inconclusives were excluded, with 23% inconclusive rates. When inconclusives were included, accuracy dropped to 63-79%. The algorithm was deliberately… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [074] Robert D. Chapman (2008)

A Review of: “To Tell the Truth”

International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence Chapman's review engages with Sullivan's argument that polygraph use is 'an art as much as a science' and evaluates the memoir's coverage of controversial cases… Foundational & Historical Research [075] Joey F. George, Kent Marett, Patti A. Tilley (2008)

The Effects of Warnings, Computer-Based Media, and Probing Activity on Successful Lie Detection

IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication Interviewers who received warnings about possible deception detected lies better than those without warnings. Interactive media prompted more probing questions, and probing behavior mediated the… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [076] Frank Horvath (2008)

Review of: Gatekeeper: Memoirs of a CIA Polygraph Examiner

Journal of Forensic Sciences Sullivan's memoir documents his role conducting more polygraph tests than anyone in CIA history, discovering double agents and security threats while arguing that polygraph is… Foundational & Historical Research [077] Handler, M., Nelson, R., Blalock, B. (2008)

A focused polygraph technique for PCSOT and law enforcement screening programs

Polygraph The authors argue that the DLST, derived from validated TES research (98% accuracy for innocent and 83.3% for guilty examinees in laboratory studies), can serve… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [078] Matthew L. Jensen, Thomas O. Meservy, Judee K. Burgoon, Jay F. Nunamaker (2008)

Video-Based Deception Detection

Studies in Computational Intelligence The automated system extracted behavioral features from video that performed comparably to human-coded perceptions in detecting deception, identifying behavioral profiles including agitated, over-controlled, and relaxed… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [079] Leonard Saxe (2007 • EMPLOYEE PROTECTION)

Employee Polygraph Protection Act: 20 Years Later

Law Review Articles (Various) Analyses of the 1988 EPPA’s impact after two decades. Banned most private employer polygraph use while maintaining exceptions for government, security, and pharmaceutical industries. Legal & Policy Studies [080] U.S. Department of Defense (2006)

Federal Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Examiner Handbook

Government & Policy Documents Official policy manual for all federal polygraph programs. Standardized testing procedures, scoring methods, and quality assurance requirements. Based on accumulated research evidence and best practices… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [081] Stuart M. Senter; James Waller; Donald J. Krapohl (2006)

Validation Studies for the Preliminary Credibility Assessment Screening System (PCASS)

DoDPI Research Reports The research provided initial empirical validation of PCASS as a portable credibility assessment tool designed for minimal training requirements and field deployment in military contexts. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [082] U.S. Department of Justice; Office of the Inspector General (2006)

Use of Polygraph Examinations in the Department of Justice

Government & Policy Documents The report provided critical oversight data on how premier federal law enforcement agencies implemented polygraph technology in high-stakes contexts, identifying both operational practices and compliance… Government Scientific Reviews [083] Stuart M. Senter (2005)

An Exploration of Methods for the Analysis of Multiple-Issue Relevant/Irrelevant Screening Data

Polygraph Different scoring and analytical methods produce meaningfully different accuracy and inconclusive rates on Multiple-Issue R/I data, with structured numerical scoring demonstrating superior consistency over subjective… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [084] National Research Council; National Academy of Sciences (2003 • LANDMARK GOVERNMENT REVIEW)

The Polygraph and Lie Detection

Government & Policy Documents The most comprehensive government review ever conducted. Examined approximately 80 research studies. Concluded that specific-incident polygraph tests “can discriminate lying from truth telling at rates… Government Scientific Reviews [085] Gregory DeClue (2003)

Book Section: Essay and Review: The Polygraph and Lie Detection

The Journal of Psychiatry & Law The NRC concluded that specific-incident polygraph tests perform above chance but well below perfection, with accuracy for security screening insufficient to justify reliance in federal… Government Scientific Reviews [086] Alan P. Zelicoff (2003)

Positive and Negative Predictive Values of Polygraphs: Results from published field studies

Sandia National Laboratories Analysis of field study data reveals limitations in polygraph predictive values when applied to populations with low base rates of deception. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [087] Greenberg, D.S. (2002)

Polygraph Fails Scientific Review in the USA

The Lancet The NRC report concluded that polygraph screening equates to voodooism, is scientifically weak, easily defeated by countermeasures, and may undermine security through false confidence, though… Government Scientific Reviews [088] (2002)

Polygraph Testing Too Flawed for Security Screening

PsycEXTRA Dataset The report concluded that while specific-incident polygraph tests perform above chance, polygraph accuracy for screening is insufficient to justify reliance on it in federal security… Government Scientific Reviews [089] Ioannis Thomas Pavlidis (2002)

Seeing through the face of deception

Nature The thermal imaging system correctly categorized 83% of 20 subjects (75% sensitivity for guilty, 90% specificity for innocent), compared to 70% overall accuracy for traditional… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [090] Ioannis Thomas Pavlidis (2002)

Thermal Facial Screening for Deception Detection

Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conference Thermal facial imaging achieved an overall correct classification rate of 83% in a mock-crime paradigm (versus 70% for traditional polygraph by expert examiners), with 90%… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [091] Krapohl, D.J. (2002)

The polygraph in personnel screening

Handbook of Polygraph Testing Personnel screening polygraph demonstrated lower accuracy than specific-incident testing, with innocent examinee identification rates ranging from 88.9% to 98.3% across different formats, indicating false accusation… Screening & Personnel Security [092] Daniel S Greenberg (2002)

washington Polygraph fails scientific review in the USA

The Lancet The NAS report equated polygraph screening with voodooism, finding it worthless for security screening and easily defeated by countermeasures, while acknowledging above-chance accuracy only for… Government Scientific Reviews [093] Crewson, P. E. (2001)

A comparative analysis of polygraph with other screening and diagnostic tools

Department of Defense Polygraph Institute, Research Support Service For field screening, polygraph demonstrated sensitivity of .59 and specificity of .92, with inter-rater reliability (kappa = .77) exceeding physicians (.56) and nearly matching psychologists… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [094] Defense Personnel Security Research Center (PERSEREC (2001)

Expanding Federal Polygraph Programs

Government & Policy Documents The federal polygraph system could add only 33 net new examiners per year under existing constraints, with 75 of DoDPI's 108 annual training slots required… Legal & Policy Studies [095] Aftergood, S. (2000)

Polygraph testing and the DOE national laboratories

Science The Wen Ho Lee case demonstrated that identical polygraph data could be interpreted as both passing and failing by different examiners. Despite ubiquitous polygraph use… Legal & Policy Studies [096] Ioannis Thomas Pavlidis (2000)

Thermal imaging for anxiety detection

Proceedings 2000 IEEE Workshop on Computer Vision Beyond the Visible Spectrum The study demonstrated proof-of-concept feasibility for using thermal image analysis to detect facial anxiety patterns at a distance without physical sensor contact, with measurable temperature… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [097] Vance Victor MacLaren (2000)

Can we trust counterintelligence polygraph tests?

Polygraph Laboratory studies found TES correctly identified 83.3% of guilty and 90.7% of innocent participants; a mathematical model demonstrated that requiring two consecutive failures reduces the… Screening & Personnel Security [098] William George Iacono (1999)

Update: The scientific status of research on polygraph techniques: The case against polygraph tests

Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony Approximately 40–43% of innocent individuals fail the CQT in high-quality real-world field studies, and the only methodologically unbiased field study found CQT accuracy for innocent… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [099] Michael Phillips (1999)

Problems with the Polygraph

Science This is a letter to the editor, not an empirical research study, and therefore does not contain experimental findings or statistical results. It represents scientific… Legal & Policy Studies [100] David Malakoff (1999)

DOE Polygraph Plan Draws Fire

Science DOE significantly reduced the scope of its polygraph screening program from 20,000 to 4,600 employees after facing criticism about the scientific validity of polygraph testing,… Legal & Policy Studies [101] Andrew Belvin Dollins (1997)

A Comparison of Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Accuracy Rates

Polygraph The TES format achieved 83.3% guilty detection accuracy compared to 55.6% for CSP-PLC and 58.6% for CSP-DLC formats, representing a 50% improvement over traditional approaches. Laboratory & Analog Studies [102] DoDPI Research Division Staff (1997 • DEFENSE COMPARISON)

A Comparison of PDD Accuracy Rates: CISP vs. TES Question Formats

Polygraph Compared two screening test formats used in US intelligence community. Found both formats achieved significant detection rates, with differences in sensitivity and specificity profiles. Laboratory & Analog Studies [103] Meesig, R., Horvath, F. (1995)

A national survey of practices, policies and evaluative comments on the use of pre-employment polygraph screening in police agencies in the United States

Among large U.S. police agencies, 62% utilized pre-employment polygraph screening, rejecting approximately 25% of applicants based on information not uncovered through other screening methods. Agencies… Screening & Personnel Security [104] DoDPI Research Division Staff (1995)

A comparison of psychophysiological detection of deception accuracy rates obtained using the counterintelligence scope polygraph and the test for espionage and sabotage question formats

DoDPI Research Reports The study found that traditional CSP format had unacceptably low guilty detection rates of only 43.2% compared to 94.9% innocent detection rates, prompting evaluation of… Laboratory & Analog Studies [105] Johnson, M.M., Rosenfeld, J.P. (1992)

Oddball-evoked P300-based method of deception detection in the laboratory II: Utilization of non-selective activation of relevant knowledge

International Journal of Psychophysiology The study achieved 87% overall accuracy in classifying guilty (n=17) and innocent (n=14) subjects without pre-test selective rehearsal, demonstrating that temporally proximal, non-selective presentation of… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [106] Honts, C.R. (1991)

The emperor's new clothes: Application of polygraph tests in the American workplace

Forensic Reports Analysis of DoD security screening polygraph data revealed CSP examinations correctly identified only 2% of guilty subjects, with sensitivity of 43.2% for programmed guilty examinees,… Screening & Personnel Security [107] Lawrence S. Kleiman, Robert H. Faley, David W. Denton (1990)

Legal Issues concerning Polygraph Testing in the Public Sector

Public Personnel Management The article identified unique constitutional vulnerabilities in public sector polygraph programs, revealing a paradox where private employees enjoyed statutory protections that many public workers lacked… Legal & Policy Studies [108] Department of Defense Polygraph Institute (1990)

DoDPI Racial Bias Study: Polygraph Results by Race

DoDPI Research Reports Innocent Black examinees had substantially lower pass rates (23.5%) compared to innocent white examinees (36.9%), indicating potential racial bias in polygraph testing outcomes. Legal & Policy Studies [109] Department of Defense Polygraph Institute (1990)

DoDPI Racial Bias Study: Polygraph examination results by race

DoDPI Research Reports Truthful African American examinees had a 76.5% false positive rate compared to 63.1% for truthful Caucasian examinees—a statistically significant disparity indicating that innocent African Americans… Legal & Policy Studies [110] Robert Alan Palmer (1989)

The New Federal Polygraph Law and Its Effect On Hospitality Operators

Hospitality Education and Research Journal EPPA eliminated 85% of polygraph testing nationwide and completely banned pre-employment screening in hospitality, forcing hotels and restaurants to develop alternative methods for addressing employee… Legal & Policy Studies [111] Gordon H. Barland; Charles Robert Honts; Steven D. Barger (1989)

Studies of the accuracy of security screening polygraph examinations

DoDPI Research Reports Security screening polygraphs showed disturbing asymmetry with 94.9% accuracy for innocent examinees but only 43.2% accuracy for guilty examinees, creating more false negatives than false… Laboratory & Analog Studies [112] Barland, G.H., Honts, C.R., Barger, S.D. (1989)

The validity of detection of deception for multiple issues

Guilty subjects were identified as deceptive to at least one crime 67% of the time (93% excluding inconclusives), but the study revealed examiners could not… Laboratory & Analog Studies [113] John Bales (1988)

Testing: Pre-work polygraph ban signed by Reagan

PsycEXTRA Dataset The EPPA banned polygraph use by most private employers, established exemptions for government agencies and certain high-risk industries (security, pharmaceuticals), required strict procedural safeguards for… Legal & Policy Studies [114] Robert W. Moore (1988)

Unmasking Thieves: From Polygraph to Paper

Journal of Managerial Psychology The paper found that polygraph results are not difficult to fake, highlighting significant validity and reliability concerns that contributed to the shift toward written integrity… Foundational & Historical Research [115] Kevin R. Murphy (1987)

Detecting infrequent deception.

Journal of Applied Psychology When base rates are .10 or lower, false positive rates must be equally low regardless of decision threshold. Improving detection of true deception from .85… Foundational & Historical Research [116] Benjamin Kleinmuntz (1987)

The Predictive Power of the Polygraph: The Lies Lie Detectors Tell

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association The letter argued that in screening situations with low base rates of deception, most positive polygraph results would be false positives, meaning truthful persons would… Legal & Policy Studies [117] William R. Johnson (1986)

The ambivalent polygraph

International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence Full text unavailable; analysis cannot be completed without access to the original article. Legal & Policy Studies [118] AllanS. Brett, Michael Phillips, JohnF. Beary (1986)

PREDICTIVE POWER OF THE POLYGRAPH: CAN THE "LIE DETECTOR" REALLY DETECT LIARS?

The Lancet In many screening or investigative situations, the positive predictive value of the polygraph would be poor, with most positive results being false positives. Truthful persons… Government Scientific Reviews [119] Laurence A. Pink, Jeffrey A. Kotzan (1986)

Polygraph Testing—A Comprehensive Literature Review of an Ethical Dilemma

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education The review found polygraph testing yielded approximately 11% false positive and 2% false negative results, with autonomic responses confounded by race, education, and multiple other… Foundational & Historical Research [120] British Psychological Society (1986)

Report of the working group on the use of the polygraph in criminal investigation and personnel screening

Bulletin of the British Psychological Society The working group concluded that polygraph techniques lacked sufficient scientific validity for use in British criminal investigation and employment screening, citing unstandardized procedures, inadequate accuracy,… Government Scientific Reviews [121] Brooks, J. (1985)

Polygraph testing: Thoughts of a skeptical legislator

American Psychologist Brooks advocated for congressional restrictions on expanded federal polygraph screening, citing scientific validity concerns and civil liberties implications. His legislative efforts contributed to the rescission… Legal & Policy Studies [122] SANDRA N. HURD (1985)

USE OF THE POLYGRAPH IN SCREENING JOB APPLICANTS

American Business Law Journal The article documented significant legal vulnerabilities in pre-employment polygraph practices, including privacy infringement concerns, state-level regulatory inconsistencies, discriminatory potential based on ethnicity and sex, and… Screening & Personnel Security [123] L. Saxe, D. Dougherty, T. Cross (1985)

Testing the Polygraph

PsycEXTRA Dataset The review identified fundamental problems with polygraph validity, finding that while claimed to be highly accurate, the evidence was unclear particularly for screening applications. Control… Government Scientific Reviews [124] T. Fjordback (1985)

Significance of MMPI "Lie" Scale Elevations

PsycEXTRA Dataset All forensic patients meeting criteria of Lie scale > 6 with no clinical elevations showed psychotic disorders with prominent paranoid features, suggesting elevated L scales… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [125] Gordon H. Barland (1985 • MILITARY FIELD STUDY)

A Validation and Reliability Study of Counterintelligence Screening Tests

Security Support Battalion, 902nd Military Intelligence Group, Fort Meade, MD US military study of polygraph screening test validity. Found significantly better than chance detection rates for counterintelligence screening, though with higher inconclusive rates than specific-issue… Screening & Personnel Security [126] Richard S. Weaver; Marcia Garwood (1985)

Comparison of Relevant/Irrelevant and Modified General Question Technique Structures in a Split Counterintelligence-Suitability Phase Polygraph Examination

Polygraph The R/I and MGQT techniques differed significantly in the types of examiner decisions rendered and the nature of security-relevant information obtained, demonstrating that question format… Screening & Personnel Security [127] (1983)

Lie detectors tell too many lies

Nature The editorial argued that federal government polygraph expansion set a dangerous precedent for other employers, appearing alongside the 1983 OTA report finding only limited scientific… Legal & Policy Studies [128] Saxe, L., Dougherty, D., Cross, T.P. (1983)

The scientific validity of polygraph testing

Office of Technology Assessment Report Field studies showed average guilty detection of 86.3% but innocent detection of only 76%, with false positive rates averaging 19.1%. No scientific validity was established… Government Scientific Reviews [129] Steven Thurber (1981)

Cpi Variables in Relation to the Polygraph Performance of Police Officer Candidates

The Journal of Social Psychology Applicants who scored highest on the CPI impression management scale were most likely to pass polygraph screening tests, suggesting that social desirability and self-presentation skills… Screening & Personnel Security [130] Gordon H. Barland (1981)

A Validation and Reliability Study of the Counterintelligence Screening Test

902nd Military Intelligence Group The study provided the first scientific validation of directed lie control questions and the CIST format under controlled conditions. Laboratory & Analog Studies [131] Linehan, J. (1978)

An aspect of World War II use of the polygraph

Of 294 German POWs screened at Fort Wetherill in August 1945, 139 (47%) were rejected based on polygraph and other screening criteria, with those failing… Foundational & Historical Research [132] Chester C. Crawford (1960)

The Polygraph in Agent Interrogation

Government & Policy Documents The paper documents early CIA operational polygraph practices with intelligence assets, reflecting the use of relevant-irrelevant questioning techniques during the 1950s-1960s period of Cold War… Foundational & Historical Research [133] Charles A. McInerney (1955)

Routine Screening of Criminal Suspects by the Polygraph (Lie-Detector) Technique

The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science Seven of nine deceptive subjects confessed to an additional 25 burglaries and implicated 7 accomplices, all of whom were arrested and corroborated the original confessions. Foundational & Historical Research