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Review Article
This topic encompasses 647 peer-reviewed studies, primarily in the field of foundational & historical research. Research in this area spans from the 0s to the 2020s.
647Studies
0s–2020sSpan
21Categories
662Researchers
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Studies tagged “Review Article” [647]
All 647 peer-reviewed studies in this research area, sorted by year.
[001]
(2026)
Culture and credibility: the assessment of asylum seekers’ statements
Psychology, Crime & Law The review identifies systematic cultural differences in autobiographical memory style, power distance effects on reporting, acquiescence response styles, and trauma memory expression that can lead… [002] (2025)Possible Sources of the Difference in the Severity of the Prior Information Effect on Polygraph Scoring Found in Three Published Studies
Psychological Reports Prior information effects on polygraph scoring vary significantly across studies, with real-world impact estimated to adversely affect only 3-5% of polygraph examinations in practice. [003] (2025)Facial expression-based lie detection: A survey of micro expression analysis, datasets and challenges
AIP Conference Proceedings The survey finds that automated micro-expression analysis shows promise for deception detection, with machine learning methods outperforming human judgments, though accuracy varies widely (63-78%) depending… [004] (2025)High-Risk AI Systems—Lie Detection Application
Future Internet AI lie detection systems at borders qualify as high-risk under EU AI Act requirements. Analysis of iBorderCtrl revealed 75% claimed accuracy but 24.45% false positive… [005] (2025)“Your Thoughts are (were) Free!“: Brain-Computer-Interfaces, Neurofeedback, Detection of Deception, and the Future of Mind-Reading
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback The central finding is that neurophysiological mind reading succeeds or fails based on motor-contingent feedback loops and learning mechanisms. In neurofeedback for epilepsy, 35% of… [006] (2025)Detecting Deception through Nonverbal Signals
The Magic Gaze: Decoding Thoughts through Eyes and Gestures This is not an original empirical study but an educational review chapter synthesizing existing research on nonverbal deception detection, with emphasis on the limitations of… [007] (2025)'Believe your chart but don't ignore your nose'
European Polygraph The study concludes that examiners should engage their intuition as accumulated subconscious information gained through experience to supplement numerical scoring, as test complexity and inherent… [008] (2025)The Legal Status of the Polygraph in Germany
European Polygraph German courts have maintained a seven-decade legal barrier against polygraph use in criminal proceedings, with reasoning evolving from constitutional objections to methodological skepticism. [009] (2025)Investigative Interviewing: Priming the Interview Context
European Polygraph The paper identifies a significant gap in empirical evidence supporting priming effectiveness in real-world forensic contexts, despite its intuitive appeal and extensive laboratory validation. [010] (2025)Law on Using Polygraph in Lithuania – Latest Developments and its Impact
European Polygraph Lithuania's Defense Ministry proposed expanding polygraph use beyond traditional law enforcement to include private sector security screening and foreign national vetting, representing a significant broadening… [011] (2025)Scientific Interrogation: The Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) Technique
European Polygraph The SUE technique represents a paradigm shift toward information-gathering approaches that optimize accuracy in credibility assessment and investigative efficiency compared to conventional deception detection methods. [012] (2025)Contemporary pathways in forensic psychology: A review of psychophysiological perspective of veracity versus deception detection
Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine Lie detection may not be an exact science with significant variability across studies and contexts. Eye blink patterns, facial microexpressions, and cognitive load indicators show… [013] (2025)Psychophysiological Studies Involving the Use of Polygraph: Possibilities and Limitations Within the Framework of Criminal Proceedings (on the 50th Anniversary of Legalization of Polygraph Use in Russia)
Forensics analyst The paper addresses ongoing controversy over polygraph admissibility in Russian courts despite 50 years of official use, defending the scientific validity of psychophysiological examinations while… [014] (2025)Використання в доказуванні результатів досліджень, проведених із застосуванням поліграфа
Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs The study concludes that polygraph results are probabilistic in nature and cannot serve as conclusive evidence without strict procedural controls, identifying critical problems including lack… [015] (2025)A Comprehensive Review and Future Prospects of Lie Detection Using Machine Learning
Communications in Computer and Information Science Full text not accessible; unable to extract specific findings from the review. [016] (2025)Artificial intelligence in lie detection: Why do cognitive theories matter?
New Ideas in Psychology Mechanism-driven theories enable researchers to identify what features AI extracts and how those features relate to deception, allowing forensic experts to anticipate error patterns and… [017] (2025)The Truth about Lie Detection Test: Admissibility of Expert Evidence on Polygraph
The paper analyzes major evidentiary standards governing polygraph admissibility, including the transition from the Frye general acceptance test to the more flexible Daubert reliability standard… [018] (2025)Lie and its detection: assessing nonverbal behaviors in criminal investigation
Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Medical Sciences The paper concludes that nonverbal lie detection methods show practical usefulness in judicial investigations but require specialized training for effective application. Without proper professional expertise,… [019] (2025)Multimodal Deception Detection Using Linguistic and Acoustic Features
Machine Learning, Deep Learning and AI for Cybersecurity A single-layer BiLSTM model achieved 93.57% accuracy and 94.48% F1 score on textual data from court testimony transcripts. ResNet50 performed best on audio data, and… [020] (2025)Honesty and lie aversion
Elgar Encyclopedia of Behavioural and Experimental Economics Experimental evidence reveals substantial intrinsic lie aversion beyond detection risk, with preferences for honesty and social image as primary motivations for truth-telling. People exhibit context-dependent… [021] (2025)Well done! Or how to Avoid Dangers of Pseudoscience: Common Standard for Research in Behavioural Analysis and Deception Detection in Aviation Security
Anuario de Psicología Jurídica The paper establishes that many aviation security behavioral detection programs lack scientific validation and provides a comprehensive methodological framework addressing sample composition, statistical power, ecological… [022] (2025)Use of the Polygraph during Interrogation: Procedural, Forensic, and Psychological Issues
Herald of criminal justice International jurisprudence demonstrates polygraphs are inadmissible as independent evidence but may serve as auxiliary pre-trial tools. Specialist reports must use presence/absence of significant reactions formula,… [023] (2024)Detecting deception with artificial intelligence: promises and perils
Trends in Cognitive Sciences AI-based deception detection systems lack sufficient scientific validation and may repeat the mistakes of polygraph technology, potentially leading to systematic discrimination against innocent individuals. [024] (2024)Deception detection using machine learning and deep learning techniques: A systematic review
Natural Language Processing Journal The review identifies that human deception detection accuracy remains at only 54%, barely better than chance, while modern facial expression-based ML systems offer non-intrusive, cost-effective… [025] (2024)Psychology and the Lie Detector Industry: A Fifty-Year Perspective
Psychophysiology Comprehensive 50-year retrospective on polygraph science since Lykken (1974). Reviews the evolution of CQT, CIT, and screening tests. Notes that government promotion has expanded polygraph… [026] (2024)Psychophysiological and Psychological Foundations of Theories and Practices of Deception Diagnosis
Emotional Development and Youths' Predisposition to Deception The chapter establishes that emotions are critically important in deception manifestation and that polygraph methods must account for motivational, moral, and emotional sphere aspects. Emotional… [027] (2024)Analysis, Evaluation, and Future Directions on Multimodal Deception Detection
Technologies The review found that 85% of studies used facial features, 50% audio, and 38% textual features; 90% employed model-independent fusion with late fusion being most… [028] (2024)Blue Sky: Multilingual, Multimodal Domain Independent Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 2024 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (SDM) The paper identifies that universal linguistic cues to deception in non-English languages remain unknown, low-resource language deception detection lacks sufficient labeled data, and multimodal deception… [029] (2024)POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUES OF COMPARISON QUESTIONS: THEORY AND PRACTICE OF RESEARCH, PROSPECTS OF APPLYING
NAUKA I PRAVOOKHORONA Meta-analytic evidence supports CQT accuracy with effect sizes around r = 0.69, with probable-lie questions (r = 0.71) slightly outperforming directed-lie variants (r = 0.61).… [030] (2024)Virtual Lies and Digital Truths: A Review of Research on Deception in Online Communication
The review identifies major theoretical frameworks including Interpersonal Deception Theory and Media Richness Theory as foundations for understanding online deception, while highlighting persistent challenges including… [031] (2024)Analysis of Deception Detection Databases Using Mathematical Statistics
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences The study successfully characterized eight deception detection databases and developed a novel multimodal dataset with rigorous data collection protocols, including MFCC audio analysis, facial feature… [032] (2024)Prueba pericial psicológica sobre la credibilidad del testimonio en víctimas de violaciones sexuales [Psychological expert evidence on the credibility of testimony of rape victims]
Verdad y Derecho. Revista Arbitrada de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales Psychological credibility assessments focusing on coherence and emotional congruence can support testimony veracity while minimizing bias and preventing victim re-traumatization in sexual assault cases. [033] (2024)Electrodermal Activity in Polygraph Testing
PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY The research details the 7-position EDA scoring framework (ranging from -3 to +3) with clear criteria distinguishing noticeable, significant, and dramatic differences between comparison and… [034] (2024)Training on dirty labels: Rejoinder to Kotsoglou and Biedermann
Forensic Science International: Synergy The authors defend their ML approach as practically useful for quality assurance despite training on potentially fallible human labels, arguing that polygraph use remains legitimate… [035] (2024)Behind the Scenes of a Protocoled Polygraph Test
European Polygraph The paper identifies critical gaps in protocoled polygraph practice where rigid adherence to standardized procedures may compromise examination effectiveness and examiner discretion. [036] (2024)Borderline decisions?: Lack of justification for automatic deception detection at EU borders
TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis The analysis reveals ADDS lacks scientific justification for deployment: microexpressions appear equally in liars and truth-tellers, validation data is inadequate and demographically limited, and Bayesian… [037] (2024)Statistical Analysis of Video Databases for Deception Detection Tasks
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences The study identified significant limitations in publicly available deception detection databases and presented a novel dataset incorporating video, audio, and eye gaze data with systematic… [038] (2024)Laying the groundwork for analysis
Corpus Linguistic Approaches to Deception Detection The chapter establishes that linguistic cues to deception are context-dependent and symptomatic of their operationalization, that social background substantially influences deceptive language construction, and that… [039] (2024)Assessing the Reliability and Evidentiary Value of Polygraph Tests
International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research The review concludes that polygraph tests lack the scientific reliability necessary for use as definitive legal evidence. While proponents cite 80-90% accuracy under controlled settings,… [040] (2024)From Ancient Oracles to Modern Techniques: The Evolution of Deception Detection and the Benefits of Investigative Interviewing
European Polygraph The research documents how early deception detection methods, though rooted in myth and coercion, established theoretical foundations for modern techniques, with contemporary approaches like Strategic… [041] (2024)A Handful of Remarks on the Terminology Reference for the Science of Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
European Polygraph The polygraph field has struggled with inconsistent terminology since its inception, with devices operating under various names including 'cardio-pneumo psychogram,' 'Berkeley psychograph,' and colloquially 'lie… [042] (2024)A Letter to the Editor Regarding the APA's Terminology Reference for the Science of Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
European Polygraph The letter presents specific critiques of terminology standards proposed by the APA for polygraph practice and research. [043] (2024)Polygraph-based deception detection and Machine Learning: Combining the Worst of Both Worlds?
Forensic Science International: Synergy The study concludes that applying machine learning to inherently problematic polygraph data does not address the fundamental scientific validity issues and may create additional concerns… [044] (2024)Unmasking Lies: A Literature Review on Facial Expressions and Machine Learning for Deception Detection
Procedia Computer Science Machine learning models achieve superior performance compared to human judges (AI: 72-97% accuracy vs. humans: 57%), with multimodal approaches outperforming single-modality systems. However, significant limitations… [045] (2024)From Polygraphs to Truth Machines: Artificial Intelligence in Lie Detection
Critical Humanities AI-enhanced lie detection systems introduce novel concerns around 'biomarkers of deceit,' algorithmic opacity, invasive data collection, and bias, potentially enabling pervasive 'truth machines' that displace… [046] (2024)Lie Detection and Nonverbal Behaviour: Present and Future
Body Language Communication Meta-analyses show that of 50 nonverbal and verbal cues examined, only 28% showed significant relationships with deception, with small average effect sizes (d = .25).… [047] (2024)A Tutorial for Deception Detection Analysis or: How I Learned to Stop Aggregating Veracity Judgments and Embraced Signal Detection Theory Mixed Models
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior The SDT-GLMM approach avoids data aggregations that conflate response bias with underlying sensitivity, outperforms traditional factorial methods, and provides distinct estimates for discriminability (d') and… [048] (2023)Deception detection with machine learning: A systematic review and statistical analysis
PLoS ONE Of 81 reviewed studies, detection accuracy ranged from 51% to 100%, with 19 works achieving above 90% accuracy. Monomodal approaches constituted 40.74% of studies, though… [049] (2023)Keberadaan Lie Detector dalam Pembuktian Tindak Pidana
Jurnal Justice Aswaja Lie detector evidence is not recognized as primary evidence in Indonesian criminal trials but can be admitted as expert testimony under Article 184(1) of KUHAP… [050] (2023)Developmental Factors in Deception and Lie Detection
An Introduction to the Science of Deception and Lie Detection As a review chapter rather than an empirical study, this source synthesizes existing research findings rather than reporting novel experimental results. [051] (2023)Challenges for Deception and Lie Detection Research
An Introduction to the Science of Deception and Lie Detection The field demonstrates lack of consensus on fundamental issues, with weak and declining behavioral cue effect sizes and profound ecological validity limitations stemming from artificial… [052] (2023)A PARADIGM SHIFT IN 30 YEARS OF DECEPTION RESEARCH
AVALIAÇÃO E INTERVENÇÃO EM PSICOLOGIA FORENSE Meta-analyses show only 28% of studied cues significantly relate to deception with small effect sizes (d = .25), verbal cues are more diagnostic than nonverbal… [053] (2023)Deception in the Emergency Setting
Emergency Psychiatry Research shows that malingering suspicion is common in emergency psychiatry, with 20% of patients strongly suspected and one-third suspected to some degree. Suicidal ideation (58%)… [054] (2023)The promise of eye-tracking in the detection of concealed memories
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Eye-tracking methods demonstrate particular promise for countermeasure resistance, with task-dependent gaze patterns and multiple oculomotor indices showing differential responses to familiar versus unfamiliar items. [055] (2023)Supplemental Material for The General Theory of Deception: A Disruptive Theory of Lie Production, Prevention, and Detection
Psychological Review The theory identified 99 elementary deception modes (87 verbal, 12 nonverbal) that combine to create approximately 10³⁰ possible deceptive messages. Experimental validation showed theory-based interventions… [056] (2023)Deception Detection Deep Learning Comprehensive system Utilizing Explainable AI
2023 16th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE) The paper presents a conceptual framework integrating five sensing modalities with deep transfer learning and XAI techniques to create transparent, countermeasure-resistant deception detection systems. No… [057] (2023)The Numerical Scoring Analysis Predecessors
European Polygraph Numerical scoring analysis was more evolutionary than revolutionary, with Backster likely adapting Richard Arther's check-mark system by replacing check-marks with numerical figures to create the… [058] (2023)An Introduction to the Science of Deception and Lie Detection
Human lie detection accuracy is only 54%, barely above chance. Nonverbal behavioral cues traditionally associated with deception are weak, unreliable, or nonexistent. The truth bias… [059] (2023)The Present and Future of Verbal Lie Detection
The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Law Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) showed the strongest empirical support among modern protocols, while all four received validation for discriminating truth tellers from lie tellers.… [060] (2023)Intelligent techniques for deception detection: a survey and critical study
Soft Computing Machine learning and deep learning methods have demonstrated significant effectiveness in deception detection across multiple modalities, though current datasets lack diversity and ecological validity, being… [061] (2023)Adversarial Abduction: The Logic of Detection and Deception
Handbook of Abductive Cognition The chapter provides a theoretical framework for understanding how reasoning operates differently in adversarial versus cooperative contexts, with applications to intelligence analysis, military deception, and… [062] (2023)Use of Virtual Reality in Polygraph Testing
PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY VR environments produce significantly stronger emotional arousal and physiological responses than traditional 2D presentations, with detection of concealed recognition increasing by over 25% when crime… [063] (2023)A new theoretical perspective on concealed information detection
Psychophysiology The voluntary orienting response to significant, expected stimuli modulates CIT effects, and different physiological measures reflect distinct mechanisms: skin conductance reflects pure orienting to recognized… [064] (2023)Terminology Reference for the Science of Psychophysiological Detection
European Polygraph The reference standardizes terminology across the polygraph profession, providing authoritative definitions grounded in peer-reviewed literature with 94 scientific references, facilitating communication between practitioners, researchers, and… [065] (2023)The Primacy Position of the Comparison Question
European Polygraph The study provides analysis of how primacy positioning influences comparison question effectiveness in polygraph examinations. [066] (2023)To Use or Not to Use? Revisiting And Rethinking the Use of Polygraph and Psychophysiological Assessments in the Law Enforcement Setting
Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal The review highlights the continued tension between law enforcement needs for integrity assessment tools and persistent scientific skepticism about polygraph validity, particularly given risks of… [067] (2023)The Process of Honesty and DeceptionAbstract
An Introduction to the Science of Deception and Lie Detection Deception requires greater engagement of executive control processes including working memory, inhibition, and task switching compared to truth-telling, though this relationship is moderated by factors… [068] (2022)Fake Online Reviews: A Unified Detection Model Using Deception Theories
IEEE Access Non-verbal behavioral features outperformed verbal linguistic features in detecting fake reviews, and combining both feature types enhanced model performance. The theory-based model achieved high interpretability… [069] (2022)How researchers can make verbal lie detection more attractive for practitioners
Psychiatry Psychology and Law The paper proposes focusing on "complications" (clusters of details that make stories more complex) as a practical real-time alternative to counting total details, and recommends… [070] (2022)A Comprehensive Review on Features Extraction and Features Matching Techniques for Deception Detection
IEEE Access Review of 88 studies over 30 years reveals deception detection accuracies ranging from 50-85% across modalities, with vocal features outperforming visual cues. Critical limitations include… [071] (2022)Concealed Information Detection Using EEG for Lie Recognition by ERP P300 in Response to Visual Stimuli: a Review
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS The review found that P300-based CIT with EEG achieves accuracies of 81.9% to 91.83% across different methodologies, significantly outperforming traditional autonomic polygraph methods. Discrete Wavelet… [072] (2022)Deception in the Interrogation Room: A Framework for Understanding the Psychology of Deceptive Investigative Practices
The framework identifies that deceptive interrogation practices share a common feature of misleading subjects about question purposes and response consequences, but differ in their underlying… [073] (2022)Psychophysiological lie detection using a polygraph: flaws and stagnation
Расследование преступлений: проблемы и пути их решения Unable to determine without access to the original paper. [074] (2022)Truth-default theory and the psychology of lying and deception detection
Current Opinion in Psychology The paper advances three moderators that combine to affect acceptance of implausible false information: own belief congruity, social congruence, and message repetition. These factors explain… [075] (2022)Polygraph Testing and Social Intolerance: A Warning to Examiners Outside of the United States
European Polygraph Testing applicants for social intolerance represents a dangerous expansion from behavioral screening to thought-screening that could encourage efforts to prohibit polygraph testing internationally. [076] (2022)Should Blind Evaluation of Polygraph Charts Be a Mandatory Procedure in Evidentiary Examinations?
European Polygraph Empirical research demonstrates that prior information about examinees influences polygraph chart interpretation through confirmation bias. The paper advocates for mandatory blind evaluation procedures in evidentiary… [077] (2022)Leading Interview and Interrogation Techniques: Focus on Cognitive Interview
European Polygraph The cognitive interview is scientifically validated as one of the best tools to obtain court-admissible information and can be applied with victims, witnesses, or suspects.… [078] (2022)Thoughts on the Inconclusive Zone in Comparison Question Test (CQT)
European Polygraph Inconclusive results indicate CQT method failure to identify the subject's state of mind rather than reflecting actual truthfulness, requiring fundamental reframing of how examiners interpret… [079] (2022)Bayesian Persuasion with Lie Detection
The Sender lies more when lie detection probability increases. Below a critical threshold, equilibrium payoffs are unaffected because the Sender compensates by lying more frequently;… [080] (2022)A Review of Cognitive Load Lie Detection
All seven justifications for cognitive load lie detection contain significant research gaps and theoretical ambiguities. The unsystematic use of justifications shields the approach from severe… [081] (2022)The emergence of “truth machines”?: Artificial intelligence approaches to lie detection
Ethics and Information Technology The paper's central argument is that HR managers should cease using technologically-based lie detection systems entirely and work to foster trust and accountability on a… [082] (2022)Dataset Bias in Deception Detection
2022 26th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR) A gender-prediction classifier achieved comparable performance (64.6% and 59.3% AUC) to state-of-the-art deception detection systems on the Real-life Trial dataset, while those same techniques performed… [083] (2022)Progress of Keystroke Dynamics in Deception Research
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi (Journal of Forensic Medicine) Keystroke dynamics research has achieved 75-95% accuracy in detecting deception across various contexts, with studies using unexpected questions and machine learning classification reaching up to… [084] (2022)LDM: A Systematic Review on Lie detection Methodologies
The review identified a clear evolution from traditional contact-based polygraph methods to machine learning-driven contactless approaches utilizing facial micro-expressions, thermal imaging, and voice analysis, with… [085] (2022)The cognitive neural network model of deception
Chinese Science Bulletin The review identifies multiple integrated brain networks supporting deception, including prefrontal executive control regions, emotion processing areas, and theory of mind networks, with different patterns… [086] (2022)Everybody Lies: Deception Levels in Various Domains of Life
Biosemiotics Deception operates at all levels of biological organization, with plants and fungi exhibiting first and second-level mimicry, bacteria employing molecular deception, animals showing learned deceptive… [087] (2022)Chapter 15 Detecting Deception in Negotiation: From Natural Observation to Strategic Provocation
De Gruyter Handbook of Organizational Conflict Management The chapter distinguishes between passive observation of deception cues and active strategic provocation techniques, emphasizing that systematic detection methods combining multiple behavioral, emotional, and verbal… [088] (2022)The politics of deceptive borders: 'biomarkers of deceit' and the case of iBorderCtrl
Information, Communication & Society The iBorderCtrl system showed severe limitations including training on only 32 actors with demographic bias, detection accuracy of only 75%, and methodologically invalid validation procedures… [089] (2022)Lie detection in forensic interviews
The Future of Forensic Psychology The chapter synthesizes research showing that verbal cues are more diagnostic than non-verbal cues for deception detection, that mnemonic interview techniques enhance differences between truth… [090] (2021)History of Polygraph Examination by Jan Widacki, Polskie Towarzystwo Kryminalistyczne, Warszawa 2021
European Polygraph The book is recognized as one of the most complete, scholarly, and well-sourced works on polygraph history, providing richer documentation of European contributions to the… [091] (2021)Discriminating deceptive from truthful statements using the verifiability approach: A meta-analysis
Applied Cognitive Psychology Truth-tellers provided significantly more verifiable details (d = 0.49) and a higher proportion of verifiable details (d = 0.49) than liars across 28 studies, with… [092] (2021)Social Intolerance: A Dangerous and Mistaken Approach to Polygraph Testing for Positions of Trust: Response to Nelson and Handler
American Polygraph Association Magazine Testing for social intolerance is highly objectionable and likely to encourage efforts to prohibit polygraph testing, especially internationally, with concerns about increased false positives/negatives and… [093] (2021)Fallacies in the estimation of the validity of the Comparison Question Polygraph Test: A reply to Ginton (2020)
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling The authors dismiss Ginton's defenses and conclude his paired-examination validity estimates are untrustworthy due to confirmation bias, criterion contamination, and violated methodological assumptions that inflate… [094] (2021)Aleksandr Motlyach: Poligrafologia (Polygraphy) , Izdatelstvo Osvita Ukrainy, Kyiv 2021, pp. 568 (in Russian)
European Polygraph The textbook provides comprehensive Russian-language coverage of polygraph theory and practice tailored to Ukrainian legal and professional contexts, supporting the rapid development of polygraph capabilities… [095] (2021)Zombie forensics: the use of the polygraph and the integrity of the criminal justice system in England and Wales
International Journal of Evidence & Proof The study concludes that polygraph use in probation creates a detrimental contradiction to legal order integrity, as it relies on scientifically invalid methods while being… [096] (2021)Lie detection during the interview and interrogation process: a psychosocial criminal approach
Balkan Social Science Review The review concludes that facial expression and micro-expression reading are ineffective for lie detection, while information-gathering interviewing methods represent the most scientifically supported approach for… [097] (2021)The Impact of Culture in Deception and Deception Detection
Terrorism, Security, and Computation Cultural factors substantially affect both deceptive behavior and detection accuracy; deception cues like eye gaze vary significantly across cultures; people lie differently within versus across… [098] (2021)Indirect and Unconscious Deception Detection: Too Soon to Give Up?
Frontiers in Psychology Despite criticisms, the authors conclude it is too soon to abandon indirect and unconscious deception detection methods, as methodological improvements—especially larger and more representative stimulus… [099] (2021)Why Polygraph Testing Does Not Consistently Lead to Reduced Recidivism
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 61 Examined why increased disclosures from PCSOT haven’t translated to clear recidivism reductions. Proposed that professionals may struggle to translate disclosures into effective management actions. Called… [100] (2021)Implementation of Muscle Testing for Lie Detection
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation Traditional lie detection methods produce false positives when subjects are anxious or emotionally aroused, and computational approaches to lie prediction remain underdeveloped, creating opportunity for… [101] (2021)PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LIE DETECTION IN STUDIES USING A POLYGRAPH
PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL The paper identifies two forms of lies (silence and distortion), classifies common deception types including mystification and self-deception, and proposes that personality types influence deception… [102] (2021)Reconciling Adapted Psychological Profiling with the New European Data Protection Legislation
Studies in Computational Intelligence The paper identifies a fundamental challenge in reconciling black-box artificial neural network systems with GDPR's requirement that individuals receive meaningful explanations of automated profiling decisions,… [103] (2021)Evidence Based Practice Integration into Polygraph Practice: A Suggested Paradigm
European Polygraph The paper argues that the polygraph field's movement toward rigid standardization may have overcorrected, potentially sacrificing necessary clinical flexibility for individual cases and circumstances. [104] (2021)From a Rigid Cover to an Elastic One Via a Blanket too Short: An Adaptive Polygraph Approach
European Polygraph The paper advocates for adaptive polygraph approaches that tailor protocols to specific case circumstances and examinee characteristics, similar to personalized medicine, rather than rigid 'one… [105] (2021)A Critical Review of Cognitive Load Lie Detection
All seven theoretical justifications for cognitive load lie detection exhibit variable and unknown theoretical fitness, with no clear hierarchy among them. The unsystematic use of… [106] (2021)THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION FROM THE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE
AGORA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF JURIDICAL SCIENCES Polygraph examinations in Romania serve investigative functions including suspect elimination and statement verification, but require proper expert certification and must be corroborated with other evidence… [107] (2021)Not 'very English' – on the use of the polygraph by the penal system in England and Wales
The Journal of Criminal Law All arguments used by proponents to justify state polygraph use fail when subjected to detailed critique, and FOI research revealed concerning lack of consistency in… [108] (2021)Distrust, False Cues, and Below-Chance Deception Detection Accuracy: Commentary on Stel et al. (2020) and Further Reflections on (Un)Conscious Lie Detection From the Perspective of Truth-Default Theory
Frontiers in Psychology Levine challenges the plausibility of massive below-chance accuracy (d = −2.09) from false cue reliance, arguing meta-analytic evidence shows behavioral cues lack sufficient reverse-diagnostic power.… [109] (2021)PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF UNDERSTANDING THE ESSENCE OF POLYGRAPH RESEARCH
KELM (Knowledge, Education, Law, Management) Original paper not accessible for analysis. [110] (2021)Brain-Computer Interface in Lie Detection
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The review demonstrates that P300-based BCI lie detection methods achieve accuracy rates of 74-86% for distinguishing guilty from innocent subjects, representing a neurophysiologically-grounded alternative to… [111] (2021)Lie Detection in Sex Crime Investigations
Criminal Investigations of Sexual Offenses Modern verbal lie detection protocols show substantial effect sizes, with statement-evidence consistency achieving d = 1.89, and active interviewing techniques that ask unanticipated questions, request… [112] (2020)Iacono and Ben-Shakhar's response to Ginton (2020): Validity estimates from paired testing
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling The authors conclude that Ginton's polygraph validity estimates from paired testing cannot be trusted due to unresolved issues with confession contamination, examiner bias, and confirmation… [113] (2020)Practical polygraph: Interviewing and screening public-safety applicants for social intolerance
American Polygraph Association Magazine Authors concluded that polygraph examiners should become conversant with social intolerance topics and provided operational definitions, mind-mapping tools, and interview strategies for addressing religious, gender,… [114] (2020)Neurobiology of Deception
The Non-Disclosing Patient The prefrontal cortex plays a predominant role in deception, but no single neural response uniquely predicts deceptive behavior; deception involves coordination of executive functions including… [115] (2020)Unraveling the Misconception About Deception and Nervous Behavior
Frontiers in Psychology Despite universal belief that nervous behaviors indicate deception, lie tellers do not display more gaze aversion, fidgeting, or body movements than truth tellers, with visual-only… [116] (2020)Polygraph lie detector tests: can they really stop criminals reoffending?
Polygraphs show 80-90% accuracy but are far from foolproof. UK pilot data showed polygraphed sex offenders made twice as many disclosures, but the article questions… [117] (2020)The deception faucet: A metaphor to conceptualize deception and its detection
New Ideas in Psychology The deception faucet metaphor reframes deception not as a binary opposite of truth-telling, but as adjustments to an ongoing flow of mostly truthful communication. Deception… [118] (2020)Deception and the Elderly
Detecting Malingering and Deception Elderly individuals present unique challenges for polygraph testing due to reduced electrodermal activity, autonomic dysfunction, and medication effects. Older adults also show significantly lower deception… [119] (2020)A Discussion of PLC and DLC Question Procedure and Ironic Process Theory
Polygraph The paper introduces Ironic Process Theory to polygraph science, suggesting that the conscious effort to lie when directed paradoxically increases cognitive salience and physiological arousal.… [120] (2020)The analysis of nonverbal communication: the dangers of pseudoscience in security and justice contexts
Anuario de Psicología Jurídica All three examined nonverbal deception detection programs (SPOT, BAI, synergology) lack scientific validity, with human ability to detect deceptive behavior performing at chance levels despite… [121] (2020)John Augustus Larson (1892–1965)
European Polygraph Larson became likely the first American policeman with a doctoral degree and created the foundational technology that launched a new era of scientific criminal investigation… [122] (2020)The Centennial Introspection Project: 100 Years of Polygraph Practice
European Polygraph The polygraph profession has undergone a significant shift from intuitive-based practice toward evidence-based practice over its first century of development. [123] (2020)A Hundred Years of Polygraphy: Some Primary Changes and Related Issues
European Polygraph Horvath identified several primary transformations that fundamentally altered the trajectory of the polygraph profession from its origins in early 20th century American law enforcement to… [124] (2020)Five Milestones in the History of the Polygraph
European Polygraph Five specific transformative events are identified as having the most profound and lasting impact on polygraph professional practice, representing critical junctures where the field's development… [125] (2020)Foremost Changes in Polygraph in Last 100 Years
European Polygraph Matte identified key transformations including the evolution from basic lie detection methods to validated testing techniques with computerized scoring systems and standardized practices. [126] (2020)Critical Changes Over the 100 Year Evolution of Polygraph Practices
European Polygraph The most important changes originated from the 1930 Northwestern crime laboratory and subsequent field research by John Reid and Fred Inbau, transforming polygraphy from rudimentary… [127] (2020)A Half-Century of Experiences with the Polygraph
European Polygraph The essay chronicles the ideological shift from polygraph rejection to scientific acceptance in Eastern Europe, documents persistent challenges including inadequate legal knowledge and insufficient quality… [128] (2020)Polygraph: The Use of Polygraphy in the Assessment and Treatment of Sex Offenders in the UK
European Polygraph Polygraph testing increased disclosure rates by approximately 14-fold compared to standard supervision, with 76.5% of polygraphed offenders making disclosures versus 51.2% in comparison groups. The… [129] (2020)A Study on the Development of the Admissibility of Polygraph Tests in India
SSRN Electronic Journal Both American and Indian legal systems have adopted highly restrictive positions on polygraph admissibility—the U.S. based primarily on scientific unreliability and failure to meet evidentiary… [130] (2020)Considerations regarding deception detection in investigative activities
SERIES VII - SOCIAL SCIENCES AND LAW Deception indicators mark areas requiring further exploration rather than providing proof of deception; subjectivity in deception assessment can be diminished through awareness of limitations but… [131] (2020)Uncovering Credibility
The Oxford Handbook of Law and Humanities Evidence law relies on a false equivalence between detecting liars and determining who should be believed, using status-based proxies for social worthiness rather than scientifically… [132] (2020)Airport artificial intelligence can detect deception: or am i lying?
Security Journal The authors conclude that in vivo testing of AI deception detection based on micro-expressions is naïve and misinformed, noting that micro-expressions occur in only 2%… [133] (2020)Technologies in the twilight zone: early lie detectors, machine learning and reformist legal realism
International Review of Law, Computers & Technology The study reveals a dual-system phenomenon where polygraphs were consistently excluded from courtrooms under the Frye standard yet flourished in employment screening, investigation, and interrogation—a… [134] (2020)The Use of Polygraph Test in Clinical Forensic Psychiatry Settings
Ethical Issues in Clinical Forensic Psychiatry Polygraph use varies dramatically by jurisdiction, with 79% adoption in US sex offender programs but limited European use. The chapter identifies significant ethical concerns regarding… [135] (2020)Clearer than Truth: The Polygraph and the American Cold War
Journal of American History Baesler argues that the polygraph's ambiguity was key to its Cold War influence, with the technology embodying conflicts between collective security and personal autonomy. The… [136] (2020)Structural Police Deception in American Police Interrogation: A Closer Look at Minimization and Maximization
Interrogation, Confession, and Truth Minimization and maximization interrogation techniques are inherently deceptive practices integral to the structure of American police interrogation, operating through pragmatic implication to communicate promises of… [137] (2020)THE ADMISSIBILITY OF POLYGRAPH TEST AS EVIDENCE
Proceedings of SOCIOINT 2020- 7th International Conference on Education and Education of Social Sciences The paper identifies significant jurisdictional variation in polygraph admissibility standards, with some courts maintaining per se exclusion while others admit results under stipulation or specific… [138] (2020)International practice of using polygraph testing for sex offenders
Russian Journal of Psychiatry PCSOT has demonstrated robust disclosure facilitation effects in both US and UK settings — with clinically relevant new disclosures occurring in over 60% of UK… [139] (2020)Theoretical Model of Polygraph Testing: Concerns and Prospects for their Solution
Psychology and Law The paper proposes functional systems theory as a superior theoretical framework for polygraph testing, arguing that physiological responses reflect complex systemic organization rather than simple… [140] (2019)How contemporary theory informs lie detection accuracy and bias
Crime Security and Society ALIED proposes that truth bias reflects informed Bayesian reasoning in low-diagnostic environments, while TDT argues people maintain a passive presumption of honesty until triggers activate… [141] (2019)Current Status of Forensic Lie Detection with the Comparison Question Technique: An Update
Law and Human Behavior Updated review of CQT research, reaffirming conclusions from the NRC (2003). Argued for caution in interpreting CQT accuracy claims, noting potential overestimation in experimental studies.… [142] (2019)Rebuttal: The CQT Has Scientific Support
Various Publications Directly addressed Iacono & Ben-Shakhar (2019) criticisms. Analyzed their arguments point-by-point and found them to lack merit. Corroborated contemporary research reporting high CQT accuracy. [143] (2019)Truth-Default Theory Summarized
Duped TDT explains that people are truth-biased by default, detecting truths significantly better than lies, with average accuracy around 54%. Most deception comes from a few… [144] (2019)Is it time to kill the detection wizard? Emotional intelligence does not facilitate deception detection
Personality and Individual Differences Emotional intelligence and attention to non-verbal cues do not improve deception detection accuracy. High-EI individuals spend more time observing non-verbal behaviors but perform no better… [145] (2019)Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues
Applied Cognitive Psychology Observers achieve only 52% accuracy when viewing nonverbal behavior alone versus 63% when hearing verbal content. Meta-analyses show that of 50 nonverbal cues examined, only… [146] (2019)Why Methods Matter: Approaches to the Study of Deception and Considerations for the Future
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Methodological choices—including stakes, participant motivation, social interaction, and whether lies are instructed or spontaneous—fundamentally determine research outcomes. High-stakes conditions increase false alarms rather than improving… [147] (2019)Effects of Deception on the Deceiver: An Interdisciplinary View
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Deception activates multiple brain processes that create cognitive and emotional loads impairing communication management, and self-deception inevitably emerges as a consequence that alters the deceiver's… [148] (2019)Investigations: Polygraph Use
Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management The central finding emphasized is that polygraph instruments cannot independently detect deception; only trained examiners who study physiological responses to control and relevant questions can… [149] (2019)Basic vs. Applied Psychology perspectives lead to different implications from the same data; reevaluating the impact of prior expectations on polygraph outcomes
Social Sciences & Humanities Open Examiner bias impacts only 3% of total polygraph examinations in real-world conditions, occurring only when charts are objectively inconclusive and multiple limiting conditions align. [150] (2019)Possibilities and challenges of the polygraph test for applied psychophysiology
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Japanese polygraphers using visual inspection achieved 86.4% hit rate and 94.5% correct rejection rate in mock crime CIT studies, though field practice often lacks the… [151] (2019 • INTERNATIONAL REVIEW)Polygraph: Use of Polygraphy in the Assessment and Treatment of Sex Offenders (International Perspectives)
In Handbook of Sexual Assault, Springer International review covering PCSOT use across US, UK, and Russian contexts. Provided substantiation for using polygraph within sex offender therapy and supervision frameworks. [152] (2019)The Many Faces of Trustworthiness: Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Predicting Deception from Facial Appearance
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Accuracy in detecting trustworthiness from facial appearance varies dramatically by behavioral domain (55-65% accuracy overall). Facial trustworthiness judgments reliably influence real-world outcomes even when inaccurate,… [153] (2019)Polygraph Tests - Benefits and Challenges
Academicus International Scientific Journal Polygraph tests measure heart rate/blood pressure, respiration, and skin responses based on the assumption that dishonest individuals exhibit different autonomic responses than truthful individuals. However,… [154] (2019)The History, Present, and Future of Police Deception During Interrogation
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Police interrogation underwent major reforms between the 1930s and 1970s that replaced physical coercion with psychological deception. False-evidence ploys increase false confession rates by approximately… [155] (2019)Historical Perspectives on the Study of Lying and Deception
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication The study of deception transitioned from centuries of coexistence with truthfulness to systematic scientific investigation beginning in the late 1960s, developing theoretical frameworks including Information… [156] (2019)Practical Polygraph: How to Parse Categorical Results for Test Questions of Diagnostic and Screening Polygraphs
APA Magazine For diagnostic examinations, the Grand Total Rule should be used when all relevant questions address the same issue, while for screening examinations, the Subtotal Score… [157] (2019)How To: A Step-by-Step Worksheet for the Multinomial ESS
Poligrafia The paper provides comprehensive implementation tools including a structured ESS-M Analysis Worksheet, multinomial reference tables for various test formats (3-5 iterations of 2-4 relevant questions),… [158] (2019)Post-conviction polygraph testing of sex offenders
International Review of Psychiatry Over 60% of polygraph tests were associated with disclosure of clinically relevant new information, demonstrating PCSOT's primary value as a disclosure tool rather than purely… [159] (2019)An urban legend called: The 7/38/55 Ratio Rule
European Polygraph The 7/38/55 ratio applies only to judgments of emotional attitude based on single inconsistent words, not to complex communication, factual content, or deception detection contexts,… [160] (2019)Attempts at Lie Detection Based on Scientific Premises on the End of 19th Century and in the First Half of the 20th Century
European Polygraph Early researchers achieved notable results including Benussi's reported 97.5% accuracy using respiratory I/E ratios, Jung's successful forensic application of word association tests, and Luria's combined… [161] (2019)Planting the Seeds of Polygraph's Practice: A Brief Historical Review
European Polygraph Modern polygraphy evolved through adaptation and refinement of existing physiological measurement devices rather than being invented from whole cloth. The field's development represents a synthesis… [162] (2019)Essentials of the Relevant Issue Gravity (RIG) Strength: A Theoretical Framework for Understanding the Comparison Question Test (CQT)
European Polygraph The RIG framework reframes CQT theory by emphasizing differential attention binding rather than simple threat perception, with the critical task being management of attention diversion… [163] (2019)First Attempts at Practical Use of Instrumental Lie Detection
European Polygraph Instrumental lie detection moved from first operational use in 1917 investigations to routine deployment in 15 federal agencies by the post-WWII era, with significant wartime… [164] (2019)Defining Deception
Duped The chapter establishes that truth-bias is a universal, adaptive human tendency; that most lies are told by a few prolific liars while most people are… [165] (2019)Verbal Cues Fostering Perceptions of Credibility and Truth/Lie Detection
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Official guidance now emphasizes verbal indices over nonverbal behavior for deception detection. Effective verbal analysis requires interview techniques that maximize verbal output, with the PEACE… [166] (2019)Lessons from Pinocchio: Cues to deception may be highly exaggerated
Perspectives on Psychological Science Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the deception cue literature is consistent with there being no real behavioral indicators of deception, with effect sizes potentially inflated… [167] (2019)Language of lies: Urgent issues and prospects in verbal lie detection research
Legal and Criminological Psychology The workshop identified multiple urgent challenges including lack of ecological validity, absence of decision criteria and cut-off points for practitioners, insufficient attention to individual and… [168] (2019)Digging Further Into the Speech of Liars: Future Research Prospects in Verbal Lie Detection
Frontiers in Psychiatry Liars strategically provide low-resolution verifiable details and avoid contextualizing perceptual information, while truth-tellers provide high-resolution details with contextual framing. These qualitative differences offer more diagnostic… [169] (2019 • AUTONOMIC REVIEW)Beyond the Polygraph: Deception Detection and the Autonomic Nervous System
Federal Practitioner, 36(7), 316–321 Review of deception detection methods beyond traditional polygraph, including fMRI, EEG, thermal imaging, and cognitive-based approaches. Assessed readiness of each technology for practical deployment. [170] (2019)The case against the use of polygraph examinations to monitor post-conviction sex offenders
Legal and Criminological Psychology The CQT has no scientific basis for use with sex offenders and suffers from major theoretical and methodological flaws that make it even more problematic… [171] (2019)The Polygraph Examiner Resource Guide (Validated Polygraph Techniques and Scoring Systems)
European Polygraph The guide establishes that validated evidentiary techniques must demonstrate minimum 90% accuracy with inconclusive rates not exceeding 20%, while providing structured frameworks for technique selection… [172] (2019)Being accurate about accuracy in verbal deception detection
PLoS ONE Training set optimization dramatically overestimates accuracy in verbal deception detection, with the effect being most severe in small samples where completely non-diagnostic tools can appear… [173] (2019)The pharmacologic treatment of problematic sexual interests, paraphilic disorders, and sexual preoccupation in adult men who have committed a sexual offence
International Review of Psychiatry Pharmacological treatments — particularly anti-androgens and GnRH agonists — were found to effectively reduce deviant sexual arousal and recidivism risk when combined with psychotherapy, with… [174] (2019)Neurotransmitter mechanisms of paraphilic disorders
Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova Patients with paraphilic disorders showed elevated urinary serotonin and norepinephrine (correlated with obsessive symptoms) and decreased DOPAC (correlated with affective and dissociative disorders), implicating central… [175] (2019)Five Reasons Why I Am Skeptical That Indirect or Unconscious Lie Detection Is Superior to Direct Deception Detection
Frontiers in Psychology Levine argues that empirical evidence for unconscious lie detection superiority is unconvincing, with behavioral cues to deception being too ephemeral and variable across persons and… [176] (2019)International review of sexual behaviour assessment labs
International Review of Psychiatry The review revealed substantial variation in assessment approaches across international laboratories, reflecting differences in legal frameworks, cultural contexts, and clinical paradigms, with implications for cross-cultural… [177] (2018)James Q. Murdoch: How to Pass a Polygraph, San Bernardino 2018, 23 pp.
European Polygraph The review documents a commercially available countermeasure manual that provides step-by-step instructions on controlling physiological responses, managing anxiety, and employing mental and physical techniques to… [178] (2018)Is a polygraph a reliable lie detector?
Polygraphs provide only 'slight' confidence in truth-telling with no 100% reliable indicator of deception. The Supreme Court found no consensus on polygraph reliability, noting polygraph… [179] (2018)A Review of Approaches to Detecting Malingering in Forensic Contexts and Promising Cognitive Load-Inducing Lie Detection Techniques
Frontiers in Psychiatry Cognitive load techniques achieved 69% classification accuracy distinguishing truth tellers from liars using response time, answer consistency, eye movements, and pupil dilation, with low false-positive… [180] (2018)Evaluating Credibility of Witnesses – are We Instructing Jurors on Invalid Factors?
Journal of Tort Law Meta-analytic evidence demonstrates that people achieve only 54% accuracy in lie-truth judgments (compared to 50% chance), nonverbal cues show weak effect sizes (d = .25),… [181] (2018)Does the Law Circumvent Justice from Being Served?
European Polygraph The study likely identifies specific ways in which legal procedures may circumvent or obstruct the proper administration of justice. [182] (2018)Setting the Record Concerning the Differences Between the Matte Quadri-Track and the Backster Zone Comparison Techniques
European Polygraph The MQTZCT introduced substantive innovations distinguishing it from Backster's technique, including lower truth cut-off scores (+4 vs. ±5), Fear/Hope of Error questions addressing the Othello… [183] (2018)A History Note: A Peep at the Peak Of Tension (POT) Test and other Recognition Tests
European Polygraph The study reveals that while Leonarde Keeler was the first to report and describe recognition testing at length, the theoretical foundations were established much earlier… [184] (2018)Polygraph Examination in Poland: History, Law, Experimental Research, and Practice
European Polygraph Poland developed one of Europe's most established polygraph traditions with systematic criminal justice use since 1963 and explicit legal authorization since 2003, but utilization remains… [185] (2018)Is what we wear, is who we are?
European Polygraph The study suggests connections between clothing choices and psychological states, though specific findings cannot be determined without access to the full content. [186] (2018)Micro-expressions are not the best way to catch a liar
Frontiers in Psychology Only 25% of high-stakes deceivers displayed partial microexpressions with no complete microexpressions observed. Guilty participants in CIT experiments showed significantly reduced variance in facial emotions… [187] (2018)Ocular-motor deception test
Detecting Concealed Information and Deception: Recent Developments (J. P. Rosenfeld, Ed.) ODT accuracy ranged from 78% to 86% based on logistic regression analysis, with over 85% correct classification in laboratory studies and similar performance across different… [188] (2018)Current status of forensic lie detection with the comparison question technique: An update of the 2003 National Academy of Sciences report on polygraph testing
Law and Human Behavior Research quality has not improved in the 15 years since the NAS report, and fundamental problems with CQT validation—weak theoretical foundations, poor study quality, and… [189] (2018)Why do we lie? A practical guide to the dishonesty literature
Journal of Economic Surveys Dishonesty is highly malleable and context-dependent rather than a stable trait, with most people cheating "just a little" to maintain positive self-image while being sensitive… [190] (2018)Detecting concealed knowledge from ocular responses
Detecting Concealed Information and Deception: Recent Developments Multiple ocular measures successfully differentiated between individuals with and without concealed knowledge, with familiar stimuli eliciting distinct oculomotor signatures even when recognition was actively concealed. [191] (2018)The polygraph machine in the United States criminal courts
Lie Detection and the Law The three-category heuristic for polygraph admissibility obscures significant complexity in how courts negotiate scientific uncertainty, with polygraph evidence following different trajectories across jurisdictions and persisting… [192] (2018)Multimodal deception detection
The Handbook of Multimodal-Multisensor Interfaces: Signal Processing, Architectures, and Detection of Emotion and Cognition Multimodal fusion of linguistic, physiological, and thermal features achieved detection accuracies of 60-75%, with thermal forehead features outperforming other facial features. [193] (2018)The exclusionary toolkit
Lie Detection and the Law Courts employ a systematic 'exclusionary toolkit' of legal strategies to exclude polygraph evidence, constructing and deploying scientific uncertainty through challenges to validity, reliability concerns, and… [194] (2018)Linguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception
The Oxford Handbook of Lying Lying operates at the semantics-pragmatics interface, involving both truth-conditional semantics and pragmatic features of assertion and intent. The analysis reveals that deception is rooted in… [195] (2018)A re-analysis that supports our main results: A reply to Levine et al.
Legal and Criminological Psychology The three criticisms were systematically refuted: cell-averaging does not constitute statistical confounding; control condition accuracy rates were not aberrant when compared to published benchmarks; and… [196] (2018)Torture, technology and truth
Lie Detection and the Law Lie detection technologies function as much through social and legal processes as through scientific capabilities, with uncertainties being managed differently across contexts. The work demonstrates… [197] (2018)Helping auditors identify deception through psycholinguistics
Journal of Financial Crime The review identifies multiple linguistic deception markers including pronoun shifts, emotional tone patterns, and cognitive complexity indicators, though findings vary across laboratory versus field settings,… [198] (2018)Eye movement research: Review of methodology and an update on recent developments
Eye movements reliably reveal concealed recognition, with familiar items eliciting longer fixation durations and fewer total fixations. Studies achieved 65% detection accuracy in some paradigms,… [199] (2018)Lying and Psychology
The Oxford Handbook of Lying A meta-analysis of 114 studies (n = 3307) using computerized reaction time paradigms revealed a large standardized RT difference of d = 1.049, representing one… [200] (2018)Psycholinguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception
The Oxford Handbook of Lying Lying consistently takes longer than truth-telling due to increased cognitive demands including suppressing truthful responses and constructing plausible alternatives. Reaction time differences are greater for… [201] (2017)Nonverbal Detection of Deception
Oxford Scholarship Online Nonverbal cues to deception are faint and unreliable, with popular indicators like gaze aversion showing near-zero effect sizes (d = 0.03). Only 28% of studied… [202] (2017)Induction of memories and psychological criteria of assessing credibility of testimony
Issues of Forensic Science Induced memories are characterized by departure from rational reflection, active rationalization aimed at believability, and absence of spontaneous corrections. Key credibility assessment criteria include testimony… [203] (2017)Nelson R., Handler M., Smitley B., (2017), “Practical Polygraph: FAQ on Electrodermal Activity and the Electrodermal Sensor”, APA Magazine 2017, 50(3), 60–76.
European Polygraph Electrodermal activity demonstrates stronger correlation with ground truth than other physiological channels in polygraph testing. The FAQ format successfully bridges the gap between psychophysiological research… [204] (2017)Detecting Deception: Practice, Practitioners, and Theory
Strategic Denial and Deception Of 46 detective types studied, all but trial lawyers used similar procedures combining deduction, induction, and intuition, with success strongly correlated with intuitive 'indirect thinking'… [205] (2017)Social Dynamics of Deception
Deception in the Digital Age The chapter reveals that underground cybercrime markets develop sophisticated trust mechanisms and social hierarchies despite operating in inherently adversarial environments. Price, customer service, and trust… [206] (2017)Social Signals of Deception and Dishonesty
Social Signal Processing Automated systems analyzing constellations of nonverbal behavioral cues can classify deception and truth more accurately than many human observers, with eye movements, kinesic patterns, and… [207] (2017)Deception and Speech: A Theoretical Overview to Inform Future Research
Hostile Intent and Counter-Terrorism Temporal speech parameters (speaking rate, response onset time, hesitations) show more promise than acoustic features for detecting deception, but contextual factors and individual variability severely… [208] (2017)Deception Detection and Opinion Spam
Socio-Affective Computing The review demonstrates that affective and psychometric linguistic features effectively distinguish deceptive from truthful communication, with character n-gram models and low-dimensionality representations achieving competitive accuracy… [209] (2017)Mysteries and Myths in Human Deception and Deception Detection: Insights from Truth-Default Theory
Ewha Journal of Social Sciences Truth-Default Theory explains why deception detection accuracy hovers around 54% through two mechanisms: a few transparent liars and sender demeanor effects. The theory demonstrates that… [210] (2017)The application of microexpression in the detection of deception
Advances in Psychological Science Even when liars deliberately attempt to control their expressions, they cannot prevent microexpression leakage of true emotions, making microexpressions a theoretically valid tool for detecting… [211] (2017)The Role of an Interpreter in Polygraph Checking
European Polygraph Interpreted polygraph examinations require specially trained interpreters who provide literal word-for-word translation, have no personal relationship with examinees, and understand polygraph-specific timing and question formulation… [212] (2017)Main Features of Polygraph Examiners Training
European Polygraph The study identifies core elements essential for effective polygraph examiner training programs. [213] (2017)Redefining the Road for the Industry
European Polygraph The polygraph industry had almost entirely overlooked psychological issues in its training and publishing, creating a critical disconnect between the field's foundational understanding and its… [214] (2017)The Polygraph in the English Courts
The Journal of Criminal Law The paper argues there is little English case law preventing polygraph use and that comparative reliability analysis suggests polygraphs may be more accurate than unaided… [215] (2017)Practical Polygraph: FAQ on Electrodermal Activity and the Electrodermal Sensor
APA Magazine Electrodermal activity demonstrates stronger correlation with ground truth compared to other polygraph channels in comparison question testing. The article clarifies technical terminology, electrical measurement principles,… [216] (2017)Historia badań poligraficznych
The work documents that polygraph development was an international scientific enterprise built on decades of physiological and psychological research, identifying previously unrecognized contributors including Polish… [217] (2017)Commentary: Can Ordinary People Detect Deception after All?
Frontiers in Psychology The commentary found that only two cited studies provided unambiguous evidence for unconscious lie detection, both with serious reliability issues, and that the tipping point… [218] (2017)The Anatomy of Deception: A Literature Review of the Neurobiological Basis, Underlying Cognitive Processes, and Motivations that Facilitate Lying
UC Merced Undergraduate Research Journal Deception consistently activates prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex regions, with different prefrontal subregions supporting distinct executive functions. The review identifies that lying involves working memory,… [219] (2017)Understanding the Link Between Emotional Intelligence and Deception: A Theoretical Model
Academy of Management Proceedings The model proposes a paradoxical relationship where high emotional intelligence enhances both the ability to deceive effectively and the ability to detect deception, while also… [220] (2017)Abracadabra, hocus pocus, same song, different chorus: The newest iteration of the science of lie detection
Richmond Journal of Law and Technology All emerging lie detection technologies (ODT, ERP, fMRI) fail to meet scientific standards for forensic use because they measure indirect physiological phenomena without understanding the… [221] (2017)Verbal Lie Detection
Psychology and Law in Europe Meta-analyses show CBCA discriminates truth from lies with effect sizes of d = 0.55 (adults) and d = 0.78 (children). The Verifiability Approach achieves approximately… [222] (2017)Tuvya Amsel, Practicing Polygraph, best practice guide, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, North Charleston, 2017
European Polygraph The handbook provides practitioner-focused guidance on polygraph best practices, emphasizing individualized approaches, ethical examination procedures, and solutions to common field problems based on extensive professional… [223] (2016)A.Y. Molchanov, N.A. Molchanova: Atlas Poligramm (in Russian; literally: “Atlas of Polygraph Records”), IPK, Jaroslav, Russia 2007, pp. 384
European Polygraph The atlas provides extensive visual training materials organized by physiological channel, with over 300 real-world chart examples from Russian polygraph practice, including a dedicated section… [224] (2016)A cognitive approach to elicit nonverbal and verbal cues of deceit
Cheating, corruption, and concealment: The roots of dishonest behavior The cognitive approach produces superior detection accuracy (71% total detection) compared to traditional passive observation methods (56%), with techniques including reverse order recall, model statements,… [225] (2016)DECEPTION DETECTION TECHNIQUES USING POLYGRAPH IN TRIALS: CURRENT STATUS AND SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice The review found that the GKT was more theoretically sound and effective than the CQT, and that juror-eligible individuals varied in their ability to reasonably… [226] (2016)Scientific (Analytic) Theory of Polygraph Testing
APA Magazine The analytic theory provides a unified framework explaining polygraph responses through differential physiological loading rather than specific emotional states, offering a scientifically defensible basis that… [227] (2016)Theoretical basis of pretest interview the survey on a polygraph
Applied psychology and pedagogy The author proposes reconceptualizing the pretest interview as a semi-formalized directional diagnostic interview that functions as the experimental introduction to the polygraph procedure, emphasizing its… [228] (2016)Essentials of Polygraph and Polygraph Testing
The IZCT technique achieved 100% accuracy excluding inconclusives and 90-95% accuracy including inconclusives in field validation studies, with particularly strong performance in identifying both innocent… [229] (2016)Deception and cognitive load: expanding our horizon with a working memory model
Frontiers in Psychology The model generates specific predictions about how memory retrieval processes differ between truth-tellers and liars, identifies individual differences in working memory span and temporal distance… [230] (2016)Detecting Deception within Small Groups: A Literature Review
Frontiers in Psychology Truth-telling groups are often equal to or less consistent than lying groups when interviewed separately, contradicting the consistency heuristic. However, when interviewed collectively, truthful groups… [231] (2016)History of Polygraph in the Republic of Belarus
European Polygraph Belarus's polygraph development reflects broader patterns of Central and Eastern European polygraph evolution, with significant scientific work and practical experience previously unknown internationally due to… [232] (2016)Preparation to Experimental Testing of the Potential from Using Facial Temperature Changes Registered with an Infrared Camera in Lie Detection
European Polygraph The study successfully established the theoretical framework for using infrared cameras to measure facial temperature fluctuations during deception detection, identifying methods to convert thermal images… [233] (2016)Polygraph Abroad – Destination Kazakhstan
APA Magazine: The Magazine for the Polygraph Professional By 2015–2016, Kazakhstan's law enforcement and security services had introduced at least 75 new polygraph instruments in a single year, and the Eurasian Polygraph Association's… [234] (2016)The Pre-test interview; the Foundation of Polygraph
The manual elevates pre-test interviewing from an informal preliminary step to a structured, teachable skill set, emphasizing that examination quality begins before sensors are attached… [235] (2016)A Field Polygraph Examination: Science or Art?
European Polygraph Field polygraph examination integrates both scientific methodology through validated techniques and scoring systems, and professional artistry in areas like question formulation, pre-test interviewing, and clinical… [236] (2016)The First Polygraph?
European Polygraph The term 'polygraph' was used by Napoleon Cybulski in 1895 and Leon Zbyszewski in 1914 to describe multi-channel physiological recording devices, predating Mackenzie's 1908 ink… [237] (2016)Which lie detection tools are ready for use in the criminal justice system?
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Arousal-based techniques (BAI and CQT) fall short on numerous criteria despite widespread use. Cognitive approaches show more promise: Strategic Use of Evidence and encouraging interviewees… [238] (2016)Special Issue: Information Systems for Deception Detection
Journal of Management Information Systems The featured research demonstrates that computational approaches combining verbal, nonverbal, behavioral, and physiological cues significantly outperform human judgment in detecting deception across multiple domains, from… [239] (2016)Deception detection with behavioral, autonomic, and neural measures: conceptual and methodological considerations that warrant modesty
Psychophysiology The review identified significant conceptual clarity issues and methodological problems across deception detection paradigms, particularly challenging the oversold promises of neuroimaging-based lie detection technologies. [240] (2016)Polygraph or Variograph?
Issues of Forensic Science The term 'polygraph' is historically and scientifically appropriate, with nearly 200 years of usage in physiological and medical literature; the proposed alternative 'variograph' lacks justification… [241] (2016)The influence of self-control on deception
Advances in Psychological Science The review establishes that self-control operates through both cognitive and motivational pathways to regulate deception, with trait self-control negatively predicting dishonest behavior and state depletion… [242] (2016)Advances in Lie Detection
Wrongful Allegations of Sexual and Child Abuse Research shows human deception detection accuracy averages only 54%, polygraph false positive rates average 19.1%, and verbal methods like the Verifiability Approach can achieve 90%… [243] (2016)EMOTIONAL SPHERE AS A BASIS OF POLYGRAPH EVIDENCE
Science and Education Stable emotional features can determine a person's fraudulent propensity to a certain degree. Neutral emotional properties serve as important baseline indicators for analyzing psycho-physiological changes… [244] (2016)Deception Detection and Rumor Debunking for Social Media
The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods Human deception detection achieves only 50-63% accuracy without technological assistance. Automated machine learning approaches reach approximately 65% accuracy, with hybrid methods combining linguistic analysis and… [245] (2016)Ethics and Standards
Essentials of Polygraph and Polygraph Testing Professional polygraph standards require validated techniques with empirical support, informed consent procedures, continuing education of at least 30 hours every two years, confidentiality protections, and… [246] (2016)Synopsis of articles from Polygraph 2015 (vol. 45) & 2016 (vol. 46)
European Polygraph The synopsis curated and summarized the most significant contributions to polygraph practice from a two-year period, covering evidence-based technique validation, practical examiner guidance, technological developments,… [247] (2015)A Review of the Polygraph: History, Methodology and Current Status
Crime Psychology Review, 1(1), 59–83 Comprehensive review of both CQT and CIT methods. Analyzed shortcomings and potential of both approaches. Concluded that the CIT appears to be a more promising… [248] (2015)Deception detection.
APA handbook of forensic psychology, Vol. 2: Criminal investigation, adjudication, and sentencing outcomes. Statement Validity Analysis achieves approximately 70% accuracy while SCAN shows no diagnostic value. Verbal cues are more diagnostic than nonverbal behaviors, and cognitive load techniques… [249] (2015)Base Rates, Deception Detection, and Deception Theory: A Reply to Burgoon (2015)
Human Communication Research Data consistently show people are insensitive to others' veracity across interactive and non-interactive contexts, with base rate manipulations producing large linear effects on accuracy (r… [250] (2015)Lie detection – of what?
Problemy kryminalistyki Polygraph testing does not directly detect lies but rather measures physiological responses associated with emotions, cognitive effort, and recognition of significant stimuli. The concept of… [251] (2015)Advanced topics
Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice This is a textbook chapter synthesizing existing knowledge on advanced polygraph practice topics, not original research with statistical findings. [252] (2015)A Theoretical Analysis of the Directed Lie Question (DLC)
European Polygraph The analysis questions whether the DLC's adoption represents genuine scientific advancement or a problematic simplification driven by political correctness and examiner convenience rather than empirical… [253] (2015)Discoverers of the Galvanic Skin Response
European Polygraph Féré and Tarchanoff independently discovered that skin electrical properties change with emotional and psychological states, using exosomatic and endosomatic methods respectively, establishing GSR as what… [254] (2015)The strategic use of evidence technique: A conceptual overview
Deception Detection: Current Challenges and New Directions The SUE technique, grounded in the psychology of instrumental mind reading and counter-interrogation strategies, has demonstrated substantially improved deception detection accuracy (85.4% for trained vs.… [255] (2015)Online Deception
The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication Research synthesis shows that lies are not more prevalent online than offline, but are represented differently due to technological features. Design features like recordability, synchronicity,… [256] (2015)The Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) technique: A conceptual overview
Deception Detection: Current Challenges and New Directions The SUE technique produces large effect sizes in distinguishing guilty from innocent suspects (d = 1.83) through statement-evidence inconsistencies, with trained interviewers achieving 65-85% accuracy… [257] (2015)Detecting deception through reaction times
Detecting Deception The RT-based Concealed Information Test demonstrates exceptionally low false positive rates and large effect sizes (d = 0.97-1.55) for detecting concealed information. The autobiographical IAT… [258] (2015)Ecologies of Deception in Psychology and Rhetoric
Quarterly Journal of Speech Deception and agency are participatory, emergent properties of rhetorical encounters rather than possessive traits of individuals. The analysis challenges subject-centered models of deception underlying most… [259] (2015)Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice Cognitive approaches successfully detected simulation across multiple clinical domains by examining knowledge accuracy and strategic behavior patterns. Detection success depends on the extent of the… [260] (2015)Forensic application of event-related brain potentials to detect guilty knowledge
In Granhag, P. A., Vrij, A., & Verschuere, B. (Eds.), Detecting Deception Laboratory studies consistently demonstrate high accuracy for P300-GKT with guilty participants showing significantly larger P300 amplitudes to crime-relevant probes, with estimated false positive rates of… [261] (2015)The Admissibility of Polygraph Test Results
Journal of hongik law review Park argues that South Korean courts should reconsider the categorical inadmissibility of polygraph evidence established in 1979, noting that polygraph testing demonstrates 91-97% accuracy and… [262] (2015)The Detection of Deception in Cross-Cultural Contexts
Understanding Facial Expressions in Communication Observers were generally poor at detecting lies both within and across cultures, with particular bias against speakers using a second language. Cross-cultural biases in deception… [263] (2015)Using fMRI for Lie Detection: Ready for Court?
Psychiatric Expert Testimony: Emerging Applications Courts in United States v. Semrau and Wilson v. Corestaff rejected fMRI lie detection evidence, finding it failed Daubert reliability standards due to unknown real-world… [264] (2015)Psychophysiological detection of deception and Preliminary Process Theory: a comment on Palmatier and Rovner (2015)
International Journal of Psychophysiology The commentary acknowledges common psychophysiological processes underlie CQT and CIT but finds arguments for Preliminary Process Theory unconvincing, calling for demonstrations of effects that differentiate… [265] (2015)The Origins of Lying and Deception in Everyday Life
American Scientist Children below age three typically peek at forbidden toys and most cannot effectively lie about it, while older preschoolers show increasing rates of both self-control… [266] (2015)Historical Techniques of Lie Detection
Europe’s Journal of Psychology The review documents that physiological principles underlying modern polygraph testing—that deception produces measurable autonomic arousal like dry mouth from decreased salivation—have been recognized since at… [267] (2015)The protection of innocent suspects: a comment on Palmatier and Rovner (2015)
International Journal of Psychophysiology The commentary argues that CQT and CIT differ fundamentally in how they protect innocent suspects, with this difference representing a critical gap in attempts to… [268] (2015)Polygraph legal issues
Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice Polygraph admissibility varies dramatically by jurisdiction, from per se exclusion in most federal and state courts to permissive admission in New Mexico. EPPA prohibits most… [269] (2015)Problems in expert deception detection and the risk of false confessions: no proof to the contrary in Levine et al. (2014)
Psychology, Crime & Law The paper concludes that Levine et al.'s findings do not demonstrate genuine expertise in deception detection, as the experimental design made the task unrealistically easy… [270] (2015)The polygraph: Current practice and new approaches
In Granhag et al. (Eds.), Detecting Deception The review highlighted ongoing debates about polygraph accuracy and identified the Concealed Information Test as a potentially more scientifically sound alternative to traditional Control Question… [271] (2015)Neuroimaging and Sexual Behavior: Identification of Regional and Functional Differences
Current Psychiatry Reports Functional neuroimaging reliably identifies distributed brain networks underlying sexual arousal and can discriminate individuals with paraphilic interests (including pedophilia) from controls with high classification accuracy;… [272] (2014)Theorizing About Deception
Journal of Language and Social Psychology The theories shift focus from deception cues to communication content, arguing that truth-default is adaptive and that theory-data consistency should be paramount in evaluating deception… [273] (2014)Lying, Prevalence of
Encyclopedia of Deception The distribution of lying is highly skewed: 60% of people report telling no lies in a 24-hour period, and almost half of all lies are… [274] (2014)Questioning the Assumptions of Deception Research
Journal of Language and Social Psychology TDT questions whether nonverbal behaviors are important for deception detection, and IMT2 challenges the assumption that deception requires more cognitive effort than truth-telling. The paper… [275] (2014)14. Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities in nonverbal and verbal lie detection
Interpersonal Communication Human lie detection accuracy averages only 54% correct, with 75% of 158 examined cues showing no association with deception. Police and other professionals over-rely on… [276] (2014)Deception Detection Accuracy
Encyclopedia of Deception Meta-analyses consistently show humans accurately classify truths 61% of the time and lies 47% of the time, yielding 54% overall accuracy. Professional lie-catchers perform no… [277] (2014)Truth-Default Theory (TDT): A theory of human deception and deception detection
Journal of Language and Social Psychology TDT establishes that honesty is normative with most people lying rarely while a few prolific liars account for most deception, and that truth-bias is universal… [278] (2014)Covert Detection of Deception
Detecting Deception Covert methods show promise for overcoming countermeasures in deception detection. Thermal imaging successfully discriminated guilty from innocent participants via periorbital temperature changes, while covert respiration… [279] (2014)Credibility Assessment in Eyewitness Memory
Handbook Of Eyewitness Psychology 2 Volume Set CBCA shows accuracy rates of 55-90% for trained coders, with confirmed cases receiving significantly higher scores than unconfirmed cases. The Undeutsch hypothesis that experienced memories… [280] (2014)History of Deception: 1950 to the Present
Encyclopedia of Deception The entry documents the revival of philosophical and psychological interest in deception research beginning in the late 1970s, highlighting key figures and intellectual developments across… [281] (2014)Eye Contact
Encyclopedia of Deception Research across multiple studies demonstrates that eye contact is not a reliable indicator of deception, with over 80% of experts agreeing that liars and truth-tellers… [282] (2014)Wizards of Lie Detection
Encyclopedia of Deception Encyclopedia entries are summary articles, not original research with empirical findings. [283] (2014)Active Deception Detection
Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences Active deception detection methods significantly outperform passive observation, with content-in-context approaches achieving 69-75% accuracy compared to 54% baseline. Evidence-based strategies and confession solicitation prove more… [284] (2014)fMRI as a Method of Detection of Deception: A Review of Experiences
European Polygraph The review provided a critical assessment of fMRI's capabilities for deception detection, highlighting methodological challenges and the gap between laboratory findings and real-world applications at… [285] (2014)British Experiences of Polygraph Testing Sexual Offenders: an Update
European Polygraph Mandatory pilot data from 635 offenders showed significantly more clinically relevant disclosures compared to non-polygraphed controls. The UK implemented testing protocols requiring examinations within 8-16… [286] (2014)Value of Content-Based Deception Detection Methods
European Polygraph The review identified that accuracy rates can vary significantly based on calculation methods and that subjective weighting of criteria by coders impacts reliability more than… [287] (2014)Results of Polygraph Examinations: Direct or Circumstantial Evidence?
European Polygraph Polygraph results are classified as circumstantial evidence requiring logical inference rather than direct evidence, which helps explain judicial resistance to their admission in court proceedings. [288] (2014)Truth Bias
Encyclopedia of Deception People demonstrate a robust truth bias, correctly identifying truths 61% of the time but lies only 47% of the time. Truth bias is strongly positively… [289] (2014)Polygraph examination in analysis of evidence
European Polygraph The paper provides a systematic framework for understanding polygraph results in relation to fundamental concepts in evidence law and forensic science, including the distinction between… [290] (2014)Scientific Content Analysis
Encyclopedia of Deception Multiple validation studies found SCAN performed at chance level accuracy (around 50%), showed poor inter-rater reliability, lacks theoretical foundation, and has been characterized by scientific… [291] (2014)Detection of concealed information with the P300 potential amplitude analysis
European Polygraph P300 potential recording does not attain significantly higher efficiency than polygraph examinations, though results are promising. Field studies are scarce, with available evidence suggesting P300… [292] (2014)Clever Hans
Encyclopedia of Deception Pfungst demonstrated that Clever Hans answered correctly 89% of the time when questioners knew answers and were visible, but only 6% when these conditions were… [293] (2014)Strategic use of evidence during investigative interviews: The state of the science
Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications Statement-evidence inconsistencies represent one of the strongest cues to deception in the literature (effect size d = 1.83), and trained interviewers using SUE achieved 65%… [294] (2014)Cross‐Cultural Deception Detection
Detecting Deception Cross-cultural deception detection accuracy deteriorates significantly, with eight cultural norms (including individualism-collectivism and communication context) causing culturally normative behaviors to be misinterpreted as deception. Verbal… [295] (2014)Deception in the interrogation room
PsycEXTRA Dataset Courts permit extensive deception during interrogations, including fabricating evidence, but draw lines at misrepresenting legal rights. Legal boundaries remain unclear and case-specific under the totality-of-the-circumstances… [296] (2014)The Strategic Use of Evidence Technique
Detecting Deception The SUE technique framework demonstrates that strategic evidence disclosure, combined with systematic questioning, can substantially improve deception detection accuracy by eliciting statement-evidence inconsistencies, with synthesized… [297] (2014)False Confessions
Encyclopedia of Deception Polygraph examiners interpret ambiguous charts as indicating deception when told suspects confessed; false claims of polygraph failure have caused documented false confessions; police are legally… [298] (2014)Cognitive Load
Encyclopedia of Deception Meta-analytic evidence showed cognitive load approaches achieved 67-71% detection accuracy compared to 47-57% for standard approaches. Reverse order recall, unanticipated questions, and eye contact maintenance… [299] (2014)The RT-based Concealed Information Test: An Overview of Current Research and Future Perspectives
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences RT measures reliably indicate guilty knowledge, with slower reaction times for recognized probe items. Increasing executive load through concurrent tasks can enhance detection efficiency. The… [300] (2014)Deception in Police Interrogation
Justice, Crime, and Ethics The authors identified eight types of deceptive interrogation tactics routinely used and judicially accepted, argued that deception in interrogation increases likelihood of deception in testimony,… [301] (2014)80 Proposals to STOP Wrongful Convictions: Before the End of This Decade
Book The book estimates approximately 40,000 actually innocent individuals are incarcerated in the U.S. at any given time, and proposes that universal access to polygraph examination… [302] (2014)Aroused Suspicion
Encyclopedia of Deception Research consistently shows that aroused suspicion decreases truth-bias but has asymmetric effects on accuracy: it impairs truth detection while improving lie detection, potentially resulting in… [303] (2014)Erratum: Functional MRI-based lie detection: scientific and societal challenges
Nature Reviews Neuroscience The meta-analysis revealed no brain region consistently associated with deception across studies, accuracy rates varying from 69-100%, and countermeasures reducing detection from 100% to 33%.… [304] (2014 • CQT COUNTERMEASURES CHAPTER)Countermeasures and Credibility Assessment
In Raskin, Honts & Kircher (Eds.), Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications, Academic Press Updated review of countermeasure research including developments since the 2003 NRC report. Discussed cognitive load as a factor in countermeasure resistance. [305] (2014)Neurophysiology
Encyclopedia of Deception Neuroimaging shows modest advantages over polygraph (24% improvement in some studies), but faces similar fundamental challenges. Brain regions activated during deception overlap with general executive… [306] (2014)Validity of polygraph techniques and decision methods
In Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications (Eds. Raskin, D.C., Honts, C.R., Kircher, J.C.) The review reports approximately 89% accuracy for specific-incident criminal investigations and 85% for screening applications, with laboratory studies showing 91% accuracy for guilty and 89%… [307] (2014)Honest Baseline Behaviors
Encyclopedia of Deception Baseline behaviors can be systematically altered when individuals are aware they are being observed, with demand characteristics producing unconscious behavioral changes. Deviations from stable baselines… [308] (2013)Ethical practice in the use of the polygraph in working with sex offenders
In K. Harrison & B. Rainey (Eds.), Legal and ethical aspects of sex offender treatment and management The chapter identifies core ethical concerns including coercion, self-incrimination, and intrusiveness, while noting that polygraph legality and application vary internationally. It emphasizes viewing the polygraph… [309] (2013)Comparative Review of Polygraph and Other Diagnostic Tools and Methods
European Polygraph Polygraph diagnostic accuracy (.88) was comparable to established medical imaging technologies including MRI, CT scan, and ultrasound. Inter-rater reliability among polygraph examiners (.77) exceeded physicians… [310] (2013)A Realistic Perspective of the Art and Science of Forensic Psychophysiology
European Polygraph The paper provides professional perspective on the balance between evidence-based polygraph methodology and the role of examiner skill and experience in conducting effective examinations. [311] (2013)History of Polygraph Examinations in Poland
European Polygraph The study reveals that the term 'polygraph' was already in use in Polish physiological literature in the 19th century, and Poland's unique position during the… [312] (2013)fMRI Lie Detection Validity and Admissibility as Evidence in Court and Applicability of the Court's Ruling to Polygraph Testing
European Polygraph The Sixth Circuit's rejection of fMRI lie detection in Semrau established the first appellate precedent against brain-based deception detection, emphasizing unreliable error rates and lack… [313] (2013)Employing Polygraph Assessment
The Handbook of Forensic Psychology The CQT has weak theoretical foundations, is biased against innocent examinees, and vulnerability to countermeasures. Field validity studies systematically overestimate accuracy due to confession-verification bias,… [314] (2013)The forensic confirmation bias: Problems, perspectives, and proposed solutions
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Confessions and contextual information trigger confirmation bias that corrupts both lay witness perceptions and expert judgments across all major forensic domains, including polygraph interpretation. Studies… [315] (2013)Prospects of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Lie Detector
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience The authors conclude that fMRI is unlikely to constitute a viable lie detector for criminal courts due to unresolved scientific limitations (group vs. individual inference,… [316] (2013)Does Testimonial Inconsistency Indicate Memory Inaccuracy and Deception? Beliefs, Empirical Research, and Theory
Applied Issues in Investigative Interviewing, Eyewitness Memory, and Credibility Assessment The chapter demonstrates that inconsistency is the most often cited reason for discrediting witnesses, yet this reliance is scientifically problematic: memory research shows truthful recollections… [317] (2013)The Affect Deception Model:A Review of Deception In Negotiation & The Role Of Emotion In Deception
Academy of Management Proceedings Dishonest individuals may experience more positive emotions than honest ones when deception goes undetected; incidental and integral emotions profoundly influence deception decisions through both direct… [318] (2013)Considering the Legal Applications of Polygraph Test Results
Korean Journal Of Criminology Park concludes that polygraph results should be completely inadmissible in Korean courts, as they lack scientific reliability, violate adversarial principles, and create prejudicial impact outweighing… [319] (2013 • REVIEW)Using Brain Imaging for Lie Detection: Where Science, Law and Research Policy Collide
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Reviewed 76–90% accuracy range under controlled conditions but noted substantial translational gaps between lab and forensic settings. Called for more robust research before courtroom use. [320] (2013)A comment on Farwell (2012): brain fingerprinting: a comprehensive tutorial review of detection of concealed information with event-related brain potentials
Cognitive Neurodynamics Of the studies cited by Farwell to support brain fingerprinting's perfect accuracy, only one peer-reviewed laboratory study with 20 participants and two small field studies… [321] (2013)Advancing lie detection by inducing cognitive load on liars: A review of relevant theories and techniques guided by lessons from polygraph-based approaches
Frontiers in Psychology Cognitive load-inducing techniques use heightened cognitive load indices rather than physiological arousal as primary deception cues. The proposed taxonomy classifies techniques by cognitive load type… [322] (2013)The autobiographical IAT: a review
Frontiers in Psychology Validation experiments demonstrated over 90% accuracy in detecting true autobiographical memories, with test-retest agreement exceeding 90% and split-half reliability of 88%. The technique successfully detected… [323] (2013)Little Liars: Development of Verbal Deception in Children
Child Development Perspectives Most 2-3 year-olds confess transgressions, but by age 4-5 the majority begin lying. Successful lying requires first-order theory of mind to initiate deception and second-order… [324] (2013)Special Issue of Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling on The Detection of Deception within Investigative Contexts
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Individuals detect deception more accurately in situations involving real transgressions compared to mock laboratory scenarios; current baseline lie detection techniques used in interrogation do not… [325] (2013)The (F)utility of post-conviction polygraph testing
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment Despite widespread adoption in sex offender treatment programs, post-conviction polygraph testing lacks adequate evidence supporting its accuracy, efficacy, or effectiveness as a deterrent, with research… [326] (2012)Detecting Deception (book chapter)
Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry: From the Clinic to the Courtroom The chapter concludes that while fMRI studies identified consistent neural correlates of deception in controlled laboratory settings, the technology in 2012 remained insufficiently validated for… [327] (2012)The use of the polygraph in assessing, treating and supervising sex offenders. a practitioner's guide edited by D. T. Wilcox, Wiley‐Blackwell Publishing, Chichester, 2009. 332 pp. ISBN 987‐0‐470‐74223‐5 (Pbk)
Child Abuse Review The reviewed book provided a comprehensive examination of post-conviction polygraph testing with sex offenders, covering empirical evidence for disclosure facilitation, practical applications across multiple contexts,… [328] (2012)Eliciting cues to deception and truth: What matters are the questions asked
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The paper presents a conceptual framework proposing that researchers should focus on interview protocols that actively create differences between liars and truth-tellers rather than searching… [329] (2012)Critique of Meta-Analytic Survey of Criterion Accuracy of Validated Polygraph Techniques
European Polygraph The critique identified significant methodological flaws and biases in the APA meta-analysis, particularly in the evaluation and exclusion of certain zone comparison techniques from validation… [330] (2012)Minimum Number of Polygraph Charts Required to Reach a Conclusion of Truth or Deception in Psychophysiological Veracity Examinations
European Polygraph The study provided a mathematical framework for determining chart collection requirements based on reliability coefficients, questioning whether the standard two-chart minimum is scientifically justified. [331] (2012)The European Roots of Instrumental Lie Detection
European Polygraph European researchers including Mosso, Lombroso, and Benussi developed the fundamental physiological measurement instruments and theoretical understanding of emotion-related physiological changes that preceded and enabled American… [332] (2012)Conditions and Requirements of Polygraph Examination
European Polygraph Identifies key procedural and environmental conditions essential for valid polygraph examination administration. [333] (2012)Review of Research on Detecting Deception Through Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
European Polygraph Laboratory studies demonstrated 76-90% accuracy in distinguishing lies from truth under controlled conditions, with consistent activation of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices during deception, though… [334] (2012)Search for New Tests
European Polygraph The study identifies potential new testing methodologies that could enhance polygraph examination effectiveness beyond conventional approaches. [335] (2012)Detection of deception researchers needs to collaborate with experienced practitioners.
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The commentary argues that laboratory deception studies fail to capture the high-stakes nature of real criminal investigations and that collaboration between academic researchers and experienced… [336] (2012)Deception detection for the tangled web
ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society The review identified substantial inconsistencies in deception cue measurements, contradictions across studies, and significant context-dependency in detection effectiveness, revealing that the field lacked sufficient consistency… [337] (2012)The Negotiator’s Challenge: Anticipating, Detecting, and Contending with Deception in Negotiations
SSRN Electronic Journal Emotions are fundamental to the deception decision process, with studies showing that undetected dishonesty can induce positive emotions ('cheater's high') rather than guilt, and that… [338] (2012)Forensic Psychophysiology Using the Polygraph: Scientific Truth Verification, Lie Detection
JAM Publications (Book) This comprehensive synthesis establishes a foundational reference that has become an enduring source within the polygraph profession, addressing both theoretical understanding and practical application. [339] (2012)Lie-Detection, Neuroscience, and the Law of Evidence
SSRN Electronic Journal The paper's central thesis is that the Daubert standard inappropriately conflates scientific and legal standards, and that 'bad science' might be 'good evidence' in legal… [340] (2012)Lies worth catching involve both emotion and cognition
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition High-motivation deception studies show substantially larger effect sizes for emotional cues (nervousness d=.35, voice pitch d=.59) compared to low-motivation conditions, while cognitive load techniques achieve… [341] (2011)Commentary on: Horvath F, Palmatier JJ. Critique of Horvath‐Palmatier Laboratory Study on Effectiveness of Exclusive v. Non‐Exclusive Control Questions in Polygraph Examination. J Forensic Sci 2008;53(4):889–99
Journal of Forensic Sciences Matte raised methodological concerns about cuff pressure settings (40-55 mmHg vs. recommended 90 mmHg), test structure deviations from validated protocols, and implementation of exclusive control… [342] (2011)Science on the rise: birth and development of the Concealed Information Test
Memory Detection The CIT has achieved 88-100% accuracy in detecting guilt with false positive rates as low as 2%, with 75% of scientists endorsing its scientific basis… [343] (2011)Detecting concealed information in less than a second: Response latency-based measures
In: Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test The oddball task, which manipulates stimulus-response compatibility, produces exceptional effect sizes (d = 1.97 for reaction times), comparable to traditional skin conductance measures (d =… [344] (2011)How the Brain Shapes Deception
Neuroscientist The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction play crucial and dissociable roles in deception, with deception consistently recruiting more prefrontal executive resources than truth-telling; no… [345] (2011)A Little About Memory Traces
European Polygraph The study discusses theoretical aspects of how memory traces are formed and maintained, with implications for polygraph practice. [346] (2011)Fact Sheet: Deception Detection
PsycEXTRA Dataset The fact sheet affirmed that most psychologists and scientists agree there is little basis for the validity of polygraph tests, with no unique physiological reaction… [347] (2011)Reasoning as a lie detection device
Behavioral and Brain Sciences Reasoning evolved not to improve shared knowledge but to advertise one's ability to detect lies and errors through consistency checking, with further reasoning abilities developing… [348] (2011)How the brain shapes deception: an integrated review of the literature
Neuroscientist Converging evidence from fMRI, PET, and loss-of-function studies demonstrates that the prefrontal cortex, particularly dorsolateral and ventromedial regions, plays a predominant role in deception by… [349] (2011 • REVIEW)Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test (Book)
Book Comprehensive edited volume with contributions from leading CIT researchers worldwide. Covered theoretical foundations, laboratory research, field applications in Japan, countermeasures, and legal issues. [350] (2011)Detecting of deception and concealed information using neuroimaging techniques
Memory Detection A ventral frontoparietal network involved in detecting behaviorally relevant stimuli and matching them with memory representations was recruited in both deception and concealed information paradigms,… [351] (2011)Brain fingerprint or lie detector: does Canada's polygraph jurisprudence apply to emerging forensic neuroscience technologies?
Information & Communications Technology Law Brain fingerprinting may escape Canada's polygraph ban because it detects memory recognition rather than lying per se, creating a potential loophole in Canadian evidence law.… [352] (2011)Detecting concealed information using autonomic measures
Memory detection: Theory and application of the Concealed Information Test Recognition of concealed information produces consistent autonomic coactivation of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, with skin conductance showing the largest effect size (d = 1.55), and… [353] (2011)Leakage of information to innocent suspects
Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test Research demonstrates that mere knowledge of crime details elicits CIT effects regardless of how the information was acquired, creating false-positive risk for informed innocents. However,… [354] (2010)Neuroscience, lie-detection, and the law
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Schauer argues that although fMRI lie detection has significant scientific limitations, legal admissibility should depend on legal standards and comparative assessment against existing methods (like… [355] (2010)Forensic Examination of Memory Traces (Part 2)
European Polygraph The framework challenges prevailing American and European deception detection approaches by positioning memory traces as the true object of polygraph examination, requiring fundamental changes to… [356] (2010)Polygraph Examination as Scientific Evidence
European Polygraph The work provides a legal and scientific framework for evaluating polygraph evidence admissibility, particularly examining polygraph methodology against Daubert criteria and established forensic science standards. [357] (2010)The Attempts at Detecting Deception Through Evaluation of Non-verbal Symptoms
European Polygraph Ancient practitioners across multiple cultures independently recognized that deception produces observable physiological changes, particularly in pulse rate, establishing foundational principles that underpin modern psychophysiological deception… [358] (2010)Psychological Set or Differential Salience: A Proposal for Reconciling Theory and Terminology in Polygraph Testing
Polygraph The authors propose replacing 'Psychological Set' with 'Differential Salience' as the theoretical basis of polygraph testing, demonstrating that the new framework accounts for CQT, DLC,… [359] (2010)A Proposal for Reconciling Theory and Terminology in Polygraph Testing
Polygraph Addressed the need for standardized terminology and theoretical consistency across polygraph testing methods. Proposed a unified framework to reconcile competing theoretical models and improve scientific… [360] (2010)Some Thoughts About Feelings: A Study in the Role of Cognition and Emotion in Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
Polygraph Cognitive appraisal of goal-relevant test questions — not fear alone — mediates the range of emotional and physiological responses recorded during PDD testing, with both… [361] (2010)Brain mechanisms of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology Regional cerebral blood flow assessment revealed anterior cingulate cortex involvement in deception, indicating that error detection mechanisms are fundamentally involved in processing deceptive behavior. [362] (2010)Advances in the concealed information test: Introductory remarks
International Journal of Psychophysiology The editorial introduced research demonstrating that multimodal measurement combining autonomic responses with event-related potentials enhances CIT validity, and that various presentation modalities and testing parameters… [363] (2010)Emerging neurotechnologies for lie-detection: Where are we now?
American Journal of Bioethics Despite advances in laboratory fMRI and EEG-based deception detection, the authors found that critical gaps in measurement validity, standardization, countermeasure vulnerability, and predictive power in… [364] (2010)Commercialisation of an artificially intelligent deception detection system in the current security climate
International Conference on Fuzzy Systems The paper discusses commercialization pathways for AI-based deception detection in security contexts, highlighting that while the Silent Talker system achieved above-chance detection of deception versus… [365] (2010)Some thoughts about feelings: a study of the role of cognition and emotion in polygraph testing
Polygraph The paper proposes that polygraph-recorded physiological responses arise from two appraisal routes — conceptual/schematic and associative/reinstatement — combined with conditioned emotional responses to lying and… [366] (2010)The Polygraph and Forensic Psychiatry
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 38(4), 446–451 Found that polygraph testing increased the likelihood of disclosure of relevant information by a factor of 14. Over 40% of disclosures were rated as being… [367] (2010)Anatomy of deception: A behavioral contingency analysis
Behavioural Processes All instances of deception are based on some combination of misperception, misprediction, non-perception, or non-prediction by the deceived party. Intentional deception involves the deceiving party… [368] (2010)The Polygraph and the Detection of Deception
Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice The CQT detects deception better than chance but with significant error rates, contrasting sharply with industry claims of 98% accuracy. The CIT demonstrates superior validity… [369] (2010)Police-induced confessions: Risk factors and recommendations
Law and Human Behavior False confessions result from interactions between situational pressures (excessive interrogation time, false evidence, minimization tactics) and individual vulnerabilities (juveniles, intellectual disability, mental illness), with 35%… [370] (2010)Deceit and Self-Deception
Mind the Gap Cognitive load appears to be the most important cue to deception in human interactions, surpassing nervousness. Self-deception serves dual evolutionary functions: hiding deception from others… [371] (2010)In defence of gullibility: the epistemology of testimony and the psychology of deception detection
Synthese Meta-analytic data show human deception detection achieves only 54% accuracy, with real-world lie detection relying primarily on contextual evidence rather than behavioral cues, placing monitoring… [372] (2010)Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging May Promote Theoretical Understanding of the Polygraph Test
Journal of Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, 21, 52–65 Explored how fMRI research can advance understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying polygraph responses. Proposed that neuroimaging could provide construct validation for traditional polygraph measures. [373] (2010)Reading about deception
The Psychiatrist A clinically helpful distinction emerges between truth (accuracy) and truthfulness (sincerity). Meta-analyses reveal human deception detection accuracy of only 54%—barely above chance—with professionals performing no… [374] (2010)The Truth About Lies: What Works in Detecting High-Stakes Deception
Legal and Criminological Psychology No single behavioral cue consistently reveals deception; best-validated indicators include illustrators, blink and pause rate, speech rate, vague descriptions, repeated details, contextual embedding, reproduction of… [375] (2009)The polygraph: The truth lies within
The Journal of Psychiatry & Law The polygraph accurately detects physiological arousal but is often inaccurate in lie detection; reliability estimates range from 81-91%; the examiner's role in administration and interpretation… [376] (2009)Probability Assessment of the Value of Psychophysiological Stimuli
European Polygraph The paper proposes a probability assessment framework for understanding stimulus value in polygraph testing, formalizing the relationship between stimulus psychological significance and physiological response magnitude,… [377] (2009)A Renaissance in Voice Analysers as Tools for Detection of Deception?
European Polygraph Research revealed that voice stress analyzers were disqualified by US regulatory bodies and military research found no validity exceeding chance levels, with courts rejecting results… [378] (2009)Portrait of a Lie
Scientific American Mind Lying consistently activates brain regions involved in suppressing information and resolving conflicts, particularly the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal lobes. Combined fMRI and physiological measures… [379] (2009)When should the Polygraph Stimulation Number Test be Performed?
European Polygraph In 63% of deceptive subjects, reactions to critical questions were greater in the control question test administered after the stimulation test compared to before, challenging… [380] (2009)Development of Technologies and Test Formats for Credibility Assessment
European Polygraph The paper likely presented validation data for novel technological approaches including thermal imaging systems and computerized scoring methods that could supplement or enhance traditional polygraph… [381] (2009)The History of Polygraph Use in Bulgaria
European Polygraph By 2009, polygraph testing had become one of the most widespread credibility assessment tools in Bulgaria, with 99% of examiners working in government or private… [382] (2009)The Problems of Truth Perception during Psychophysiological Examination
European Polygraph Specific findings unavailable due to inaccessibility of full text. [383] (2009)Visions of Deception: Neuroimages and the Search for Truth
Akron Law Review Neither fMRI-based lie detection nor Brain Fingerprinting/BEOS meets general acceptance or reliability standards for admissibility in U.S. courts; courts are urged to exercise restraint and… [384] (2009)Forensic examination of memory traces (Part 1)
European Polygraph The paper proposes reconceptualizing polygraph testing as forensic examination of memory traces, arguing this framework provides stronger scientific grounding than traditional lie detection paradigms and… [385] (2009)Why Modern Evidence Law Lacks Credibility
SSRN Electronic Journal Evidence law remains overly fixated on detecting perjury rather than honest mistakes, lacks any systematic approach to credibility determination, and treats scientific or psychological evidence… [386] (2009)Sex offender polygraph testing in the United States: Trends and controversies
In Wilcox D.T. (Ed.), The use of the polygraph in assessing, treating, and supervising sex offenders: A practitioner's guide. NY: Wiley By 2009, approximately 80% of adult sex offender treatment programs in the United States employed polygraph testing despite persistent scientific, ethical, and legal controversies. Polygraph… [387] (2009)The neurobiology of deception: evidence from neuroimaging and loss-of-function studies
Current Opinion in Neurology Converging evidence from fMRI and loss-of-function studies identifies the prefrontal cortex as the dominant neural substrate of deception, organizing the inhibition of true responses and… [388] (2009)The Clinical Use of the Polygraph with Sex Offenders: Caveats and Considerations
The Use of the Polygraph in Assessing, Treating and Supervising Sex Offenders The chapter emphasizes that post-conviction polygraph testing should be viewed as a treatment and supervision tool focused on disclosure facilitation rather than a standalone deception… [389] (2009 • THEORETICAL)Relevant Issue Gravity (RIG) Strength: A New Concept in PDD
Polygraph Introduced the Relevant Issue Gravity concept, proposing that the psychological weight of relevant questions influences CQT accuracy. Provided a theoretical framework explaining why serious criminal… [390] (2009)Polygraphische Untersuchungen im Strafprozess: Neues zur faktischen Validität und normativen Zulässigkeit des vom Beschuldigten eingeführten Sachverständigenbeweises
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft The paper argues that German courts' exclusion of voluntary, defense-initiated polygraph evidence rests on an incomplete reading of the validity literature, and that the shifting… [391] (2009 • ERP REVIEW)Review of Recent Studies and Issues Regarding the P300-Based Complex Trial Protocol for Detection of Concealed Information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Comprehensive review summarizing more than a dozen CTP studies. Documented diagnostic accuracy from 75–90%, described enhancements using N200, performance feedback, and auxiliary tests that restored… [392] (2009)4. Why Most People Parse Palters, Fibs, Lies, Whoppers, and Other Deceptions Poorly
Deception Most people achieve only 50-54% accuracy in lie detection due to truth bias, reliance on incorrect behavioral cues, accusatory reluctance, and lack of feedback. Exceptional… [393] (2009)Dangerous decisions: A theoretical framework for understanding how judges assess credibility in the courtroom
Legal and Criminological Psychology DDT posits that instantaneous facial trustworthiness judgments are enduring and powerfully bias evidence interpretation in court; even experienced trial judges hold false stereotypes about deception… [394] (2009 • SOCIAL WORK)Sex Offender Polygraph Examination: An Evidence-Based Case Management Tool for Social Workers
Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 6(4), 361–376 Framed PCSOT as an evidence-based social work intervention that improves case management, treatment planning, and community safety monitoring for sex offender populations. [395] (2009)Forensic Assessment of Sexual Interest: A Review
The Use of the Polygraph in Assessing, Treating and Supervising Sex Offenders While penile plethysmography is considered the best-validated sexual preference measure, it remains vulnerable to faking like most assessment approaches. A combination of card sorting and… [396] (2009)Lie Catching and Microexpressions
The Philosophy of Deception Most people perform at chance levels in lie detection (approximately 50% accuracy). Microexpressions are rare and training produces only modest improvements (30% to 40% accuracy).… [397] (2009 • HONTS-SCHWEINLE)Information Gain of the CQT Over Interpersonal Deception Detection
Polygraph Used Information Gain analysis to demonstrate CQT provides significant improvement over human deception detection across nearly the complete range of base rates. [398] (2009)The Use of the Polygraph in Assessing, Treating, and Supervising Sex Offenders: A Practitioner's Guide
Criminal Justice and Behavior Nineteen studies across the US, UK, and Netherlands demonstrated that PCSOT significantly increases disclosures compared to non-polygraphed participants, with polygraph accuracy estimated at 80–90% in… [399] (2009)Lie catching and micro expressions
The philosophy of deception Most people fail to detect lies not because lies are told flawlessly, but because liars' mistakes go undetected; poor lie-catching ability is explained by evolutionary… [400] (2009)Deception: Truth Serum
Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science No scientifically validated truth serum exists. Barbiturates and other sedatives produce unreliable output contaminated by deception, fantasy, and confabulation. Both normal individuals and psychopaths can… [401] (2009)An exploration of emotion and cognition during polygraph testing
Polygraph Polygraph testing activates a complex array of emotions mediated by both subconscious and conscious cognitive appraisal processes, with specific emotions triggered by how examinees appraise… [402] (2009)Deception: Detection of and Brain Imaging
Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science Brain imaging studies identified consistent neural signatures of deception in prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and parietal regions, with accuracy rates typically under 90%. However, the… [403] (2009)A respiration primer for polygraph examiners
Four validated respiratory features with replicated scientific support for diagnostic value were identified: suppression, apnea, slowing, and baseline rise. Apnea (breathing cessation) is considered the… [404] (2009)Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage
International Journal of Police Science & Management No single clue to deceit is foolproof, including polygraph measures of autonomic nervous system activity. The Othello error and Brokaw Hazard represent major detection failures,… [405] (2009)Basics of Post-Conviction Sex Offender Polygraph Testing
The Use of the Polygraph in Assessing, Treating and Supervising Sex Offenders: A Practitioner's Guide (Book Chapter) The chapter identifies four distinct PCSOT examination formats (sexual history disclosure, specific issue, maintenance, and monitoring examinations) and establishes their respective clinical functions, arguing that… [406] (2008)Is the Lie Detector an American Obsession?
European Polygraph The work addresses American exceptionalism in lie detection technology and provides counterpoints to Alder's historical interpretations of polygraph development and adoption in the United States. [407] (2008)Test Structure and Administration
European Polygraph The Utah-CQT approach provides some of the highest rates of criterion accuracy and interrater reliability of any polygraph examination protocol when applied in event-specific testing… [408] (2008)The Behavioral Analysis Interview: Clarifying the Practice, Theory and Understanding of its Use and Effectiveness
European Polygraph The landmark 1994 field study demonstrated 91% accuracy on truthful suspects and 80% accuracy on deceptive suspects when trained evaluators used the BAI with actual… [409] (2008)You Can't Run, But You Can Hide: A Critical Look at the Fight or Flight Response in Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
European Polygraph The authors demonstrated that the fight-or-flight paradigm was inadequate as the primary explanatory mechanism for polygraph responses, showing that multiple factors including cognitive arousal, various… [410] (2008 • META-ANALYSIS)A Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Polygraph Test: Moderator Effects
In Psychology and Law: Bridging the Gap, 219–237 Reviewed the CQT research literature and found overall accuracy estimates above 85% across studies. Identified important moderator variables including examiner training, question format, and testing… [411] (2008)A Review of: “To Tell the Truth”
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence Chapman's review engages with Sullivan's argument that polygraph use is 'an art as much as a science' and evaluates the memoir's coverage of controversial cases… [412] (2008)Detection of Deception by Detection “Wizards”
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Only 47 of 15,000+ tested individuals (0.3%) achieved wizard status (80%+ accuracy on 2+ tests). Wizards rely on social-emotional cognition and attention to microexpressions, body… [413] (2008)A cognitive load approach to lie detection
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Actively imposing cognitive load through interview interventions — such as instructing interviewees to recall events in reverse chronological order — substantially increased behavioral cues to… [414] (2008)Effective Policing
Criminal Justice and Behavior The CQT cannot be considered scientifically valid due to weak theoretical foundations, bias against the innocent, and countermeasure vulnerability. Only 30-36% of surveyed scientists consider… [415] (2008)Detection of Deception in Adults
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Humans detect deception at only 54% accuracy (barely above chance), with no reliable expertise advantage for law enforcement professionals, judges, or other presumed experts compared… [416] (2008)Lies, damn lies, and lie detectors
Harvard Business Review No existing lie detection technology—polygraph or neuroimaging-based—has demonstrated sufficient scientific reliability for high-stakes organizational use; Wolpe argues the inferential chain from physiological arousal to deception… [417] (2008)Detecting Deception in Police Investigations: Implications for False Confessions
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Most people, including trained police officers, cannot detect deception at rates significantly better than chance (approximately 54% accuracy), and officer overconfidence in their deception detection… [418] (2008)The Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique: it's just not science. A critique to Mangan, Armitage, and Adams (2008)
Physiology & Behavior The critique identified fundamental methodological flaws including confession-based ground truth creating sampling bias, untested theoretical foundations (psychological set), bias against innocent examinees in scoring rules,… [419] (2008)Detection of Deception in High-Stakes Liars
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law High-stakes liars displayed decreased blink frequency, longer pauses, and reduced movement during deception, contradicting stereotypes about nervous fidgeting and gaze aversion. No single cue consistently… [420] (2008)The Language of Deception: Computational Approaches
Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies Computational approaches reveal systematic linguistic differences between deception and truth, including distinctions between imaginative and informative language patterns, with practical applications across security, forensic, and… [421] (2008)Effective Policing: Understanding How Polygraph Tests Work and Are Used
Criminal Justice and Behavior Examined how polygraph tests function in real law enforcement contexts and their practical effectiveness as investigative tools. Found that polygraph’s primary value may be in… [422] (2008)A new theoretical perspective on deception detection: On the psychology of instrumental mind-reading
Psychology, Crime & Law The paper presents differential behavioral predictions for guilty versus innocent suspects, including that innocent suspects rarely prepare strategies and believe in the visibility of innocence,… [423] (2008)Scientific status: The case for polygraph tests
In D.L. Faigman, M.J. Saks, J. Sanders, & E. Cheng (Eds.), Modern scientific evidence: The law and science of expert testimony (Vol. 5) Laboratory studies showed approximately 90% mean CQT accuracy, field studies with independent scoring showed 90.5% accuracy, and studies with original examiner scoring showed 97.5% accuracy.… [424] (2008)Review of: Gatekeeper: Memoirs of a CIA Polygraph Examiner
Journal of Forensic Sciences Sullivan's memoir documents his role conducting more polygraph tests than anyone in CIA history, discovering double agents and security threats while arguing that polygraph is… [425] (2008)Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: A review
Psychophysiology The anterior N2 should be divided into at least two subcomponents: one reflecting detection of novelty or perceptual mismatch, and another reflecting cognitive control processes… [426] (2008)Looking for truth and finding lies: The prospects for a nascent neuroimaging of deception
Neurocase Deception consistently activates prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, while truthfulness appears to represent a cognitive baseline. However, significant variability across studies and ethical concerns limit… [427] (2008)Detecting concealed information using brain-imaging technology
Neurocase Neuroimaging-based deception detection faces substantial challenges including vulnerability to countermeasures, limited ecological validity of laboratory paradigms, and the fundamental limitation that decoding performs pattern recognition… [428] (2008)Playing devil's advocate: The case against fMRI lie detection
Legal and Criminological Psychology Analysis revealed great variation between study findings and crucially, an absence of replication by investigators of their own findings, indicating basic reliability issues needed resolution… [429] (2008)Polygraph and Polygraph Techniques
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law No specific physiological response uniquely identifies deception; all polygraph methods rely on stimulus control and inference. Two major families of techniques exist—knowledge approaches and deception… [430] (2008 • NEUROSCIENCE & LAW)Emerging Neurotechnologies for Lie Detection: Promises and Perils
American Journal of Bioethics, 5(2), 39–49 Examined ethical and legal implications of fMRI and other neuroscience-based lie detection. Discussed privacy rights, cognitive liberty, and potential for misuse in legal proceedings. [431] (2008)Accuracy of polygraph techniques: Problems using confessions to determine ground truth
Physiology & Behavior Confession-based field studies produce invalid accuracy estimates because the criterion (confession) and test outcome are not independent, with the method virtually guaranteeing matching results and… [432] (2007)Polygraph in the Polish Secret Service
European Polygraph Full text not accessible for analysis. [433] (2007)Neuroscience-Based Lie Detection: The Urgent Need for Regulation
American Journal of Law & Medicine fMRI-based lie detection exhibits significant scientific limitations including inadequate accuracy rates for field use, inability to distinguish between imagined and genuine memories, and lack of… [434] (2007)Polygraph terms for the 21st century
Polygraph The central recommendation is to replace 'psychological set' with 'salience,' a term more widely recognized in scientific literature. Additional key proposals include using 'electrodermal activity'… [435] (2007)Polygraph Testing
Beyond Common Sense Field research shows the CQT correctly identifies only 55-57% of innocent suspects, meaning 43-45% are falsely classified as deceptive. Scientific surveys reveal that fewer than… [436] (2007)Psychophysiological Mechanisms in Deception Detection: A Theoretical Overview
Polygraph The paper concluded that polygraph responses are not driven by fear alone but by psychological salience arising from multiple cognitive and emotional processes, proposing a… [437] (2007)Law & Psychiatry: The New Lie Detectors: Neuroscience, Deception, and the Courts
Psychiatric Services Neither fMRI nor brain-wave analysis met evidentiary standards for court use in 2007 due to insufficient validation data, with the author recommending judicial caution and… [438] (2007)On lie detection "Wizards."
Law and Human Behavior Statistical modeling revealed that 29 'wizards' performing at 80%+ accuracy could emerge by chance alone from large-scale sequential testing of 12,000 individuals, challenging claims of… [439] (2007)P300 and the Human Brain: Evoked Potentials in Clinical and Basic Research
Psychophysiology The review establishes a dual-component neuropsychological model with distinct neural generators and neurotransmitter systems for P3a (frontal/dopaminergic) and P3b (parietal/norepinephrine), providing the theoretical foundation for… [440] (2007)Unicorns or Tiger Woods: Are lie detection experts myths or rarities? A response to On lie detection "Wizards' by Bond and Uysal.
Law and Human Behavior O'Sullivan rebutted claims that wizard-level performance was due to chance, demonstrating that profession-specific patterns of expertise (therapists excelling at emotion detection, law enforcement at crime… [441] (2007)Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b
Clinical Neurophysiology The paper provides theoretical architecture showing that P300 signals represent specific patterns of attention allocation, memory operations, and neural inhibition rather than simple stimulus recognition,… [442] (2007)Audit Inquiries and Deception Detection: Standards, Research, and Guidance
SSRN Electronic Journal People detect deception at only 54-57% accuracy (4% better than chance), auditors demonstrate a strong truth bias believing interviewees 70% of the time regardless of… [443] (2007)Medical Devices New Frontier in Lie Detection
Biomedical Safety & Standards The analysis identified a regulatory vacuum for neuroscience-based lie detection and recommended prohibiting non-research use until technologies meet medical device standards for safety, effectiveness, and… [444] (2007)Behavioral Methods and Paradigms for Understanding Deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset The review finds no behavioral clue or pattern specific to deception itself, though clues exist for emotion and cognition. Most people cannot detect lies from… [445] (2007)Moderators of nonverbal indicators of deception: a meta-analytic synthesis
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Only nodding, hand/finger movements, and leg/foot movements showed reliable associations with deception, all decreasing during lies (effect sizes: d = -0.18, -0.38, -0.14 respectively). No… [446] (2006)Psychopathy and Physiological Detection of Concealed Information: A review
Psychologica Belgica Reduced orienting responses in high antisocial individuals threaten CIT validity, with autonomic hyporesponsivity responsible for decreased detection in antisocial personalities, while emotional detachment and antisocial… [447] (2006)Lure of lie detectors spooks ethicists
Nature Multiple experts expressed significant concern that companies were rushing to commercialize fMRI lie detection technology despite insufficient scientific validation for real-world forensic applications, raising both… [448] (2006)Detecting deception by manipulating cognitive load
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Deliberately increasing cognitive load during interviews disproportionately impairs liars relative to truth tellers, producing more observable and reliable behavioral cues to deception and improving third-party… [449] (2006)True Lies: Delusions and Lie-Detection Technology
The Journal of Psychiatry & Law The authors propose that delusions could lead to objectively false statements that are nevertheless subjectively true and indistinguishable from truth by traditional polygraph measures, but… [450] (2006)Deception, Evolution, and the Brain
Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience The right prefrontal cortex is critical for both self-awareness and deception, with evidence suggesting these capacities evolved in concert. Only species capable of self-recognition demonstrate… [451] (2006)Nonverbal Communication and Deception
The SAGE Handbook of Nonverbal Communication Only 28% of nonverbal cues showed any significant relationship with deception, with small average effect sizes (d = .25). People's lie detection accuracy averages just… [452] (2006)The use of voice in security evaluations
Journal of Credibility Assessment and Witness Psychology Commercial voice stress analyzer technologies, including the PSE, CVSA, and LVA systems, consistently performed at chance levels in detecting both deception and stress, with professional… [453] (2006)Interrogation using polygraph and its scientific basis
Polygraph Task-oriented memory test theory provides the most parsimonious explanation for differential physiological responses in polygraph testing, better accounting for both Comparison Question Test (CQT) and… [454] (2006)Accuracy of deception judgements
Personality and Social Psychology Review Humans detect lies at only 54% accuracy (barely above chance), with better performance on truths (61%) than lies (47%). Accuracy varies more by sender characteristics… [455] (2006)EDA Primer for Polygraph Examiners
Polygraph Electrodermal response is the most robust and informative signal in polygraph testing, driven exclusively by sympathetic nervous system activity and providing the greatest contribution to… [456] (2006)Validated polygraph techniques
Polygraph The paper identified which polygraph techniques met validation standards circa 2006, but sparked controversy by including techniques with low accuracy for truthful examinees while excluding… [457] (2006)Lie Detection Assessments as Evidence in Criminal Courts
Law and PsychologyCurrent Legal Issues Volume 9 The chapter concludes that neither the Control Question Test nor Statement Validity Analysis fully satisfy Daubert criteria for routine courtroom admissibility. While both detect deception… [458] (2006)The cognition of deception: the role of executive processes in producing lies
Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs Executive processes including inhibition and working memory are central to producing lies, with converging evidence from developmental trajectories, neuroimaging of prefrontal activation, and cognitive demand… [459] (2005)Deception Across Cultures: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The most comprehensive method for modeling deception across cultures is to synthesize bottom-up cultural analysis with top-down theory testing rather than treating them as opposing… [460] (2005)It's Not Just Polygraph Anymore
PsycEXTRA Dataset No alternative technology had demonstrated sufficient validity to replace traditional polygraph as of 2005, though thermal imaging showed promise as an adjunctive measure. Voice stress… [461] (2005)On the psychology of confessions: Does innocence put innocents at risk?
American Psychologist Innocent suspects waive Miranda rights at 81% compared to 36% for guilty suspects, and interrogators exert significantly more pressure on innocent suspects due to confirmation… [462] (2005)Use of Polygraph in Law Enforcement Internal Affairs Investigations
Polygraph Judicial precedent permits law enforcement agencies to require employees to submit to polygraph examinations during bona fide internal investigations, but strict procedural safeguards must be… [463] (2005)Emerging neurotechnologies for lie-detection: promises and perils
American Journal of Bioethics The paper identified that measurement validity of neurotechnologies for lie detection remained largely unknown, laboratory paradigms failed to replicate real-world deception contexts, and the field… [464] (2005)Lie detection and the polygraph: A historical review
Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology The modern polygraph emerged in the early 1920s as a multi-channel instrument recording respiration, cardiovascular activity, and electrodermal responses. Throughout its history, polygraph use has… [465] (2004)Statement Validity Analysis and the detection of the truth
Deception Detection in Forensic Contexts SVA distinguishes between cognitive and motivational components of deception, with criteria indicating truthfulness but their absence not necessarily implying deception. The presence of contrary-to-truthfulness-stereotype criteria… [466] (2004)Deception Detection in Forensic Contexts
Cambridge University Press The volume documented that intensive recent research had produced substantial new knowledge about cross-cultural deception, simulated amnesia, false confessions, and lie-detection training. Research reviewed suggested… [467] (2004)Deception detection: Psychologists try to learn how to spot a liar
Science News Across hundreds of laboratory studies, humans distinguish truths from lies at only 55% accuracy—barely better than chance. Common stereotypes like gaze aversion show no correlation… [468] (2004)Crime-related amnesia as a form of deception
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts Between 25-40% of homicide offenders claim amnesia for their crimes. Symptom Validity Testing achieves 40-65% detection rates for simulators, though sensitivity drops with coaching. The… [469] (2004)The detection of deception in forensic contexts
Cambridge University Press The volume documents that deception detection research had shifted from merely assessing detection ability toward enhancing performance. Polygraph testing shows approximately 90% accuracy in forensic… [470] (2004)Discerning lies from truths: Behavioural cues to deception and the indirect pathway of intuition
In: Granhag, P.A., Strömwall, L. (Eds.), The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts Behavioral cues to deception are generally weak and unreliable, with many behaviors showing no discernible links to deceit. Human accuracy in detecting lies from behavior… [471] (2004)Computer-Aided Support of the Detection of Deception
Group Decision and Negotiation The research program demonstrated that automated detection systems achieved 70-92% accuracy compared to 54% for human judgment, with multimodal approaches combining kinesic, vocal, and linguistic… [472] (2004)Guidelines to catch a liar
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts Professional lie-catchers achieve only 56.6% accuracy in deception detection (barely above chance). The chapter provides fifteen evidence-based guidelines emphasizing systematic examination of combined behavioral, auditory,… [473] (2004)Reality monitoring and the detection of deception
In Granhag, P.A., & Strömwall, L.A. (Eds.), Deception detection in forensic contexts Knowledge of RM criteria improved detection accuracy to 69% versus 53-59% for intuitive judgments. Clarity, temporal information, and realism emerged as the most effective discrimination… [474] (2004)Efficacy of Detecting Deception in Psychopaths Using a Polygraph
Polygraph The review addressed a critical gap in understanding psychopaths' susceptibility to polygraph testing despite theoretical concerns about their reduced emotional reactivity and lack of anxiety. [475] (2004)The psychophysiological detection of deception
In: The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts (Granhag & Strömwall, Eds.) Research evidence suggested polygraph testing achieves approximately 90% accuracy in forensic settings, representing substantial improvement over unaided human deception detection, though voice stress analysis lacks… [476] (2004)The Closing of the Coffin on Forensic Polygraph Evidence for Australia: Mallard v The Queen [2003] WASCA 296
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law The court concluded that polygraph technique has not been shown to be a reliable method for determining truth or untruth, lacks adequate acceptance within the… [477] (2004)Deception 101 - Primer on Deception
The work establishes fundamental distinctions between passive deception (concealing real capabilities) and active deception (creating false impressions), between fabrication and manipulation, and between ambiguity-increasing and… [478] (2004)A cognitive neurobiological account of deception: evidence from functional neuroimaging
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences Deception consistently activates bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), with truthful responding showing no corresponding increased activation, suggesting lying requires greater… [479] (2003)The contemporary cultural context for deception and malingering in Britain
Malingering and illness deception Robinson found that 70% of Britons morally condemned VAT evasion yet 71% were willing to engage in it themselves, while 30% admitted lying on job… [480] (2003)Prawo i psychologia. Wiarygodność zeznań i materiału dowodowego
The authors conclude that no perfect lie detection test exists and experts make regular errors, though detection methods can perform above chance level and may… [481] (2003)Применение полиграфа – этический аспект
Мир закона The paper concludes that ethical polygraph practice requires genuine scientific validity and that characterizations of polygraph as pseudoscience reflect bias rather than technical analysis. Proper… [482] (2003)The current role of post-conviction sex offender polygraph testing in sex offender treatment
Journal of Child Sexual Abuse PCSOT significantly enhances the ability of treatment teams to promote patient honesty, treatment compliance, and supervision compliance, and the review provides 10 ethical recommendations for… [483] (2003)Review of: Handbook of Polygraph Testing
Journal of Forensic Sciences The review highlighted the Handbook as a significant scholarly contribution to a field with limited academic literature, noting its balanced coverage of theory and practice… [484] (2003)Darwin, Deception, and Facial Expression
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Research confirmed Darwin's hypothesis that difficult-to-fabricate facial expressions (particularly involving the orbicularis oculi muscle) are also difficult to inhibit, and identified micro-expressions lasting 1/25 to… [485] (2003)To Catch a Liar: Challenges for Research in Lie Detection Training
Journal of Applied Communication Research Training significantly raised lie detection accuracy rates with a mean effect size of r = .20, improving accuracy from baseline 54% to approximately 58%. However,… [486] (2003)Positive and Negative Predictive Values of Polygraphs: Results from published field studies
Sandia National Laboratories Analysis of field study data reveals limitations in polygraph predictive values when applied to populations with low base rates of deception. [487] (2002)Polygraph Fails Scientific Review in the USA
The Lancet The NRC report concluded that polygraph screening equates to voodooism, is scientifically weak, easily defeated by countermeasures, and may undermine security through false confidence, though… [488] (2002)Polygraph Testing Too Flawed for Security Screening
PsycEXTRA Dataset The report concluded that while specific-incident polygraph tests perform above chance, polygraph accuracy for screening is insufficient to justify reliance on it in federal security… [489] (2002)The role of psychophysiology in clinical assessment: ERPs in the evaluation of memory
Psychophysiology ERP-based memory assessment using P300 can support statistically reliable individual-level memory determinations via bootstrapping and Bayesian methods; application to DID patients demonstrated that ERP evidence… [490] (2002)Voice Stress Devices and the Detection of Lies
Policy Review (IACP National Law Enforcement Policy Center) Independent scientific research consistently found voice stress devices to be unreliable for deception detection, with the CVSA achieving only 38.7% accuracy compared to 62.5% for… [491] (2002)Supplement 2002–2012 – Forensic Psychophysiology Using The Polygraph: Scientific Truth Verification – Lie Detection
Choice Reviews Online Field validation studies consolidated in the supplement showed the Quadri-Track ZCT achieved 96.5-100% accuracy with inconclusives reduced from 34.5% to as low as 1.4%, including… [492] (2002)The polygraph in personnel screening
Handbook of Polygraph Testing Personnel screening polygraph demonstrated lower accuracy than specific-incident testing, with innocent examinee identification rates ranging from 88.9% to 98.3% across different formats, indicating false accusation… [493] (2002)washington Polygraph fails scientific review in the USA
The Lancet The NAS report equated polygraph screening with voodooism, finding it worthless for security screening and easily defeated by countermeasures, while acknowledging above-chance accuracy only for… [494] (2002)British applications of the polygraph to sex offender work: An update
NOTA News Early British polygraph sessions with convicted sex offenders facilitated disclosures about sexual history and risk-relevant behaviours not obtained through standard interviews, supporting the case for… [495] (2002 • MODERN HANDBOOK)Handbook of Polygraph Testing
Book Comprehensive edited volume covering all aspects of modern polygraph science and practice. Included chapters on CQT, CIT, countermeasures, computerized scoring, legal issues, and PCSOT. [496] (2002)A critical review of the control questions test (CQT)
The CQT was found to lack adequate scientific validation, failing to satisfy major Daubert criteria. Key problems included absence of proper theoretical foundation, inadequate control… [497] (2001)Statistics and Other Lies
Polygraph Unable to determine without access to full text. [498] (2001 • BOGUS PIPELINE)Polygraph Testing and Sexual Abuse: The Lure of the Magic Lasso
Child Maltreatment, 6, 195–206 Critical examination of the “bogus pipeline” effect in PCSOT — that the belief in being monitored by polygraph drives increased disclosure regardless of the test’s… [499] (2001)Who's Telling Lies: Detecting Deception in Interview Situations
Security Journal Experienced professionals detect deception at rates barely above chance (approximately 54-56% accuracy), show no improvement with experience, and display unwarranted confidence in their judgments despite… [500] (2001)Truthfulness, Deception and Self-Deception in Recovering True and False Memories of Child Sexual Abuse
International Review of Victimology Self-deception detection presents unique challenges beyond traditional deception detection because it involves implicit processes where individuals simultaneously appear to know and not know information. Detection… [501] (2001 • COUNTERMEASURE REVIEW)Countermeasures and the Polygraph
Book Chapters Comprehensive review chapter covering all known countermeasure methods and their effectiveness. Concluded countermeasures are a serious threat but their practical impact may be limited by… [502] (2001)A concise history of the comparison question
Polygraph The comparison question concept predates Reid's 1947 publication, with Walter Summers using 'emotional standards' as early as 1939 and the Marstons experimenting with 'hot questions'… [503] (2000)Introduction
Polygraph Polygraph testing was identified as a highly effective disclosure facilitation tool in sex offender treatment, with a minimum 40-hour specialized training standard established for PCSOT… [504] (2000)Malingered Neuropsychological Deficits
Detecting Malingering and Deception This is a book chapter providing methodological guidance, not a research study with empirical findings. [505] (2000)Polygraph testing and the DOE national laboratories
Science The Wen Ho Lee case demonstrated that identical polygraph data could be interpreted as both passing and failing by different examiners. Despite ubiquitous polygraph use… [506] (2000)A Brief Note on the Misleading and the Inaccurate: A Rejoinder to Matte (2000) With Critical Comments on Matte and Reuss (1999)
Polygraph Matte's assertions that reviewing comparison or relevant questions between chart repetitions produces predictable changes in false positive and false negative rates are found to be… [507] (2000)Post-Conviction Polygraph Testing: Then and Now
Polygraph Post-conviction sex offender polygraph testing had achieved widespread acceptance across U.S. corrections officers, judges, and therapists by 2000, with all three groups independently citing its… [508] (2000)Psychophysiologische Täterschaftsbeurteilung als Entlastungsmöglichkeit bei Verdacht auf sexuellen Mißbrauch?
Steller concluded that polygraph examinations lack sufficient scientific validity for use in sexual abuse cases, citing the absence of specific physiological lie responses, inadequate construct… [509] (2000 • SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY)Accuracy of Deception Judgments
Personality and Social Psychology Review Review confirming that human accuracy at detecting deception averages only 54%, barely above chance. Even trained professionals (police, judges) showed minimal improvement, underscoring need for… [510] (2000)Can we trust counterintelligence polygraph tests?
Polygraph Laboratory studies found TES correctly identified 83.3% of guilty and 90.7% of innocent participants; a mathematical model demonstrated that requiring two consecutive failures reduces the… [511] (2000)Detecting lies and deceit: The psychology of lying and implications for professional practice
John Wiley & Sons Certain verbal characteristics (shorter responses, fewer self-references, indirect replies) are more consistently present in lies than honest accounts, but popular beliefs about how liars behave… [512] (1999)Update: The scientific status of research on polygraph techniques: The case against polygraph tests
Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony Approximately 40–43% of innocent individuals fail the CQT in high-quality real-world field studies, and the only methodologically unbiased field study found CQT accuracy for innocent… [513] (1999)Polygraph evidence in federal courts: Should it be admissible?
American Criminal Law Review The article concludes that polygraph evidence fails to meet Daubert reliability standards and creates substantial prejudicial effects that outweigh probative value under Rule 403, arguing… [514] (1999 • SCIENTIFIC STANDARDS)Admissibility of Polygraph Tests: The Application of Scientific Standards Post-Daubert
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Applied behavioral science concepts of reliability and validity to polygraph admissibility. Argued that accuracy rates are unpredictable and called for mutual language between scientists and… [515] (1998)Suggested Clinical Uses of Polygraphy in Community-Based Sexual Offender Treatment Programs
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment Although empirical evidence on polygraph validity and reliability was inconsistent, pre-test disclosures and treatment program utility were documented as meaningful clinical benefits; the paper proposed… [516] (1997)Autonomic responsivity in psychopaths: A critical review and theoretical proposal
Clinical Psychology Review The review concluded that psychopaths show a specific pattern of autonomic dysfunction characterized by deficient BIS functioning, resulting in poor passive avoidance, reduced electrodermal activity… [517] (1997)Review of Polygraph Accuracy Research
Various Publications Reported accuracy of polygraph studies as exceeding .90, consistent with findings by Raskin (2002) and Raskin & Podlesny (1979). Helped establish the scientific consensus that… [518] (1997 • FIELD REVIEW)Review of Field Studies of CQT Since 1988
Book Chapters Review of all field studies published since 1988 producing an overall accuracy of 90.5%. Documented consistent improvement in field accuracy with adoption of numerical scoring… [519] (1997)The psychology of confession evidence
American Psychologist The paper identified three specific problems: police routinely use deception and psychological coercion during interrogation; these methods can cause innocent people to falsely confess; and… [520] (1997)Brief of the Committee of Concerned Social Scientists as Amicus Curiae
United States v. Scheffer The brief reported polygraph accuracy exceeding 90% based on laboratory and field studies, though the Supreme Court ultimately ruled 8-1 that categorical exclusion of polygraph… [521] (1997 – 2023)Modern Scientific Evidence: The Case For and Against Polygraph Admissibility
Modern Scientific Evidence (Legal Volume Series) Ongoing point-counterpoint exchanges between leading polygraph researchers, published in a legal reference intended for judges and lawyers. Covers the complete spectrum of admissibility arguments under… [522] (1997 • LEGAL ANALYSIS)A Critical Look at the Admissibility of Polygraph Evidence in the Wake of Daubert
Catholic University Law Review, 46, 1247–1310 Detailed legal analysis applying Daubert criteria to polygraph evidence. Concluded that while polygraph meets some Daubert factors, validity questions remain that courts must evaluate case-by-case. [523] (1996)Some elementary distinctions among, and comments concerning, the ‘control’ question ‘test’ (CQT) polygrapher's many problems: A reply to Honts, Kircher and Raskin
International Journal of Psychophysiology Furedy maintained that the CQT should be abandoned on logico-ethical, ethical, methodological, and evidential grounds, arguing that the technique's fundamental problems are obscured by misleading… [524] (1996)Die Untersuchung mit dem Polygraphen (Lügendetektor) – eine wissenschaftliche Methode zum Nachweis der Unschuld
Zeitschrift für das gesamte Familienrecht Undeutsch argued polygraph examinations showing innocence provide very high probability evidence, while deceptive results offer only probability of guilt. He positioned polygraph testing as particularly… [525] (1996)The North American polygraph and psychophysiology: disinterested, uninterested, and interested perspectives
International Journal of Psychophysiology The North American research psychophysiological community has largely failed to meet standards of disinterestedness regarding psychophysiological detection of deception, representing a departure from rigorous scientific… [526] (1996)Interpersonal deception theory
Communication Theory IDT established that deception success depends on interactivity, relationship factors, and receiver suspicion; deceivers engage in strategic adaptation while experiencing cognitive load leading to behavioral… [527] (1996)Emotional expression in the deception process
Handbook of Communication and Emotion Emotions play four distinct roles in deception: motivating lies, serving as deceptive content, leaking as involuntary arousal, and functioning as strategic credibility signals. Deception produces… [528] (1995)Demeanor and credibility
Semiotica The paper concluded that common beliefs about behavioral indicators of deception lack empirical support, and that observers perform little better than chance at detecting lies… [529] (1995)Response to Cross and Saxe's A critique of the validity of polygraph testing in child sexual abuse cases
Journal of Child Sexual Abuse Williams claimed field polygraph testing demonstrated 98% overall accuracy across 2,174 examinations, though this figure has since been discredited due to methodological flaws including circular… [530] (1995)Polygrapher's dilemma or psychologist's chimaera: a reply to Furedy's logico-ethical considerations for psychophysiological practitioners and researchers
International Journal of Psychophysiology The authors concluded that Furedy's concerns about the CQT were lacking on almost all counts and that his arguments were based on misrepresentations and logical… [531] (1995)The biology of deception: The evolution of cognitive coping as a denial-like process
Medical Hypotheses The paper theorizes that cognitive processes provided animals with stress coping strategies through denial-like mechanisms, that perceived rationality may itself be a deceptive behavioral response,… [532] (1995 • TRUTH VERIFIERS HISTORY)Truth Verifiers: From the Hot Iron to the Lie Detector
Kentucky Law Journal, 84, 597–680 Fascinating historical review tracing deception detection from ancient trial by ordeal (hot iron, poison) through medieval methods to modern polygraphy. Provided cultural context for truth… [533] (1994)Detection of Deception: Polygraph and Integrity Tests
Current Directions in Psychological Science Saxe concludes that polygraph tests do not assess deceptiveness but rather measure fear, with no way to determine the cause of anxiety, making validation impossible.… [534] (1994)Biography of Leonarde Keeler
Polygraph The biography documents Keeler's transformation of the polygraph from experimental apparatus to practical forensic tool, his establishment of the first polygraph school, and his role… [535] (1994)The current status of research in forensic psychophysiology and its application in the psychophysiological detection of deception
Polygraph The computerization of polygraph represented the most significant technological advance, with research directed toward new sensors, digitized data collection, automated diagnostic algorithms, and countermeasure detection… [536] (1992)Polygraph admissibility: Changes and challenges
Law and Human Behavior The authors found that while polygraph evidence might meet basic evidentiary requirements, serious challenges centered on poor training and lack of standardization in the profession,… [537] (1992)A Critique of the Validity of Polygraph Testing in Child Sexual Abuse Cases
Journal of Child Sexual Abuse Cross and Saxe conclude that there is insufficient scientific evidence to support polygraph testing in child sexual abuse cases, identifying offender perception and memory, emotional… [538] (1992)Comment on Application of Decision Science
Psychological Science Applying decision science principles — including Bayesian analysis and base rate reasoning — to polygraph testing reveals that even nominally accurate instruments can produce misleading… [539] (1992)The History and Accuracy of Guilty Knowledge and Peak of Tension Tests
Polygraph The review established conceptual clarification by distinguishing peak of tension (POT) tests as specialized variants of guilty knowledge tests (now called Concealed Information Tests), standardizing… [540] (1991)The Use of Polygraphy With Sex Offenders
Annals of Sex Research Polygraphy, particularly in the form of disclosure-oriented examinations, was found to be a valid and clinically useful tool for eliciting comprehensive offense histories from sexual… [541] (1991)Polygraphy: A new beginning
Polygraph Abrams argues that polygraph validity is scientifically supportable but contingent on examiner competence and standardized methodology, and identifies sex offender management as a promising emerging… [542] (1991)Children as eyewitnesses memory, suggestibility, and credibility
Australian Psychologist Despite common apprehensions, children's abilities within the courtroom appear to be underestimated; when given adequate support, their often underutilized testimony may be effectively applied in… [543] (1991)Science and CQT polygraph tests: A theoretical critique
International Journal of Psychophysiology The CQT lacks construct validity because it assesses fear rather than deception, making proper validation impossible. While the test may achieve better-than-chance accuracy when subjects… [544] (1991)Science, Lies, and Controversy: An Epitaph for the Lie Detector
American Psychological Association (Address) Polygraph accuracy in real-world applications is little better than chance, with at least half of truthful subjects erroneously classified as deceptive. The technique is biased… [545] (1991)The emperor's new clothes: Application of polygraph tests in the American workplace
Forensic Reports Analysis of DoD security screening polygraph data revealed CSP examinations correctly identified only 2% of guilty subjects, with sensitivity of 43.2% for programmed guilty examinees,… [546] (1991)Science and the CQT polygraph: A theoretical critique
Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science The CQT lacks construct validity and does not assess deceptiveness but rather measures fear and anxiety. Validation is impossible because the source of physiological arousal… [547] (1991)Clinical judgment and decision-making in CQT-polygraphy: A comparison with other pseudoscientific applications in psychology
Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science The CQT decision process is vulnerable to confirmation bias because examiners start with preconceived hypotheses and the lack of well-defined quantification rules allows them to… [548] (1991)Another Critical Assault on Lie Detection
Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews Iacono's review reinforced critical perspectives on polygraph validity and contributed to academic discourse questioning the scientific foundations of the Comparison Question Test, building on work… [549] (1991)RECONSIDERING RESPONSE SETS, TEST-TAKING ATTITUDES, DISSIMULATION, SELF-DECEPTION, AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY
Psychological Reports The paper provides a conceptual synthesis reconsidering how response sets, empirical keying methods, and social desirability interact to affect the validity of personality assessments and… [550] (1991)The forensic use of the polygraph: A psychophysiological analysis of current trends and future prospects
Advances in Psychophysiology (Vol. 4) The Control Question Technique (CQT) is found to lack construct validity as a measure of deception, because it indexes differential anxiety and fear responses rather… [551] (1990)The Polygraph and Psychiatrists
Journal of Forensic Sciences Interviews indicated that polygraph effectiveness may be primarily due to the suggestibility of examinees and the coercive mystique of the instrument rather than valid physiological… [552] (1990)Review of Clinical Assessment of Malingering and Deception.
Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews The reviewed volume established malingering assessment as a distinct specialty requiring validated, multi-method approaches. It positioned polygraph as one specialized technique among many deception detection… [553] (1990)Theories and applications in the detection of deception: A psychophysiological and international perspective
Book The authors developed a cognitive theoretical framework for understanding psychophysiological deception detection that would profoundly influence subsequent polygraph research and policy debates for decades. [554] (1990)History and Description
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception The chapter documents the evolution of polygraph instrumentation and identifies six major problems with the Control Question Test, establishing a critical framework that distinguished scientifically… [555] (1990)Reliability and Validity of Polygraph-Based Classification
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception Across 10 GKT laboratory experiments, 84% of guilty examinees and 94% of innocent examinees were correctly classified, with accuracy rates highest when tests included more… [556] (1990)Vocal Stress/Lie Detectors
The Acoustics of Crime Voice stress evaluators demonstrated only chance-level accuracy in detecting both stress and deception. Research found no empirical support for the existence of laryngeal microtremors, the… [557] (1990)Beyond Validity: Utility and Legal Considerations in the Application of Psychophysiological Detection
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception The authors demonstrated that validity alone is insufficient for evaluating polygraph applications—practical utility depends on base rates, differential consequences of errors, stakeholder perspectives, and legal… [558] (1990)A Critical Comparison of the Major Methods of Polygraph Interrogation
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception The GKT/CIT relies on solid scientific principles and incorporates proper control questions with standardized procedures, while the CQT suffers from questionable scientific status, lack of… [559] (1990)The orienting response, and future directions of its development
Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science Two distinct mechanisms of the orienting response must be differentiated: involuntary orienting expressed as mismatch negativity (triggered by stimulus mismatch with hippocampal neuronal models) and… [560] (1990)Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception
Springer-Verlag The book establishes that the CQT lacks the scientific foundation necessary for valid testing due to non-equivalent comparison questions, while the GKT offers a scientifically… [561] (1989)Survey of Published Polygraph Literature on Accuracy
Polygraph Comprehensive survey of published literature reported an overall accuracy level of .89. Built upon Abrams’ earlier (1973) review which found laboratory accuracy of 83% and… [562] (1989)The Psychopath as Prototype for Pathological Lying and Deception
Credibility Assessment The chapter's central finding was a marked discrepancy between clinical/behavioral manifestations of deception by psychopaths and empirical findings from laboratory measures, with evidence suggesting that… [563] (1989)Why lies fail and what behaviors betray a lie
Credibility Assessment Combined facial and vocal behavioral measures achieved 86% accuracy in lie detection using case-by-case analysis. Most people rely on the least diagnostic behavioral cues rather… [564] (1989)The polygraph test: Lies, truth and science
Biological Psychology The CQT polygraph lacks construct validity, measuring fear of detection rather than deceptiveness itself; the technique fails to meet basic psychophysiological scientific standards including proper… [565] (1989)Knowledge, probability, and credibility
Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Credibility is multi-dimensional (sensitivity, objectivity, veracity) and evidence evaluation requires cascaded inference through multiple uncertainty stages. Applying Bayes' rule to this structure provides a systematic… [566] (1989)The admissibility of evidence derived from hypnosis and polygraphy
In D.C. Raskin (Ed.), Psychological methods in criminal investigation and evidence Forty states had determined hypnotically refreshed testimony inadmissible, with 26 states adopting per se or variant exclusionary rules. For polygraph evidence, two states deemed it… [567] (1989)Criteria-Based Content Analysis
Psychological Methods in Criminal Investigation and Evidence The work consolidated 19 verbal content criteria organized into five categories (general characteristics, specific contents, peculiarities, motivation-related contents, and offense-specific elements), emphasizing that CBCA requires… [568] (1989)The Complete Polygraph Handbook
The handbook presented field accuracy estimates of approximately 98% and laboratory accuracy of 83% based on literature reviews, while providing comprehensive coverage of all validated… [569] (1988)Assessing deception: Polygraph techniques
In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception The authors concluded that polygraph techniques, particularly the widely-used Control Question Test, lack sound theoretical foundations, are vulnerable to countermeasures, and cannot provide reliable error… [570] (1988)Evaluating Polygraphy from a Psychophysiological Perspective: A Specific-Effects Analysis
Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 22, 145–152 Evaluated polygraph testing from a psychophysiological perspective. Analyzed whether polygraph responses represent specific deception-related effects or general arousal. Contributed to the theoretical understanding of what… [571] (1988)Validity of the Lie Detector: A Psychophysiological Perspective
Criminal Justice and Behavior Provided a psychophysiological perspective on polygraph validity. Examined construct and criterion validity from a basic science standpoint. Influenced subsequent research on the theoretical foundations of… [572] (1988)Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Perceived autobiographical events contain significantly more perceptual detail, contextual information, and supporting memories than imagined events. When explaining source judgments, people cite sensory and contextual… [573] (1988)The evolution of deception
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior The review found that deception has evolved under natural selection across species, that heredity influences human deceptiveness, and that genetically-transmitted anatomical features (such as facial… [574] (1988)Longing for Presence in the Semiotic of Deception
Semiotics Unable to determine - full text not accessible. [575] (1988)Unmasking Thieves: From Polygraph to Paper
Journal of Managerial Psychology The paper found that polygraph results are not difficult to fake, highlighting significant validity and reliability concerns that contributed to the shift toward written integrity… [576] (1988)Does science support polygraph testing?
The Polygraph test: Lies, truth and science Raskin presented field evidence showing CQT accuracy could exceed 90% with skilled examiners, with 100% accuracy on guilty subjects and 92% on innocent subjects in… [577] (1987)Advances in psychophysiological detection of deception
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Japanese polygraph examinations using the Guilty Knowledge Test achieved approximately 90% accuracy in field applications with high inter-rater reliability, supported by formal examiner training and… [578] (1987)What psychologists should know about lie detection
PsycEXTRA Dataset Field and laboratory studies of the Control Question Test produced mixed and inconclusive results, with some studies finding it accurate and others showing it was… [579] (1986)PREDICTIVE POWER OF THE POLYGRAPH: CAN THE "LIE DETECTOR" REALLY DETECT LIARS?
The Lancet In many screening or investigative situations, the positive predictive value of the polygraph would be poor, with most positive results being false positives. Truthful persons… [580] (1986)Polygraph Testing—A Comprehensive Literature Review of an Ethical Dilemma
American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education The review found polygraph testing yielded approximately 11% false positive and 2% false negative results, with autonomic responses confounded by race, education, and multiple other… [581] (1986)Trial by polygraph: Scientific and juridical issues in lie detection
Behavioral Science and the Law Only the GKT is argued to be well grounded in psychological theory, while CQT validity research is characterized as frequently contaminated by methodological flaws; the… [582] (1986)Lie detection as psychophysiological differentiation: Some fine lines
In M.G.H. Coles, E. Donchin, & S.W. Porges (Eds.), Psychophysiology of the cardiovascular system The CQT fails to meet psychophysiological differentiation standards because its control questions do not isolate the deception process and confound multiple psychological factors. Furedy argued… [583] (1986)Applications of brain event related potentials to problems in engineering psychology
In M. Coles, S. Porges, & E. Donchin (Eds.), Psychophysiology: Systems, Processes and Applications The chapter established P300 amplitude as a real-time index of attention allocation, mental workload, and stimulus recognition, demonstrating that task-relevant infrequent stimuli elicit large P300… [584] (1986)Report of the working group on the use of the polygraph in criminal investigation and personnel screening
Bulletin of the British Psychological Society The working group concluded that polygraph techniques lacked sufficient scientific validity for use in British criminal investigation and employment screening, citing unstandardized procedures, inadequate accuracy,… [585] (1986)The eccrine system and electrodermal activity
Psychophysiology: Systems, Processes, and Applications The chapter definitively established that electrodermal activity results from eccrine sweat gland activity controlled by sympathetic innervation, with the electrical signal generated by sodium reabsorption… [586] (1986)Self-Deception and Impression Management in Test Responses
Personality Assessment via Questionnaires Factor analyses revealed two distinct dimensions of socially desirable responding—self-deception and impression management—with scales loading on impression management showing the greatest increases from anonymous to… [587] (1986 • SCIENTIFIC STATUS)The Scientific Status of Research on Polygraph Techniques: The Case for Polygraph Tests
In Faigman et al. (Eds.), Modern Scientific Evidence Major chapter presenting the scientific case for polygraph validity. Reviewed controlled studies showing accuracy above 90% and argued polygraph meets evidentiary standards. [588] (1985)In my opinion ... Credulous vs. Critical Police Use of the Polygraph in Criminal lnvestigations
Canadian Journal of Criminology Furedy argued that police 'credulous' use of polygraphs—treating them as definitive lie detectors—contradicted scientific evidence showing CQT polygraphs lack construct validity and cannot distinguish deception… [589] (1985)Telling lies: Verbal and nonverbal correlates of deception
Multichannel Integrations of Nonverbal Behavior Meta-analysis identified vocal pitch elevation and pupil dilation as the most consistent behavioral correlates of deception, while speech disturbances, longer response latency, slower speech rate,… [590] (1984)Trial by polygraph
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Lykken documented that the Control Question Technique lacked adequate scientific validity for forensic use, with evidence suggesting high false positive rates potentially approaching 50%. The… [591] (1984)Lie detector lies
Nature The Bayesian analysis revealed that conventional polygraph accuracy statistics are misleading when base rates are not considered, showing that screening applications in low-prevalence populations will… [592] (1984)Cognition and event-related potentials: II. The orienting reflex and P300
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences The paper established that P300 represents a complex family of components rather than a simple orienting response, with Donchin's context updating theory positioning P300 as… [593] (1984)On the fallibility of lie detection
American Psychologist The paper concluded that lying does not produce a measurable physiological response, that empirical evidence showed high false positive rates (50% in laboratory studies), and… [594] (1984)Expert testimony on malingering: The admissibility of clinical procedures for the detection of deception
Behavioral Sciences & the Law The paper identified significant concerns about scientific reliability and constitutional implications of various clinical deception detection procedures, establishing a framework for evaluating admissibility standards that… [595] (1984)Detecting Deception in 1984
American Behavioral Scientist Lykken concluded that polygraph tests are wrong one-third of the time overall, biased against innocent and conscientious persons, can be beaten by sophisticated liars, and… [596] (1983)Vernehmung und non-verbale Information [Assessing validity of testimonial statements by interviewing and polygraphic techniques]
Wissenschaftliche Kriminalistik Undeutsch argued that polygraphic assessment is most valid when integrated with verbal statement analysis and nonverbal behavioral observation, with no single technique being sufficient on… [597] (1983)The perspective of social psychology: Toward a viable model for application
Advances in applied social psychology The chapter established that applied psychological procedures must rest on sound theoretical foundations and construct validity, not merely pragmatic demonstrations of effectiveness—principles that would prove… [598] (1982)Detecting Deception: The Promise and the Reality of Voice Stress Analysis
Journal of Forensic Sciences Without exception, scientific evidence showed voice stress analyzers were not effective in detecting deception, with none achieving detection rates above chance levels in controlled situations.… [599] (1982)The Physiological Detection of Deception
American Scientist Electrodermal response was the most accurate of the three standard polygraph measures, and subjects with lower socialization scores were significantly less detectable due to reduced… [600] (1982)Analiza przesłanek diagnozowania w badaniach poligraficznych
The monograph articulated the theoretical constructs and diagnostic premises that enable polygraph testing to achieve validity as a forensic tool, clarifying the logical structure of… [601] (1981)The polygraph: a psychiatric resource
Polygraph Lynch argued that the polygraph serves dual functions in psychiatric settings — both as a psychophysiological assessment tool and as a facilitator of patient disclosure… [602] (1981)Surprise!? Surprise?
Psychophysiology P300 amplitude is controlled multiplicatively by subjective probability and task relevance of events, while latency depends on stimulus evaluation duration. The P300 represents context updating—revision… [603] (1981 • CLASSIC TEXT)A Tremor in the Blood: Uses and Abuses of the Lie Detector
Book Influential book presenting a comprehensive scientific critique of CQT polygraphy while advocating for the Guilty Knowledge Test. Became the most-cited critical analysis of polygraph practice. [604] (1980)Humans as Lie Detectors
Journal of Communication Human lie detectors achieved only 57% accuracy across reviewed studies, marginally above the 50% chance level, establishing that unaided human judgment provides minimal advantage in… [605] (1980)Credibility and incredibility: the psychiatric examination of the complaining witness
American Journal of Psychiatry Psychiatrists can identify mental conditions affecting testimony capacity but face significant ethical, legal, and professional limitations in making direct credibility determinations. Courts restrict psychiatric testimony… [606] (1980)Vocal Indicators of Psychological Stress
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Voice stress indicators showed inconsistent effects, high individual variability, and validation studies demonstrated poor accuracy rates often near chance levels. The microtremor claims of devices… [607] (1979)Distinguishing among orienting, defense, and startle reflexes
In The orienting reflex in humans Graham established that heart rate deceleration satisfies criteria for orienting reflexes while acceleration reflects defense or startle responses. The chapter introduced the protection of processing… [608] (1979)Die Leistungsfähigkeit der heutigen Methoden der psychophysiologischen Täterschaftsermittlung
Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform Undeutsch reported that contemporary polygraph literature showed accuracy rates of 70-90% and emphasized the need for conceptual precision in distinguishing perpetrator identification from other assessment… [609] (1979)Truth and Deception: A Reply to Lykken
Psychological Bulletin Raskin and Podlesny asserted that the CQT achieves approximately 90% accuracy in real-world applications when properly administered by skilled examiners, with errors tending toward false… [610] (1979 • THEORETICAL CRITIQUE)Detecting Deception: The Polygraph Technique
In Prokasy & Raskin (Eds.), Electrodermal Activity in Psychological Research Lykken’s detailed theoretical critique arguing the CQT lacks a valid scientific foundation while the GKT/CIT has strong theoretical support from orienting response research. [611] (1977)A polygraph handbook for attorneys
Abrams documented a growing mid-1970s trend toward stipulated admission of polygraph evidence and argued that, when properly understood and administered, polygraph results represent legitimate forensic… [612] (1977)Die Untersuchung mit dem Polygraphen ('Lügendetektor')
Kriminalistik Undeutsch concluded that polygraph examination, when conducted by a trained expert, constitutes a scientifically defensible method capable of producing reliable forensic evidence, with particularly strong… [613] (1977 • PHYSIOLOGICAL)Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Polygraph Variables
Psychophysiology Applied multivariate statistics to polygraph data analysis. Demonstrated that combining multiple physiological channels provided superior discrimination compared to any single measure alone. [614] (1976 • FOUNDATIONAL ANALOG)Polygraph Validity and Reliability: A Review
Book Chapters Major review of laboratory and field studies establishing empirical support for polygraph validity. Identified key factors affecting accuracy and proposed standards for practice. [615] (1975)Admissibility of polygraph evidence in 1975: An aid in determining credibility in a perjury-plagued system
Hastings Law Journal Tarlow identified a paradox in polygraph jurisprudence: courts admitted polygraph evidence upon stipulation even though stipulation does not enhance the inherent reliability of the technique,… [616] (1975)Legal admissibility of the polygraph
Journal of Criminal Justice The volume provided comprehensive advocacy for polygraph admissibility but inadvertently documented persistent validity concerns, including the field validation paradox where successful deception removes cases from… [617] (1973)Detection of Deception in Electrodermal Activity
Psychological Research Electrodermal activity was identified as the most sensitive physiological parameter for deception detection, with differential increases in skin conductance and skin potential serving as valid… [618] (1972)On the detection of deception: A model for the study of physiological effects of psychological stimuli
In N. Greenfield & R. Sternbach (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology Subjects motivated to deceive showed detection rates far greater than chance while unmotivated subjects showed only chance-level detection, demonstrating that the effort to deceive rather… [619] (1972)The Diagnosis of Love‐Sickness: Experimental Psychophysiology Without the Polygraph
Psychophysiology Ancient physicians successfully detected concealed emotions using pulse monitoring in ways remarkably similar to modern Concealed Information Test logic, establishing that psychophysiological detection principles have… [620] (1972)Implications of laboratory research for the detection of deception
Polygraph The most important finding was that psychological factors, rather than physiological responses alone, overwhelmingly determine whether deception can be detected. Deceptive intent—not the act of… [621] (1972)On the Detection of Deception: A Method for the Study of the Physiological Effects of Psychological Stimuli
Handbook of Psychophysiology Psychological rather than physiological variables are the primary determinants of differential physiological responsivity in deception detection; the GSR is the most reliable single laboratory discriminator;… [622] (1971 • CLASSIC)Comparison of Bayesian and Regression Approaches to the Study of Information Processing in Judgment
Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 6, 649–744 Foundational work on statistical decision models applied to polygraph scoring. Influenced later development of Bayesian approaches to polygraph data interpretation. [623] (1970)The polygraph and its use by the US special services
Higher committee's red label school State Security at the Council of Ministers of the USSR named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky, Special Department disciplines 2 The document represented an early Soviet intelligence assessment of American polygraph methods, predating the 1975 formal establishment of KGB Laboratory No. 30 for polygraph research… [624] (1966)Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics
The work empirically validated that discrimination performance can be separated into sensitivity (d') and decision criterion (β) components, with the area under the ROC curve… [625] (1966)Attention, Arousal and the Orienting Reaction
The monograph established that orientation reactions are complex multi-system responses involving motor, autonomic, and cortical components that habituate to neutral stimuli but persist for personally… [626] (1963)Higher nervous functions; the orienting reflex
Annual Review of Physiology The orienting reflex is a multi-system response involving motor, autonomic, and central activation components that habituates with repeated stimulus presentation. Signal stimuli produce enhanced responses… [627] (1961)Scientific Theory and Scientific Evidence: An Analysis of Lie-Detection
The Yale Law Journal Skolnick concluded that polygraph testing involved excessive interpretive subjectivity, lacked validated theoretical foundations, suffered from examiner qualification problems, and failed to meet the Frye standard… [628] (1959)Recent Book: Academy Lectures on Lie Detection
The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles This is a book review of an educational text, not an empirical research study with original findings. [629] (1959)The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior
Psychological Review Arousal produces systematic narrowing of attention, with performance optimized at moderate arousal levels that exclude irrelevant cues but declining when high arousal causes exclusion of… [630] (1957)Studies of autonomic response patterns: Rationale and methods
Behavioral Science The paper established methods for simultaneous multi-channel autonomic recording and documented that individual subjects show consistent response specificity patterns, with approximately 27% displaying complete stereotypy… [631] (1953)Scientific Proof of Credibility
Tennessee Law Review Trovillo argued that converging physiological evidence — including electrodermal, cardiovascular, and respiratory indices — provided a scientifically legitimate basis for polygraph admissibility, citing accuracy claims… [632] (1946)"Lie Detector" Doesn't
The Science News-Letter The article's title and content directly challenged the fundamental premise of polygraph testing, concluding that lie detectors do not actually detect lies—a finding that would… [633] (1945)Inbau, F. E. Lie detection and criminal interrogation. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co., 1942. Pp. viii + 142. $3.00
Journal of Clinical Psychology The review documented Inbau's influential synthesis of polygraph science and interrogation practice, notably his articulation of the peak-of-tension test for guilty knowledge examinations, establishing foundations… [634] (1939)History of lie-detection (I)
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology The review demonstrated that deception detection has been a universal human concern across all cultures and historical periods, with methods progressing from superstition-based ordeals (rice… [635] (1939 • COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY)A History of Lie Detection (Parts I & II)
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Definitive two-part history of lie detection from ancient China (rice ordeal) through modern polygraphy. Standard historical reference cited in virtually all subsequent reviews. [636] (1938)The truth about lie-detector
Journal of Applied Psychology Ruckmick demonstrated that the so-called psychogalvanic reflex was neither a true reflex nor uniquely indicative of deception, and that electrodermal responses could be triggered by… [637] (1933)Book Review:Lying and its Detection; A Study of Deception and Deception Tests. John A. Larson
Ethics The review highlighted Larson's balanced perspective—unlike other promoters of lie detection, Larson was critical of the polygraph and cautioned against its use in court proceedings,… [638] (1931)Legal Psychology
The textbook synthesized emerging scientific evidence on physiological deception detection methods including blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response, establishing an academic framework for forensic… [639] (1929)The Emergency Reaction and Autonomic Arousal Theory
Various Publications Cannon’s fight-or-flight hypothesis provided the first theoretical foundation for polygraph testing. His work on sympathetic nervous system activation during emotional disturbances explained why deception produces… [640] (1927)Deception-tests and the law of evidence
California Law Review McCormick concluded that general scientific acceptance should not be the criterion for admitting scientific evidence, arguing instead that relevant conclusions from qualified experts should be… [641] (1923)Frye v. United States
Federal Reporter The court held that for scientific evidence to be admissible, the underlying principle or technique must be 'sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in… [642] (1908 • ORIGINS)On the Witness Stand
New York: The McClure Company Harvard professor’s seminal collection of essays on law and psychology. The chapter “The Traces of Emotion” suggested the physiological data channels that would later become… [643] (1891)Physiognomy and Expression of Emotion
The work systematically classified emotional expressions across cultures using photography as an objective recording method, establishing that physiological and behavioral changes reliably accompany emotional states—a… [644] (0)Cognitive Aspects of Deception
SpringerReference Tactical deception in cognitively advanced species involves withholding information, assessing others' knowledge states, and flexible behavioral strategies. Research shows strong correlation between neocortex size and… [645] (0)Lie detection: A measure of emotion.
Exploring behavior: An introduction to psychology. The chapter established the conceptual framework that polygraph instruments measure emotional arousal associated with deception rather than detecting lies directly, a distinction that remains fundamental… [646] (0)Brain-Based Lie Detection and the Mereological Fallacy: Reasons for Optimism
Neurolaw and Responsibility for Action The mereological fallacy critique has less force when applied to P300-CIT because it primarily detects recognition rather than deception. Brain-based methods should be evaluated by… [647] (0)Psychophysiology and the detection of deception: promises and perils
The Comparison Question Test was found to have weak scientific validity that cannot be remedied by neuroimaging. Question format rather than measurement technology was identified…Related research topics
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