Neuroimaging

[001] Hartmut Blank (2026)

Modes of visual framing in neuropsychological deception detection research

Science, Technology & Human Values German neuropsychologists demonstrate notable methodological restraint in brain-based deception detection research, with researchers warning about AI-based approaches lacking transparency and theoretical foundations. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [002] Bewar Neamat Taha, Muhammet Baykara, Talha Burak Alakuş (2025)

Neurophysiological Approaches to Lie Detection: A Systematic Review

Brain Sciences The Concealed Information Test with P300 was the most frequently employed protocol. Bandpass filtering and Discrete Wavelet Transform emerged as preferred preprocessing and feature extraction… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [003] Niels Birbaumer (2025)

“Your Thoughts are (were) Free!“: Brain-Computer-Interfaces, Neurofeedback, Detection of Deception, and the Future of Mind-Reading

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback The central finding is that neurophysiological mind reading succeeds or fails based on motor-contingent feedback loops and learning mechanisms. In neurofeedback for epilepsy, 35% of… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [004] Giuseppe Manuel Festa; Iginio Sisto Lancia (2025)

Neuroscientific and Biometric Methodologies in Forensic Contexts: A Critical Review

Psychology and Behavioral Sciences The review provides evidence-based evaluation of cutting-edge forensic tools including fMRI, ERP, brain fingerprinting, and machine learning techniques that may complement or supplement traditional investigative… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [005] Ali Rahimi Saryazdi, Farnaz Ghassemi, Zahra Tabanfar, Sheida Ansarinasab, Fahimeh Nazarimehr, Sajad Jafari (2024)

EEG-based deception detection using weighted dual perspective visibility graph analysis

Cognitive Neurodynamics The WDPVG method achieved 86.25% accuracy with SVM classification, with frontal and parietal lobe activity showing the strongest discrimination between truth-telling and deception through graph-based… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [006] Arianna D’Ulizia, Alessia D’Andrea, Patrizia Grifoni, Fernando Ferri (2024)

Analysis, Evaluation, and Future Directions on Multimodal Deception Detection

Technologies The review found that 85% of studies used facial features, 50% audio, and 38% textual features; 90% employed model-independent fusion with late fusion being most… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [007] Julia Knappe, Markus Ullsperger, Hans Kirschner (2024)

The Concealed Information Test -- Utilizing P300 data to deter-mine the presence of crime-related information in a suspect's memory

The meta-analysis revealed a large mean effect size of d = 1.59 for P300-based concealed information detection. Moderation analyses showed that complex trial protocols significantly… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [008] Kiyomitsu Niioka, Kiyomitsu Niioka, Wakana Kawai, Simon H Kuwahara, Yasushi Kyutoku, Ippeita Dan (2024)

A new attempt at the brain-autonomic hybrid concealed information test.

The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The research program has identified bimodal peaks in cerebral hemodynamic responses among participants concealing crime involvement, suggesting two distinct cognitive processes during deception. The work… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [009] Sharifa Alghowinem, Sabrina Caldwell, Ibrahim Radwan, Michael Wagner, Tom Gedeon (2024)

The Walk of Guilt: Multimodal Deception Detection from Nonverbal Motion Behaviour

Information Classification accuracy reached up to 88% through hybrid feature fusion, with visual signals showing highest single-modality performance followed by accelerometer and acoustic signals, averaging 60%… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [010] Peijie Liu (2024)

Verification of using radar vital sign monitors in deception tests (2023)

Applied and Computational Engineering The study produced conclusive findings demonstrating that radar technology can non-invasively extract vital signs during deception tests with validated accuracy, enabling more flexible and less… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [011] Suhaib Salah, Tarek Khater, Eqab Almajali, Wasiq Khan, Abir Hussain (2023)

Deception Detection Deep Learning Comprehensive system Utilizing Explainable AI

2023 16th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE) The paper presents a conceptual framework integrating five sensing modalities with deep transfer learning and XAI techniques to create transparent, countermeasure-resistant deception detection systems. No… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [012] Suleyman Yildirim, Meshack Sandra Chimeumanu, Zeeshan A. Rana (2023)

The influence of micro-expressions on deception detection

Multimedia Tools and Applications The custom-trained deep learning model achieved 74.17% accuracy in deception classification by detecting involuntary micro-expression changes, with shifts from neutral to happy expressions reliably indicating… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [013] Haya Alaskar (2023)

Hybrid Metaheuristics with Deep Learning Enabled Automated Deception Detection and Classification of Facial Expressions

Computers, Materials & Continua The study demonstrates a novel hybrid approach combining self-adaptive population-based firefly algorithm optimization with deep learning (MobileNet + LSTM) for facial expression-based deception classification in… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [014] Lucie SOUSEDIKOVA (2023)

Use of Virtual Reality in Polygraph Testing

PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY VR environments produce significantly stronger emotional arousal and physiological responses than traditional 2D presentations, with detection of concealed recognition increasing by over 25% when crime… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [015] Mohammad Affan Khalil, Johnny Can, Kiran George (2023)

Deep Learning Applications in Brain Computer Interface Based Lie Detection

2023 IEEE 13th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC) Ensemble deep learning models demonstrated the most effective performance among tested architectures. Models showed asymmetric performance, with better accuracy detecting truths than lies. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [016] Rebecca Wing-Man Lau (2023)

To Use or Not to Use? Revisiting And Rethinking the Use of Polygraph and Psychophysiological Assessments in the Law Enforcement Setting

Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal The review highlights the continued tension between law enforcement needs for integrity assessment tools and persistent scientific skepticism about polygraph validity, particularly given risks of… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [017] Anastasis Stathopoulos, Ligong Han, Norah Dunbar, Judee K. Burgoon, Dimitris Metaxas (2023)

Deception Detection in Videos Using Robust Facial Features with Attention Feedback

Handbook of Dynamic Data Driven Applications Systems The Bayesian neural network model achieved 92.36% accuracy detecting deception from facial features alone, with an attention mechanism that identifies key behavioral moments and enables… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [018] Wang, D., Wang, C., Yi, X., Sai, L., Fu, G. (2022)

Detecting concealed information using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) combined with skin conductance, heart rate, and behavioral measures

Psychophysiology The combination of fNIRS, reaction time, skin conductance, and heart rate achieved an area under the ROC curve of 0.94, compared to individual measures ranging… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [019] Somayeh Mashatan, Farnaz Ghassemi (2022)

Functional Connectivity Analysis in EEG Source Space During Deception

Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies Deception was associated with significantly greater connectivity between distant brain regions, particularly frontal-occipital and frontal-parietal connections, with the Anterior Cingulate Cortex showing enhanced connectivity with… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [020] Hamza Javaid, Aniqa Dilawari, Usman Ghani Khan, Bilal Wajid (2022)

EEG Guided Multimodal Lie Detection with Audio-Visual Cues

2022 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) The multimodal fusion approach combining EEG, video-based facial movement analysis via optical flow, and attention-based acoustic processing demonstrated enhanced deception detection capability compared to single-modality… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [021] Jo Ann Oravec (2022)

The emergence of “truth machines”?: Artificial intelligence approaches to lie detection

Ethics and Information Technology The paper's central argument is that HR managers should cease using technologically-based lie detection systems entirely and work to foster trust and accountability on a… Legal & Policy Studies [022] Yingliang Zhang, Xiaoqin Mai (2022)

The cognitive neural network model of deception

Chinese Science Bulletin The review identifies multiple integrated brain networks supporting deception, including prefrontal executive control regions, emotion processing areas, and theory of mind networks, with different patterns… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [023] Vera Scheuble, Matthias Mildenberger, André Beauducel (2021)

The P300 and MFN as indicators of concealed knowledge in situations with negative and positive moral valence

Biological Psychology P300 and MFN amplitudes were enlarged for probe versus irrelevant stimuli in both negative (theft) and positive (gift-giving) moral valence conditions, with no significant differences… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [024] Ziyi Hu, Yining Xia, Junjun Xiong (2021)

Lie Detection Based on a DIFCW Radar with Machine Learning

2021 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS) Specific findings unavailable; paper proposes contactless radar-based deception detection using physiological signal analysis with machine learning. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [025] Yury Ivanovich Kholodny (2021)

Study of Neurocognitive Processes in a Paradigm of Information Concealment

Experimental Psychology (Russia) The study successfully validated simultaneous fMRI and MRI-compatible polygraph recording, demonstrating high consistency between expert scoring and automated assessment while identifying brain functional connectivity patterns… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [026] Kholodny, Y.I., Kartashov, S.I., Malakhov, D.G., Orlov, V.A. (2021)

Improvement of the Technology of fMRI Experiments in the Concealed Information Paradigm

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The combined fMRI and MRI-compatible polygraph technology successfully identified significant stimuli in 80% of cases at the individual level, with distinct neural activation patterns corresponding… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [027] Delgado-Herrera, M., Reyes-Aguilar, A., Giordano, M. (2021)

What deception tasks used in the lab really do: systematic review and meta-analysis of ecological validity of fMRI deception tasks

Neuroscience Intention to lie was the least frequently included component in fMRI deception studies. Tasks with high ecological validity recruited fewer brain regions (bilateral ACC and… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [028] Jiang Zhang, Jingyue Zhang, Houhua Ren, Qihong Liu, Zhengcong Du, Lan Wu, Liyang Sai, Zhen Yuan, Site Mo, Xiaohong Lin (2021)

A Look Into the Power of fNIRS Signals by Using the Welch Power Spectral Estimate for Deception Detection

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Spontaneous deceptive behavior produced significantly higher power than controlled behavior in frontopolar area (BA10) and DLPFC (BA09), with statistical differences (p < 0.05 and p… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [029] Alexander Lerman (2020)

Neurobiology of Deception

The Non-Disclosing Patient The prefrontal cortex plays a predominant role in deception, but no single neural response uniquely predicts deceptive behavior; deception involves coordination of executive functions including… Foundational & Historical Research [030] Xiao Pan Ding, Kang Lee (2020)

Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Children’s Spontaneous Verbal Deception

The Social Brain Lying disrupted neural network efficiency in children, with spontaneous deception producing greater prefrontal activation but decreased global and local network efficiency compared to truth-telling. Older… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [031] Su-Jing WANG, Bochao ZOU, Rui LIU, Zhen LI, Guozhen ZHAO, Ye LIU, Xiaolan FU (2020)

Concealed emotion analysis and recognition method

Advances in Psychological Science The paper presents a theoretical framework integrating micro-expressions with synchronized EEG and multiple physiological channels to overcome limitations of single-modality concealed emotion detection, with proposed… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [032] Selwin Gabriel Samuel (2020)

Facial psychophysiology in forensic investigation: A novel idea for deception detection

Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences Masseter muscle EMG detected deception in 57% of card tests initially but only 14% on repeat testing, with 28-67% of deceptive responses remaining undetected across… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [033] Vera Scheuble, André Beauducel (2020)

Individual differences in ERPs during deception: Observing vs. demonstrating behavior leading to a small social conflict

Biological Psychology Women showed larger P300 differences between probe and irrelevant items. Response conflicts diminished for women in the informed/witness condition. High-Machiavellianism women showed smaller MFN amplitude… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [034] Aviad A. Hadar, Avi Lazarovits, Kielan Yarrow (2019)

Increased Motor Cortex Excitability for Concealed Visual Information

Journal of Psychophysiology The study found a non-specific increase in overall corticospinal excitability at 300 ms post-stimulus during deception, but no muscle-specific activation of truth-telling motor representations, contrary… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [035] Yury Ivanovich Kholodny (2019)

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Augmented with Polygraph: New Capabilities

Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures Successfully developed and tested MRI-compatible polygraph technology, identifying three distinct subject groups based on autonomic reactivity patterns with corresponding differences in brain stem activation during… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [036] Zhen Yuan, Xiaohong Lin (2019)

Mapping of the brain activation associated with deception using fused EEG and fNIRS

Neural Imaging and Sensing 2019 The combined EEG-fNIRS approach achieved 0.94 AUC for distinguishing guilty from innocent participants, significantly outperforming P300 alone (0.85 AUC) or fNIRS alone (0.84 AUC). Guilty… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [037] Panthayil Babu Rajan (2019)

Polygraph Tests - Benefits and Challenges

Academicus International Scientific Journal Polygraph tests measure heart rate/blood pressure, respiration, and skin responses based on the assumption that dishonest individuals exhibit different autonomic responses than truthful individuals. However,… Foundational & Historical Research [038] Junhong Yu, Qian Tao, Ruibin Zhang, Chetwyn C.H. Chan, Tatia M.C. Lee (2019)

Can fMRI discriminate between deception and false memory? A meta-analytic comparison between deception and false memory studies

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews Deception, relative to false memory, showed increased activation in the right superior temporal gyrus, right insula, left inferior parietal lobule, and right superior frontal gyrus,… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [039] Farah Ditha Farizi, Shaun Bangay, Sophie Mckenzie (2019)

Facial Cues for Deception Detection in Virtual Reality Based Communication

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Big Data and Internet of Things Human observers were no better at detecting deception from VR avatars than in previous traditional experiments, and classification analysis identified substantial limitations in accurately representing… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [040] Min Zhao, Nini Rao, Chunlin Zhao (2019)

Theta Synchronization and ERPs in Deception Detection

2019 12th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI) Theta synchronization effects were strongest at frontal electrode Fz and overlapped temporally with P300 but showed distinct scalp distribution patterns. This effect was specific to… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [041] Orlov, V.A., Kholodny, Y.I., Kartashov, S.I., Malakhov, D.G., Kovalchuk, M.V., Ushakov, V.L. (2019)

Application of Registration of Human Vegetative Reactions in the Process of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The study established that MRI-compatible polygraph use during fMRI studies is feasible and that classifying subjects according to their vegetative reaction dynamics enables more focused… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [042] Lonnie G. Cook; Charles Mitschow (2019 • AUTONOMIC REVIEW)

Beyond the Polygraph: Deception Detection and the Autonomic Nervous System

Federal Practitioner, 36(7), 316–321 Review of deception detection methods beyond traditional polygraph, including fMRI, EEG, thermal imaging, and cognitive-based approaches. Assessed readiness of each technology for practical deployment. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [043] Syed Anwar, Tahira Batool, Muhammad Majid (2019)

Event Related Potential (ERP) based Lie Detection using a Wearable EEG headset

2019 16th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST) The study achieved 78.57% classification accuracy for detecting concealed information using a single-channel wearable EEG device, demonstrating feasibility of portable, consumer-grade EEG technology for deception… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [044] Jane Campbell Moriarty (2018)

Who Speaks for Neuroscience? Neuroimaging Evidence and Courtroom Expertise

Case Western Reserve Law Review The paper identifies that no clear standard exists for determining which medical or scientific professionals are qualified to interpret neuroimaging evidence in court, creating risks… Legal & Policy Studies [045] Matsuda, I., Nittono, H. (2018)

A concealment-specific frontal negative slow wave is generated from the right prefrontal cortex in the concealed information test

Biological Psychology Right prefrontal activation during the frontal negative slow wave (500-1000 ms) was observed only when participants attempted to conceal memorized items, not when motivated to… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [046] N. Klein Selle, C. Gueta, G. Ben-Shakhar, L. Deouell (2018)

What mechanisms underlie ERP-based concealed information detection?

International Journal of Psychophysiology P3 responses and multivariate brain patterns showed equivalent strength whether participants concealed or revealed information, but were strongly influenced by stimulus salience, demonstrating that brain-based… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [047] Li, F., Zhu, H., Xu, J., Gao, Q., Guo, H., Wu, S., Li, X., He, S. (2018)

Lie Detection Using fNIRS Monitoring of Inhibition-Related Brain Regions Discriminates Infrequent but not Frequent Liars

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience fNIRS monitoring of the left middle frontal gyrus achieved 83.3% accuracy in detecting infrequent liars but failed to distinguish frequent liars from innocents. Infrequent liars… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [048] Akemi Osugi, Hideki Ohira (2018)

Emotional Arousal at Memory Encoding Enhanced P300 in the Concealed Information Test

Frontiers in Psychology Emotional arousal at memory encoding significantly enhanced P300 amplitudes in response to concealed information (F(1,19)=10.705, p=0.004), supporting the theory that emotionally intense encoding strengthens CIT… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [049] Yury Ivanovich Kholodny (2018)

Research of Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Revealing of the Information Concealing by the Person

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing High consistency was found between expert scoring and automatic assessment of polygraph data in the MRI environment, with different brain activation patterns observed based on… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [050] Michelle C. Phillips (2018)

The impact of memory retrieval on deception and truth telling

North American Journal of Psychology Lies about conflicting memories activated different brain regions (right superior medial frontal gyrus and left parietal lobe) compared to lies about consistent memories (left anterior… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [051] Anastasia Shuster (2018)

Common Sense in Choice: The Effect of Sensory Modality on Neural Value Representations

eNeuro The anterior vmPFC represents subjective value regardless of whether stimuli are presented visually or aurally, demonstrated by both conjunction GLM analysis and cross-modality SVM classification… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [052] Nathan J. Gordon; Feroze B. Mohamed; Steven M. Platek; Harris Ahmad; J. Michael Williams; Scott H. Faro (2018)

The Effectiveness of fMRI Data when Combined with Polygraph Data

European Polygraph Combining fMRI data with all three polygraph parameters showed the greatest accuracy increase compared to fMRI alone or partial combinations, with fMRI plus cardiovascular measurements… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [053] Xiaohong Lin, Liyang Sai, Zhen Yuan (2018)

Detecting Concealed Information with Fused Electroencephalography and Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy

Neuroscience Combined EEG-fNIRS achieved AUC of 0.94 for differentiating guilty from innocent participants, compared to 0.85 for P300 alone and 0.84 for fNIRS alone, demonstrating superior… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [054] Pornpattananangkul, N., Zhen, S., Yu, R. (2018)

Common and distinct neural correlates of self-serving and prosocial dishonesty

Human Brain Mapping The study found dissociable behavioral and neural patterns: overall dishonesty correlated with vmPFC activity and vmPFC-dlPFC connectivity, while self-serving biased dishonesty correlated with striatum activity… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [055] George T. Monteleone (2017)

Predicting Intentions of a Familiar Significant Other Beyond the Mirror Neuron System

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience Participants demonstrated superior intention prediction accuracy for familiar partners compared to strangers, with enhanced brain activation in the precuneus and inferior frontoparietal network. Greater self-reported… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [056] Judee K. Burgoon, Dimitris Metaxas, Thirimachos Bourlai, Aaron Elkins (2017)

Social Signals of Deception and Dishonesty

Social Signal Processing Automated systems analyzing constellations of nonverbal behavioral cues can classify deception and truth more accurately than many human observers, with eye movements, kinesic patterns, and… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [057] Hong Di, Xin Zhang (2017)

Deception Detection by Hybrid-Pair Wireless fNIRS System

International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics The hybrid-pair system's regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) metric showed sensitivity to deceptive responses, while the dual-distance configuration successfully suppressed superficial physiological noise that plagued conventional… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [058] Vivian Chu (2017)

The Anatomy of Deception: A Literature Review of the Neurobiological Basis, Underlying Cognitive Processes, and Motivations that Facilitate Lying

UC Merced Undergraduate Research Journal Deception consistently activates prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex regions, with different prefrontal subregions supporting distinct executive functions. The review identifies that lying involves working memory,… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [059] Md. Asadur Rahman, Mohiuddin Ahmad (2017)

Lie Detection from Single Feature of Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopic (fNIRS) Signals

2017 2nd International Conference on Electrical & Electronic Engineering (ICEEE) The slope of deoxygenated hemoglobin (dHb) concentration from prefrontal cortex channels 1-4 and 9-12 successfully differentiated between deceptive and truthful responses using only a single… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [060] W. W. G. D. S. Dhanapala, A. H. M. T. C. Bakmeedeniya, Senaka Amarakeerthi, Prasad Jayaweera, Sagara Sumathipala (2017)

A brain signal-based credibility assessment approach

2017 Joint 17th World Congress of International Fuzzy Systems Association and 9th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems (IFSA-SCIS) The study demonstrated an alternative to P300-based deception detection using CSP feature extraction combined with logistic regression classification, though specific accuracy rates were not reported… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [061] Anthony D. Wagner (2016)

Decoding fMRI signatures of real-world autobiographical memory retrieval

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Whole-brain multivoxel pattern analysis achieved near-perfect accuracy distinguishing recognized from novel events at 1-3 week retention intervals, successfully differentiated recollection from familiarity, and showed that… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [062] Deng, X., Rosenfeld, J.P., Ward, A., Labkovsky, E. (2016)

Superiority of visual (verbal) vs. auditory test presentation modality in a P300-based CIT: The complex-trial protocol for concealed autobiographical memory detection

International Journal of Psychophysiology Visual presentation produced significantly larger probe-irrelevant P300 differences (effect sizes 0.19-0.31) and higher detection accuracy than auditory presentation. The study revealed important interactions between probe/irrelevant… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [063] Daniel D. Langleben (2016)

Review of fMRI Studies on Lie Detection (16 Studies)

Various Publications Review of 16 empirical studies using fMRI for deception detection. Found that inconsistency between findings and absence of replications make fMRI not yet scientifically reliable… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [064] Daniel D. Langleben; Jonathan G. Hakun; David Seelig; An-Li Wang; Kosha Ruparel; Warren B. Bilker; Ruben C. Gur (2016)

Polygraphy and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Lie Detection: A Controlled Blind Comparison Using the Concealed Information Test

Journal of Clinical Psychiatry fMRI experts were 24% more likely to detect concealed information than polygraph experts (RR=1.24, p<.001). When both modalities agreed on determinations, accuracy reached 100% across… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [065] Anthony D. Wagner (2015)

Goal-directed modulation of neural memory patterns: Implications for fMRI-based memory detection

Journal of Neuroscience Cognitive countermeasures reduced fMRI memory decoding from a reliable AUC of 0.67 (63% accuracy) under truthful reporting to chance-level performance (AUC = 0.51), with classifiers… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [066] Rafael Calvo, Sidney D'Mello, Jonathan Gratch, Arvid Kappas, Aaron Elkins, Stefanos Zafeiriou, Maja Pantic, Judee Burgoon (2015)

Unobtrusive Deception Detection

The Oxford Handbook of Affective Computing Multimodal sensor fusion combining laser Doppler vibrometry with human judgment achieved 90% true positive rate with minimal false positives. An embodied conversational agent (AVATAR) system… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [067] Xiaoqing Hu (2015)

Suppressing unwanted autobiographical memories reduces their automatic influences: Evidence from electrophysiology and an implicit autobiographical memory test

Psychological Science Memory suppression eliminated the P300 guilty knowledge effect, rendering suppression and innocent groups indistinguishable on this measure, though combined analysis of P300 and late posterior… Countermeasures Research [068] Sophie Sowden, Gordon R.T. Wright, Michael J. Banissy, Caroline Catmur, Geoffrey Bird (2015)

Transcranial Current Stimulation of the Temporoparietal Junction Improves Lie Detection

Current Biology Electrical stimulation of the right temporoparietal junction significantly improved lie detection performance specifically in situations where participants' own opinions conflicted with the statements they were… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [069] Iacono, W. G. (2015)

Forensic application of event-related brain potentials to detect guilty knowledge

In Granhag, P. A., Vrij, A., & Verschuere, B. (Eds.), Detecting Deception Laboratory studies consistently demonstrate high accuracy for P300-GKT with guilty participants showing significantly larger P300 amplitudes to crime-relevant probes, with estimated false positive rates of… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [070] Octavio Choi (2015)

Using fMRI for Lie Detection: Ready for Court?

Psychiatric Expert Testimony: Emerging Applications Courts in United States v. Semrau and Wilson v. Corestaff rejected fMRI lie detection evidence, finding it failed Daubert reliability standards due to unknown real-world… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [071] Bhutta, M.R., et al. (2015)

Single-trial Lie Detection Using a Combined fNIRS-Polygraph System

Frontiers in Psychology The combined fNIRS-polygraph system achieved 86.5% classification accuracy, significantly outperforming fNIRS alone (71.6%) or polygraph alone (74.5%), demonstrating that multimodal measurement captures complementary deception-related processes… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [072] Martina Vicianova (2015)

Historical Techniques of Lie Detection

Europe’s Journal of Psychology The review documents that physiological principles underlying modern polygraph testing—that deception produces measurable autonomic arousal like dry mouth from decreased salivation—have been recognized since at… Foundational & Historical Research [073] Hyeon-Gi Hong (2015)

Study on Difference of P3 Amplitude between Relevant and Irrelevant Stimulus in Concealed Information Test Using Event Related Potential (ERP): Focused on Informed Innocent Group

Korean Journal of Stress Research Informed innocent participants exhibited measurably elevated P3 amplitudes to crime-relevant stimuli compared to irrelevant stimuli, demonstrating that prior exposure to crime details — rather than… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [074] Wang, Y., Ng, W.C., Ng, K.S., Yu, K., Wu, T., Li, X. (2015)

An Electroencephalography Network and Connectivity Analysis for Deception in Instructed Lying Tasks

PLoS One The study revealed significantly increased connectivity between executive control, memory, comprehension, and speech perception networks during instructed lying compared to truth-telling, with distinct clustering coefficient… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [075] Richard Gregg Dwyer (2015)

Neuroimaging and Sexual Behavior: Identification of Regional and Functional Differences

Current Psychiatry Reports Functional neuroimaging reliably identifies distributed brain networks underlying sexual arousal and can discriminate individuals with paraphilic interests (including pedophilia) from controls with high classification accuracy;… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [076] Meixner, J.B., Rosenfeld, J.P. (2014)

Detecting Knowledge of Incidentally Acquired, Real-World Memories Using a P300-Based Concealed-Information Test

Psychological Science The study achieved perfect (100%) classification accuracy with zero false positives or false negatives. P300 responses effectively distinguished probe items from irrelevant items at the… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [077] Farwell, L.A., Richardson, D.C., Richardson, G.M., Furedy, J.J. (2014)

Brain fingerprinting classification concealed information test detects US Navy military medical information with P300

Frontiers in Neuroscience Classification CIT with P300-MERMER achieved 0% error rate and 99.9% median statistical confidence with no indeterminates, while comparison CIT produced 20% error rate and only… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [078] Nobuhito Abe (2014)

The neural basis of dishonest decisions that serve to harm or help the target

Brain and Cognition Harmful (bad) lies selectively activated the right temporoparietal junction and right medial frontal cortex compared to honest decisions, while helpful (good) lies showed no distinguishing… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [079] Nobuhito Abe (2014)

Dissociable neural systems for moral judgment of anti- and pro-social lying

Brain Research Moral judgment of anti-social lying activated the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex, bilateral temporoparietal junction, and posterior cingulate regions, while pro-social lying activated the right middle… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [080] George T. Monteleone (2014)

Detecting Deception with fMRI

Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice The best individual-level classification accuracy achieved via fMRI was 71% using the medial prefrontal cortex at a conservative statistical threshold, with no single brain region… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [081] Jennifer M. C. Vendemia (2014)

fMRI as a Method of Detection of Deception: A Review of Experiences

European Polygraph The review provided a critical assessment of fMRI's capabilities for deception detection, highlighting methodological challenges and the gap between laboratory findings and real-world applications at… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [082] Labkovsky, E., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2014)

A novel dual probe complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information

Psychophysiology The Dual Probe Complex Trial Protocol achieved 94.7% accuracy (bootstrap criterion .9) and AUC of .92, successfully detecting concealed information even when examinees used mental… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [083] (2014)

Functional neuroimaging of deception

International Journal of Psychophysiology As a conference abstract, specific quantitative findings are not available in published form, though the work contributed to understanding neural correlates of deception through functional… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [084] Sai, L., Zhou, X., Ding, X. P., Fu, G., Sang, B. (2014)

Detecting concealed information using functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Brain Topography fNIRS-based classification achieved approximately 75% accuracy for distinguishing guilty from innocent participants, improving to 83.3% when combined with reaction time measures, demonstrating the promise of… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [085] Martha J. Farah, J. Benjamin Hutchinson, Elizabeth A. Phelps, Anthony D. Wagner (2014)

Erratum: Functional MRI-based lie detection: scientific and societal challenges

Nature Reviews Neuroscience The meta-analysis revealed no brain region consistently associated with deception across studies, accuracy rates varying from 69-100%, and countermeasures reducing detection from 100% to 33%.… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [086] (2014)

Neurophysiology

Encyclopedia of Deception Neuroimaging shows modest advantages over polygraph (24% improvement in some studies), but faces similar fundamental challenges. Brain regions activated during deception overlap with general executive… Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [087] Martha Julia Farah; J. Benjamin Hutchinson; Elizabeth Anya Phelps; Anthony D. Wagner (2014 • NATURE REVIEW)

Functional MRI-Based Lie Detection: Scientific and Societal Challenges

Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 123–131 Major Nature review including meta-analysis of published fMRI deception studies. Concluded fMRI lie detection shows promise but faces critical scientific, legal, and ethical challenges before… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [088] Nicholas Duran, Riccardo Fusaroli (2014)

Conversing With a Devil's Advocate: Dialogical Dynamics of Movement and Speech in Deception and Conflict

PsycEXTRA Dataset Deceptive conversations displayed more structured speech rate coordination and higher head movement synchronization compared to truthful conversations, with the strongest effects occurring during deceptive disagreement.… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [089] Ioannou, S., Gallese, V., Merla, A. (2014)

Thermal infrared imaging in psychophysiology: Potentialities and limits

Psychophysiology Thermal imaging showed extremely high correlations with traditional measures (r = 0.968 with finger GSR, r = 0.943 with perinasal GSR) and demonstrated validity for… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [090] Haline E. Schendan (2013)

Concealed semantic and episodic autobiographical memory electrified

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience A double dissociation between memory types was demonstrated across four ERP components: semantic autobiographical probes produced larger N2, N400, and P3b CIT effects, while episodic… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [091] Tatia Mei Chun Lee (2013)

I want to lie about not knowing you, but my precuneus refuses to cooperate

Scientific Reports Left precuneus BOLD signal activity achieved an 84.6% individual-level classification accuracy (11/13 subjects) in identifying participants who lied about recognizing familiar faces, while traditional executive-process… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [092] Duran, N. D., Dale, R., Kello, C. T., Street, C. N., Richardson, D. C. (2013)

Exploring the movement dynamics of deception

Frontiers in Psychology Upper face movements during deception showed significantly less determinism (B=0.126, p<0.05) and greater complexity (t(41)=1.976, p<0.05) than during truth-telling, with similar patterns marginally significant for… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [093] Yokota, S., Taki, Y., Hashizume, H., Sassa, Y., Thyreau, B., Tanaka, M., et al. (2013)

Neural correlates of deception in social contexts in normally developing children

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience The right precuneus showed significantly greater activation during social versus less-social deception contexts, while the right inferior parietal lobule showed marginally greater activation for deception… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [094] John J.B. Allen (2013)

Detection of concealed information by frontal EEG asymmetry

Neuroscience Letters Concealed critical items produced greater relative right frontal alpha activity (withdrawal motivation signature), and combining this frontal EEG asymmetry score with P300 amplitude significantly improved… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [095] Rusconi, E., Mitchener-Nissen, T. (2013)

Prospects of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Lie Detector

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience The authors conclude that fMRI is unlikely to constitute a viable lie detector for criminal courts due to unresolved scientific limitations (group vs. individual inference,… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [096] Xiao Pan Ding, Xiaoqing Gao, Genyue Fu, Kang Lee (2013)

Neural correlates of spontaneous deception: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)study

Neuropsychologia Spontaneous deception produced greater activation in the left superior frontal gyrus compared to truth-telling, demonstrating that voluntary lying engages executive control systems. Correct-truth trials showed… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [097] E. D. Farahani, M. H. Moradi (2013)

A Concealed Information Test with Combination of ERP Recording and Autonomic Measurements

Neurophysiology The study demonstrated that multimodal CIT combining ERPs and autonomic measures is feasible using optimized short interstimulus intervals and balanced sequence presentation, addressing a key… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [098] Daniel D. Langleben; Jane Campbell Moriarty (2013 • REVIEW)

Using Brain Imaging for Lie Detection: Where Science, Law and Research Policy Collide

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Reviewed 76–90% accuracy range under controlled conditions but noted substantial translational gaps between lab and forensic settings. Called for more robust research before courtroom use. Legal & Policy Studies [099] Jane Campbell Moriarty (2012)

Detecting Deception (book chapter)

Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry: From the Clinic to the Courtroom The chapter concludes that while fMRI studies identified consistent neural correlates of deception in controlled laboratory settings, the technology in 2012 remained insufficiently validated for… Legal & Policy Studies [100] Nobuhito Abe (2012)

The contribution of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to the preparation for deception and truth-telling

Brain Research The left DLPFC was more activated during lie preparation than truth preparation in a left-lateralized pattern, but preparatory DLPFC activity was not uniquely specific to… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [101] Patryk Paciorek (2012)

Review of Research on Detecting Deception Through Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

European Polygraph Laboratory studies demonstrated 76-90% accuracy in distinguishing lies from truth under controlled conditions, with consistent activation of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices during deception, though… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [102] M. Kireev, A. Korotkov, S. Medvedev (2012)

The possible role of an error detection mechanism in brain processing of deception

International Journal of Psychophysiology Both deceptive and honest manipulative actions activated overlapping brain networks including the bilateral prefrontal cortex, right anterior cingulate cortex, and right parietal regions. ACC activation… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [103] Shawn E. Christ (2012 • DECEPTION STUDY)

The Neural Correlates of Deception: A Review and Integration

NeuroImage Activation likelihood estimate meta-analysis identifying prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate as consistent neural correlates of deception across fMRI studies. Confirmed cognitive control theory of lying. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [104] Frederick Schauer (2012)

Lie-Detection, Neuroscience, and the Law of Evidence

SSRN Electronic Journal The paper's central thesis is that the Daubert standard inappropriately conflates scientific and legal standards, and that 'bad science' might be 'good evidence' in legal… Legal & Policy Studies [105] Shota Katayama, Yusuke Itabashi, Keita Tanaka, Yoshinori Uchikawa (2012)

The Detection of Deception Using the Steady-State Visual Evoked Field

IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines The study demonstrated that steady-state visual evoked magnetic fields show measurable differences between deceptive and truthful responses, suggesting that cognitive demands of lying disrupt neural… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [106] 함진선, LeeJangHan, Je-Young Jeong (2011)

Cognitive Load and EEG Beta Spectrum Analysis for Deception Detection

한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 Guilty participants showed significantly higher beta power activity when providing cognitively demanding deceptive responses to crime-relevant questions compared to simple truth responses, while innocent participants… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [107] Nobuhito Abe (2011)

How the Brain Shapes Deception

Neuroscientist The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction play crucial and dissociable roles in deception, with deception consistently recruiting more prefrontal executive resources than truth-telling; no… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [108] Nobuhito Abe (2011)

The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in deception when remembering neutral and emotional events

Neuroscience Research The bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed overlapping activation during deception about both neutral and emotional memories, demonstrating that the DLPFC serves as a domain-general executive… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [109] Abe, N. (2011)

How the brain shapes deception: an integrated review of the literature

Neuroscientist Converging evidence from fMRI, PET, and loss-of-function studies demonstrates that the prefrontal cortex, particularly dorsolateral and ventromedial regions, plays a predominant role in deception by… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [110] Sergey A. Isaychev, Aleksander M. Chernorizov, Evgenij S. Isaychev, Ilya V. Edrenkin (2011)

Event-Related Potentials in Deception Detection

Psychology in Russia: State of Art The study successfully identified neurophysiological correlates of deception using ERP analysis, supporting the development of cognitive lie detection technology based on central nervous system indicators… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [111] Matthias Gamer (2011)

Detecting of deception and concealed information using neuroimaging techniques

Memory Detection A ventral frontoparietal network involved in detecting behaviorally relevant stimuli and matching them with memory representations was recruited in both deception and concealed information paradigms,… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [112] Meixner, J. B., Rosenfeld, J. P. (2011)

A mock terrorism application of the P300-based concealed information test

Psychophysiology With prior knowledge of probe items, the study detected 12/12 guilty subjects with 0% false positives. Using a searching CIT approach with restricted prior knowledge,… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [113] Soren Frederiksen (2011)

Brain fingerprint or lie detector: does Canada's polygraph jurisprudence apply to emerging forensic neuroscience technologies?

Information & Communications Technology Law Brain fingerprinting may escape Canada's polygraph ban because it detects memory recognition rather than lying per se, creating a potential loophole in Canadian evidence law.… Legal & Policy Studies [114] J. Giorgio Ganis Peter Rosenfeld; J. Meixner; Rogier A. Kievit; Haline E. Schendan (2011 • fMRI COUNTERMEASURES)

Lying in the Scanner: Covert Countermeasures Disrupt Deception Detection by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

NeuroImage Demonstrated that covert countermeasures significantly reduced fMRI lie detection accuracy. Subjects trained in imperceptible finger movements disrupted brain activation patterns associated with deception. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [115] McCabe, D. P., Castel, A. D., Rhodes, M. G. (2011)

The influence of fMRI lie detection evidence on juror decision-making

Behavioral Sciences and the Law fMRI lie detection evidence increased guilty verdicts to 76% compared to 47-56% for other conditions, representing a 20-29 percentage point inflation. This prejudicial effect was… Legal & Policy Studies [116] Greg Miller (2010)

fMRI Lie Detection Fails a Legal Test

Science Judge Pham ruled fMRI lie detection inadmissible, finding no known error rates outside laboratory settings, no established standards for real-life application, and lack of general… Legal & Policy Studies [117] Tatia Mei Chun Lee (2010)

Lying about the valence of affective pictures: an fMRI study

PLoS ONE Neural activity during deception is significantly modulated by the emotional valence of the concealed information, with lying about positive pictures producing more extensive brain activation… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [118] Frederick Schauer (2010)

Neuroscience, lie-detection, and the law

Trends in Cognitive Sciences Schauer argues that although fMRI lie detection has significant scientific limitations, legal admissibility should depend on legal standards and comparative assessment against existing methods (like… Legal & Policy Studies [119] Maxim Kireev (2010)

Brain mechanisms of deception

International Journal of Psychophysiology Regional cerebral blood flow assessment revealed anterior cingulate cortex involvement in deception, indicating that error detection mechanisms are fundamentally involved in processing deceptive behavior. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [120] Paul Root Wolpe (2010)

Emerging neurotechnologies for lie-detection: Where are we now?

American Journal of Bioethics Despite advances in laboratory fMRI and EEG-based deception detection, the authors found that critical gaps in measurement validity, standardization, countermeasure vulnerability, and predictive power in… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [121] Kamila E. Sip, Morten Lynge, Mikkel Wallentin, William B. McGregor, Christopher D. Frith, Andreas Roepstorff (2010)

The production and detection of deception in an interactive game

Neuropsychologia Both claiming truthfully and falsely in a competitive game activated fronto-polar cortex (BA10), while false claims showed additional activity in premotor and parietal cortices. Deceptive… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [122] Robert Trivers (2010)

Deceit and Self-Deception

Mind the Gap Cognitive load appears to be the most important cue to deception in human interactions, surpassing nervousness. Self-deception serves dual evolutionary functions: hiding deception from others… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [123] T.M.Y. Lee, T.M.C. Lee (2010)

P02-68 - Neural Correlates of the Processes of Deception: an fMRI Study

European Psychiatry Deceptive responses activated a distributed network including prefrontal, fusiform, supramarginal, postcentral, and angular regions, revealing the multi-stage cognitive architecture underlying deception about face recognition. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [124] Brandon G. Bell; Don Grubin (2010)

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging May Promote Theoretical Understanding of the Polygraph Test

Journal of Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, 21, 52–65 Explored how fMRI research can advance understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying polygraph responses. Proposed that neuroimaging could provide construct validation for traditional polygraph measures. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [125] Stephen Michael Kosslyn (2009)

Neural processes underlying self- and other-related lies: An individual difference approach using fMRI

Social Neuroscience Both hypotheses were confirmed: self-related and other-related lies rely on partially distinct rate-limiting brain regions, and a cingulate–insular–prefrontal network is critically involved in both types… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [126] Matthias Gamer (2009)

Portrait of a Lie

Scientific American Mind Lying consistently activates brain regions involved in suppressing information and resolving conflicts, particularly the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal lobes. Combined fMRI and physiological measures… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [127] Mark S. George (2009)

Can simultaneously acquired electrodermal activity improve accuracy of fMRI detection of deception?

Social Neuroscience Adding simultaneously acquired electrodermal activity to an established fMRI deception-detection paradigm did not improve classification accuracy beyond what fMRI alone achieved, suggesting substantial informational redundancy… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [128] Tatia Mei Chun Lee (2009)

Are errors differentiable from deceptive responses when feigning memory impairment? An fMRI study

Brain and Cognition Intentional feigning of memory impairment uniquely activated the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus, whereas unintentional errors produced no significant activation in these… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [129] Jane Campbell Moriarty (2009)

Visions of Deception: Neuroimages and the Search for Truth

Akron Law Review Neither fMRI-based lie detection nor Brain Fingerprinting/BEOS meets general acceptance or reliability standards for admissibility in U.S. courts; courts are urged to exercise restraint and… Legal & Policy Studies [130] Nobuhito Abe (2009)

Do parkinsonian patients have trouble telling lies? The neurobiological basis of deceptive behaviour

Brain Parkinson's disease patients showed significantly lower accuracy on instructed lying tasks (71.5%) versus truth-telling (80.4%), with controls showing no such difference; deception impairment correlated strongly… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [131] Nobuhito Abe (2009)

The neurobiology of deception: evidence from neuroimaging and loss-of-function studies

Current Opinion in Neurology Converging evidence from fMRI and loss-of-function studies identifies the prefrontal cortex as the dominant neural substrate of deception, organizing the inhibition of true responses and… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [132] George T. Monteleone (2009)

In the Eye of the Beholder: Individual Differences in Perceived Social Isolation Predict Regional Brain Activation to Social Stimuli

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Lonely individuals showed significantly weaker ventral striatum activation to pleasant social stimuli and stronger activation to pleasant nonsocial stimuli compared to nonlonely individuals, forming a… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [133] Frank Andrew Kozel (2009)

Replication of Functional MRI Detection of Deception

The Open Forensic Science Journal Twenty-five of twenty-nine participants (86%) were correctly identified as deceptive, and a Chi-Squared test (χ²=0.246, p=0.6197) confirmed no significant difference from the prior study's accuracy,… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [134] Frank Andrew Kozel (2009)

Feature Selection for fMRI-based Deception Detection

BMC Bioinformatics Feature selection using an ensemble of filter and wrapper methods reduced the fMRI feature space from 65,166 to 124 voxels and significantly enhanced SVM classification… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [135] Shastri, D., Merla, A., Tsiamyrtzis, P., Pavlidis, I. (2009)

Imaging facial signs of neurophysiological responses

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering Thermal imaging of facial regions achieved detection performance comparable to galvanic skin response (GSR), the gold standard for peripheral neurophysiological measurement, while being completely non-contact.… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [136] Bhatt, S., Mbwana, J., Adeyemo, A., Sawyer, A., Hailu, A., Vanmeter, J. (2009)

Lying about facial recognition: an fMRI study

Brain and Cognition Deception about facial recognition activated a right-lateralized network including the medial frontal gyrus, red nucleus, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus with ACC,… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [137] Frank Andrew Kozel (2009 • REPLICATION FAILURE)

Functional MRI Detection of Deception After Committing a Mock Sabotage Crime

Journal of Forensic Sciences Used two mock crime paradigms sequentially. Found accuracy dropped from first to second scenario, raising concerns about reliability across different deception contexts. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [138] Giorgio Ganis, Stephen M. Kosslyn (2009)

Deception: Detection of and Brain Imaging

Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science Brain imaging studies identified consistent neural signatures of deception in prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and parietal regions, with accuracy rates typically under 90%. However, the… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [139] Tian, F., Sharma, V., Kozel, F. A., Liu, H. (2009)

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to investigate hemodynamic responses to deception in the prefrontal cortex

Brain Research The study found significant hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal cortex during deception, with fNIRS successfully differentiating deceptive from truthful responses at the individual level. Classification… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [140] Nose, I., Murai, J., Taira, M. (2009)

Disclosing concealed information on the basis of cortical activations

NeuroImage The study achieved 84.21% accuracy in identifying subjects with concealed information based on right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation, with both sensitivity and specificity at 0.84. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [141] Jane Campbell Moriarty (2008)

Flickering Admissibility: Neuroimaging Evidence in the US Courts

Behavioral Sciences & the Law U.S. courts routinely admit structural neuroimaging (CT, MRI) but apply significantly greater skepticism to functional technologies such as PET, SPECT, and fMRI; neither fMRI lie… Legal & Policy Studies [142] Nobuhito Abe (2008)

Neural correlates of true memory, false memory, and deception

Cerebral Cortex fMRI successfully differentiated deliberate deception from false memory at a group level: the left middle frontal gyrus (dorsolateral PFC) reliably indexed intentional response manipulation, while… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [143] Lissek, S., Peters, S., Fuchs, N., Witthaus, H., Nicolas, V., Tegenthoff, M., & Brüne, M. (2008)

Cooperation and deception recruit different subsets of the theory-of-mind network

PLoS One Deception reasoning elicited significantly higher activation in medial prefrontal cortex and inferior frontal cortex compared to cooperation, while temporoparietal junction showed greater activation during combined… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [144] Folstein, J.R., Van Petten, C. (2008)

Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: A review

Psychophysiology The anterior N2 should be divided into at least two subcomponents: one reflecting detection of novelty or perceptual mismatch, and another reflecting cognitive control processes… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [145] Spence, S.A., Kaylor-Hughes, C.J. (2008)

Looking for truth and finding lies: The prospects for a nascent neuroimaging of deception

Neurocase Deception consistently activates prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, while truthfulness appears to represent a cognitive baseline. However, significant variability across studies and ethical concerns limit… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [146] Bles, M., Haynes, J.-D. (2008)

Detecting concealed information using brain-imaging technology

Neurocase Neuroimaging-based deception detection faces substantial challenges including vulnerability to countermeasures, limited ecological validity of laboratory paradigms, and the fundamental limitation that decoding performs pattern recognition… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [147] Kireev, M.V., Pakhomov, S.V., Medvedev, S.V. (2008)

Cerebral mechanisms of error detection during deceptive responses in the normal state and under the influence of alcohol

Human Physiology Deceptive responses produced higher amplitude N190 ERP components compared to truthful responses in the sober condition, but this pattern inverted under alcohol intoxication, indicating that… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [148] George T. Monteleone (2008 • NEAR-CHANCE)

Detection of Deception Using fMRI: Better than Chance, but Well Below Perfection

Social Neuroscience, 2(1), 1–10 Honestly titled study finding fMRI detection was significantly better than chance but far from reliable enough for forensic use. Highlighted the gap between statistical significance… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [149] Spence, S. (2008)

Playing devil's advocate: The case against fMRI lie detection

Legal and Criminological Psychology Analysis revealed great variation between study findings and crucially, an absence of replication by investigators of their own findings, indicating basic reliability issues needed resolution… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [150] Paul Root Wolpe; Kenneth R. Foster; Daniel D. Langleben (2008 • NEUROSCIENCE & LAW)

Emerging Neurotechnologies for Lie Detection: Promises and Perils

American Journal of Bioethics, 5(2), 39–49 Examined ethical and legal implications of fMRI and other neuroscience-based lie detection. Discussed privacy rights, cognitive liberty, and potential for misuse in legal proceedings. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [151] Greely, H.T., Illes, J. (2007)

Neuroscience-Based Lie Detection: The Urgent Need for Regulation

American Journal of Law & Medicine fMRI-based lie detection exhibits significant scientific limitations including inadequate accuracy rates for field use, inability to distinguish between imagined and genuine memories, and lack of… Legal & Policy Studies [152] Sanchez, C., Meek, S., Phillips, M., Craig, A., & Vendemia, J. (2007)

Anterior Cingulate and Prefrontal Activity as Correlates of Attention Switching and Consideration of Multiple Relations during Truthful and Deceptive Responses: A BOLD Imaging Study

The 12th annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society The research identified distinct neural activation patterns in prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions associated with the attention switching and relational processing demands of deception, contributing… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [153] P. S. Appelbaum (2007)

Law & Psychiatry: The New Lie Detectors: Neuroscience, Deception, and the Courts

Psychiatric Services Neither fMRI nor brain-wave analysis met evidentiary standards for court use in 2007 due to insufficient validation data, with the author recommending judicial caution and… Legal & Policy Studies [154] Polich, J. (2007)

P300 and the Human Brain: Evoked Potentials in Clinical and Basic Research

Psychophysiology The review establishes a dual-component neuropsychological model with distinct neural generators and neurotransmitter systems for P3a (frontal/dopaminergic) and P3b (parietal/norepinephrine), providing the theoretical foundation for… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [155] Fren T. Y. Smulders (2007)

The P300 is sensitive to concealed face recognition

International Journal of Psychophysiology P300-based CIT successfully detected concealed face recognition under high-familiarity and deceptive-intent conditions, but mere recognition alone without concealment motivation was insufficient to produce reliable detection. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [156] Nobuhito Abe (2007 • DECEPTION TYPES)

Deceiving Others: Distinct Neural Responses of the Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala in Simple Fabrication and Deception with Social Interactions

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 287–295 Distinguished neural responses for simple fabrication vs. socially complex deception. Found amygdala involvement in social deception but not simple lies, revealing multiple neural deception pathways. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [157] (2007)

Medical Devices New Frontier in Lie Detection

Biomedical Safety & Standards The analysis identified a regulatory vacuum for neuroscience-based lie detection and recommended prohibiting non-research use until technologies meet medical device standards for safety, effectiveness, and… Legal & Policy Studies [158] Yang, Y., Raine, A., Narr, K.L., Lencz, T., LaCasse, L., Colletti, P. (2007)

Localisation of increased prefrontal white matter in pathological liars

British Journal of Psychiatry Pathological liars showed highly significant white matter increases of 22-26% in orbitofrontal cortex, 32-36% in inferior frontal cortex, and 28-32% in middle frontal cortex compared… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [159] (2006)

Lure of lie detectors spooks ethicists

Nature Multiple experts expressed significant concern that companies were rushing to commercialize fMRI lie detection technology despite insufficient scientific validation for real-world forensic applications, raising both… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [160] Daniel D. Langleben, Frank M. Dattilio, Thomas G. Guthei (2006)

True Lies: Delusions and Lie-Detection Technology

The Journal of Psychiatry & Law The authors propose that delusions could lead to objectively false statements that are nevertheless subjectively true and indistinguishable from truth by traditional polygraph measures, but… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [161] Sean T. Stevens, Kevin Guise, William Christiana, Monisha Kumar, Julian Paul Keenan (2006)

Deception, Evolution, and the Brain

Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience The right prefrontal cortex is critical for both self-awareness and deception, with evidence suggesting these capacities evolved in concert. Only species capable of self-recognition demonstrate… Foundational & Historical Research [162] Gombos, V.A. (2006)

The cognition of deception: the role of executive processes in producing lies

Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs Executive processes including inhibition and working memory are central to producing lies, with converging evidence from developmental trajectories, neuroimaging of prefrontal activation, and cognitive demand… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [163] Tatia Mei Chun Lee (2005)

Neural correlates of feigned memory impairment

NeuroImage Bilateral activation of the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, anterior cingulate, and caudate nucleus during feigned memory impairment was invariant across different stimulus types, participant genders,… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [164] KATE JOHNSON (2005)

Functional MRI Could Become Lie Detector

Clinical Psychiatry News fMRI and polygraph both accurately identified deceptive responses in all cases. Deception activated 14 brain areas while truth-telling activated only 7, suggesting lying is a… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [165] Daniel D. Langleben (2005 • INDIVIDUAL DETECTION)

Telling Truth from Lie in Individual Subjects with Fast Event-Related fMRI

Human Brain Mapping First quantitative estimate of fMRI deception detection in individuals. Achieved 78% accuracy at single-event level and 85% AUC using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [166] Frank Andrew Kozel (2005 • MOCK CRIME fMRI)

Detecting Deception Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Biological Psychology / Psychiatry Mock crime fMRI study achieving 90% accuracy in identifying deceptive subjects at the individual level. Demonstrated potential for real-world forensic application of brain imaging. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [167] Wolpe, P.R., Foster, K.R., Langleben, D.D. (2005)

Emerging neurotechnologies for lie-detection: promises and perils

American Journal of Bioethics The paper identified that measurement validity of neurotechnologies for lie detection remained largely unknown, laboratory paradigms failed to replicate real-world deception contexts, and the field… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [168] Frank Andrew Kozel (2004)

A Pilot Study of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Correlates of Deception in Healthy Young Men

Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Group-level fMRI analysis revealed consistent deception-related activation in the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, with EDA changes correlated to BOLD signal in these regions;… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [169] Frank Andrew Kozel; Tamara M. Padgett; Mark S. George (2004 • REPLICATION)

A Replication Study of the Neural Correlates of Deception

Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 852–856 Successfully replicated earlier fMRI deception findings. Confirmed anterior cingulate and prefrontal activation during deception is a robust and replicable finding. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [170] Spence, S.A., Hunter, M.D., Farrow, T.F., Green, R.D., Leung, D.H., Hughes, C.J., Ganesan, V. (2004)

A cognitive neurobiological account of deception: evidence from functional neuroimaging

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences Deception consistently activates bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), with truthful responding showing no corresponding increased activation, suggesting lying requires greater… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [171] Fang, F., Liu, Y., Shen, Z. (2003)

Lie detection with contingent negative variation

International Journal of Psychophysiology CNV exhibited significantly more negative shifts for target faces (requiring deceptive responses) compared to non-target faces, with statistical significance across most electrode positions. Vector length… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [172] Enrico M. Staderini (2003)

An UWB Radar Based Stealthy ‘Lie Detector’

Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics 6 The research demonstrated technical feasibility of remotely detecting cardiac and respiratory activity using UWB radar at close range (2 inches), with signals comparable to traditional… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [173] Y. L. Lo, S. Fook-Chong, E. K. Tan (2003)

Increased cortical excitability in human deception

NeuroReport Motor cortex showed significantly increased excitability during deceptive responses compared to truthful responses, suggesting enhanced cognitive activity in motor and premotor connections during the act… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [174] Pavlidis, I., Eberhardt, N. L., Levine, J. A. (2002)

Human behaviour: Seeing through the face of deception

Nature Thermal imaging of the periorbital region achieved 84% classification accuracy in detecting deception during mock crime interrogations, with performance comparable to traditional polygraph examination, though… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [175] Daniel D. Langleben (2002 • FOUNDATIONAL fMRI)

Brain Activity During Simulated Deception: An Event-Related fMRI Study

NeuroImage First major fMRI deception study. Found increased anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex activation during lying, establishing the neural basis for fMRI-based lie detection research. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [176] Tatia Mei Chun Lee (2002 • CHINESE STUDY)

Lie Detection by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Human Brain Mapping First fMRI deception study with Chinese participants, showing cross-cultural consistency of neural deception patterns. Prefrontal activation during lying was not culture-specific. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [177] Akihisa HIROTA, Noriyoshi TAKASAWA (2002)

Peripheral skin blood flow in psychophysiological detection of deception

Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Laser Doppler flowmetry successfully detected peripheral blood flow changes differentiating crime-relevant from irrelevant items, with vasoconstriction occurring 3-10 seconds after stimulus presentation as part of… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [178] Spence, S.A., Farrow, T.F., Herford, A.E., Wilkinson, I.D., Zheng, Y., Woodruff, P.W. (2001)

Behavioral and Functional Anatomical Correlates of Deception in Humans

NeuroReport Lying was associated with significantly longer response times (p < 0.001) and greater bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation (p < 0.05, corrected) compared to truthful… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [179] Sean A. Spence (2001 • UK FOUNDATIONAL)

Behavioural and Functional Anatomical Correlates of Deception in Humans

Neuroreport, 12, 2849–2853 UK team’s foundational fMRI deception study identifying ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation as key deception correlate. Independently confirmed prefrontal involvement. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [180] M. Mizutani, Y. Yamaguchi (1990)

An attempt to detect deception using the EEG

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Specific quantitative findings from this early exploratory study are not accessible; the work appears to represent a methodological contribution examining the feasibility of EEG-based approaches… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [181] Sokolov, E. N. (1990)

The orienting response, and future directions of its development

Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science Two distinct mechanisms of the orienting response must be differentiated: involuntary orienting expressed as mismatch negativity (triggered by stimulus mismatch with hippocampal neuronal models) and… Foundational & Historical Research [182] Rosenfeld, J. P., Cantwell, B., Nasman, V. T., Wojdac, V., Ivanov, S., Mazzeri, L. (1988)

A modified, event-related potential-based guilty knowledge test

International Journal of Neuroscience P300 amplitude was selectively enhanced for personally meaningful probe items (the 'stolen' object) and task-relevant targets, while irrelevant items produced no significant P300 responses, yielding… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [183] Rosenfeld, J.P., Nasman, V.T., Whalen, R., Cantwell, B., Mazzeri, L. (1987)

Late vertex positivity in event-related potentials as a guilty knowledge indicator: A new method of lie detection

International Journal of Neuroscience Large positive waves at 400-700 ms latency (P300) were elicited only by the chosen item and not by novel items, demonstrating that P300 can reveal… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [184] Bauer, R.M. (1984)

Autonomic recognition of names and faces in prosopagnosia: a neuropsychological application of the Guilty Knowledge Test

Neuropsychologia Patient LF showed zero overt face recognition and chance-level performance on forced-choice naming, yet electrodermal responses accurately discriminated correct from incorrect names, demonstrating covert recognition… Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [185] J. Geisheimer, E.F. Greneker (0)

Remote detection of deception using radar vital signs monitor technology

Proceedings IEEE 34th Annual 2000 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (Cat. No.00CH37083) The radar system successfully detected heartbeat at 10 meters and respiration at 20 meters in non-contact mode, establishing technical proof-of-concept for remote physiological monitoring in… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [186] E.H. Meijer (0)

Psychophysiology and the detection of deception: promises and perils

The Comparison Question Test was found to have weak scientific validity that cannot be remedied by neuroimaging. Question format rather than measurement technology was identified… Foundational & Historical Research