Home › Polygraph Research › Laboratory Study
Subject index
Laboratory Study
This topic encompasses 1419 peer-reviewed studies, primarily in the field of verbal & behavioral deception detection. Research in this area spans from the 0s to the 2020s.
1419Studies
0s–2020sSpan
20Categories
2531Researchers
Research categories
Key researchers
Studies tagged “Laboratory Study” [1419]
All 1419 peer-reviewed studies in this research area, sorted by year.
[001]
(2026)
Large Language Models Simulating Deception and Coalition in Social Deduction Game
LLM agents demonstrated sophisticated deception strategies including agreeableness tactics and nomination mimicry to blend with truthful players, though they exhibited limitations in subtle deception without… [002] (2026)Lie Detection Using Facial Expressions and Speech Analysis
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems The multimodal integration of facial and speech analysis demonstrates superior performance compared to single-modality approaches, leveraging complementary behavioral cues including micro-expressions, eye movements, pitch variation,… [003] (2026)Deception Detection: Comparing the Lexicon-Based Approaches and Verifiability Approach
Criminal Justice and Behavior Both lexicon-based (LIWC) and verifiability approaches detected deception at above chance accuracy, with no significant difference in predictive accuracy between the two methods when analyzing… [004] (2026)Enhanced visualisation of concealed target objects by infrared thermography and machine learning
Infrared Physics & Technology The Fuzzy-c clustering approach outperformed K-means clustering in localizing concealed objects and successfully eliminated false signals from residual palm heat, demonstrating the potential of machine… [005] (2026)Buyer–Seller-Deception-Game Dataset: A new comprehensive dataset for facial expression based deception detection in economic contexts
Intelligent Systems with Applications OpenFace-based AU features performed best on clean, controlled recordings while CNN-based predictors outperformed on challenging in-the-wild data with lower video quality. Multimodal approaches combining visual… [006] (2026)A novel method based on variational mode decomposition for lie detection
Egyptian Informatics Journal VMD-based signal decomposition significantly enhanced P300 detection clarity and stability during deception compared to classical filtering methods, improving the reliability of EEG-based lie detection through… [007] (2026)Deception Detection: Using Machine Learning to Analyze 911 Calls
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin The random forest model achieved 68.2% overall accuracy with 68.7% sensitivity and 67.7% specificity. Performance varied by context: homicide reports showed 71.2% accuracy with 77.3%… [008] (2026)Influence of Stimulus Layout and Social Presence on Deception-Related Eye Movements and Blinks in the Concealed Information Test
Journal of Eye Movement Research Concealment in multi-object CIT displays produced significantly more fixations (diff = 0.95, p < 0.001) and fewer blinks compared to truthful responses. Deception-related eye movement… [009] (2026)Neural Signatures of Deception: An Explainable Machine LearningApproach Using EEG Signals
The LGBM-based framework achieved 97.7% accuracy in classifying truthful versus deceptive EEG responses, significantly outperforming conventional machine learning classifiers while maintaining model interpretability through feature… [010] (2025)Cognitive Computing Frameworks for Scalable Deception Detection in Textual Data
Big Data and Cognitive Computing CoTAM with sentence decomposition achieved statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) over baseline methods. LLaMA-3-8B reached F1_lie of 0.35 compared to Gemma-3-27B's 0.19 in one-shot… [011] (2025)Lie Detection System using Multimodal Biometric Analysis
Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management The system demonstrated qualitative feasibility of multimodal data fusion, showing that physiological arousal patterns combined with facial expression analysis could be integrated for lie detection,… [012] (2025)A Lightweight Visual Deception Detection Method Using Dynamic Images and a Customized SmallCNN–BiLSTM Architecture
2025 17th International Conference on Knowledge and System Engineering (KSE) The SmallCNN-BiLSTM architecture with dynamic images achieves competitive deception detection accuracy while offering substantial computational efficiency gains, making it suitable for real-world deployment in resource-constrained… [013] (2025)Neurocognitive Lie Detection Using EEG: Fast-Converging Deep Learning Models for Innocent and Guilty Classification in Neurological Disorders
The framework achieved accuracy above 80% with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 75% while converging faster than conventional classifiers, demonstrating that optimized deep learning can maintain… [014] (2025)Effective faking of verbal deception detection with target-aligned adversarial attacks
Legal and Criminological Psychology Target-aligned adversarial attacks using GPT-4 reduced both human and machine deception detection performance to chance levels (d = -0.07 to -0.04 for humans, 51% accuracy… [015] (2025)Unmasking Deception: Examining Receivers' Emotional Responses with Automated Facial Expression Analysis in Veracity and Valence
Emotional mimicry was significantly lower for deceptive messages (F(1,505) = 32.64, p < .001, η²p = 0.06), with the strongest effect for positively framed deceptions.… [016] (2025)Tetralet Attention Enabled Modified N-Adam Optimised Distributed Capsule Network for Lie Detection from Electroencephalogram Signals
International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology Specific results unavailable due to inaccessibility of the full paper text. [017] (2025)Supplemental Material for High Confidence, Low Accuracy: Younger and Older Adults Overestimate Lie Detection Performance
Psychology and Aging Both younger and older adults significantly overestimated their lie detection performance around chance level. Older adults reported higher confidence in judgments, lower self-reported detection ability,… [018] (2025)Evaluation of sampling rate effect on deception detection performance with audio features
AIP Conference Proceedings The study identifies optimal audio sampling rates for deception detection from speech, quantifying the tradeoffs between acoustic feature quality and computational efficiency to inform practical… [019] (2025)Multi-source Multimodal Progressive Domain Adaption for Audio-Visual Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop & Challenge on Subtle Visual Computing The MMPDA framework achieved 60.43% accuracy and 56.99% F1-score on cross-domain deception detection, surpassing the 1st place team by 5.59% on F1-score and demonstrating effective… [020] (2025)Facial expression-based lie detection: A survey of micro expression analysis, datasets and challenges
AIP Conference Proceedings The survey finds that automated micro-expression analysis shows promise for deception detection, with machine learning methods outperforming human judgments, though accuracy varies widely (63-78%) depending… [021] (2025)Variance in Veracity: Comparing Two Neuro-Paradigms for CNV Analysis Applied to Deception Detection
2025 2nd Global AI Summit - International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technology (AI Summit) NP2 paradigm achieved highest classification accuracy of 82.2% using Gradient Boosting in visual modality, with stronger CNV responses indicating that embedding deception among familiar stimuli… [022] (2025)Lie Detection in Social VR Using Multimodal Data
2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) Gaze-based features alone achieved 87% accuracy in detecting lies within social VR environments using random forest classification, demonstrating the feasibility of passive deception detection using… [023] (2025)Corpus Linguistics and Deception Detection
Reference Module in Social Sciences Deceptive speakers show distinct linguistic patterns including increased word count, more sense-based words, fewer self-references, more other-references, and avoidance of causal terms, though these patterns… [024] (2025)Exploring Vision-Based Features for Detecting Deception in Well-Being: A Cross-Domain Comparison
2025 IEEE 19th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG) Well-being deception showed fewer and more localized visual features concentrated around the nose ridge compared to biography and academic domains. Joy-related facial action units (AU… [025] (2025)DecepTech AI: Advancing Lie Detection Through Multimodal Nonverbal Behavior Analysis
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems The system successfully integrated multiple nonverbal behavioral channels using machine learning to detect deception patterns, demonstrating capability for real-time processing and avoiding the intrusiveness of… [026] (2025)Recognition of emotions by analysing facial expressions with FaceReader (Noldus) vs detection of deception by polygraph examination: A pilot study
European Polygraph The study explored the integration of facial expression analysis technology with traditional polygraph examination to identify emotions accompanying deceptive responses during concealed information testing. [027] (2025)You really don't recognise him? The eye-tracker as a forensic tool for concealed knowledge detection
European Polygraph The study explored whether eye-tracking combined with deep learning can objectively determine recognition of individuals even when examinees deny familiarity, representing a potential advancement in… [028] (2025)Cognitive mechanisms underlying deception detection in neurodiverse sample of autistic and non-autistic young adults
Research in Autism Increased autism symptoms uniquely predicted better deception detection accuracy in mismatched conditions (where demeanor conflicts with veracity) but not in matched conditions. Executive functioning moderated… [029] (2025)Comparing OpenFace and Deep Learning Models for Deception Detection in Video Calls
2025 14th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis (ISPA) CNN-based AU detection outperforms OpenFace on challenging Real-life Trial data with lower video quality and unstable head pose, while OpenFace performs better in controlled settings… [030] (2025)An Efficient Lie Detection with Movement Tracks of Larynx and Eye Flutters During Interrogation Using Machine Learning and Deep-Computing
Wireless Personal Communications The system successfully automated detection of micro-level eye and laryngeal movements invisible to the naked eye, demonstrating that non-verbal signals including blink patterns and swallowing… [031] (2025)Efficient Deception Detection Using Multimodal Facial and Audio Transcript Features
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology The Modified CNN model achieved 91.2% accuracy using multimodal fusion of facial action units, eye gaze, and audio prosodic features with attention-based feature fusion, outperforming… [032] (2025)Detecting Deepfakes Through Emotion?: Facial Expression and Emotional Contagion as Dual Indicators of Deepfake Credibility
Applied Cognitive Psychology Deepfakes exhibited lower overall and negative emotions compared to authentic videos. Counterintuitively, audiences' reduced emotional responses to deepfakes were associated with higher perceived credibility, mediated… [033] (2025)The (Mis)utilization of Cues During Deception Detection in 911 Homicide Calls
Homicide Studies Judges incorrectly viewed calm callers as deceptive when valid cues indicated deceptive callers were actually more emotional, self-dramatizing, and worried. Of 86 cues examined, 35%… [034] (2025)A Novel Approach for Enhancing Audio Modality in Multimodal Deception Detection Environment Using Liquid Neural Networks
2025 15th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEENG) LNNs achieved 65.33% accuracy on DOLOS dataset and 87.5% on courtroom dataset, representing 5.04% and 8.5% improvements over previous audio-based benchmarks through dynamic adaptation to… [035] (2025)@LM DeceptionNet: A multimodal approach for efficient transfer learning-based deception detection
Knowledge-Based Systems The @LM DeceptionNet framework demonstrated consistent cross-scenario generalization with enhanced accuracy and robustness through adaptive multimodal fusion, achieving better computational efficiency with fewer parameters compared… [036] (2025)Truth Under Pressure: A Deep Learning-Based Lie Detection System for Online Lending Using Voice Stress and Response Latency
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications The lie detection model achieved 70% testing accuracy with 70.9% F1-Score when analyzing voice stress and response latency from court testimony videos, while the Llama… [037] (2025 • DEEP LEARNING)Development of a Deep-Learning-Based Computerized Scoring Algorithm for Polygraph Data
MDPI Journals Developed a Korean polygraph scoring system using deep neural networks. DNN-based algorithm outperformed both PolyScore and OSS-3 on test data by accounting for bio-signal nonlinearity. [038] (2025)Lie and its detection: assessing nonverbal behaviors in criminal investigation
Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Medical Sciences The paper concludes that nonverbal lie detection methods show practical usefulness in judicial investigations but require specialized training for effective application. Without proper professional expertise,… [039] (2025)AN ENHANCED ALGORITHM TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF LIE DETECTION SYSTEM BASED ON EEG SIGNAL
Kufa Journal of Engineering The enhanced signal processing pipeline achieved 86% accuracy on benchmark data and 78% accuracy on newly collected participant data, with a 23.2% improvement in signal-to-noise… [040] (2025)Multimodal Deception Detection Using Linguistic and Acoustic Features
Machine Learning, Deep Learning and AI for Cybersecurity A single-layer BiLSTM model achieved 93.57% accuracy and 94.48% F1 score on textual data from court testimony transcripts. ResNet50 performed best on audio data, and… [041] (2025)Cognitive Ability, Overconfidence, and Confirmation Bias in Lie Detection
Detection accuracy was only slightly above chance with better performance on truths than lies; females outperformed males who showed greater overconfidence; cognitive ability did not… [042] (2025)Lie Detection Using Audio Classification
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering The CNN-based audio classification model achieved 93.5% accuracy in detecting deception from courtroom audio data, demonstrating the effectiveness of deep learning for automatic feature extraction… [043] (2025)Unveiling faking in job interviews by examining facial thermal cues in deception detection
Scientific Reports Nasal temperature was higher in rehearsed responses than spontaneous responses and higher in spontaneous lies than spontaneous truths, while forehead and cheek temperatures remained stable.… [044] (2025)A psycholinguistic NLP framework for forensic text analysis of deception and emotion
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence The researchers successfully identified both guilty parties from 18 suspects using combined entity correlation, deception scoring via Empath, emotion analysis through Hugging Face transformers, and… [045] (2025)Honesty and lie aversion
Elgar Encyclopedia of Behavioural and Experimental Economics Experimental evidence reveals substantial intrinsic lie aversion beyond detection risk, with preferences for honesty and social image as primary motivations for truth-telling. People exhibit context-dependent… [046] (2025)A Filtering Response Time Concealed Information Test for Searching for Relevant Concealed Items
Applied Cognitive Psychology The filtering RT-CIT protocol reduced testing time by approximately 59% (from 17 to 7 minutes) compared to conventional approaches while maintaining similar probe identification accuracy… [047] (2025)Text Based Lie Detection Using a Combination of BERT and CNN Models
2025 15th International Conference on Information & Communication Technology and System (ICTS) The optimal configuration achieved an F1-score of 0.9154 on the Deceptive Opinion Spam Dataset using BERT Base Uncased with fully unfrozen encoders, kernel sizes [2,3,4],… [048] (2025 • MULTIMODAL ML)Multimodal Machine Learning for Deception Detection Using Behavioral and Physiological Data
Scientific Reports (2025) Created multimodal dataset spanning EEG, ECG, EOG, eye-gaze, GSR, audio, and video from 100+ subjects. Demonstrated machine learning integration of multiple modalities for improved detection. [049] (2025)Multimodal Deception Detection via Cognitively Guided Inconsistency Modeling
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop & Challenge on Subtle Visual Computing The cognitively-guided framework successfully captured subtle, asymmetric, and ambiguous deceptive patterns by modeling modality leakage through selective channel replacement and aligning prediction confidence with psychological… [050] (2025)Effects of Soft-Domain Transfer and Named Entity Information on Deception Detection
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The study found improvements in accuracy over baseline models, with named entity information augmentation producing notable improvements of up to 11.2%. Jensen-Shannon distance correlated moderately… [051] (2025)Truth in inconsistency? The potential of differential mnemonic consistency in deception detection
Psychology, Crime & Law Differential mnemonic consistency reliably distinguished experience-based from fabricated statements, with repetition consistency proving superior to retention consistency. Truth-tellers showed significantly larger differences in consistency between… [052] (2025)Exploring Audio-Visual Fusion Methods in Foundation Model-Based Deception Detection
2025 Asia Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC) Audio-visual fusion using Q-Former architecture with foundation models consistently outperformed unimodal approaches, with systems aggregating embeddings from all layers achieving 3.78% accuracy improvements over last-layer-only… [053] (2025)A Multimodal Polygraph Framework with Optimized Machine Learning for Robust Deception Detection
MDPI Journals The study addresses critical gaps by providing an open multimodal dataset and demonstrating improved generalization through PSO-enhanced machine learning approaches to physiological data fusion. [054] (2025)Teaching AI Agents to Lie at Social Deduction Games
Game AI Uncovered The system successfully enabled AI agents to deceive human players and detect deception by maintaining probabilistic worldviews for each player, evaluating claim consistency against belief… [055] (2024)Lie Detection Based on Acoustic Analysis
Journal of Voice Voice Onset Time achieved 88.8% accuracy (both sensitivity and specificity) in detecting deception, with 95% confidence intervals of 0.803-0.973, demonstrating that acoustic features can effectively… [056] (2024)Deception Indicators Prediction for Lie Detection in Dialogues
2024 16th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC) Full paper not accessible for analysis. [057] (2024)Infrared thermal imaging and eye-tracking for deception detection: a laboratory study
Current Psychology Veracity did not significantly modulate facial temperature, but scenario type (prepared vs. spontaneous) did. Eye fixations were significantly affected by both veracity and scenario, with… [058] (2024)The Problem of Cognition of the Deception Propensity
Emotional Development and Youths' Predisposition to Deception The research establishes that deception propensity is closely related to emotional maturity components including emotional expressiveness, self-regulation, and empathy, with the empathic constituent identified as… [059] (2024)EEG-based deception detection using weighted dual perspective visibility graph analysis
Cognitive Neurodynamics The WDPVG method achieved 86.25% accuracy with SVM classification, with frontal and parietal lobe activity showing the strongest discrimination between truth-telling and deception through graph-based… [060] (2024)Application of Artificial Neural Network in Deception Detection Based on Visual Cues
IFMBE Proceedings The LRCN (Long-term Recurrent Convolutional Network) model achieved the highest classification accuracy of just over 70%, outperforming feature-based LSTM approaches that ranged from 61-70% accuracy… [061] (2024)Your lies don't leave me cold: Assessing direct, indirect and physiological measures of lie detection
Acta Psychologica All three deception detection modalities failed: explicit accuracy remained at chance, indirect measures showed no sensitivity to actual veracity, and fingertip temperature did not differentiate… [062] (2024)FTM: The Face Truth Machine—Hand-crafted features from micro-expressions to support lie detection
Computer Vision and Image Understanding FTM achieved satisfying cross-dataset transferability and can analyze facial expressions across a wide range of poses. The use of hand-crafted features enables interpretation of which… [063] (2024)(When) Would You Lie to a Voicebot?
SSRN Electronic Journal Participants were more likely to lie when hearing a feminine voice than a masculine voice, and more likely to lie to a feminine-voiced basic voicebot… [064] (2024)Diagnosing eyewitness identifications with reaction time‑based Concealed Information Test: The effect of viewpoint congruency between test and encoding
Psychological Research The RT-CIT demonstrated strong capacity to diagnose face recognition with effect sizes ranging from d = 0.63 to d = 0.91. Viewpoint congruency between encoding… [065] (2024)The Most Important Features of Lie Detection Using Voice Stress
Al-Iraqia Journal for Scientific Engineering Research The Random Forest classifier achieved 88% accuracy in distinguishing deceptive from truthful courtroom testimony using only acoustic features, with deceptive speech exhibiting higher levels of… [066] (2024)Assessing partial errors via analog gaming keyboards in response conflict tasks: A proof-of-concept study with the concealed information test
Behavior Research Methods Probe trials showed 2.93% partial errors versus 0.46% for irrelevant items, with strong statistical evidence (Bayes Factor = 275) supporting the detection of response conflict… [067] (2024)Experimental economics for machine learning—a methodological contribution on lie detection
PLOS ONE Machine learning algorithms trained on video data from an economic dice-rolling experiment achieved 67% lie detection accuracy when ground truth was verified through experimental design,… [068] (2024)Improvement of discrimination method utilizing effect sizes to identify differential physiological responses in the Concealed Information Test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology The weighted effect size method incorporating consistency-based weighting and covariate adjustment outperformed traditional unweighted approaches, providing more accurate and interpretable discrimination between examinees with and… [069] (2024)Flexible-Modal Deception Detection with Audio-Visual Adapter
2024 IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB) The AVA framework achieved superior performance compared to other multi-modal fusion methods under flexible-modal settings, with audio modality generally outperforming vision-only approaches, while maintaining robust… [070] (2024)Does (Biasing) Nonverbal Information Deteriorate the Accuracy of the Take-the-Best Heuristic for Deception Detection?
Applied Cognitive Psychology The detailedness heuristic achieved accuracy rates of 60.9-71.8% compared to 52.6-56.9% for unguided judgments (d = 0.55-0.76), but strongly biasing nonverbal behavior reduced this advantage,… [071] (2024)The Concealed Information Test -- Utilizing P300 data to determine the presence of crime-related information in a suspect's memory
The meta-analysis found a large mean effect size (d* = 1.59) for P300-based CIT, with the complex trial protocol maximizing detection accuracy and reducing countermeasure… [072] (2024)Detecting lies through others’ eyes: Children use perceptual access cues to evaluate listeners’ beliefs about informants’ deception
Children aged 4-7 years demonstrated sophisticated second-order reasoning about lie detection, predicting that receivers with perceptual access would detect deception while ignorant receivers would believe… [073] (2024)LIE DETECTION USING FACIAL MICRO-EXPRESSION FEATURES WITH MACHINE LEARNING
MINAR International Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology The Sobel filter outperformed Canny edge detection, and mouth/nose regions proved more discriminative than eyes for lie detection, achieving F1-scores of 0.996 (truth) and 0.990… [074] (2024)The Concealed Information Test -- Utilizing P300 data to deter-mine the presence of crime-related information in a suspect's memory
The meta-analysis revealed a large mean effect size of d = 1.59 for P300-based concealed information detection. Moderation analyses showed that complex trial protocols significantly… [075] (2024)Corpus Linguistic Approaches to Deception Detection
Linguistic cues to deception are symptomatic of their operationalization, vary by speakers' sociolinguistic backgrounds, and must be analyzed in context. The complexity of deception construction… [076] (2024)Domain-Agnostic Adapter Architecture for Deception Detection: Extensive Evaluations with the DIFrauD Benchmark
Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024) The domain-agnostic adapter architecture achieved state-of-the-art performance on the DIFrauD benchmark across seven fraud domains, consistently outperforming all competing methods and revealing that representation quality… [077] (2024)Reasoning about knowledge in lie production
The computational model incorporating both shared and private knowledge reasoning successfully predicted human lying behavior better than alternative models that ignored private information, demonstrating that… [078] (2024)A new attempt at the brain-autonomic hybrid concealed information test.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The research program has identified bimodal peaks in cerebral hemodynamic responses among participants concealing crime involvement, suggesting two distinct cognitive processes during deception. The work… [079] (2024)An Automatic Lie Detection Model Using EEG Signals Based on the Combination of Type 2 Fuzzy Sets and Deep Graph Convolutional Networks
Sensors The proposed model achieved >95% accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity for distinguishing truths from lies, with remarkable robustness maintaining >90% accuracy even in extremely noisy… [080] (2024)Using Pupillometry in the Detection of Deception
In M. Goldsmith & M.H. Papesh (Eds.), Modern Pupillometry: Cognition, Neuroscience, and Practical Applications The ODT correctly classified 85% of participants as guilty or innocent by combining pupil dilation responses and reading behavior patterns. Guilty participants showed increased pupil… [081] (2024)The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: The Role of Ai Quality Disclosure in Lie Detection
When relying on low-quality AI advisors without disclosure, participants' truth-detection rates fell below their unassisted baseline (approximately 36%), recovering only when AI effectiveness was revealed.… [082] (2024)Analysis of Deception Detection Databases Using Mathematical Statistics
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences The study successfully characterized eight deception detection databases and developed a novel multimodal dataset with rigorous data collection protocols, including MFCC audio analysis, facial feature… [083] (2024)Physiological Reactions Profiling in Polygraph Testing: Insights from Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Analysis
Acta Polytechnica Hungarica Fuzzy clustering identified distinct physiological profiles across 18 parameters with a moderate R² of 0.371 and a low silhouette coefficient of 0.010, indicating that physiological… [084] (2024)Deception Detection Algorithm Based on Global and Local Feature Fusion with Multi-head Attention
2024 3rd International Conference on Image Processing and Media Computing (ICIPMC) The study demonstrates that fusion of local facial features (AU strength and gaze angle) with global temporal patterns through Siamese Transformer architecture and multi-head attention… [085] (2024)Multi-Modal Deception Detection Using Deep Learning
2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) The multimodal deep learning system achieved 94.23% overall accuracy in detecting deception from trial hearing recordings, substantially exceeding previous benchmarks and human detection capabilities (62%… [086] (2024)Deception Detection from Linguistic and Physiological Data Streams Using Bimodal Convolutional Neural Networks
2024 5th International Conference on Information Science, Parallel and Distributed Systems (ISPDS) The bimodal CNN successfully integrated physiological measurements (heart rate, skin conductance, respiration, skin temperature) with linguistic features from transcripts, demonstrating that neural networks can effectively… [087] (2024)Area measure of skin conductance in the Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology SC area showed acceptable performance for CIT classification and exceeded chance-level discrimination even for low-responsive participants, though equivalence with traditional amplitude measurement remained inconclusive. Optimal… [088] (2024)Combining recognition, conflict‐monitoring and feedback‐related ERPs to detect concealed autobiographical information
Psychophysiology Three ERP indicators (N200, recognition P300, and feedback P300) significantly discriminated guilty from innocent participants, with combined classification achieving AUC = 0.91. The FRN did… [089] (2024)The Walk of Guilt: Multimodal Deception Detection from Nonverbal Motion Behaviour
Information Classification accuracy reached up to 88% through hybrid feature fusion, with visual signals showing highest single-modality performance followed by accelerometer and acoustic signals, averaging 60%… [090] (2024)Dark personality traits and deception, and the short dark tetrad (SD4) as integrity screening instrument
Scientific Reports Liars scored significantly higher on all four dark traits, with psychopathy showing the strongest effect, but overlapping distributions made categorical classification impossible; likelihood ratio analysis… [091] (2024)Statistical Analysis of Video Databases for Deception Detection Tasks
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences The study identified significant limitations in publicly available deception detection databases and presented a novel dataset incorporating video, audio, and eye gaze data with systematic… [092] (2024)Verification of using radar vital sign monitors in deception tests (2023)
Applied and Computational Engineering The study produced conclusive findings demonstrating that radar technology can non-invasively extract vital signs during deception tests with validated accuracy, enabling more flexible and less… [093] (2024)A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Deception Detection by Neurodiverse Young Adults
Topics in Language Disorders Observable response features produced significantly more accurate deception judgments than nonverbal communication or subjective descriptions. No significant differences emerged between high and low autistic trait… [094] (2024)Slow Tone: Detecting White Lie Disclosures Using Response Latency
Positive management tone following high response latency predicts immediate positive stock price reactions that reverse over time, with effects most pronounced in firms with lower… [095] (2024)Unveiling Deceptive Intentions: Insights from Eye Movements and Pupil Size
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction Fixation patterns differed significantly between concealing versus faking and truth-telling conditions, while pupil size revealed the object of deception, with number and duration of fixations… [096] (2024)Automatic Detection of Verbal Deception in Romanian With Artificial Intelligence Methods
Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Informatica Results showed that for topic-specific datasets with a common subject, general text representations such as TF-IDF and LSA outperformed psycholinguistic LIWC categories in detecting deception,… [097] (2024)Lie-telling Evaluation Task
PsycTESTS Dataset Children show developmental sophistication in distinguishing lie types, with socio-cultural lies judged less negatively with age. Specific parental deceptive behaviors, particularly threatening lies, strongly predicted… [098] (2024)Research in the Information Concealment Paradigm: Assessment of fMRI-Data at the Group Level
Experimental Psychology (Russia) Relaxed statistical criteria increased the number of identified active brain regions in frontal, parietal, and subcortical areas, while sample size adequacy emerged as a critical… [099] (2024)A semi-supervised high-quality pseudo labels algorithm based on multi-constraint optimization for speech deception detection
Computer Speech & Language The HQPL-MC algorithm successfully improved deception detection performance through multi-constraint optimization of pseudo-labels, combining noise-augmented feature extraction, autoencoder-based dimensionality reduction, and threshold-based quality filtering to… [100] (2024)Neuro-Linguistic Programming as a Verbal Lie Detection Tool: A Case Study of Pakistani Digital Media Programs
Kurdish Studies The RoBERTa-base model achieved 75% effectiveness for neurolinguistic deception detection but successfully identified only truth statements, not lies. Lie statements frequently comprised compound, complex, and… [101] (2024)Automatic deceit detection through multimodal analysis of High-Stake Court-Trials
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing The proposed architecture improved state-of-the-art performance on the Real-Life Trial dataset, with all classifiers achieving better results than measured human performance for deception detection. [102] (2024)Unveiling the efficacy of the feedback concealed information test in collaborative crime detection
Brain and Cognition Recognition P300 detection efficiency decreased significantly in collaborative crime scenarios, but feedback P300 and feedback-related negativity maintained high detection accuracy, with feedback P300 showing AUC… [103] (2024)Detecting Deception in Natural Environments Using Incremental Transfer Learning
International Conference on Multimodel Interaction Incremental transfer learning with logistic regression achieved 80% deception detection accuracy. Electrodermal activity and skin temperature showed consistent significant differences between deceptive and truthful states… [104] (2024)Lies divorced from context: evidence for Context Embedded Perception (CEP) as a feasible measure for deception detection
Psychology, Crime & Law CEP scores were significantly lower for liars than truth-tellers, with discriminant analysis achieving 92% correct identification of truth-tellers and 66% of liars (79% overall accuracy).… [105] (2024)Subtle gaze and pupil dynamics: Detecting concealed familiar faces with moving serial visual presentation
Pupil dilation rate achieved 55.2% individual-level detection of concealed familiar faces when eye movements were suppressed, substantially exceeding previous RSVP-CIT performance of 22.6%, though eye… [106] (2024)How Entangled is Factuality and Deception in German?
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 The study found zero correlation between established linguistic deception cues and actual deception in German texts when factuality and belief are properly disentangled. Both traditional… [107] (2024)Evaluating Physiological Indicators in Detecting Deception with an Automated Interviewing System
bioRxiv (preprint) The study represents one of the few systematic comparisons of multiple physiological modalities within a single experimental framework, conducted with a diverse Asian population to… [108] (2024)The concealed information test with a continuously moving stimulus
Psychophysiology The continuous-stimulus CIT successfully detected concealed location knowledge with large effect sizes for both skin conductance (d = 0.71-0.77) and respiration (d = 0.62-0.71). [109] (2024)Pupil Size Changes for Lie Detection in a Biofeedback Scenario
2024 IEEE International Conference on Computing, Applications and Systems (COMPAS) Free choice lies produced significantly larger pupil diameters than instructed false statements or instructed truth-telling. Real-time biofeedback did not support voluntary control of pupil size… [110] (2024)Phylogenetic and Pantomimical Aspects of Gestures in Lie Detection .
Moscow Juridical Journal The study identified two categories of deceptive gestures: adaptive gestures representing physiological self-preservation responses to threat, and resource gestures with regressive origins in attachment behavior.… [111] (2024)Nothing but lies: improving the validity of neural predictors of deception
Neural predictors trained to detect deception also predicted selfish nondeceptive choices, confirming a century-old validity concern. A novel dual-goal tuning machine learning method successfully removed… [112] (2024)No Practice Effect on the Classification Accuracy of the Response Time Concealed Information Test
Journal of Forensic Sciences Classification accuracy of the RT-CIT remained stable across repeated testing sessions with no significant practice effects, indicating the test maintains diagnostic validity even when examinees… [113] (2024)TrueWatch: Polygraph Examination With Smartwatches
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security Modern wearable smartwatches can detect lies in the Guilty Knowledge Test protocol, though their detection ability is comparatively weaker than conventional polygraph instruments. [114] (2024)Combining recognition, conflict-monitoring and feedback-related ERPs to detect concealed autobiographical information
Three ERP indicators—conflict-monitoring N200, recognition P300, and feedback P300—significantly discriminated guilty from innocent participants, while FRN did not. Combining the three effective indicators achieved an… [115] (2024)Detecting Deception Using MCI in Twitter
International Journal of Forensic Sciences Computer-based linguistic analysis of MCI-derived Twitter statements achieved 79% classification accuracy in distinguishing truthful reports, denials, and false claims—substantially outperforming human judgment at 54%. Speech… [116] (2024)A Tutorial for Deception Detection Analysis or: How I Learned to Stop Aggregating Veracity Judgments and Embraced Signal Detection Theory Mixed Models
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior The SDT-GLMM approach avoids data aggregations that conflate response bias with underlying sensitivity, outperforms traditional factorial methods, and provides distinct estimates for discriminability (d') and… [117] (2024)Introducing Mediated Statement Analysis (Msa): Examining Truthful or Untruthful Social Media Posts to Decode Deception Online
The research successfully developed a nine-category MSA framework that identifies distinctive textual and linguistic patterns differentiating truthful from deceptive social media posts, demonstrating particular utility… [118] (2024)Effects of exercises on physiological levels and differential responding during the concealed information test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology Exercise increased heart rate and respiratory rate, elevating arousal levels. While skin conductance and pulse volume showed habituation in both groups, respiratory speed and rate… [119] (2024)Automated Comparative Predictive Analysis of Deception Detection in Convicted Offenders Using Polygraph with Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Artificial Neural Network Models
Studies in Informatics and Control Machine learning models successfully predicted deception from polygraph physiological data, with clustering analyses revealing important individual differences in response patterns. The findings demonstrate potential for… [120] (2024)On the Impact of a Simulated Cognitive Augmentation to Detect Deception on Decision-making Confidence
ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction Visualization methods alone did not significantly affect decision-making confidence, but a strong positive correlation existed between users' comfort with cognitive augmentation technologies and their decision-making… [121] (2024)Masking the truth: the impact of face masks on deception detection
The Journal of Social Psychology Face masks did not significantly impair overall deception detection accuracy, but participants were more accurate judging negatively valenced statements when speakers were unmasked. Positively valenced… [122] (2023)Publishing the Data from “The Effects of Communication Mode and Culture on Deception Detection Accuracy”
Journal of Information Systems Deception detection was significantly worse for video-only (no audio) compared to other media. Surprisingly, veracity judges successfully detected deception across cultures even without understanding the… [123] (2023)The influence of foreign-accented speech on credibility: Evidence from the illusory truth effect
Foreign accent did not reduce the illusory truth effect. Despite negative social biases toward foreign speakers on explicit trait ratings, accent did not diminish the… [124] (2023)The use-the-best heuristic facilitates deception detection
Nature Human Behaviour The use-the-best heuristic focusing solely on statement detailedness significantly outperformed intuitive deception detection, achieving 65-70% accuracy compared to chance-level performance (50-52%) when using multiple cues. [125] (2023)Concealed identity information detection with pupillometry in rapid serial visual presentation
Psychophysiology Pupillometry during RSVP successfully detected concealed identity information at the group level in both an initial and preregistered replication study, with peak effects occurring 600-1200… [126] (2023)Evaluation of the Value of Physiological Cues to Determining the Salience of a Risk Factor in a Situation of Screening Polygraph Test
Psychology and Law The study clarified the contribution of specific physiological cues to detecting topic salience during screening polygraph examinations using a directed-lie format with document forgery as… [127] (2023)PERANCANGAN LIE DETECTOR MENGGUNAKAN ARDUINO
Jupiter: Journal of Computer & Information Technology The Arduino-based lie detector prototype failed to produce encouraging results, with unintended outcomes highlighting the substantial gap between DIY polygraph systems and professionally validated instrumentation. [128] (2023)Exploring Verbal Cues to Deception: Testing Quantitative Linguistic Methods on English and Spanish
Classification accuracy reached 93% for high-stakes police deception versus 71% for laboratory lies, with LIWC psycholinguistic features achieving 84.5% F-measure on Spanish corpus, demonstrating that… [129] (2023)Determining psycholinguistic features of deception in phishing messages
Information & Computer Security Words conveying certainty (e.g., always, never) and work-related features predicted higher end-user vulnerability to phishing, while achievement and reward language (e.g., earn, win, cash, money)… [130] (2023)Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling of Autonomic Responses during the Concealed Information Test
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology The hierarchical Bayesian state-space model successfully analyzes CIT physiological time-series data in natural measurement units without standardization, revealing typical response magnitudes and individual differences previously… [131] (2023)Effects of Mood on Psychophysiological Detection of Concealed Information and the Relation to Self-Assessed Lying Ability
Brain Sciences Induced happy or sad moods tended to lower relative skin conductance responses to critical items while enhancing relative cardiovascular responses. All physiological measures maintained significant… [132] (2023)Altered neural mechanisms of deception in individuals with autistic traits
Brain and Cognition High autistic trait individuals exhibited longer reaction times, lower P3 amplitude during decision-making, and reduced FRN and P3 during feedback evaluation compared to low autistic… [133] (2023)EEG Signal Classification for Concealed Information Test using Spider Monkey Candidate Rule Miner
Multimedia Tools and Applications The SM-CRM successfully generated an optimal rule set for binary classification of guilty versus innocent participants based on EEG data, balancing sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity… [134] (2023)P300-based Concealed Information Test Using a Gradual Stimulus Presentation Method
Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange Specific findings unavailable; full text not accessible. Research investigates how gradual stimulus presentation affects P300-CIT effectiveness compared to conventional protocols. [135] (2023)Meta Learning Based Deception Detection from Speech
Applied Sciences CHAML with Wav2Vec 2.0 embeddings achieved 61.34% accuracy in person-independent deception detection, outperforming baseline approaches while using only a few labeled samples per test subject. [136] (2023)Optimization of Signal Processing Parameters in Psychophysiological Studies on the Example of GSR and PPG
Experimental Psychology (Russia) Universal signal processing parameters were validated that demonstrated superiority over traditional baseline-relative methods and proved applicable across various physiological signals including fMRI. [137] (2023)Review 1: Uncertain Veracity Judgements: Does the Framing of the Question Influence Deception Detection?
No differences in veracity judgments were found between certainty and likelihood framing conditions, with average uncertainty ratings of 42% across both conditions, suggesting that subtle… [138] (2023)The influence of micro-expressions on deception detection
Multimedia Tools and Applications The custom-trained deep learning model achieved 74.17% accuracy in deception classification by detecting involuntary micro-expression changes, with shifts from neutral to happy expressions reliably indicating… [139] (2023)Is It the Judge, the Sender, or Just the Individual Message? Disentangling Person and Message Effects on Variation in Lie-Detection Judgments
Perspectives on Psychological Science Messages differed dramatically in detectability (21% explained variance), but senders did not—challenging sender demeanor theory. Judges determined variance in confidence (46%) and classifications (12%) but… [140] (2023)Hybrid Machine Learning Model for Lie-Detection
2023 IEEE 8th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT) The hybrid CNN-SVM model achieved approximately 58% accuracy in detecting deception from facial thermal images, demonstrating the technical feasibility of the approach but highlighting the… [141] (2023)Gestures-adapters for persons involved in the crime in non-instrumental lie detection
Vestnik of Kostroma State University Resource pantomime was observed in 95% of subjects. During deception, adapter gestures were fixed in 40% of horizontal and vertical strokes and 30% of self-touches,… [142] (2023)Applicability for auricle normalized pulse volume in the concealed information test Analysis of within-series physiological variations
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study explored auricle-based normalized pulse volume as an alternative measurement site for CIT testing, analyzing physiological response patterns and variations across repeated item presentations… [143] (2023)A Context-Constrained Sentence Modeling for Deception Detection in Real Interrogation
INTERSPEECH 2023 The context-constrained model achieved 76.38% Unweighted Average Recall (UAR) at the local level and 73.15% UAR at the global level, significantly outperforming baseline methods that… [144] (2023)A simple heuristic for distinguishing lie from truth
Nature Human Behaviour When instructed to judge only the level of detail in statements, participants consistently discriminated lies from truths (d = 0.41-1.73, accuracy 65-70%), significantly outperforming intuitive… [145] (2023)Murderer at the door! To lie or to mislead?
People judge lies as more reliable and committed than misleading statements. When deception is forbidden, lying is judged morally worse than misleading; in the murderer-at-the-door… [146] (2023)Is the uncertain self good at detecting lies? The influence of personal uncertainty on deception detection
European Journal of Social Psychology Personal uncertainty did not reliably improve lie detection accuracy across contexts. Effect sizes were larger in laboratory studies than online studies, and when effects emerged,… [147] (2023)LieVis: A Visual Interactive Dashboard for Lie Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques
2023 26th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT) BERT deep learning model, along with logistic regression and K-Nearest Neighbors, achieved 84% accuracy in detecting deception from courtroom testimony transcripts, outperforming traditional machine learning… [148] (2023)Psychological and Ethological Aspects of the Classification of Gestures With Deliberate Concealment of Information (Deception)
SSRN Electronic Journal Gestures during deception were adaptive and resourceful in nature, with genesis rooted in evolutionary stress responses. The classification distinguishes between adaptive gestures (physiological self-preservation reactions)… [149] (2023)Hybrid Metaheuristics with Deep Learning Enabled Automated Deception Detection and Classification of Facial Expressions
Computers, Materials & Continua The study demonstrates a novel hybrid approach combining self-adaptive population-based firefly algorithm optimization with deep learning (MobileNet + LSTM) for facial expression-based deception classification in… [150] (2023)Counter-Deception Information Fusion Based on Reinforcement Learning Using the Guidance of Belief Entropy and Conflict Management
The reinforcement learning framework successfully detects deceptive evidence that provides little support to correct targets while supporting incorrect ones, outperforming previous conflict-based methods in special… [151] (2023)Use of Virtual Reality in Polygraph Testing
PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY VR environments produce significantly stronger emotional arousal and physiological responses than traditional 2D presentations, with detection of concealed recognition increasing by over 25% when crime… [152] (2023)A new theoretical perspective on concealed information detection
Psychophysiology The voluntary orienting response to significant, expected stimuli modulates CIT effects, and different physiological measures reflect distinct mechanisms: skin conductance reflects pure orienting to recognized… [153] (2023)A Microcontroller-based Lie Detection System Leveraging Physiological Signals
2023 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence Systems (IoTaIS) The Arduino-based system successfully captured real-time heart rate and GSR changes during questioning, demonstrating that low-cost microcontroller platforms can measure physiological responses associated with arousal,… [154] (2023)The effects of mental countermeasures on psychophysiological memory detection: Facilitating orientation is easy, stopping inhibition is not
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Facilitating orientation proved easy but stopping inhibition proved impossible - skin conductance was successfully manipulated while respiration and heart rate remained resistant to voluntary control. [155] (2023)Verbal Indicators of Deception
Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation The three-variable grammatical structural analysis model (total words, text bridge ratio, spontaneous negation ratio) predicted truthful and deceptive oral narratives at accuracy rates higher than… [156] (2023)A Deep Learning Approach for Multimodal Deception Detection
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The multimodal deep learning approach achieved 96.14% accuracy and 0.98 ROC-AUC, significantly outperforming prior automated methods (77-92% AUC) and human performance (60-81% AUC). [157] (2023)The Challenge to distinguish differences among encoding methods in the concealed information test An examination to distinguish encoding methods within participants
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study likely demonstrated that encoding method significantly moderates CIT detection efficiency, with differential physiological responses varying systematically based on how information was initially acquired,… [158] (2023)Guilty on the Go: Uncovering Concealed Information by Assessing Response Preparation Processes in a Go-Nogo-Paradigm
Collabra: Psychology The paradigm detected both familiarity effects and response preparation processes in guilty participants, with reduced error rates for crime-related probes when preceded by matching prime… [159] (2023)Deep Learning Applications in Brain Computer Interface Based Lie Detection
2023 IEEE 13th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC) Ensemble deep learning models demonstrated the most effective performance among tested architectures. Models showed asymmetric performance, with better accuracy detecting truths than lies. [160] (2023)Response Time Concealed Information Test Using Fillers in Cybercrime and Concealed Identity Scenarios
Memory RT-CIT achieved AUC estimates around .70 for cybercrime details but around .95 for autobiographical items, demonstrating that memory type rather than filler design primarily determines… [161] (2023)Choice blindness without deception: failures to notice false-feedbacks persist in explicit detection tasks
Choice blindness persisted even when participants were explicitly instructed to detect manipulations, though explicit warnings reduced the effect. Stimulus discriminability and prior beliefs about feedback… [162] (2023)Enhancing Deception Detection with Exclusive Visual Features using Deep Learning
International Journal of Performability Engineering Deep learning models using CNN architectures successfully identified deceptive behavior from visual features alone, with automated feature extraction eliminating the need for manual annotation of… [163] (2023)Speech Deception Detection Based on EMD and Temporal Neural Network
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience The TCN-LSTM network achieved 86.2% accuracy and 86.0% F1 score on real-life trial dataset when combined with EMD preprocessing. EMD signal decomposition improved average accuracy… [164] (2023)Choosing to Lie: Strategic and Pathological Deception
Competition context produced significantly elevated deception compared to control conditions (Cohen's d > 1.0, p < 2.2e-16), with most participants showing no deception in neutral… [165] (2023)Automated Deception Detection from Videos: Using End-to-End Learning Based High-Level Features and Classification Approaches
arXiv preprint Facial expressions consistently outperformed gaze and head pose modalities, with multimodal fusion achieving AUC scores ranging from 0.65 in low-stakes scenarios to 0.86 in high-stakes… [166] (2023)When do people lie, for whom, and why? : Altruistic lying in an alibi corroboration context
Explicit requests doubled false corroboration rates (49% vs 26%). Pre-existing friends received false alibis 41% of the time versus 18% for strangers. Surprisingly, experimentally-induced liking… [167] (2023)Methodological bases: the construction of a corpus for the detection of deception and credibility assessment: Bases metodológicas: la construcción de un corpus para la detección de mentiras y la evaluación de la credibilidad
Digital Humanities, Corpus and Language Technology / Humanidades Digitales, Corpus y Tecnología del Lenguaje : A look from diverse case studies / Una mirada desde diversos casos de estudio The chapter establishes methodological standards and best practices for corpus construction in deception detection research, with particular focus on Spanish-language applications and integration of computational… [168] (2023)Deception Detection using a Multimodal Stacked Bi-LSTM Model
2023 International Conference on Innovative Data Communication Technologies and Application (ICIDCA) The multimodal stacked Bi-LSTM model achieved significant improvements in deception detection compared to single-modality models, with multimodal approaches showing 10-15% accuracy improvements over unimodal methods. [169] (2023)Deception Detection in Videos Using Robust Facial Features with Attention Feedback
Handbook of Dynamic Data Driven Applications Systems The Bayesian neural network model achieved 92.36% accuracy detecting deception from facial features alone, with an attention mechanism that identifies key behavioral moments and enables… [170] (2022)System Analysis of Experimenter-Determined and “Free” Lie-Producing Behavior
Psikhologicheskii zhurnal The study revealed systematic differences in psychophysiological patterns and behavioral organization between experimenter-determined and autonomous lie-producing behavior, with implications for understanding how laboratory findings generalize… [171] (2022)Detecting concealed information using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) combined with skin conductance, heart rate, and behavioral measures
Psychophysiology The combination of fNIRS, reaction time, skin conductance, and heart rate achieved an area under the ROC curve of 0.94, compared to individual measures ranging… [172] (2022)Ocular-motor deception testing in civilly detained sexually violent persons: An alternative to post-conviction sex offender polygraph testing?
Applied Cognitive Psychology ODT accuracy rates in sexually violent persons were not significantly less than the published benchmark of 80% accuracy, demonstrating potential as an alternative to traditional… [173] (2022)Availability of the direct current component of a finger plethysmograph as a measure for the concealed information test
The Japanese journal of psychology All three plethysmographic measures discriminated crime-relevant from irrelevant information using mean values but not phasic changes. BV discriminability was significantly higher when normalized pulse volume… [174] (2022)The effect of neuropeptide ACTH4-10 on the adaptation of patients to dental prostheses according to the data of monitoring the emotional state using a polygraph
Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy The study likely demonstrated that ACTH4-10 treatment improved emotional adaptation to dental prostheses as measured by reduced autonomic arousal and stabilized physiological stress responses on… [175] (2022)Development of the Software and Hardware Complex "Polygraph" Based on Microcontroller Platforms, or "Polygraph - on the Knee"
2022 IEEE International Multi-Conference on Engineering, Computer and Information Sciences (SIBIRCON) The researchers successfully developed a proof-of-concept educational polygraph using low-cost microcontroller platforms that replicates core sensing functions of commercial systems, demonstrating feasibility for training applications. [176] (2022)Lying trolls: Detecting deception and text-based disinformation using machine learning
Cybersecurity and Cognitive Science Hybrid models combining disinformation training data with other cybercrime text datasets achieved detection accuracies of 60-100%, substantially outperforming singleton models and demonstrating cross-domain transferability of… [177] (2022)Implementation of Machine Learning in BCI Based Lie Detection
2022 IEEE World AI IoT Congress (AIIoT) Machine learning classification of multimodal BCI signals (EEG, fNIRS, HRV) achieved 75-79.4% accuracy in distinguishing truthful from deceptive responses, with truthful responses detected at 81.5%… [178] (2022)The Feasibility of the Reaction Time-based Concealed Information Test via Online
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study demonstrated the feasibility of online RT-CIT administration, suggesting that web-based platforms can produce valid results for detecting concealed information despite the technical challenges… [179] (2022)RCIT: An RSVP-Based Concealed Information Test Framework Using EEG Signals
IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems The RCIT framework achieved 82.74% accuracy using linear discriminant analysis in subject-dependent testing and 64.07% accuracy in cross-subject testing. PZ and T7 electrode channels were… [180] (2022)A Deep Learning Model for EEG-Based Lie Detection Test Using Spatial and Temporal Aspects
Computers, Materials & Continua The V-TAM model achieved 98.5% accuracy (p < 0.01) in lie detection, outperforming DL, DL-LSTM, and standard Attention models while requiring only 0.19 seconds per… [181] (2022)Deception Detection And Vulnerability Analysis Using A Multi-Level Clustering Machine Learning Algorithm In Business Transactions
SSRN Electronic Journal The multi-level clustering machine learning technique produced the greatest outcomes for fraud detection, while straightforward anomaly detection methods produced the poorest outcomes when evaluated on… [182] (2022)Detecting Parental Deception in the Child Safeguarding Context
Child Abuse Review Multiagency practitioners identify falsification, omission, evasion and distraction as key deception behaviors, with parents deploying context-specific tactics depending on the professional (avoidance/intimidation with social workers,… [183] (2022)The comparison of physiological responses by knowledge and those by auditory stimulus changes when asking questions in the concealed information tests
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology Recognition-based responses showed distinct temporal patterns and effect sizes compared to auditory-change responses, with the recognition group displaying maximum differentiation at 7 seconds post-stimulus. The… [184] (2022)Functional Connectivity Analysis in EEG Source Space During Deception
Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies Deception was associated with significantly greater connectivity between distant brain regions, particularly frontal-occipital and frontal-parietal connections, with the Anterior Cingulate Cortex showing enhanced connectivity with… [185] (2022)Looking for Lies: An Exploratory Analysis for Automated Detection of Deception
Word count-based machine learning models were most accurate at detecting deception (76% accuracy), with similar performance across video and text-based interviews, though significant gender bias… [186] (2022)Complex Paralinguistic Analysis of Speech: Predicting Gender, Emotions and Deception in a Hierarchical Framework
Interspeech 2022 The hierarchical framework achieved 88.4 ± 1.5% accuracy for deception detection, a 2.8% improvement over previous state-of-the-art. Gender-specific models improved emotion recognition by 5.7% UAR,… [187] (2022)The confidence‐accuracy relation – A comparison of metacognition measures in lie detection
Applied Cognitive Psychology Regardless of analytical measure used, none of the 12 studies demonstrated a confidence-accuracy relationship, indicating people lack metacognitive insight into the quality of their veracity… [188] (2022)Building and benchmarking the motivated deception corpus: Improving the quality of deceptive text through gaming
Behavior Research Methods State-of-the-art BERT classifiers that achieved 93.6% accuracy on traditional deception corpora struggled with the motivated deception corpus, achieving only 76% accuracy within statement triplets and… [189] (2022)Verbal vs visual stimulation using the Concealed Information Test
Assessment and Development Matters Visual stimulus presentation produced significantly higher CIT detection rates compared to auditory presentation, with large effect sizes (d=7.35, p<.005) demonstrating robust differentiation between guilty and… [190] (2022)In detecting deception using Decision Tree and SVM across different cues
Nigerian Journal of Technology The fusion of visual and audio features achieved 97.6% accuracy in deception detection, significantly outperforming either verbal-only or nonverbal-only approaches, with non-verbal features proving particularly… [191] (2022)Are Presidential Candidates Impervious to Deception Detection? A Test of Voters' Truth‐Default
Presidential Studies Quarterly Most voters (>50%) did not spontaneously mention deception, veracity, suspicion, or evasiveness in open-ended responses after watching presidential campaign interviews, even when the candidate was… [192] (2022)Do people know when they are good at spotting liars? – Metacognitive efficiency in Lie Detection
Metacognitive efficiency in lie detection was only 23% of what would be expected given participants' discrimination performance, indicating people fail to use 77% of available… [193] (2022)No evidence that instructions to ignore nonverbal cues improve deception detection accuracy
Applied Cognitive Psychology Instructions to ignore nonverbal cues produced no improvement in deception detection accuracy across three experiments. Participants continued to rely on visual information even when explicitly… [194] (2022)Hierarchical Bayesian modeling for time series physiological data during the autonomic-based concealed information test.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Hierarchical Bayesian models applied to 167 participants' CIT data provided more accurate effect size estimates than conventional methods, confirmed CIT validity, and revealed heart rate… [195] (2022)Belief or disbelief in feedback influences the detection efficiency of the feedback concealed information test
Frontiers in Psychology Belief in feedback significantly influenced detection efficiency of feedback-related brain responses in the fCIT, with higher accuracy in high-belief participants, while recognition P300 remained effective… [196] (2022)Vgg-16 And Vgg-19 Architecture Models In Lie Detection Using Image Processing
2022 6th International Conference on Information Technology, Information Systems and Electrical Engineering (ICITISEE) The Adam + VGG-16 combination achieved the best performance among 18 tested configurations, demonstrating that the shallower VGG-16 architecture with adaptive moment estimation optimization provides… [197] (2022)EEG Guided Multimodal Lie Detection with Audio-Visual Cues
2022 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) The multimodal fusion approach combining EEG, video-based facial movement analysis via optical flow, and attention-based acoustic processing demonstrated enhanced deception detection capability compared to single-modality… [198] (2022)Validity of enhanced reaction time-based concealed information test using Japanese fillers and self-relevance stimuli
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study validated an enhanced RT-CIT protocol using Japanese filler items and self-relevance stimuli, contributing to cross-cultural evidence for the generalizability of filler-based RT-CIT enhancements. [199] (2022)A Personal Model of Trumpery: Linguistic Deception Detection in a Real-World High-Stakes Setting
Psychological Science The personalized model achieved 73% accuracy in training data and 74% in out-of-sample testing, with 36 linguistic variables showing significant differences between truthful and deceptive… [200] (2022)Lie Detection: Truth Identification from EEG Signal Using Frequency and Time Features with SVM Classifier
Wasit Journal of Computer and Mathematics Science The system achieved 83% overall accuracy, with specific channels (8 and 12) reaching 100% accuracy when using 16-block segmentation and statistical moment features with SVM… [201] (2022)The Application of Machine Learning in Deception Detection : a study based on the effect of empathy on deception detection
2022 4th International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data and Business Intelligence (MLBDBI) The research investigates whether empathy levels moderate human performance when using ML-based deception detection systems, potentially informing personalized approaches to human-AI collaboration in credibility assessment. [202] (2022)Faculty Opinions recommendation of 'Please tell me all you remember': a comparison between British and Arab interviewees' free narrative performance and its implications for lie detection.
Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature British truth tellers reported significantly more details than Arab truth tellers (d = 1.32), while the veracity effect for details was more pronounced in British… [203] (2022)Deception Detection Towards Multi-turn Question Answering with Context Selector Network
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The Context Selector Network outperformed state-of-the-art baseline models by leveraging contextual information across multi-turn conversations to automatically identify deceptive signals. Specific performance metrics are not… [204] (2022)Automatic deception detection system based on hybrid feature extraction techniques
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The hybrid deception detection system achieved 88.06% classification accuracy by combining FACS-based action units, head movement patterns, and eye gaze directional features from video recordings… [205] (2022)The Connection Between Deception Detection and Financial Exploitation of Older (vs. Young) Adults
Journal of Applied Gerontology Older adults exhibited significantly greater truth bias (M = .44) than young adults (M = .12), t(117) = 2.82, p = .006, d = .52,… [206] (2022)The Effect of Training on the Effectiveness of Deception Detection
European Polygraph The study examined whether training improves deception detection effectiveness beyond the typical 10% improvement found in previous research, focusing specifically on future lawyers rather than… [207] (2022)Attempt at Detection of Deception Based on Records of Physiological Reactions Remotely Captured with FaceReader Software: Part 1
European Polygraph The study represents a pioneering attempt to validate automated facial expression analysis for deception detection, though specific diagnostic performance results are not provided in this… [208] (2022)Dataset Bias in Deception Detection
2022 26th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR) A gender-prediction classifier achieved comparable performance (64.6% and 59.3% AUC) to state-of-the-art deception detection systems on the Real-life Trial dataset, while those same techniques performed… [209] (2022)Importance-Related Fillers Improve the Classification Accuracy of the Response Time Concealed Information Test in a Crime Scenario
Legal and Criminological Psychology Importance-related fillers significantly improved RT-CIT classification accuracy in crime scenarios, representing the first validation that filler-based enhancement could be adapted beyond autobiographical details to crime-relevant… [210] (2022)Machine Learning Based Deception Detection System in Online Social Networks
International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Seven supervised ML methods demonstrated varying performance in deception detection across two datasets when evaluated using four different metrics, providing empirical benchmarks for algorithm selection… [211] (2022)An amplitude-independent component of an integral measure in the concealed information test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Skin conductance area obtained by summing the delta signal for 10 seconds after question onset showed the best classification performance and may enable analysis of… [212] (2022)Speed versus accuracy instructions in the response time concealed information test
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Speed versus accuracy instructions had no significant effect on RT-CIT validity, with detection accuracy remaining stable at approximately 96% across all instruction groups. [213] (2022)Effective Connectivity in Cortical Networks During Deception: A Lie Detection Study Based on EEG
IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics High classification accuracy was achieved across delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands. The fronto-parietal network emerged as the most prominent information pathway during deception,… [214] (2022)Did You Just Lie to Me? Deception Detection in Face to Face versus Computer Mediated Communication
The Journal of Social Psychology Communication modality did not influence deception detection accuracy or truth bias. Deceivers experienced equivalent physiological arousal across conditions but reported higher anxiety only during face-to-face… [215] (2022)Can You See Me Lying? Investigating the Role of Deception on Gaze Behavior
SSRN Electronic Journal Judges fixated longer on speakers' mouths and torsos when messages were deceptive and longer on hands when truthful. However, longer fixations on the mouth, torso,… [216] (2022)The perceived credibility of repeated-event witnesses depends upon their veracity
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Repeated experience diminished credibility of truthful witnesses but enhanced credibility of fabricators. Expert testimony improved perceived honesty and cognitive competence of repeated-event speakers, offering a… [217] (2022)The effect of mental countermeasures on a novel brain‐based feedback concealed information test
Human Brain Mapping Mental countermeasures impaired recognition-P300 detection but did not significantly affect feedback-related ERPs, with feedback-P300 maintaining 86% detection accuracy (AUC = 0.86), demonstrating the fCIT's potential… [218] (2022)Supplemental Material for Only True and Fabricated Baseline Statements Combined Might Improve Lie, But Not Truth, Detection
Law and Human Behavior Combined true and fabricated baselines modestly improved lie detection (39% to 61%), but true baselines alone significantly reduced truth detection accuracy (64% to 49%). Overall… [219] (2022)Prolonged Response Time Concealed Information Test Decreases Probe-Control Differences but Increases Classification Accuracy
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Increased test length consistently decreased probe-control response time differences but increased classification accuracy, with approximately 600 total trials emerging as the optimal threshold for maximizing… [220] (2022)Chapter 15 Detecting Deception in Negotiation: From Natural Observation to Strategic Provocation
De Gruyter Handbook of Organizational Conflict Management The chapter distinguishes between passive observation of deception cues and active strategic provocation techniques, emphasizing that systematic detection methods combining multiple behavioral, emotional, and verbal… [221] (2022)Countering information leakage in the Concealed Information Test: The effects of item detailedness
Psychophysiology The study tested whether item detailedness could counter information leakage effects in the CIT, investigating if more specific questions preserve detection accuracy while reducing false… [222] (2022)Attention-Aware Multi-modal RNN for Deception Detection
2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data) The attention-aware multimodal RNN achieved 96% accuracy on the Real-Life Trial dataset, substantially exceeding human performance (50%) and earlier multimodal systems (83%), while providing interpretable… [223] (2022)Intentional-Deception Detection Based on Facial Muscle Movements in an Interactive Social Context
Pattern Recognition Letters Facial EMG achieved 90% accuracy in detecting intentional deception, with the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus muscles playing key roles. Muscles related to lie detection were… [224] (2022)Lie detection in forensic interviews
The Future of Forensic Psychology The chapter synthesizes research showing that verbal cues are more diagnostic than non-verbal cues for deception detection, that mnemonic interview techniques enhance differences between truth… [225] (2022)Recurrent Neural Networks for Deception Detection in Videos
Communications in Computer and Information Science The Stacked GRU model achieved exceptional performance with 93.69% accuracy and an AUC of 0.9853, surpassing all other tested architectures and demonstrating that facial landmark… [226] (2022)Security Clearance and Polygraph Examination
DAAAM Proceedings The study demonstrated measurable physiological responses across multiple sensor channels during security clearance-relevant questioning, providing empirical support for continued polygraph use in personnel security vetting… [227] (2022)Diagnostic accuracy of binocular eye tracking in the assessment of paraphilic disorders
Russian Journal of Psychiatry Binocular eye tracking achieved 90.2% sensitivity, 90.8% specificity, 94.3% average accuracy, and 91% efficiency in diagnosing paraphilic disorders, with individuals showing pedophilic disorder exhibiting significantly… [228] (2022)Methodological Features of Pedophilic Disorder Assessment Using an Eyetracker
Psychology and Law Individuals with pedophilic disorder demonstrated a greater number of fixations on child images and longer total fixation durations compared to normative controls, indicating that eye-tracking… [229] (2022)Applying Neural Networks in Polygraph Testing
Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International The voting ensemble neural network approach demonstrated increased efficiency in polygraph testing and decreased erroneous conclusions by combining multiple classifier predictions to analyze standard psychophysiological… [230] (2021 • LANDMARK META-ANALYSIS)A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Polygraph Test
Applied Cognitive Psychology The largest meta-analysis ever conducted on the CQT, analyzing 138 datasets. Found a meta-analytic effect size of 0.69 including inconclusives. Motivation level showed a positive… [231] (2021)Assessing Deception in Questionnaire Surveys With Eye-Tracking
Frontiers in Psychology Pupil dilation and increased fixation count and duration consistently indicated deception in both instructed and spontaneous lying conditions, with a linear SVM classifier achieving 74.09%… [232] (2021)Man versus Machine: Comparing manual with LIWC coding of perceptual and contextual details for verbal lie detection
When set to the same metric, neither manual nor LIWC coding outperformed the other in discriminating truthful from deceptive statements (effect sizes ranged from d… [233] (2021)The verifiability approach to deception detection: A preregistered direct replication of the information protocol condition of Nahari, Vrij, and Fisher (2014b)
Applied Cognitive Psychology Truth tellers provided significantly more verifiable details than liars (d = 0.49), confirming the Verifiability Approach prediction, but the effect was less than half the… [234] (2021)Hand Skin Temperature after Local Cold Test: Thermal Imaging Observation and Mathematical Computation
2021 Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radioelectronics and Information Technology (USBEREIT) Temperature recovery following cold water immersion exhibited oscillatory rather than linear patterns, and the uncooled hand showed temperature fluctuations indicating systemic autonomic responses. Computational modeling… [235] (2021)How Vulnerable is the Reaction Time Concealed Information Test to Faking?
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Without response deadlines, the RT-CIT was vulnerable to faking (d = 1.06-1.08), but implementation of an 800ms response deadline rendered faking completely ineffective (d =… [236] (2021)Explaining Neural Network Results by Sensitivity Analysis for Deception Detection
Communications in Computer and Information Science Neural networks analyzing observer physiological responses achieved 62% deception detection accuracy, exceeding typical human performance of 54%. Sensitivity analysis combined with genetic algorithms successfully extracted… [237] (2021)Does the cognitive approach to lie detection improve the accuracy of human observers?
Applied Cognitive Psychology Cognitive approaches to lie detection produced 60% accuracy overall, but only 55% after bias correction—barely above chance levels of 50%. [238] (2021)How humans impair automated deception detection performance
Acta Psychologica Machine learning alone achieved 69% accuracy in detecting deception, but human involvement through hybrid decision-making reduced performance to chance level (50%), demonstrating that human judgment… [239] (2021)The P300 and MFN as indicators of concealed knowledge in situations with negative and positive moral valence
Biological Psychology P300 and MFN amplitudes were enlarged for probe versus irrelevant stimuli in both negative (theft) and positive (gift-giving) moral valence conditions, with no significant differences… [240] (2021)Credibility and event frequency: Assessing the credibility of adults who recall a repeated event using reality monitoring.
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Reality Monitoring reliably classified single-event truth-tellers and liars but failed to discriminate veracity among repeated-event speakers in both experiments. Repeated experience reduced the sensory and… [241] (2021)Would You Lie For Me? : Alibi Corroboration Between Strangers And Non-Strangers
Participants in friendship and stranger conditions were equally likely to corroborate false alibis, but presence of physical evidence (money) dramatically reduced lying rates compared to… [242] (2021)Lie Detection Based on a DIFCW Radar with Machine Learning
2021 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS) Specific findings unavailable; paper proposes contactless radar-based deception detection using physiological signal analysis with machine learning. [243] (2021)Deception detection and emotion recognition: Investigating F.A.C.E. software
Psychotherapy Research F.A.C.E. training software was completely ineffective for deception detection but did significantly improve emotion recognition for contempt, anger, and fear. No differences emerged between graduate… [244] (2021)Study of Neurocognitive Processes in a Paradigm of Information Concealment
Experimental Psychology (Russia) The study successfully validated simultaneous fMRI and MRI-compatible polygraph recording, demonstrating high consistency between expert scoring and automated assessment while identifying brain functional connectivity patterns… [245] (2021)The effect of emotional expression during the disclosure of sexual abuse on the perceived credibility of the CSA victims
Človek a spoločnosť Children displaying positive emotional expression during sexual abuse disclosure were perceived as significantly less credible than those showing sad, angry, or neutral emotions, with emotional… [246] (2021)Indirect and Unconscious Deception Detection: Too Soon to Give Up?
Frontiers in Psychology Despite criticisms, the authors conclude it is too soon to abandon indirect and unconscious deception detection methods, as methodological improvements—especially larger and more representative stimulus… [247] (2021)Experience, learning and the detection of deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Increased experience significantly reduced average detection error in judges, with analysis confirming this relationship was driven by learning rather than selection bias. Male judges showed… [248] (2021)Use of Machine Learning for Deception Detection From Spectral and Cepstral Features of Speech Signals
IEEE Access The LSTM classification method with time-difference spectral energy features achieved the highest deception detection accuracy after PCA dimensionality reduction, outperforming traditional MFCC-based approaches and demonstrating… [249] (2021)Hybrid Polygraph and Ocular-Motor Deception Tests for Screening and Specific-Incident Investigations
Psychology Applications & Developments VII The hybrid DLC protocol achieved 88% accuracy for specific-incident testing, while the hybrid MCT protocol achieved 91% accuracy for multi-issue screening, demonstrating that combining eye-tracking… [250] (2021)Differences in Psycho-physiological Responses Depending on Rapport-building During Polygraph Test
THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY Rapport-building during the pre-test interview phase significantly affected psychophysiological response patterns measured by ESS total scores, with interactions between veracity status and rapport condition demonstrating… [251] (2021)Affect-Aware Machine Learning Models for Deception Detection
Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence Multimodal models incorporating facial affect achieved 91% AUC for deception detection, while unsupervised approaches using facial valence reached 80% AUC, outperforming human ability and validating… [252] (2021)Brain-based concealed memory detection is driven mainly by orientation to salient items
Cortex P3 CIT effects were similarly strong in both conceal and reveal conditions and enhanced for high-salience items, demonstrating that brain-based concealed memory detection is driven… [253] (2021)Improvement of the Technology of fMRI Experiments in the Concealed Information Paradigm
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The combined fMRI and MRI-compatible polygraph technology successfully identified significant stimuli in 80% of cases at the individual level, with distinct neural activation patterns corresponding… [254] (2021)On the Influence of Sleep Deprivation on the Results of Polygraph Testing
European Polygraph Sleep deprivation of 24 hours did not significantly reduce polygraph detection accuracy in a concealed information test, and energy drink consumption did not alter test… [255] (2021)Automatic Deception Detection using Multiple Speech and Language Communicative Descriptors in Dialogs
APSIPA Transactions on Signal and Information Processing The multi-modal model achieved 80.61% accuracy detecting deception in Mandarin dialogs, with analysis revealing that deceiver behaviors can be observed through interrogator responses in conversational… [256] (2021)Behavioural Data in Credibility Assessment: Case Study of Kaja Godek’s Explanatory Statement of Anti-LGBT Law
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia Behavioral analysis revealed flat arousal patterns during emotionally charged claims, with nonverbal signals failing to correspond with narrative peaks. Researchers concluded the speaker's involvement appeared… [257] (2021)Deception Detection Using Machine Learning
Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Multiple machine learning algorithms successfully detected deception in reviews, news articles, and emails, with SVM and Random Forest showing strong performance. The research identified shared… [258] (2021)Keynote Speech 4: A Conversational AI Approach to Detecting Deception and Tackling Insurance Fraud
2021 Tenth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Information Systems (ICICIS) The underlying Decision Engine achieved 69-72% accuracy detecting deception in conversations using linguistic markers including hedging, pronoun usage, sentiment variation, and proximity-based features, outperforming baseline… [259] (2021)Lie to my face: An electromyography approach to the study of deceptive behavior
Brain and Behavior Machine learning analysis of facial muscle activity achieved 73% accuracy in detecting lies, revealing two distinct groups: those who betrayed lies through cheek muscle activation… [260] (2021)Verbal cues to deceit when lying through omitting information: Examining the effect of a Model Statement interview protocol
Truth tellers consistently reported more complications than lie tellers across omission scenarios, while lie tellers provided more total details than truth tellers—a pattern opposite to… [261] (2021)Dull versus creative liars—Who deceives better? Fantasy proneness and verifiability of genuine and fabricated accounts
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Fantasy proneness did not moderate verifiability patterns, but experts successfully detected fabrications from high fantasy-prone individuals more often than from low or medium groups (p… [262] (2021)A within-statement baseline comparison for detecting lies
Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law Within-statement baseline comparisons did not improve lie detection accuracy, with performance remaining at chance levels regardless of whether participants received baseline instructions. [263] (2021)Quantification methods for within-series physiological variations in the concealed information test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology First-order difference measures of physiological transitions successfully distinguished between knowledgeable and unknowledgeable examinees, demonstrating that sequential response patterns contain diagnostic information beyond traditional amplitude-based scoring. [264] (2021)Affect-Aware Deep Belief Network Representations for Multimodal Unsupervised Deception Detection
2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021) The unsupervised model trained on facial valence and visual features achieved 80% AUC (70% accuracy, 88% precision), substantially exceeding typical human deception detection performance of… [265] (2021)Addressing selective attrition in the enhanced response time-based concealed information test: A within-subject replication
Applied Cognitive Psychology The enhanced CIT with filler items significantly outperformed the standard version (d=1.07, p<.001) in a within-subject design that eliminated selective attrition as a confounding factor,… [266] (2021)The mechanism of filler items in the response time concealed information test
Psychological Research Smaller proportions of familiarity-related fillers sharing response keys with targets produce larger probe-irrelevant RT differences, and semantic associations between targets and familiarity-referring fillers enhance detection… [267] (2021)Development of Non-contact Deception Detection using Facial Expression and Analysis of Significant Time Period
The Korean Academy of Scientific Criminal Investigation The facial expression-based system achieved 85.19% accuracy in classifying deceptive versus truthful videos on test data, confirming the viability of non-contact deception detection and identifying… [268] (2021)Ego Depletion and Time Pressure Promote Spontaneous Deception: An Event-Related Potential Study
Advances in Cognitive Psychology Ego-depleted participants engaged in more deception and showed larger P3 amplitudes than non-depleted participants. Higher time pressure paradoxically increased deceptive behavior. Results suggest deception induced… [269] (2021)Development of Spectral Speech Features for Deception Detection Using Neural Networks
2021 IEEE 12th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON) Neural networks achieved 91.67% accuracy using Bark scale spectral energy features on police interrogation recordings, with delta and time-difference energy features proving critical for distinguishing… [270] (2021)A Novel Hybrid Network Model Based on Attentional Multi-Feature Fusion for Deception Detection
IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences The attention-based multi-feature fusion approach significantly outperformed traditional fusion methods and achieved advanced performance using only small amounts of labeled speech data, demonstrating the viability… [271] (2021)Lie Detection in Sex Crime Investigations
Criminal Investigations of Sexual Offenses Modern verbal lie detection protocols show substantial effect sizes, with statement-evidence consistency achieving d = 1.89, and active interviewing techniques that ask unanticipated questions, request… [272] (2021)A Look Into the Power of fNIRS Signals by Using the Welch Power Spectral Estimate for Deception Detection
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Spontaneous deceptive behavior produced significantly higher power than controlled behavior in frontopolar area (BA10) and DLPFC (BA09), with statistical differences (p < 0.05 and p… [273] (2021)Prelude: Relational Communication and the Link to Deception
Terrorism, Security, and Computation Trust was the most powerful predictor of deception, with all three relational message dimensions independently distinguishing Spies from Villagers. Deceivers failed to show the increased… [274] (2021)Lie Detection by Facial Expressions in Real Time
2021 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Application (DASA) The study demonstrates feasibility of real-time automated lie detection through facial expression analysis, identifying specific facial cues including eye blinking, lip movements, head movement, and… [275] (2021)Mnemonic Techniques and Lie Detection: Accuracy of Truth and Deception Judgments in Repeated Accounts
Psichologija Observers given explicit instruction about diagnostic memory-based cues (detail richness and memory decay patterns) showed no improvement in deception detection accuracy compared to uninformed participants,… [276] (2021)Identity Unbiased Deception Detection by 2D-to-3D Face Reconstruction
2021 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) The identity-unbiased approach achieved 68% accuracy on high-stakes courtroom deception detection with 0.72 recall, demonstrating improved generalization by separating temporal behavioral cues from person-specific facial… [277] (2021)Influence of emoticons on deception detection: An empirical exploration
Telematics and Informatics Reports Adding emotional cues through emoticons or annotations made deception detection easier but increased overall suspicion, with messages containing emotional elements judged as more deceptive than… [278] (2020)Phychoacoustic Masking of Delta and Time -Difference Cepstrum Features for Deception Detection
2020 11th IEEE Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON) Delta cepstrum and time-difference cepstrum features extracted using psychoacoustic masking principles and triangular critical band filters successfully distinguished truthful from deceptive speech in a real… [279] (2020)Novel Lie Speech Classification by using Voice Stress
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence The LSTM-based model achieved 72.5% precision in detecting deceptive speech from voice stress patterns, demonstrating that acoustic features alone can provide discriminative information for lie… [280] (2020)Study of the theory of mind in normal aging: focus on the deception detection and its links with other cognitive functions
Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition Older adults performed significantly worse than young adults on detecting deception, cooperation, and mixed social situations. Frontal abilities decline after age 65 and even more… [281] (2020)The Accuracy of Permutation Test in P300-based Concealed Information Test
Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology Permutation tests maintained nominal Type I error rates while bootstrap methods exceeded significance levels; optimal statistical power achieved with 5 Hz filtering and mean amplitude… [282] (2020)Moth Monarch Optimization-Based Deep Belief Network in Deception Detection System
Sādhanā The MMO-DBN system achieved exceptionally high classification performance with 98.4% accuracy, 98.36% sensitivity, and 93.75% specificity in deception detection. [283] (2020)Seven- and eight-year-old children’s deception in the conflict situation
Seven- and eight-year-olds with second-order theory of mind successfully modulated deception based on social context, while six-year-olds showed selective deception limited to simple competitive scenarios… [284] (2020)Eye spy a liar: assessing the utility of eye fixations and confidence judgments for detecting concealed recognition of faces, scenes and objects
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Recognition of personally familiar faces was robustly detected across multiple fixation markers (fewer fixations, fewer interest areas viewed, fewer return fixations) during both honest and… [285] (2020)The Picture Superiority Effect in Memory Detection: Modality Effects in the Concealed Information Test
Pictorially encoded crime details were easier to detect than verbally encoded details. Items encoded and tested in the same modality showed better detection. Verbally encoded… [286] (2020)Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Children’s Spontaneous Verbal Deception
The Social Brain Lying disrupted neural network efficiency in children, with spontaneous deception producing greater prefrontal activation but decreased global and local network efficiency compared to truth-telling. Older… [287] (2020)Applying the verifiability approach to deception detection in alibi witness situations
Acta Psychologica Truth-telling pairs provided significantly more checkable details demonstrating they were together than lying pairs, while lying pairs provided more uncheckable details. Collective statements enhanced the… [288] (2020)Interview based connectivity analysis of EEG in order to detect deception
Medical Hypotheses Brain connectivity analysis during naturalistic interviews achieved 86.25% accuracy in detecting deception, with guilty subjects showing increased connectivity in the right hemisphere, especially the right… [289] (2020)A model statement does not enhance the verifiability approach
Applied Cognitive Psychology Model statements did not enhance the discriminability of the verifiability approach, as both truth-tellers and liars similarly increased verifiable details without improving diagnostic value. [290] (2020)Concealed emotion analysis and recognition method
Advances in Psychological Science The paper presents a theoretical framework integrating micro-expressions with synchronized EEG and multiple physiological channels to overcome limitations of single-modality concealed emotion detection, with proposed… [291] (2020)Phase synchrony and its application to lie detection
2020 IEEE International Conference on Power, Intelligent Computing and Systems (ICPICS) Pattern recognition analysis of phase synchrony achieved 88% accuracy in lie detection, with deceptive responses showing greater oscillatory synchronization than truthful responses across brain regions… [292] (2020)Application of Machine Learning in Deception Detection
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The neurofuzzy model achieved 97.1% accuracy with nonverbal cues alone, outperforming verbal-only (84.3%) and combined approaches (92.5%), while decision tree classifiers reached 97.6% accuracy on… [293] (2020)Effects of Pre-trained Word Embeddings on Text-based Deception Detection
2020 IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech) Domain-specific word embeddings outperformed general-purpose pre-trained embeddings for deception detection, challenging the assumption that larger pre-trained models universally improve performance. The combination of embedding technique… [294] (2020)Higher Self-Control, Less Deception: The Effect of Self-Control on Deception Behaviors
Advances in Cognitive Psychology Individuals with low self-control ability exhibited more deceptive behaviors than those with high self-control. High self-control individuals showed larger N2 and smaller P3 amplitudes, while… [295] (2020)Memory‐Based Deception Detection: Extending the Cognitive Signature of Lying From Instructed to Self‐Initiated Cheating
Topics in Cognitive Science Both instructed cheaters (n=107) and self-initiated cheaters (n=142) showed significant RT-slowing on the CIT compared to fair players, proving that the cognitive signature of lying… [296] (2020)Distinguishing true from false confessions using physiological patterns of concealed information recognition – A proof of concept study
Biological Psychology True confessors showed larger physiological responses to correct versus incorrect answers, while false confessors exhibited no differential responding, successfully distinguishing genuine from false admissions of… [297] (2020)Deception detection in repeated interviews: The effects of immediate type of questioning on the delayed accounts
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Differences between truth-tellers and liars were slightly larger when comprehensive 'report everything' instructions were used in the initial interview compared to spatial questioning, suggesting that… [298] (2020)Is the t-test insensitive than the bootstrap method in the P300-based concealed information test?
THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY The t-test and percentile bootstrap method showed similar Type I error rates, with the bootstrap method demonstrating only slightly higher statistical power than the t-test,… [299] (2020)The Structure of Deception: Validation of the Lying Profile Questionnaire
The LPQ demonstrated strong reliability (omega = 0.83) with four factors and three distinct lying profiles. K-means clustering revealed Tricksters (35%), Average (42%), and Virtuous… [300] (2020)Too Busy to Be Manipulated: How Multitasking with Technology Improves Deception Detection in Collaborative Teamwork
Journal of Management Information Systems Information multitasking improved deception detection in collaborative teams, likely because reduced engagement limited multitaskers' exposure to deceptive manipulation tactics and decreased the feedback available to… [301] (2020)Deception in the eyes of deceiver: A computer vision and machine learning based automated deception detection
Expert Systems with Applications Eye movements emerged as the most significant predictors of deception, with Random Forest classification achieving 78% accuracy using the 24 most important behavioral features extracted… [302] (2020)Automated deception detection of males and females from non-verbal facial micro-gestures
IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence - IJCNN 2020 Both males and females showed reduced deception detection accuracy when classified by mixed-gender trained models rather than gender-specific classifiers, revealing distinct nonverbal behavioral patterns between… [303] (2020)An Audio-Visual based Feature Level Fusion Approach Applied to Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications Feature-level fusion of audio and visual modalities improved deception detection accuracy compared to using either modality in isolation, with systems aggregating features from multiple layers… [304] (2020)Seen this scene? Scene recognition in the reaction-time Concealed Information Test
Memory & Cognition Scene stimuli produced RT-CIT effects equivalent to object stimuli with excellent diagnostic accuracy (AUC = .919, d = 1.93 for autobiographic scenes; AUC = .696-.709… [305] (2020)Leveraging Shared and Divergent Facial Expression Behavior Between Genders in Deception Detection
2020 15th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2020) GAHL outperformed logistic regression, decision trees, and SVM models in small-sample deception detection tasks (N<75), successfully balancing the use of full datasets for shared behavioral… [306] (2020)Detecting smugglers: Identifying strategies and behaviours in individuals in possession of illicit objects
Applied Cognitive Psychology Observer detection of smugglers was remarkably poor with accuracy rates of 48% and 39.2% in two experiments, despite smugglers actually experiencing significantly more nervousness than… [307] (2020)Interpreting nonverbal cues to deception in real time
PLOS ONE Adaptor gestures significantly reduced the likelihood of judging a speaker as honest (OR = 0.38, p < .001), demonstrating that nonverbal behavior has rapid, direct… [308] (2020)Is the CIT susceptible to misleading information? A constructive replication
International Journal of Psychophysiology Misleading information reduced explicit memory of mock crime details, but physiological CIT responses (skin conductance and respiration) were only partially attenuated, suggesting crime-relevant information detection… [309] (2020)Electrodermal Response Ratios: Scoring Against the Stronger of Two Comparison Questions in Search of an Optimal Minimum Threshold
European Polygraph The optimal minimum difference for scoring electrodermal responses against the stronger of two comparison questions was 30%, with a point-biserial correlation of 0.680 between scores… [310] (2020)1, 2, 3 crimes you're out: Ocular‐motor methods for detecting deception in a multiple‐issue screening protocol
Journal of Forensic Sciences Classification accuracy ranged from 83.3% to 91.7% across participant groups, with the system also demonstrating strong item-level accuracy in identifying specific deceptive topics (81.1-88.3% accuracy). [311] (2020)The Limits of Conscious Deception Detection: When Reliance on False Deception Cues Contributes to Inaccurate Judgments
Frontiers in Psychology Distrust produced dramatically below-chance accuracy (d = -0.89 to -2.09), with participants judging truth-tellers as more deceptive than liars. Trust conditions produced above-chance accuracy (d… [312] (2020)Financial Incentive does not Affect P300 in the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) Version in Concealed Information Test (CIT) in Malingering DetectionUninstructed Subjects
CHERKASY UNIVERSITY BULLETIN: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SERIES Financial incentive did not affect the P300 CIT effect across motivation conditions, though semantic memory probes (birthdates) produced larger P300s than episodic probes (names). The… [313] (2020)Verbal cues to deceit when lying through omitting information
Legal and Criminological Psychology Truth tellers reported more complications than lie tellers after Model Statement exposure, but no significant difference emerged for total details — an atypical finding suggesting… [314] (2020)Complications travel: A cross-cultural comparison of the proportion of complication as a verbal cue to deceit
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Complications emerged as a cross-culturally stable cue to truthfulness across Russian, Hispanic, and Korean samples, with truth-tellers consistently providing more complications than liars. In contrast,… [315] (2020)Facial psychophysiology in forensic investigation: A novel idea for deception detection
Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences Masseter muscle EMG detected deception in 57% of card tests initially but only 14% on repeat testing, with 28-67% of deceptive responses remaining undetected across… [316] (2020)The effect of retroactive memory interference on the P300-based Complex Trial Protocol (CTP)
International Journal of Psychophysiology Retroactive memory interference did not threaten P300-based CTP accuracy, with significant probe vs. irrelevant amplitude differences maintained across all experimental conditions regardless of interference manipulation… [317] (2020)Do incompatible alternatives in a testimony affect witness credibility?
Applied Cognitive Psychology Witnesses reporting incompatible alternatives were consistently judged as less credible across three experiments. Educating participants that witnesses can legitimately report multiple alternatives reduced, but did… [318] (2020)Video Based Deception Detection Using Deep Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network
Communications in Computer and Information Science The deep recurrent convolutional neural network architecture outperformed four existing state-of-the-art techniques in detecting deception from real-life trial video footage by effectively capturing spatiotemporal behavioral… [319] (2020)Classification of EEG signals using hybrid combination of features for lie detection
Neural Computing and Applications The hybrid combination of EMD-derived features with Support Vector Machine classification achieved 99.44% accuracy in detecting deception, significantly outperforming traditional single-domain feature extraction methods. [320] (2020)Understanding and Explicitly Measuring Linguistic and Stylistic Properties of Deception via Generation and Translation
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Generation When conditioned on topic, deceptive content is shorter, less readable, more biased, and more subjective than credible content. Style transfer from deceptive to credible writing… [321] (2020)Ocular-Motor Deception Testing (ODT) as Alternative to PCSOT
Various Publications Evaluated ODT as a potential alternative to traditional PCSOT. Used measures of cognitive load. Tests of noninferiority found observed accuracy rates were not significantly less… [322] (2020)The effect of an unpleasant non-critical item on heart rate in the Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study examined how emotional properties of non-critical items affect heart rate measurements in the CIT, with implications for maintaining valid comparison baselines and ensuring… [323] (2020)Effects of concealment on physiological and psychological responses during the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Concealment significantly enhanced physiological differentiation between critical and noncritical items across skin conductance, heart rate, normalized pulse volume, and respiration, while non-concealing participants showed differentiation… [324] (2020)Truth Identification from EEG Signal by using Convolution neural network: Lie Detection
2020 43rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP) The CNN approach achieved 84.44% overall accuracy in EEG-based truth/lie classification, with specific accuracies of 91% for detecting truthful statements and 89% for identifying deceptive… [325] (2020)Do people detect deception the way they think they do? Replication and extensions
Psicothema Behavioral cues were reported less often and contextual indicators more often when describing actual lie detection experiences compared to stated beliefs, regardless of whether participants… [326] (2020)Effects of introducing a target stimulus on differential autonomic responding in the concealed information test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The research investigated how target stimulus presentation influences the magnitude and pattern of autonomic differentiation between probe and irrelevant items in the CIT, contributing to… [327] (2020)Response Time Concealed Information Test on smartphones
Collabra: Psychology The RT-CIT performed equivalently on smartphones and desktop computers, with thumb-based responses on touchscreens yielding equally efficient results as conventional index finger responses. [328] (2020)Multimodal Deception Detection Using Automatically Extracted Acoustic, Visual, and Lexical Features
Interspeech 2020 The automated multimodal system achieved 73% accuracy on conversational deception detection, significantly outperforming previous manual annotation methods and human performance on the same dataset. [329] (2020)No effect of moderate alcohol intake on the detection of concealed identity information in the laboratory
Scientific Reports Moderate alcohol intake did not significantly affect the detection of concealed identity information in laboratory conditions. [330] (2020)A trifactorial model of detection of deception using thermography
Psychology, Crime & Law The 'at least two of three' thermal regions rule achieved 83% accuracy and 13% false alarm rate, substantially outperforming single-indicator approaches. [331] (2020)Identifying the optimal features in multimodal deception detection
Multimodal Technologies and Interaction Thermal imaging achieved 90.1% accuracy in mock crime scenarios compared to 70.9% for traditional GSR/PPG measures. Perinasal and cheek regions showed superior discriminatory power, and… [332] (2020)RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS OF ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY SIGNAL TO A CONTROL QUESTION TEST: A NEW APPROACH FOR THE DETECTION OF DECEPTION
Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications Lmax and DET parameters decreased significantly for relevant questions in vertical EOG signals, while all RQA parameters except RR decreased significantly in horizontal EOG signals,… [333] (2020)Individual differences in ERPs during deception: Observing vs. demonstrating behavior leading to a small social conflict
Biological Psychology Women showed larger P300 differences between probe and irrelevant items. Response conflicts diminished for women in the informed/witness condition. High-Machiavellianism women showed smaller MFN amplitude… [334] (2020)Gender-based multimodal deception detection
Multimodal Technologies and Interaction Classification accuracies of 90.1% for mock crime and 74.7% for best friend scenarios were achieved, with perinasal and cheek areas showing the greatest discriminatory power… [335] (2020)A Study on the Differences of Psychophysiological Response of Sexual Crime Victims by Question Conditions in Polygraph Examination
Korea Criminal Intelligence Review Mixing directed lie control questions with standard control questions and using pronouns instead of perpetrator names in relevant questions both produced significant improvements in polygraph… [336] (2019)Increased Motor Cortex Excitability for Concealed Visual Information
Journal of Psychophysiology The study found a non-specific increase in overall corticospinal excitability at 300 ms post-stimulus during deception, but no muscle-specific activation of truth-telling motor representations, contrary… [337] (2019)On Human Predictions with Explanations and Predictions of Machine Learning Models: A Case Study on Deception Detection
Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency Explanations alone produced only modest improvements in human deception detection (from 51.1% baseline), while showing ML predicted labels yielded over 20% relative improvement. However, this… [338] (2019)Deleterious effects of probe‐related versus irrelevant targets on the “CIT effect” in the P300‐ and RT‐based three‐stimulus protocol for detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology Probe-related targets that shared contextual features with the crime significantly reduced both P300 and reaction time-based discrimination accuracy compared to standard irrelevant targets, demonstrating that… [339] (2019)Detecting Deception in Political Debates Using Acoustic and Textual Features
2019 IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU) BERT textual features achieved MAE of 0.76, while i-vector acoustic features achieved comparable performance with MAE of 0.77. Multimodal fusion combining acoustic and textual features… [340] (2019)Reaction time-based Concealed Information Test in eyewitness identification is moderated by picture similarity but not eyewitness cooperation
Psychological Research RT-CIT effectiveness was significantly impaired when using closely matched faces (as required for fair lineups) compared to non-matched faces, but eyewitness cooperativeness did not affect… [341] (2019)Methodological improvements of the association-based concealed information test
Both improved versions outperformed the original A-CIT, with the ID-EAST color-based version achieving AUC = 0.89, comparable to the most accurate deception detection methods. Classification… [342] (2019)Testing a potential alternative to traditional identification procedures: Reaction time-based concealed information test does not work for lineups with cooperative witnesses
Applied Cognitive Psychology The RT-CIT demonstrated negligibly small diagnostic validity (d = 0.14, 95% CI 0.08-0.19) across five experiments, failing to effectively identify perpetrators when eyewitnesses were cooperative… [343] (2019)Is it time to kill the detection wizard? Emotional intelligence does not facilitate deception detection
Personality and Individual Differences Emotional intelligence and attention to non-verbal cues do not improve deception detection accuracy. High-EI individuals spend more time observing non-verbal behaviors but perform no better… [344] (2019)A test of the micro-expressions training tool: Does it improve lie detection?
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling METT-trained participants achieved only 46.30% accuracy in lie detection—below chance levels—with no significant difference from bogus-trained (47.30%) or untrained controls. Bayesian analysis strongly supported the… [345] (2019)Emotion recognition and deception detection
Emotion recognition ability and microexpression training did not improve deception detection accuracy. Higher trait empathy was associated with worse performance, suggesting that emotional sensitivity may… [346] (2019)Why Methods Matter: Approaches to the Study of Deception and Considerations for the Future
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Methodological choices—including stakes, participant motivation, social interaction, and whether lies are instructed or spontaneous—fundamentally determine research outcomes. High-stakes conditions increase false alarms rather than improving… [347] (2019)Evaluative Observation in a Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychiatry Evaluative observation via live video camera did not enhance CIT detection: differential physiological responses were statistically equivalent across observation and no-observation groups for all measures… [348] (2019)P300-based deception detection of mock network fraud with modified genetic algorithm and combined classification
2019 7th International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) The modified genetic algorithm and combined classification approach effectively detected concealed information about network fraud activities, demonstrating the feasibility of applying P300-based testing to cybercrime… [349] (2019)Frequent Countermeasure Usage by Narcissistic Examinees in the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychology Narcissistic personality traits and high self-assessed lie-telling ability significantly predicted the frequency with which guilty examinees employed countermeasures in the CIT, with particularly strong correlations… [350] (2019)Accuracy, Confidence, and Experiential Criteria for Lie Detection Through a Videotaped Interview
Frontiers in Psychiatry Judges showed moderately accurate detection with better truth than lie detection. Detection accuracy was negatively associated with confidence for lie detection but positively associated for… [351] (2019)Effects of Direct and Indirect Questions on the Ocular-motor Deception Test
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Classification accuracy declined by 23 percentage points when using indirect questions about falsifying answers compared to direct questions about specific behaviors, dropping from 83% to… [352] (2019)Validity of the Reaction Time Concealed Information Test in a Prison Sample
Frontiers in Psychiatry The RT-CIT demonstrated high validity in the prison sample with robust effect sizes. Error rate CIT-effects were elevated in prisoners compared to controls, while reaction… [353] (2019)Study on accuracy of polygraph inspection and GSR(Galvanic Skin Response) evaluation
Korean Association of Criminal Psychology The study verified that GSR channels occupy an important proportion in judging responses to stimuli, and demonstrated that palm placement can produce accurate stimulus responses… [354] (2019)Detecting concealed familiarity using eye movements: the role of task demands
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications In the concealed condition, participants showed significantly more fixations toward familiar faces (d = 1.06), but this effect completely disappeared when countermeasures were employed (d… [355] (2019)Eye see through you! Eye tracking unmasks concealed face recognition despite countermeasures
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Longer fixation durations remained a consistent marker of concealed face recognition across both standard and countermeasures conditions, with differences detectable from the first fixation. In… [356] (2019)Analysis of Concealed Anger Emotion in a Neutral Speech Signal
2019 IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing, VLSI, Electrical Circuits and Robotics (DISCOVER) Statistical measures of autocorrelated pitch, including central tendency and measures of spread, can detect and characterize concealed anger emotion in synthesized speech signals that combine… [357] (2019)Region of Interest Based Comparative Analysis in Deception Detection using Thermal Images
2019 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT) The study identified which specific facial regions provide superior discriminatory power for deception detection through comparative thermal analysis, contributing to standardization efforts in thermal imaging-based… [358] (2019)Younger and older adults’ lie-detection and credibility judgments of children's coached reports
Psychology, Crime & Law Older adults had significantly lower discrimination scores, a stronger truth bias, and greater confidence compared to younger adults when evaluating children's coached lies. Older adults… [359] (2019)Verify the scene, report the symptoms: Testing the Verifiability Approach and SRSI in the detection of fabricated PTSD claims
Legal and Criminological Psychology The Verifiability Approach achieved 79% accuracy with high specificity for identifying honest claimants, while SRSI achieved 76% accuracy with better sensitivity for detecting fabricators. Combined… [360] (2019)Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Augmented with Polygraph: New Capabilities
Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures Successfully developed and tested MRI-compatible polygraph technology, identifying three distinct subject groups based on autonomic reactivity patterns with corresponding differences in brain stem activation during… [361] (2019)Unexpected questions in deception detection interviews: Does question order matter?
Legal and Criminological Psychology Question order (expected-first vs. unexpected-first) did not significantly affect the amount of detail provided or lie detection accuracy, suggesting interviewers have flexibility in when they… [362] (2019)Verbal characteristics of lie detection in different conditions of the interview
Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology The proportion of complications distinguished truth tellers from liars better when answering unexpected questions, but only in interpreter-absent interviews. Both truth tellers and liars provided… [363] (2019)Mapping of the brain activation associated with deception using fused EEG and fNIRS
Neural Imaging and Sensing 2019 The combined EEG-fNIRS approach achieved 0.94 AUC for distinguishing guilty from innocent participants, significantly outperforming P300 alone (0.85 AUC) or fNIRS alone (0.84 AUC). Guilty… [364] (2019)Detecting Lie-A Practical Approach
Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle The study successfully demonstrated that physiological signals can be measured using accessible biomedical equipment to create a functional personal polygraph, identifying gender-based statistical differences in… [365] (2019)Real Time Deception Detection for Criminal Investigation
2019 National Information Technology Conference (NITC) The PREDICTOR system demonstrated feasibility for real-time monitoring of deception, emotion, and attentiveness during criminal investigations, though specific accuracy metrics are not available in accessible… [366] (2019)The impact of hedged testimony on judgments of credibility
Applied Cognitive Psychology Without cross-examination, participants counterintuitively rated testimony as more credible when the assault occurred 15 years ago (age 4 encoding). However, with cross-examination, participants appropriately rated… [367] (2019)It's a match!? Appropriate item selection in the Concealed Information Test
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications CIT validity was highest when there was a direct match between how information was encoded and tested, with congruent conditions producing effect sizes of d… [368] (2019)Deception Detection and Truth Detection Are Dependent on Different Cognitive and Emotional Traits: An Investigation of Emotional Intelligence, Theory of Mind, and Attention
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Truth detection and deception detection rely on distinct psychological processes: attentional alerting supports truth detection, while cognitive theory of mind and emotion perception support lie… [369] (2019)Community Standards of Deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Deception is perceived as ethical and people want to be deceived when deception prevents unnecessary harm. Eight community standards of deception were identified that most… [370] (2019)Managing Face in the Midst of Interpersonal Deception: A Cross-Cultural Examination
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Thai participants reported significantly more avoiding behaviors when responding to detected deception, while American participants used more dominating behaviors. Avoiding behaviors were positively correlated with… [371] (2019)Lie prevalence, lie characteristics and strategies of self-reported good liars
PLOS ONE Self-reported good liars tell more lies per day, with nearly 40% of all lies told by a few prolific liars. Good liars strategically embed lies… [372] (2019)Face-Focused Cross-Stream Network for Deception Detection in Videos
2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) The FFCSN achieved state-of-the-art performance on real-life courtroom trial videos (104 videos, 58 subjects) by explicitly detecting faces in the spatial stream and performing cross-stream… [373] (2019)Detecting deception in HRI using minimally-invasive and noninvasive techniques
2019 28th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) Significant differences in skin conductance, eye openness, and head pose emerged when participants deceived robot partners compared to human partners, demonstrating that deception detection approaches… [374] (2019)Can fMRI discriminate between deception and false memory? A meta-analytic comparison between deception and false memory studies
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews Deception, relative to false memory, showed increased activation in the right superior temporal gyrus, right insula, left inferior parietal lobule, and right superior frontal gyrus,… [375] (2019)Use of cardiometry and oculography in concealed information detection
Cardiometry The study demonstrated that combined cardiometric and oculographic assessment of emotional-cognitive states in response to visual and auditory stimuli can be successfully used for concealed… [376] (2019)Facial Cues for Deception Detection in Virtual Reality Based Communication
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Big Data and Internet of Things Human observers were no better at detecting deception from VR avatars than in previous traditional experiments, and classification analysis identified substantial limitations in accurately representing… [377] (2019)Development of a New Index for Lie Detection using Changes in Pupil Diameter
The Proceedings of Design & Systems Conference Participants showed smaller pupil diameter when presented with critical (crime-relevant) questions compared to non-critical questions, suggesting active cognitive suppression mechanisms during deceptive responses. [378] (2019)A Synergistic Concealed Information Test With Novel Approach for EEG Channel Selection and SVM Parameter Optimization
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security The dual Bat Algorithm approach successfully optimized both EEG channel selection and SVM hyperparameters simultaneously, achieving high classification accuracy while identifying that occipital lobe channels… [379] (2019)Speech Deception Detection Algorithm Based on SVM and Acoustic Features
2019 IEEE 7th International Conference on Computer Science and Network Technology (ICCSNT) The AF-SVM algorithm successfully demonstrated automated deception detection from speech using Support Vector Machine classification of acoustic features, validating the feasibility of machine learning approaches… [380] (2019)Theta Synchronization and ERPs in Deception Detection
2019 12th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI) Theta synchronization effects were strongest at frontal electrode Fz and overlapped temporally with P300 but showed distinct scalp distribution patterns. This effect was specific to… [381] (2019)Detecting Deception Using Neurofuzzy Approach
International Journal of Intelligent Computing Research The neurofuzzy model achieved 97.1% accuracy detecting deception from nonverbal features alone, significantly outperforming both human judges and chance-level detection. Different algorithms performed optimally with… [382] (2019)Application of Registration of Human Vegetative Reactions in the Process of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The study established that MRI-compatible polygraph use during fMRI studies is feasible and that classifying subjects according to their vegetative reaction dynamics enables more focused… [383] (2019)Automatic Long-Term Deception Detection in Group Interaction Videos
2019 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) The system achieved AUCs over 0.70 for identifying spies in extended group interactions. Low-level and high-level video features alone were insufficient; combining them with LiarRank… [384] (2019)Sitting in judgment: How body posture influences deception detection and gazing behavior
Judges adopting an open posture were significantly more accurate at detecting deception (Hedge's g = 0.40, p = 0.036) compared to closed posture, with trait… [385] (2019)Examining probability distribution of within a set judgment method for Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study analyzed probability distributions of within-set judgment methods to establish statistical foundations for CIT decision-making and threshold setting in field applications. [386] (2019)Familiarity revealed by involuntary eye movements on the fringe of awareness
Scientific Reports Familiar faces presented at the threshold of awareness produced prolonged oculomotor inhibition and earlier inhibition onset compared to unfamiliar faces, demonstrating for the first time… [387] (2019)Effects of emotional arousal at memory encoding on the P300-based Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association High emotional arousal at memory encoding significantly enhanced P300 amplitudes in response to concealed information, with no differences between groups for irrelevant stimuli, supporting the… [388] (2019)Effects of rule applicability on differential responding in the Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study suggests that differential responding in the CIT varies systematically with the rule applicability of tested information, with implications for strategic probe item selection… [389] (2019)Looking guilty: Handcuffing suspects influences judgments of deception
Both laypersons and police officers showed significantly impaired deception detection when judging handcuffed suspects (accuracy M = 0.45) compared to non-handcuffed suspects (M = 0.55),… [390] (2019)Designing good deception: Recursive theory of mind in lying and lie detection
Rational models incorporating recursive theory of mind predicted human lying and lie detection behavior better than non-rational models, demonstrating that humans control the extremeness of… [391] (2019)Bag-of-Lies: A Multimodal Dataset for Deception Detection
IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops Multimodal fusion significantly outperformed single-modality approaches, with the best accuracy of 70% achieved by combining video, audio, and EEG data, while gaze data performed best… [392] (2019)Box of Lies: Multimodal deception detection in dialogues
Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies Multimodal machine learning classification achieved 69% accuracy in detecting conversational deception, exceeding both random baseline (50%) and human performance, with dialogue features providing unique predictive… [393] (2019)The intra-individual consistency of the differential physiological responses on the Concealed Information Test: hierarchical Bayesian approach.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Hierarchical Bayesian estimates of effect sizes were more accurate than conventional approaches, revealing that traditional Z-score methods overestimate the magnitude of differential responding. Heart rate… [394] (2019)Improved semi-supervised autoencoder for deception detection
PLOS ONE The SS-ANE model achieved 61.81% and 63.89% accuracy on the Killer corpus with only 100 and 200 labeled examples respectively, outperforming baseline models even when… [395] (2019)Item roles explored in a modified P300-based CTP concealed information test
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Familiarity-related inducer items failed to enhance CIT sensitivity, but probe saliency robustly affected detection with higher personal importance items producing larger P300 effects. [396] (2019)Information leakage in the response time-based concealed information test
Applied Cognitive Psychology Information leakage severely reduced traditional RT-CIT accuracy to AUC = .61-.64, but the novel Inducer-CIT maintained substantially higher accuracy of AUC = .73-.80 even when… [397] (2019)Do Not Think Carefully? Re-examining the Effect of Unconscious Thought on Deception Detection
Frontiers in Psychology Unconscious thought showed no advantage for deception detection in either audio/video (Study 1) or video/text conditions (Study 2), with overall accuracy at 47.93% (not different… [398] (2019)Why Won’t You Answer the Question? Mass-Mediated Deception Detection After Journalists’ Accusations of Politicians’ Evasion
Journal of Communication Journalist accusations of evasion—even when false—triggered suspicion → perceived dodging → distrust through serial mediation. Absent accusations, voters remained in truth-default. Study 2 replicated results… [399] (2019)Comparison of different functional connectives based on EEG during concealed information test
Biomedical Signal Processing and Control Deception responses showed significantly increased functional connectivity and enhanced small-world network properties compared to truth-telling, with mutual information-based connectivity analysis outperforming other linear and nonlinear… [400] (2019)Detecting Concealed Information in Text and Speech
Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Multi-task learning framework with acoustic, linguistic, and individual features outperformed human detection of concealed information by over 15%. Acoustic-prosodic indicators including pitch, intensity, and speaking… [401] (2019)Robust Algorithm for Multimodal Deception Detection
2019 IEEE Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR) The multimodal system combining audio (cepstral coefficients with SRKDA), text (bag-of-n-grams with SVM), and non-verbal features (AdaBoost classifier) achieved 97% deception detection accuracy through majority… [402] (2019)Eye spy a liar: Detecting concealed familiarity using eye movement strategies
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Fixation duration proved remarkably robust to countermeasures, with the effect size for distinguishing familiar from unfamiliar faces actually larger in the countermeasures condition (d =… [403] (2019)A Study on the Lie Detection of Telephone Voices Using Support Vector Machine
Studies in Computational Intelligence The researchers successfully demonstrated the application of SVM machine learning to classify telephone voices as truthful or deceptive based on formant and voice reliability parameters,… [404] (2019)Automatic deception detection in RGB videos using facial action units
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras (ICDSC) The automated facial analysis system achieved 76.84% accuracy in deception detection using only facial Action Units, demonstrating the potential of non-invasive video-based deception detection. [405] (2019)Event Related Potential (ERP) based Lie Detection using a Wearable EEG headset
2019 16th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST) The study achieved 78.57% classification accuracy for detecting concealed information using a single-channel wearable EEG device, demonstrating feasibility of portable, consumer-grade EEG technology for deception… [406] (2018)Research of Brain Network on Deception Identification Using Phase Synchrony
2018 5th International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering (ICISCE) The phase synchrony approach achieved 88% classification accuracy in distinguishing deceptive from truthful responses, demonstrating that functional connectivity network analysis can reveal meaningful brain communication… [407] (2018)Believing is Seeing: The Influence of Expectations on Blind Scoring of Polygraph Data
Polygraph and Forensic Credibility Assessment Polygraph scores and decisions were systematically shifted in the direction of biasing information provided to examiners, demonstrating that confirmation bias can penetrate standardized numerical scoring… [408] (2018)F43. Lie Detection: How Autistic Traits Impact the Ability to Control Competing Representations of the Self and Others’ Opinions
Biological Psychiatry Full study results unavailable - conference abstract only provides theoretical framework without specific findings. [409] (2018)Using the model statement to elicit verbal differences between truth tellers and liars: The benefit of examining core and peripheral details
After exposure to a model statement, liars reported significantly more peripheral details than truth tellers, while both groups provided similar amounts of core details. This… [410] (2018)Human lie-detection performance: Does random assignment vs. self-selection of liars and truth-tellers matter?
Lie-detection accuracy did not vary as a function of whether senders were randomly assigned or self-selected to lie or tell the truth, nor did feeling-focused… [411] (2018)Reducing Bias in Polygraph Scoring: The Effect of Biasing Information on Blind Evaluation of Polygraph Charts
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Polygraph scores and decisions were significantly shifted in the direction of biasing information, with examiners told cases were deceptive scoring more deceptively than those told… [412] (2018)Using Blink Rate to Detect Deception: A Study to Validate an Automatic Blink Detector and a New Dataset of Videos from Liars and Truth-Tellers
Journal of Imaging The automated system achieved 96.15% accuracy in classifying deceptive versus truthful responses based on blink rate patterns, with 99.3% accuracy in detecting individual blinks on… [413] (2018)A concealment-specific frontal negative slow wave is generated from the right prefrontal cortex in the concealed information test
Biological Psychology Right prefrontal activation during the frontal negative slow wave (500-1000 ms) was observed only when participants attempted to conceal memorized items, not when motivated to… [414] (2018)What mechanisms underlie ERP-based concealed information detection?
International Journal of Psychophysiology P3 responses and multivariate brain patterns showed equivalent strength whether participants concealed or revealed information, but were strongly influenced by stimulus salience, demonstrating that brain-based… [415] (2018)Constructing the lie detection system with fuzzy reasoning approach
Granular Computing The fuzzy reasoning approach achieved 89.5% lie detection accuracy and successfully identified specific EEG frequency bands associated with deception, comparing favorably to other data mining… [416] (2018)Lie Detection Using fNIRS Monitoring of Inhibition-Related Brain Regions Discriminates Infrequent but not Frequent Liars
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience fNIRS monitoring of the left middle frontal gyrus achieved 83.3% accuracy in detecting infrequent liars but failed to distinguish frequent liars from innocents. Infrequent liars… [417] (2018)Covert lie detection using keyboard dynamics
Scientific Reports Keystroke analysis distinguished liars from truth-tellers with 95% accuracy, with liars showing significantly longer reaction times, more typing errors, and slower typing speeds, especially when… [418] (2018)Emotional Arousal at Memory Encoding Enhanced P300 in the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychology Emotional arousal at memory encoding significantly enhanced P300 amplitudes in response to concealed information (F(1,19)=10.705, p=0.004), supporting the theory that emotionally intense encoding strengthens CIT… [419] (2018)Do You Know Him? Gaze Dynamics Toward Familiar Faces on a Concealed Information Test
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The study achieved 89% accuracy in detecting concealed face recognition using eye-tracking. Participants showed an orientation-avoidance pattern (initial fixation on familiar faces followed by avoidance)… [420] (2018)Multivariate data analysis of polygraph charts for assessment of biophysical characteristics
Izv. AltGU Both PCA and PLS methods successfully analyzed polygraph data to assess human biophysical characteristics and identify physiological response anomalies, with potential applications in insider threat… [421] (2018)Increase of Lie Detection Accuracy through Integrated Measurement of Pupil Dilation and Polygraph
International Journal of Psychophysiology The integrated measurement of pupil dilation and polygraph increased lie detection accuracy compared to single-modality approaches, though specific accuracy rates were not available in the… [422] (2018)A Review of Approaches to Detecting Malingering in Forensic Contexts and Promising Cognitive Load-Inducing Lie Detection Techniques
Frontiers in Psychiatry Cognitive load techniques achieved 69% classification accuracy distinguishing truth tellers from liars using response time, answer consistency, eye movements, and pupil dilation, with low false-positive… [423] (2018)First Attempts in Deception Detection in HRI by using Thermal and RGB-D cameras
2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) Thermal and RGB-D cameras successfully detected physiological and behavioral changes during deceptive responses in HRI, including facial temperature changes, head pose variations, and eye openness… [424] (2018)Research of Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Revealing of the Information Concealing by the Person
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing High consistency was found between expert scoring and automatic assessment of polygraph data in the MRI environment, with different brain activation patterns observed based on… [425] (2018)Behavioral genetics of deception detection performance
Journal of Managerial Psychology Deception detection performance was largely determined by shared and non-shared environmental influences rather than genetic factors. Declarative training significantly moderated changes in detection performance, indicating… [426] (2018)The impact of memory retrieval on deception and truth telling
North American Journal of Psychology Lies about conflicting memories activated different brain regions (right superior medial frontal gyrus and left parietal lobe) compared to lies about consistent memories (left anterior… [427] (2018)Deception Processing by Third-Party Observers: The Role of Speaker Intent
Psychological Reports Reading about intentionally deceptive speakers primed faster processing of deception-related sentences in subsequent stories, demonstrating that observers are sensitive to intent rather than mere falsity. [428] (2018)An Exploration of Deception Detection: Are Groups More Effective Than Individuals?
Communication Research Established groups achieved 53% accuracy detecting lies compared to 37% for individuals and 33% for ad hoc groups (p = .007), demonstrating that group cohesion… [429] (2018)F110. Using brain fingerprinting in the detection of concealed information in Egyptians
Clinical Neurophysiology Photos of known persons or places elicited well-marked P300 responses while unknown stimuli did not generate noticeable responses. P300 parameters showed significant associations with age… [430] (2018)Common Sense in Choice: The Effect of Sensory Modality on Neural Value Representations
eNeuro The anterior vmPFC represents subjective value regardless of whether stimuli are presented visually or aurally, demonstrated by both conjunction GLM analysis and cross-modality SVM classification… [431] (2018)Self-initiated versus instructed cheating in the physiological Concealed Information Test
Biological Psychology All three physiological measures detected concealed information equally well in both self-initiated cheaters (37.4% of those given opportunity) and instructed cheaters, with Bayesian statistics supporting… [432] (2018)Detecting deception in insurance claims: How effective are verifiability approach and model statement?
ResearchGate The replication failed to demonstrate that the Verifiability Approach with Information Protocol and Model Statement could effectively discriminate between true and fabricated insurance claims, contradicting… [433] (2018)The Strategic Meaning of CBCA Criteria From the Perspective of Deceivers
Frontiers in Psychology Of 24 criteria examined, 18 showed significant strategic value ratings (effect sizes d = 0.19 to 1.28), with participants recognizing memory-related criteria as strategically useful… [434] (2018)Video/Observation Analysis: Nonverbal Communication and Deception
Pathways in Crime Behaviour sequence analysis identified specific temporal sequences of nonverbal behaviours that indicate psychological distress caused by deception, with clear differences between honest and deceptive responses… [435] (2018)Differences in the Quality of the Photoplethysmograph Signal in Subjects with and without Nail Polish
European Polygraph The study found that nail polish affected the quality of photoplethysmograph signals in polygraph examinations, providing empirical evidence for standardizing pre-test protocols regarding this common… [436] (2018)The Effectiveness of fMRI Data when Combined with Polygraph Data
European Polygraph Combining fMRI data with all three polygraph parameters showed the greatest accuracy increase compared to fMRI alone or partial combinations, with fMRI plus cardiovascular measurements… [437] (2018)Detecting Concealed Information with Fused Electroencephalography and Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy
Neuroscience Combined EEG-fNIRS achieved AUC of 0.94 for differentiating guilty from innocent participants, compared to 0.85 for P300 alone and 0.84 for fNIRS alone, demonstrating superior… [438] (2018)Experiments in Using Face Temperature Changes as an Indicator in Instrumental Detection of Deception
European Polygraph Areas near the nose showed full consistency with GSR recordings, with smaller, anatomically focused regions producing clearer thermal signatures than larger facial areas. The study… [439] (2018)Intelligent Deception Detection through Machine Based Interviewing
IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) Neural network classifiers successfully distinguished truthful from deceptive behavior in avatar interview scenarios, demonstrating that machine-based interviewing can elicit analyzable behavioral data for credibility assessment. [440] (2018)Deception Detection and Analysis in Spoken Dialogues based on FastText
2018 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC) The FastText-based deception detector achieved significantly higher accuracy than human judges in distinguishing truthful from deceptive dialogue utterances. Combining acoustic features with the text-based model… [441] (2018)The effect of countermeasures against the reaction time based concealed information test on the P300 index of knowledge recognition: A combined RT and P300-based test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Countermeasures successfully defeated the RT-based test by reversing the normal probe-irrelevant RT pattern, but paradoxically increased P300 probe-irrelevant differences, leading to improved brain-based detection. This… [442] (2018)Automated Verbal Credibility Assessment of Intentions: The Model Statement Technique and Predictive Modeling
Applied Cognitive Psychology Machine learning classification achieved 80% accuracy in initial testing but dropped to 63% in independent validation, with liars paradoxically including more person and location references… [443] (2018)Ocular-motor deception test
Detecting Concealed Information and Deception: Recent Developments (J. P. Rosenfeld, Ed.) ODT accuracy ranged from 78% to 86% based on logistic regression analysis, with over 85% correct classification in laboratory studies and similar performance across different… [444] (2018)Common and distinct neural correlates of self-serving and prosocial dishonesty
Human Brain Mapping The study found dissociable behavioral and neural patterns: overall dishonesty correlated with vmPFC activity and vmPFC-dlPFC connectivity, while self-serving biased dishonesty correlated with striatum activity… [445] (2018)Deep Personality Recognition for Deception Detection
Interspeech 2018 Multi-task learning models that incorporated personality recognition improved deception detection F1 scores from 0.68 to 0.744, representing a 6%+ relative improvement and new state-of-the-art results… [446] (2018)Inferior detection of information from collaborative versus individual crimes based on a P300 Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Collaborative crime perpetrators showed significantly reduced P300 probe-irrelevant differences compared to individual criminals, resulting in near-chance discrimination from innocent participants (AUC = .66 vs. .84… [447] (2018)Detecting concealed knowledge from ocular responses
Detecting Concealed Information and Deception: Recent Developments Multiple ocular measures successfully differentiated between individuals with and without concealed knowledge, with familiar stimuli eliciting distinct oculomotor signatures even when recognition was actively concealed. [448] (2018)Multimodal deception detection
The Handbook of Multimodal-Multisensor Interfaces: Signal Processing, Architectures, and Detection of Emotion and Cognition Multimodal fusion of linguistic, physiological, and thermal features achieved detection accuracies of 60-75%, with thermal forehead features outperforming other facial features. [449] (2018)Comparative Analysis of Classification Methods for Automatic Deception Detection in Speech
Lecture Notes in Computer Science Random Forest achieved the highest performance with 79.3% UAR, while k-Nearest Neighbor combined with ensemble methods reached 76.3% UAR, substantially exceeding chance-level performance. [450] (2018)Eye Movements and Lie Detection
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing Researchers identified robust eye movement markers for deception detection that generalize across different stimulus types and forms of deception, as well as specific markers that… [451] (2018)Supplemental Material for Does Exposure to Psychosocial Adversity Enhance Deception Detection Ability?
Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences Study 1 found no support for the hypothesis that adversity enhances deception detection. Study 2 found weak evidence that harsh parenting predicted greater accuracy, but… [452] (2018)Within-subjects verbal lie detection measures: A comparison between total detail and proportion of complications
Legal and Criminological Psychology Proportion of complications significantly differentiated truth-tellers from liars in the post-model statement phase, proving more diagnostic than total detail count when combined with the model… [453] (2018)The Act of Answering Questions Elicited Differentiated Responses in a Concealed Information Test
Journal of Forensic Sciences Respiratory and cardiovascular responses differentiated probe from irrelevant items during both question and answer phases, while skin conductance differentiation occurred only during question presentation, suggesting… [454] (2018)Cross-cultural verbal deception
Legal and Criminological Psychology Cultural cues overshadowed deception cues across all measures. While truth tellers provided more details than liars in all three cultures, the effect was significantly stronger… [455] (2018)The mental nose and the Pinocchio effect: Thermography, planning, anxiety, and lies
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling When lying, participants' nose temperature decreased 0.6-1.2°C while forehead temperature increased 0.6-1.5°C, creating a distinctive thermal signature that achieved 80% detection accuracy with 20% false… [456] (2018)Electrodermal signal processing: a correlation study of auto-centered EDA and manually-centered EDA with the Criterion State of Deception and Truth-telling
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Optimized auto-centered EDA filters equaled or exceeded the criterion correlation of manually-centered EDA, with a coefficient of determination (r²) of 0.49. Automatic processing retained approximately… [457] (2018)Eye movement research: Review of methodology and an update on recent developments
Eye movements reliably reveal concealed recognition, with familiar items eliciting longer fixation durations and fewer total fixations. Studies achieved 65% detection accuracy in some paradigms,… [458] (2018)Alcohol facilitates detection of concealed identity information
Scientific Reports Alcohol facilitated detection of concealed identity information, suggesting that intoxication impairs the cognitive control necessary to effectively conceal recognized information. [459] (2018)Speech Based Deception Detection Using Bispectral Analysis
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Graphics and Signal Processing Deceptive speech was accurately detected using normalized bispectral entropy for envelope (ENV) data and maximum bispectrum for temporal fine structure (TFS) data, with the authors… [460] (2018)Embodied Conversational Agent-Based Deception Detection
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems Electrodermal activity successfully confirmed the presence of arousal during agent-based interviews, demonstrating that automated avatar systems can elicit valid physiological responses for detecting guilty knowledge… [461] (2018)Using the Unconscious to Improve Detection of Managerial Deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Unconscious judgments showed greater activation of deception concepts after deceptive calls, outperformed conscious judgments in detecting deception, and a period of unconscious thought before conscious… [462] (2018)Psycholinguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception
The Oxford Handbook of Lying Lying consistently takes longer than truth-telling due to increased cognitive demands including suppressing truthful responses and constructing plausible alternatives. Reaction time differences are greater for… [463] (2017)Deception detection of EEG-P300 component classified by SVM method
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Software and Computer Applications The SVM classifier achieved 70.83% accuracy in distinguishing deceptive from truthful responses with extremely fast processing time (0.0283 seconds). Deceptive responses showed larger P300 amplitude… [464] (2017)Detecting deception in children: A meta-analysis.
Law and Human Behavior Adults accurately discriminated children's truths from lies at only 54%, barely above chance. A strong truth bias emerged: adults correctly identified true statements 63.8% of… [465] (2017)DECEITFULNESS ACCORDING TO THE INDICATORS OF EMOTIONAL MATURITY METHODOLOGY AND POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
Science and Education Integrative deceitfulness parameters correlated strongly with emotional maturity components, with empathic individuals showing the highest probabilistic deceitfulness. Factor analysis revealed that component dominance in emotional… [466] (2017)“You must be lying because I don’t understand you: Language proficiency and lie detection:” Correction to Elliott and Leach (2016).
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Observers showed poorest discrimination when judging beginner English speakers compared to all other proficiency groups, and were less likely to exhibit a truth-bias toward nonnative… [467] (2017)Lie detection on pupil size by back propagation neural network
Procedia Computer Science The neural network with 10 hidden neurons achieved 100% accuracy in classifying pupil images during training, though results were not validated on independent test data… [468] (2017)Predicting Intentions of a Familiar Significant Other Beyond the Mirror Neuron System
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience Participants demonstrated superior intention prediction accuracy for familiar partners compared to strangers, with enhanced brain activation in the precuneus and inferior frontoparietal network. Greater self-reported… [469] (2017)A cognitive approach to lie detection: A meta-analysis
Legal and Criminological Psychology Cognitive lie detection achieved 71% total detection accuracy compared to 56% for traditional methods, representing a 15-percentage point improvement. [470] (2017)Insurance based lie detection: Enhancing the verifiability approach with a model statement component
Acta Psychologica Adding a Model Statement to the Verifiability Approach increased lie detection accuracy from 65% to 90% in insurance claim scenarios. [471] (2017)Cross-domain deception detection using support vector networks
Soft Computing Within-domain accuracy reached 86%, but cross-domain performance dropped dramatically to 52-64%, demonstrating that linguistic deception cues do not transfer reliably across different topics and genres. [472] (2017)Seeing through crocodile tears? Sex-specific associations between the Dark Triad traits and lie detection accuracy
Personality and Individual Differences Machiavellianism significantly predicted higher lie detection accuracy in women, while narcissism significantly predicted lower accuracy in men. These sex-specific associations emerged only in high-stakes emotional… [473] (2017)Social Signals of Deception and Dishonesty
Social Signal Processing Automated systems analyzing constellations of nonverbal behavioral cues can classify deception and truth more accurately than many human observers, with eye movements, kinesic patterns, and… [474] (2017)Deception and Speech: A Theoretical Overview to Inform Future Research
Hostile Intent and Counter-Terrorism Temporal speech parameters (speaking rate, response onset time, hesitations) show more promise than acoustic features for detecting deception, but contextual factors and individual variability severely… [475] (2017)Using named entities for computer-automated verbal deception detection
Journal of Forensic Sciences Named entities discriminated truthful from deceptive hotel reviews with AUC values of 0.59-0.63, outperforming lexicon-based word counting (LIWC) and sentence specificity measures. Dates, money references,… [476] (2017)Deception Under Time Pressure: Conscious Decision or a Problem of Awareness?
SSRN Electronic Journal Time pressure significantly increased honest reporting, but when controlling for awareness of the misreporting opportunity, time pressure had no effect on the conscious decision to… [477] (2017)Interpreting non-verbal behaviour during forensic assessment interview test (FAINT) and polygraph techniques
ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE Deceptive suspects demonstrated significant variations in non-verbal behavior during both FAINT and polygraph testing, while truthful individuals showed normal indicators/scores. The study supports integrated multi-method… [478] (2017)Assessing law enforcement performance in behavior-based threat detection tasks involving a concealed weapon or device.
Law and Human Behavior Law enforcement officers showed no detection advantage over untrained students across three experiments, with overall accuracy only slightly better than chance. Counterintuitively, more experienced officers… [479] (2017)Nasal Blood Flow in the Concealed Information Test
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Nasal blood flow significantly differentiated crime-relevant from irrelevant items in CIT examinations and exhibited a different time course compared to peripheral blood flow, suggesting it… [480] (2017)Deception detection in Russian texts
Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics The classifier achieved 68.3% accuracy in distinguishing truthful from deceptive Russian texts, with statistically significant differences found across linguistic parameters. Model accuracy was found to… [481] (2017)Deception Detection by Hybrid-Pair Wireless fNIRS System
International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics The hybrid-pair system's regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) metric showed sensitivity to deceptive responses, while the dual-distance configuration successfully suppressed superficial physiological noise that plagued conventional… [482] (2017)Promises and lies: can observers detect deception in written messages
Experimental Economics Observers achieved slightly above-chance accuracy in deception detection by categorizing message types but failed to detect actual lies within categories. Money mentions predicted 25% higher… [483] (2017)Building a corpus of "real" texts for deception detection
Proceedings of the International Conference IMS-2017 The paper provides a framework for collecting the first corpus of 'real' deceptive texts for Slavic languages, using incentivized within-subjects design where 113 participants each… [484] (2017)A Not So Bogus Pipeline: A Study of the Bogus Pipeline Effect And Its Implications for Polygraph Testing
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment: A Journal of Science and Field Practice The bogus pipeline effect remained robust even when participants believed the lie detector was only 75% accurate, challenging assumptions that polygraph effectiveness depends on belief… [485] (2017)Deep learning driven multimodal fusion for automated deception detection
2017 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) The deep learning multimodal fusion approach achieved 96% prediction accuracy compared to 82% in previous literature, with early fusion outperforming late fusion by approximately 5%. [486] (2017)Unraveling the roles of orienting and inhibition in the Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Skin conductance responses increased similarly in both conceal and reveal conditions, while respiratory line length shortened and heart rate decelerated only in the conceal condition,… [487] (2017)Memory detection: the effects of emotional stimuli
Biological Psychology Emotional stimuli enhanced CIT detection efficiency using skin conductance (ROC 0.84 vs. 0.75 for neutral stimuli), representing a substantial 9-point improvement in discriminative ability. [488] (2017)The Impact of Foreign Accent on Credibility: An Analysis of Cognitive Statement Ratings in a Swiss Context
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research No influence of foreign accent on credibility ratings was found in the Swiss context, and response patterns did not differ between French and Swiss-German accent… [489] (2017)Using the Model Statement to elicit information and cues to deceit in interpreter-based interviews
Acta Psychologica The Model Statement successfully restored information yield in interpreter-mediated interviews to levels comparable with direct interviews. Verbal deception cues remained diagnostically valid across interpreter conditions,… [490] (2017)Detecting Deception In Spontaneous Versus Rehearsed Statements: Direct Deception Judgments for Rehearsed Truths Fall Short While Affective Character Judgments Endure
During spontaneous statements, observers successfully distinguished liars from truth-tellers, but this ability disappeared with rehearsed statements as rehearsed truths looked like lies. Liars were consistently… [491] (2017)Can Magic Deception Be Detected at an Unconscious Level?
Perception The indirect SC-IAT measure of trick detection showed higher accuracy than direct self-report, indicating that while humans cannot consciously detect magic deception, they retain unconscious… [492] (2017)Lie Detection from Single Feature of Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopic (fNIRS) Signals
2017 2nd International Conference on Electrical & Electronic Engineering (ICEEE) The slope of deoxygenated hemoglobin (dHb) concentration from prefrontal cortex channels 1-4 and 9-12 successfully differentiated between deceptive and truthful responses using only a single… [493] (2017)“Lie to me”—Oxytocin impairs lie detection between sexes
Psychoneuroendocrinology Oxytocin decreased both male and female participants' ability to correctly classify other-sex statements as truths or lies compared to placebo, with the effect based on… [494] (2017)A Method to Extract P300 EEG Signal Feature Using Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for Lie Detection
Journal of Energy, Mechanical, Material, and Manufacturing Engineering ICA successfully extracted P300 components from multi-channel EEG recordings, with responses clustering in the 13-30 Hz beta frequency range associated with active cognitive processing. Amplitude… [495] (2017)The Concealed Information Test is susceptible to misleading information
Journal of Forensic Sciences Misleading information presented after encoding completely eliminated the CIT effect across all three physiological measures (skin conductance, respiration, heart rate), while control participants showed clear… [496] (2017)The Sound of Deception — What Makes a Speaker Credible?
Interspeech 2017 Tremolo and breathy voice quality significantly increased perceived credibility, while unfilled pauses and raised fundamental frequency decreased credibility. Speech rate showed no significant effect, challenging… [497] (2017)Supplemental Material for Deception and Decay: Verbal Lie Detection as a Function of Delay and Encoding Quality
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The diagnostic utility of detail-richness as a verbal cue to deception disappeared after a three-week retention interval, with truth tellers showing memory decay while liars… [498] (2017)Watching children learn how to lie
Children discovered deception within 10 days of competitive gameplay, with three distinct learning patterns (fast, intermediate, slow discovery). Theory of mind and executive function skills… [499] (2017)Familiarity-related fillers improve the validity of reaction time-based memory detection
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Familiarity-related filler items significantly and substantially improved RT-CIT classification accuracy for both single-probe and multiple-probe protocols across two independent preregistered experiments, addressing a critical limitation… [500] (2017)Association-based Concealed Information Test: A novel reaction time-based deception detection method
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The A-CIT achieved AUC values of .857 and .835 across two experiments, with particularly strong performance (96% correct classification, 4% false positives) when innocent participants… [501] (2017)P300 amplitude at Pz and N200/N300 latency at F3 differ between participants simulating suspect versus witness roles in a mock crime: P300 and N200/N300 in a CIT
Psychophysiology Suspects showed significantly larger P300 amplitudes at Pz and delayed N200/N300 latency at F3 compared to witnesses, indicating distinct neural processing patterns despite identical knowledge… [502] (2017)The Pinocchio effect and the Cold Stress Test: Lies and thermography
Psychophysiology The study achieved 85% accuracy in lie detection with 25% false alarms, with lying producing decreased nose and hand temperatures and impaired thermal recovery after… [503] (2017)Psychophysiological Responses of People with Psychopathic Tendencies to the Concealed Information Test
Journal of Forensic Sciences Both high and low psychopathic tendency groups showed significant differentiation between crime-relevant and irrelevant questions for respiration and skin conductance, with no differences between groups,… [504] (2017)P300 amplitude at Pz and N200/N300 latency at F3 differ between participants simulating suspect versus witness roles in a mock crime
Psychophysiology Suspects showed significantly larger P300 effects at Pz and delayed N200/N300 latencies at F3 compared to witnesses, with only the suspect group demonstrating frontal inhibitory… [505] (2017)Utilizing Integrated Psychological Investigation Techniques - Focused on the Integration of the Polygraph and Forensic Hypnosis -
Korean Association of Criminal Psychology The integrated approach showed a 70% increase in overall memorial ability and a 30% increase in recalled testimony following forensic hypnosis implementation, suggesting complementary value… [506] (2017)Detecting deceptive behavior via integration of discriminative features from multiple modalities
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security The combination of thermal and linguistic modalities exceeded 70% accuracy in detecting deception, with forehead thermal features and combined unigram-LIWC linguistic features providing the strongest… [507] (2017)High Emotional Arousal Enables Subliminal Detection of Concealed Information
Psychology High emotional arousal enabled subliminal detection of concealed information via enhanced P300 responses. The High Arousal group showed significantly greater P300 amplitudes to probe stimuli… [508] (2017)The effects of truth–lie base-rates on deception detection accuracy in Korea
Asian Journal of Communication Detection accuracy is a predictable linear function of truth-lie base rates, with accuracy increasing as honesty becomes more prevalent. This pattern held even in cross-cultural… [509] (2017)Justifications and Questions in Detecting Deception
Group Decision and Negotiation Liars' strategy of providing plausible task details backfired and led to more detection of lies, while truth-tellers' voluntary disclosure of endowment information reduced suspicion. Deceivers… [510] (2017)Tracking the truth: the effect of face familiarity on eye fixations during deception
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Eye tracking successfully detected concealed recognition with large effect sizes for personally known faces (d = 0.9) and moderate effects for celebrities (d = 0.5),… [511] (2017)A brain signal-based credibility assessment approach
2017 Joint 17th World Congress of International Fuzzy Systems Association and 9th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems (IFSA-SCIS) The study demonstrated an alternative to P300-based deception detection using CSP feature extraction combined with logistic regression classification, though specific accuracy rates were not reported… [512] (2016)Is anterior N2 enhancement a reliable electrophysiological index of concealed information?
NeuroImage The largest anterior N2 enhancement effect previously reported in CIT research was due to confounds from lack of stimulus counterbalancing rather than concealed information. When… [513] (2016)A cognitive approach to elicit nonverbal and verbal cues of deceit
Cheating, corruption, and concealment: The roots of dishonest behavior The cognitive approach produces superior detection accuracy (71% total detection) compared to traditional passive observation methods (56%), with techniques including reverse order recall, model statements,… [514] (2016)Seeing the Unseen: Evidence for Indirect Recognition of Brief, Concealed Emotion
SSRN Electronic Journal Participants could not explicitly identify the emotions in microexpressions, yet showed elevated electrodermal (skin conductance) responses specifically to anger and sadness expressions, demonstrating unconscious physiological… [515] (2016)ID-Check: Online Concealed Information Test Reveals True Identity
Journal of Forensic Sciences The online ID-Check achieved near-perfect diagnostic accuracy with AUC = 0.98 and overall accuracy ranging from 86-94% in detecting individuals attempting to conceal their true… [516] (2016)Decoding fMRI signatures of real-world autobiographical memory retrieval
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Whole-brain multivoxel pattern analysis achieved near-perfect accuracy distinguishing recognized from novel events at 1-3 week retention intervals, successfully differentiated recollection from familiarity, and showed that… [517] (2016)Guilt, Lying, and Attentional Avoidance of Concealed Information
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal Guilty individuals demonstrated a two-stage attentional process: automatic initial orientation toward crime-relevant information followed by strategic attentional avoidance, with longer dwell times on neutral stimuli… [518] (2016)Estimating the amenibility of new domains for deception detection
Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection The study showed that out-of-rank distance measures on n-grams can predict whether new text domains will support successful deception classification, offering researchers a preliminary assessment… [519] (2016)Corrigendum: Detecting Deception within Small Groups: A Literature Review
Frontiers in Psychology Truth-telling groups exhibit significantly more interactive and communicative behaviors during collective interviews compared to lying groups, who lack shared transactive memory and merely repeat rehearsed… [520] (2016)Supplemental Material for The role of motivation to avoid detection in reaction time-based concealed information detection
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Financial incentives to avoid detection, even when verified to increase motivation, did not impact RT-CIT validity in either experiment. Neither the motivational effort hypothesis nor… [521] (2016)Machiavelli as a poker mate — A naturalistic behavioural study on strategic deception
Personality and Individual Differences High Machiavellians bluffed with significantly larger bet sizes but not more frequently than low Machiavellians, and the 'desire for control' sub-trait predicted bluffing frequency. High… [522] (2016)Generalizability of an ocular-motor test for deception to a Mexican population
International Journal of Applied Psychology Classification accuracy based on ocular-motor and behavioral measures exceeded 80% for both truthful and deceptive participants in Mexican and U.S. samples, with no meaningful cultural… [523] (2016)Contributions of personality dimensions to spontaneous and deliberate information processing in the guilty actions test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Introversion predicted enhanced skin conductance responses to critical items only during first presentations of early questions, while extraversion was linked to sustained cardiovascular responses, suggesting… [524] (2016)Through the eyes to memory: Fixation durations as an early indirect index of concealed knowledge
Memory & Cognition The early memory effect in second fixation durations appeared consistently across all experiments regardless of stimulus materials, paradigm, or retention interval, with an effect size… [525] (2016)A megtévesztés tipológiája – összefoglaló tanulmány
Psychologia Hungarica Caroliensis Confirmatory factor analysis validated a two-factor model of deception with excellent fit indices (RMSEA: .043, TLI: .975, CFI: .987), demonstrating that both cognitive and emotional… [526] (2016)Possibility of registration of changes in the human body at influence of harmful production factors by means of the polygraph
2016 11th International Forum on Strategic Technology (IFOST) The study successfully demonstrated that polygraph instrumentation can register negative effects of magnetic fields on the human body and identify which physiological parameters are most… [527] (2016)Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) reality criteria in adults: A meta-analytic review
International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology The Undeutsch Hypothesis was confirmed for adults, with CBCA criteria successfully discriminating between truthful and fabricated memories. However, two criteria (self-deprecation and pardoning the perpetrator)… [528] (2016)Detecting Deception within Small Groups: A Literature Review
Frontiers in Psychology Truth-telling groups are often equal to or less consistent than lying groups when interviewed separately, contradicting the consistency heuristic. However, when interviewed collectively, truthful groups… [529] (2016)You must be lying because I don’t understand you: Language proficiency and lie detection.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Discrimination between liars and truth-tellers was poorest when observers judged beginner English speakers compared to any other proficiency group. Observers exhibited a truth-bias toward native… [530] (2016 • INDEPENDENT REPLICATION)The First Independent Study on the Complex Trial Protocol Version of the P300-Based Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology First independent replication of Rosenfeld’s Complex Trial Protocol. Corroborated accuracy and countermeasure resistance of the CTP when using probe vs. all-irrelevant comparison, but identified vulnerability… [531] (2016)Is Deception Emotional? An Emotion-Driven Predictive Approach
Interspeech 2016 Arousal emerged as the strongest individual emotion dimension for identifying deception, and emotion-related features derived from transfer learning successfully improved upon baseline acoustic features for… [532] (2016)Voice analysis for detection of deception
2016 11th International Conference on Knowledge, Information and Creativity Support Systems (KICSS) Mean fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequencies F1 and F2 showed significant increases under deception-related stress and correlated strongly with stress, while shimmer showed no… [533] (2016)Train the Trainers: A First Step towards a Science‐Based Cognitive Lie Detection Training Workshop Delivered by a Practitioner
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Training produced modest improvements in deception detection accuracy and significantly improved questioning strategies. However, trainees showed variable implementation of techniques, and challenges emerged in translating… [534] (2016)Extracting critical information from group members' partial knowledge using the searching concealed information test
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied The SCIT achieved 83% accuracy (5 of 6 items) in Experiment 1 and 100% accuracy (all 6 items) in Experiment 2 despite unequal knowledge distributions… [535] (2016)The Amount of Information Remembered by the Perpetrator in the Context of the Application of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in Criminal Investigation – a Pilot Study
European Polygraph The pilot study examined perpetrator memory for crime details, contributing to understanding of how information retention patterns affect GKT applicability. Findings align with established research… [536] (2016)Laboratory and Field Research on the Ocular-motor Deception Test
European Polygraph Cross-validation accuracy averaged 83.1% under standard laboratory conditions and 86.1% in field studies, with accuracy rates ranging from 78% to 86% across diverse populations including… [537] (2016)Effectivity of the weighted average method for analysis of respiratory movements in the concealed information test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology The weighted average method showed higher detection efficiency than simple averaging. Respiration speed and rate discriminated groups across 20 seconds with better performance at longer… [538] (2016)Training in the Strategic Use of Evidence technique: Improving deception detection accuracy of American law enforcement officers
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology SUE-trained interviewers achieved 65% deception detection accuracy compared to 43% for untrained interviewers, representing a 22 percentage point improvement and a medium-to-large effect size (d=0.72).… [539] (2016)Comparing a Perceptual and an Automated Vision-Based Method for Lie Detection in Younger Children
Frontiers in Psychology Judges detected lies above chance level but with modest accuracy. Increased movement was correlated with perception of lies, though automated analysis found no actual movement… [540] (2016)More Than Meets the Eye: How Oculometric Behaviors Evolve Over the Course of Automated Deception Detection Interactions
Journal of Management Information Systems Deceivers initially showed greater pupil dilation than truth-tellers, with deceivers not shown relevant stimuli displaying more rapid pupil dilation decline over time. Deceivers exposed to… [541] (2016)Superiority of visual (verbal) vs. auditory test presentation modality in a P300-based CIT: The complex-trial protocol for concealed autobiographical memory detection
International Journal of Psychophysiology Visual presentation produced significantly larger probe-irrelevant P300 differences (effect sizes 0.19-0.31) and higher detection accuracy than auditory presentation. The study revealed important interactions between probe/irrelevant… [542] (2016 • ESS EXTENDED ANALYSIS)Extended Analysis with ESS and OSS-3 on USAF-MGQT Examination Data
Polygraph Applied ESS and OSS-3 to USAF examination data. Found ESS component weighting achieved superior diagnostic extraction compared to simpler three-position scoring models. [543] (2016)Prosodic Cues and Answer Type Detection for the Deception Sub-Challenge
Interspeech 2016 The system achieved UAR = 74.9% (winning performance), representing 13.0% improvement on development set and 3.8% on test set compared to the 68.3% baseline, by… [544] (2016)Using the verifiability of details as a test of deception: A conceptual framework for the automation of the verifiability approach
Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection The paper provides theoretical and methodological blueprints for automating verifiability coding through LIWC-based linguistic analysis and rule-based named entity recognition, establishing a foundation for computational… [545] (2016)The influence of self-control on deception
Advances in Psychological Science The review establishes that self-control operates through both cognitive and motivational pathways to regulate deception, with trait self-control negatively predicting dishonest behavior and state depletion… [546] (2016)Polygraphy and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Lie Detection: A Controlled Blind Comparison Using the Concealed Information Test
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry fMRI experts were 24% more likely to detect concealed information than polygraph experts (RR=1.24, p<.001). When both modalities agreed on determinations, accuracy reached 100% across… [547] (2016)Influence of countermeasures on the validity of the Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Electrodermal responses showed significant degradation under countermeasures (particularly physical countermeasures), while combined autonomic scoring and ocular measures (fixations, blinks) maintained validity independent of countermeasure usage.… [548] (2016)Examining Sender and Judge Variability in Honesty Assessments and Deception Detection Accuracy: Evidence for a Transparent Liar but No Evidence of Deception-General Ability
Communication Research Reports More variance was observed in senders than judges; data suggested the existence of an unusually transparent liar but found no evidence for deception-general ability. Judges… [549] (2016)Thermal signatures of voluntary deception in ecological conditions
Scientific Reports The nose region showed a rise in temperature (parasympathetic activation) for self-gain lies in reputation-risk conditions throughout decision-making, response, and post-response phases, with this nasal… [550] (2016)Индивидуальные особенности стрессорного реагирования во время психофизиологического исследования с применением полиграфа
Российский психологический журнал Contrary to the hypothesis, trait anxiety and stress resistance showed no significant correlation with polygraph test results, suggesting that properly conducted comparison question tests may… [551] (2016)Exploring time- and frequency-dependent functional connectivity and brain networks during deception with single-trial event-related potentials
Scientific Reports Deceptive responses showed significantly greater connectivity than truthful responses, particularly in the theta frequency band between prefrontal/frontal and central regions and between prefrontal/frontal and left… [552] (2016)Untangling a Web of Lies: Exploring Automated Detection of Deception in Computer-Mediated Communication
Journal of Management Information Systems The automated detection algorithm achieved 70% accuracy in identifying deception, substantially outperforming the 54% accuracy of human judges. Deceivers minimized referencing and self-deprecation, included more… [553] (2016)Temperature effects on polygraph detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology Among guilty participants, electrodermal and cardiovascular measures were least effective at 10°C, with electrodermal results optimal at 22°C and cardiovascular results optimal at 34°C. Temperature… [554] (2015)Head movement analysis in lie detection
2015 Conference Grid, Cloud & High Performance Computing in Science (ROLCG) Head movement patterns showed measurable correlations with deception, but results were not conclusive and cannot be used without additional information from other channels. [555] (2015)A corpus-based analysis of potential linguistic indicators of corporate deception in tobacco industry documents
Cognitive-emotional verbs (believe, think, seem, feel) were strongly associated with likely deception and most prevalent in external audience documents and materials from the Tobacco Institute… [556] (2015)Deception is in the eye of the communicator: Investigating pupil diameter variations in automated deception detection interviews
IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics Pupil diameter changes over time were indicative of deception regardless of whether incriminating target items were shown, with deceivers showing distinct growth trajectories that differentiated… [557] (2015)Saccadic eye movement rate as a cue to deceit
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Participants displayed significantly fewer saccades when telling the truth than when lying (F(2,28) = 80.55, p < .001, η² = .85), with a difference in… [558] (2015)An experiment of lie detection based EEG-P300 classified by SVM algorithm
2015 International Conference on Automation, Cognitive Science, Optics, Micro Electro-Mechanical System, and Information Technology (ICACOMIT) The SVM classifier achieved 70.83% accuracy in distinguishing deceptive from truthful responses with a computation time of 0.0283 seconds, demonstrating proof-of-concept for automated P300-based lie… [559] (2015)Goal-directed modulation of neural memory patterns: Implications for fMRI-based memory detection
Journal of Neuroscience Cognitive countermeasures reduced fMRI memory decoding from a reliable AUC of 0.67 (63% accuracy) under truthful reporting to chance-level performance (AUC = 0.51), with classifiers… [560] (2015)Effects of Veracity, Modality, and Sanctioning on Credibility Assessment During Mediated and Unmediated Interviews
Communication Research Professional interviewers achieved 45-67% detection accuracy and were more accurate in face-to-face than video conference interviews. Deceptive participants appeared more dominant, relaxed, and credible via… [561] (2015)Human Deception Detection from Whole Body Motion Analysis
Whole-body motion capture analysis enables objective, quantitative assessment of deception-related behavior patterns across the entire kinematic profile, moving beyond subjective judgments and isolated behavioral observations… [562] (2015)Unobtrusive Deception Detection
The Oxford Handbook of Affective Computing Multimodal sensor fusion combining laser Doppler vibrometry with human judgment achieved 90% true positive rate with minimal false positives. An embodied conversational agent (AVATAR) system… [563] (2015)You cannot hide your telephone lies: Providing a model statement as an aid to detect deception in insurance telephone calls
Legal and Criminological Psychology The model statement technique enabled successful discrimination between truth tellers and liars through CBCA quality scores and plausibility ratings, while baseline detection accuracy was only… [564] (2015 • EXPERIMENTAL)The Comparison Question Polygraph Test: A Contrast of Methods and Scoring
Physiology & Behavior Mock crime experiment with 250 paid participants contrasting probable-lie and directed-lie CQT variants. Found substantial main effects of guilt in both OSS2 computer and human… [565] (2015)A comparison of features for automatic deception detection in synchronous computer-mediated communication
2015 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI) Structural features were independently effective in detecting deception, and combining structural features with linguistic features significantly improved deception detection performance compared to using linguistic features… [566] (2015)The usefulness of the Concealed Information Test using an Eye Tracker
Korean Journal of Health Psychology Participants with concealed knowledge actively avoided relevant stimuli and showed overall suppression of eye movements, suggesting both conscious avoidance strategies and cognitive load effects during… [567] (2015)Superiority of pictorial versus verbal presentation and initial exposure in the P300-based, Complex Trial Protocol for concealed memory detection
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Pictorial presentation significantly outperformed verbal presentation across all P300 measurement indices, regardless of initial encoding modality. The largest probe-irrelevant P300 differences were found with congruent… [568] (2015)The Vasomotor Response in the Comparison Question Test
Polygraph Vasomotor responses were found to be highly useful in discriminating deception, with large main effects of guilt detected by both the OSS2 algorithm (η²p =… [569] (2015)Thermal Vision as a Method of Detection of Deception: A Review of Experiences
European Polygraph The periorbital and nasal regions showed the highest temperature fluctuations associated with deception, with studies reporting 73.3% accuracy for thermal imaging alone and improved results… [570] (2015)Suppressing unwanted autobiographical memories reduces their automatic influences: Evidence from electrophysiology and an implicit autobiographical memory test
Psychological Science Memory suppression eliminated the P300 guilty knowledge effect, rendering suppression and innocent groups indistinguishable on this measure, though combined analysis of P300 and late posterior… [571] (2015)RT-Based Memory Detection: Item Saliency Effects in the Single-Probe and the Multiple-Probe Protocol
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The multiple-probe protocol significantly outperformed the single-probe protocol across both settings, and high salient items (e.g., first name) were detected better than low salient items… [572] (2015)Transcranial Current Stimulation of the Temporoparietal Junction Improves Lie Detection
Current Biology Electrical stimulation of the right temporoparietal junction significantly improved lie detection performance specifically in situations where participants' own opinions conflicted with the statements they were… [573] (2015)Deception Task--Adapted Version
PsycTESTS Dataset Children with implanted false memories were faster to confirm than deny statements about false events, providing evidence that implanted false memories reflect actual memory traces… [574] (2015)Lie, truth, lie: the role of task switching in a deception context
Psychological Research Error and reaction time switch costs were equally large for switching from truth-telling to lying and from lying to truth-telling, demonstrating that task switching does… [575] (2015)Online Deception
The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication Research synthesis shows that lies are not more prevalent online than offline, but are represented differently due to technological features. Design features like recordability, synchronicity,… [576] (2015)Trimodal Analysis of Deceptive Behavior
Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on Workshop on Multimodal Deception Detection Forehead thermal features provided the best single-region performance for deception detection. Multimodal fusion of thermal and linguistic features exceeded 70% accuracy, outperforming individual modalities and… [577] (2015)Distinguishing deception from non-deception in Chinese speech
2015 Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing (ICICIP) Using acoustic features (pitch, formant, short-time energy, duration) and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree algorithms, researchers achieved 82-85% accuracy in detecting deception in Chinese speech, with… [578] (2015)Verbal and Nonverbal Clues for Real-life Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing Multimodal machine learning models achieved 77-82% accuracy on real-world deception detection, significantly exceeding human performance (near chance-level), with SVM classifiers reaching 82% when combining linguistic… [579] (2015)Lie Detection from Speech Analysis Based on K–SVD Deep Belief Network Model
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The K-SVD deep belief network approach achieved 69.83% accuracy in deception detection and demonstrated that deep features extracted through sparse representation outperformed conventional acoustic features… [580] (2015)Detecting deception through reaction times
Detecting Deception The RT-based Concealed Information Test demonstrates exceptionally low false positive rates and large effect sizes (d = 0.97-1.55) for detecting concealed information. The autobiographical IAT… [581] (2015)Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice Cognitive approaches successfully detected simulation across multiple clinical domains by examining knowledge accuracy and strategic behavior patterns. Detection success depends on the extent of the… [582] (2015)RT-based memory detection: Item saliency effects in the one probe and multiple probe protocol
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The multiple-probe protocol consistently outperformed the single-probe protocol, and pronounced item saliency differences affected RT-CIT validity in laboratory conditions, though the saliency effect was attenuated… [583] (2015)Should Police Use ACID? Training and Credibility Assessment Using Transcripts Versus Recordings
Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice Trained officers achieved 89% accuracy in credibility assessment versus 53% for untrained officers, with equivalent performance using transcripts or audio recordings, eliminating the transcription barrier… [584] (2015)Identifying the location of a concealed object through unintentional eye movements
Frontiers in Psychology The entropy-based algorithm successfully identified concealed spatial locations through passive analysis of eye movement patterns, with target cells showing high entropy values and narrow entropy… [585] (2015)RT-Based Memory Detection: Item Saliency Effects in the Single-Probe and Multiple-Probe Protocol
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The multiple-probe protocol outperformed the single-probe protocol in both laboratory and internet studies. High salient items were better detected than low salient items in controlled… [586] (2015)Memory Detection 2.0: The First Web-Based Memory Detection Test
PLoS One Reaction times successfully detected concealed autobiographical information with accuracy well above chance, performing better than error rates. Memory detection was significantly more successful for high… [587] (2015)The “Good Cop, Bad Cop” Effect in the RT-Based Concealed Information Test: Exploring the Effect of Emotional Expressions Displayed by a Virtual Investigator
PLOS ONE Friendly virtual investigator expressions enhanced lie-specific reaction times, making deception more detectable, while hostile expressions reduced the concealed information effect. Higher anxiety levels were associated… [588] (2015)Directed Lie Comparison Questions and Countermeasure Resistance
Various Publications Examined whether directed-lie comparison questions offer better countermeasure resistance. Research suggests that modern testing formats with directed lies may be more robust against deliberate manipulation… [589] (2015)The Detection of Deception in Cross-Cultural Contexts
Understanding Facial Expressions in Communication Observers were generally poor at detecting lies both within and across cultures, with particular bias against speakers using a second language. Cross-cultural biases in deception… [590] (2015)Using conditioning to elicit skin conductance responses to deception
Learning and Motivation Conditioning deceptive responses with mild electric shock significantly increased discriminative skin conductance responses to deception, and this effect occurred regardless of shock probability, demonstrating that… [591] (2015 • 250-PARTICIPANT STUDY)Countermeasure Attempts in the Directed-Lie vs. Probable-Lie CQT
Physiology & Behavior In their 250-participant study, found no differences between DL and PL test types in spontaneous countermeasure attempts, suggesting directed-lie format is not more vulnerable. [592] (2015)Lie Vignettes
PsycTESTS Dataset Overstatements were judged more inaccurate than understatements of equal magnitude, self-favorable statements were perceived as more inaccurate than self-unfavorable ones, and deliberate lies were rated… [593] (2015)Is Truth Stranger Than Fiction? Bizarre Details and Credibility Assessment
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology Credibility was negatively related to bizarreness level across all three studies. Action and event details were significantly less believable than perpetrator descriptions when bizarre elements… [594] (2015)Exploring the Characteristics of the Attentional Blink Paradigm When Used to Discover Concealed Knowledge
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback The attentional blink successfully detected concealed knowledge in most participants, but eight of 21 knowledgeable participants (38%) detected the target on 100% of trials despite… [595] (2015)In vino veritas? Alcohol, response inhibition and lying
Alcohol and Alcoholism Alcohol significantly impaired response inhibition (longer stop-signal reaction times with higher BAC) but had no effect on the cognitive costs of lying, challenging the theory… [596] (2015)The Effect of Multiple Auditors on Deception Detection in a Client Inquiry Setting
SSRN Electronic Journal Mediation analysis revealed that two-auditor teams successfully detected deception through behavioral cues (nervousness and discussion level), while single auditors failed to effectively utilize these same… [597] (2015)Single-trial Lie Detection Using a Combined fNIRS-Polygraph System
Frontiers in Psychology The combined fNIRS-polygraph system achieved 86.5% classification accuracy, significantly outperforming fNIRS alone (71.6%) or polygraph alone (74.5%), demonstrating that multimodal measurement captures complementary deception-related processes… [598] (2015)Study on Difference of P3 Amplitude between Relevant and Irrelevant Stimulus in Concealed Information Test Using Event Related Potential (ERP): Focused on Informed Innocent Group
Korean Journal of Stress Research Informed innocent participants exhibited measurably elevated P3 amplitudes to crime-relevant stimuli compared to irrelevant stimuli, demonstrating that prior exposure to crime details — rather than… [599] (2015)Translating theory into practice: Evaluating a cognitive lie detection training workshop.
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Training resulted in modest improvements in distinguishing truths from lies and significantly increased the percentage of appropriate questions asked. When detectives successfully implemented the taught… [600] (2015)The cognitive mechanisms underlying deception: An event-related potential study
International Journal of Psychophysiology Lying produced significantly longer reaction times (d = 1.91), higher error rates (d = 1.24), an enhanced N200, and a reduced P300 compared to truth… [601] (2015)Using reality monitoring to improve deception detection in the context of the cognitive interview for suspects.
Law and Human Behavior Combining Reality Monitoring criteria correctly classified 86.6% of statements with excellent sensitivity (.899) and specificity (.833). Truthful and deceptive statements differed significantly on all RM… [602] (2015)Detection of Deception in the Mafia Party Game
Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction The automated system achieved 0.61 AUC (70.26% accuracy at optimal duration) classifying deceptive versus truthful players based on facial action units, with eye features outperforming… [603] (2015)Problems in expert deception detection and the risk of false confessions: no proof to the contrary in Levine et al. (2014)
Psychology, Crime & Law The paper concludes that Levine et al.'s findings do not demonstrate genuine expertise in deception detection, as the experimental design made the task unrealistically easy… [604] (2015)Using pretest data to screen low-reactivity individuals in the autonomic-based concealed information test
Psychophysiology Pretest screening significantly improved the diagnostic value of the mock-crime CIT, though it led to a substantial number of undiagnosed participants (33.6%), suggesting a trade-off… [605] (2015)Neuro signal based lie detection
2015 IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors (IRIS) The study achieved approximately 90% average accuracy in classifying lie versus truth responses, with individual participant accuracy ranging from 46% to 99% across testing rounds,… [606] (2015)Combination of event related potentials and peripheral signals in order to improve the accuracy of the lie detection systems
JSDP The combination of event-related potentials and peripheral cardiovascular signals improved lie detection system accuracy compared to single-modality approaches, validating multimodal physiological measurement in credibility assessment. [607] (2015)An Electroencephalography Network and Connectivity Analysis for Deception in Instructed Lying Tasks
PLoS One The study revealed significantly increased connectivity between executive control, memory, comprehension, and speech perception networks during instructed lying compared to truth-telling, with distinct clustering coefficient… [608] (2015)Reading Between the Lies
Social Psychological and Personality Science Naive perceivers who were not warned about potential deception demonstrated higher empathic accuracy than informed perceivers who were told to anticipate lies, with the highest… [609] (2015)Analysis of emotional stress in voice for deception detection
2015 4th International Work Conference on Bioinspired Intelligence (IWOBI) The study developed a biomechanical approach to estimate alterations in speech caused by stress as an indicator of deceptive speech, examining vocal fold tension, tremor… [610] (2015)Catching the liar as a matter of justice: Effects of belief in a just world on deception detection accuracy and the moderating role of mortality salience
Personality and Individual Differences Participants with strong belief in a just world showed worse deception detection accuracy under normal conditions, but this deficit disappeared when mortality was made salient,… [611] (2014)Detection of verbal lie cues in written and oral communication
Psichologija Verbal lie detection cues varied significantly based on communication modality: truthful oral stories contained more visual and temporal details, while deceptive written accounts showed more… [612] (2014)Brain Fingerprinting in Egyptians : The Use of P300 in the Detection of Concealed Information = البصمة المخية في المصريين : استخدام موجة بي 300 في اكتشاف المعلومات المخبأة
The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology Known persons and places elicited well-marked P300 responses while unknown stimuli did not generate noticeable responses. P300 amplitude and latency showed significant associations with age… [613] (2014)Detecting Knowledge of Incidentally Acquired, Real-World Memories Using a P300-Based Concealed-Information Test
Psychological Science The study achieved perfect (100%) classification accuracy with zero false positives or false negatives. P300 responses effectively distinguished probe items from irrelevant items at the… [614] (2014)Brain fingerprinting classification concealed information test detects US Navy military medical information with P300
Frontiers in Neuroscience Classification CIT with P300-MERMER achieved 0% error rate and 99.9% median statistical confidence with no indeterminates, while comparison CIT produced 20% error rate and only… [615] (2014)Deception Detection Within and Across Cultures
Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing Cross-cultural deception classifiers achieved 60-70% accuracy using LIWC psycholinguistic features as a semantic bridge, with linguistic categories showing 2-4% improvement over unigrams. Universal deception cues… [616] (2014)Polygraph Test Results Assessment by Regression Analysis Methods
Science and Education of the Bauman MSTU The study demonstrated that regression-based statistical methods could provide systematic evaluation of polygraph data, reducing examiner subjectivity and establishing quantifiable decision rules for deception detection… [617] (2014)Sender Ethnicity Differences in Lie Detection Accuracy and Confidence
GSTF Journal of Law and Social Sciences (JLSS) Asian senders were judged more accurately than European American senders, contradicting ingroup advantage predictions. European American receivers showed higher confidence when judging same-ethnicity senders, but… [618] (2014)The Effect of Co-Offender Planning on Verbal Deception
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Co-offenders who had time to plan together showed significantly greater statement immediacy, plausibility, and within-pair consistency compared to those without planning time. However, planning did… [619] (2014)Facial Behavioral Analysis: A Case Study in Deception Detection
British Journal of Applied Science & Technology The human examiner achieved 56.25% accuracy while Logistic Regression achieved 47.9% sensitivity and 71.2% specificity, with machine learning showing bias toward predicting truthfulness. [620] (2014)The neural basis of dishonest decisions that serve to harm or help the target
Brain and Cognition Harmful (bad) lies selectively activated the right temporoparietal junction and right medial frontal cortex compared to honest decisions, while helpful (good) lies showed no distinguishing… [621] (2014)Dissociable neural systems for moral judgment of anti- and pro-social lying
Brain Research Moral judgment of anti-social lying activated the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex, bilateral temporoparietal junction, and posterior cingulate regions, while pro-social lying activated the right middle… [622] (2014)Detecting Deception with fMRI
Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice The best individual-level classification accuracy achieved via fMRI was 71% using the medial prefrontal cortex at a conservative statistical threshold, with no single brain region… [623] (2014)Reaction Time
Encyclopedia of Deception Meta-analysis found lying produces a large RT delay (d = 1.049) compared to truth-telling, even after correcting for publication bias. The RT-CIT shows low false… [624] (2014)The verifiability approach: Countermeasures facilitate its ability to discriminate between truths and lies
Applied Cognitive Psychology When forewarned about verifiability checking, truth-tellers provided significantly more verifiable details than liars (d = 1.14), demonstrating that the Verifiability Approach is resistant to countermeasures… [625] (2014)Detecting concealed information using feedback related event-related brain potentials
Brain and Cognition The study identified two independent feedback-related ERP components (peaking at 219ms and 400ms) that discriminated probes from irrelevants and were uncorrelated with recognition-related P300, suggesting… [626] (2014)Channel Choice, Justification of Deception, and Detection
Journal of Communication Distributors preferentially chose text chat for deceptive offers, but this choice backfired—receivers achieved higher detection accuracy in text chat than face-to-face, likely because the absence… [627] (2014)Exploiting liars' verbal strategies by examining the verifiability of details
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars included fewer verifiable details than truth tellers but an equal number of unverifiable details, and classifying participants by verifiable detail frequency alone achieved 79%… [628] (2014)Keystroke Patterns as Prosody in Digital Writings: A Case Study with Deceptive Reviews and Essays
Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) Combined keystroke features with stylometry achieved over 90% classification accuracy, with deceptive writers showing increased pauses and revisions, particularly spending more time on first-person pronouns,… [629] (2014)Detecting deception using ocular metrics during reading
In D.C. Raskin, C.R. Honts, & J.C. Kircher (Eds.), Credibility assessment: Scientific research and applications Combined ocular-motor measures (pupil dilation and reading behavior) correctly classified over 85% of participants as guilty or innocent in laboratory studies and 86.1% in a… [630] (2014)Detecting Deception in Non‐Native English Speakers
Applied Cognitive Psychology Observers showed a systematic lie bias toward non-native English speakers, judging them as deceptive more often than native speakers, with asymmetric effects where ability to… [631] (2014)Measurement Model for Deception Detection in Online Chat Software
Information Technology Journal The software analysis produced an average deception probability of 11.36% across participants, and users' trust in the analysis affected their decision-making during chat interactions. [632] (2014)Personality dimensions predict psychophysiological responses in the Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Introversion predicted enhanced skin conductance responses to critical items only during the first repetition of early questions, explained by orienting sensitivity. Extraversion was linked to… [633] (2014)Field Examination: Certain Phenomena Related to Electrodermal Activity
European Polygraph The research documented specific EDA curve shapes and formations that deviated significantly from standard response patterns in real-world testing conditions. [634] (2014)Content analysis algorithms: an innovative and accurate approach to statement veracity assessment
European Polygraph MASAM with decision algorithms achieved 96.87% accuracy for truthful statements and 69.23% for false statements, dramatically outperforming traditional SVA, RM, and SCAN techniques which performed… [635] (2014)Mad and Misleading: Incidental Anger Promotes Deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Across four studies, 82% of angry participants deceived counterparts versus 61% in neutral conditions (p=.019). Anger reduced empathy, which in turn increased self-serving deception, with… [636] (2014)Patterns of nonverbal behavior associated with truth and deception: illustrations from three experiments
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Deceptive and truthful participants exhibited significantly different temporal patterns of nonverbal behaviors across all three experiments, with patterns occurring far more frequently than chance. Deceivers… [637] (2014)The processes involved with fewer eyeblinks in a concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Fewer eyeblinks and longer first-blink latency occurred for crime-related items in both concealing and non-concealing groups, while heart rate differences appeared only between groups, demonstrating… [638] (2014)A Rigidity Detection System for Automated Credibility Assessment
Journal of Management Information Systems The system successfully detected kinesic rigidity in real-time during concealed information tests, confirming rigidity as a viable automated deception indicator and providing new theoretical insights… [639] (2014)Cognitive and Emotional Reactions to Questions in the Comparison Question Test
Perceptual and Motor Skills Innocent participants did not rate comparison questions as more emotionally concerning than relevant questions when using generic questions, directly challenging the CQT rationale. When participants… [640] (2014)CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS SUCCESSFUL IN LIE DETECTION THROUGH NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR OBSERVATION
SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings The research contributed to understanding individual differences in deception detection ability, revealing that certain personal characteristics may predict success at identifying lies from nonverbal behavior,… [641] (2014)Meta-analysis of mock-crime experimental studies and field studies using the Concealed Information Test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology The meta-analysis demonstrated comparable validity between laboratory mock-crime studies and field CIT examinations, with consistent physiological response patterns and discrimination performance maintained across both experimental… [642] (2014)Cross‐Cultural Deception Detection
Detecting Deception Cross-cultural deception detection accuracy deteriorates significantly, with eight cultural norms (including individualism-collectivism and communication context) causing culturally normative behaviors to be misinterpreted as deception. Verbal… [643] (2014)The Strategic Use of Evidence Technique
Detecting Deception The SUE technique framework demonstrates that strategic evidence disclosure, combined with systematic questioning, can substantially improve deception detection accuracy by eliciting statement-evidence inconsistencies, with synthesized… [644] (2014)Expertise in Deception Detection Involves Actively Prompting Diagnostic Information Rather Than Passive Behavioral Observation
Human Communication Research Expert interviewers using flexible, active questioning strategies achieved near-perfect accuracy (97.8% to 100%) in detecting deception, and even untrained observers viewing expert interviews obtained 79-94%… [645] (2014)A Novel Algorithm to Enhance P300 in Single Trials: Application to Lie Detection Using F-Score and SVM
PLoS ONE The F-score_SVM model combining spatial denoising with optimized feature selection achieved over 96% accuracy in classifying guilty versus innocent subjects based on P300 responses to… [646] (2014)Different Questions – Different Accuracy? The Accuracy of Various Indirect Question Types in Deception Detection
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Only three of six indirect questions (thinking hard, confidence of opinion, and mixed emotions) outperformed or matched direct veracity judgments, and combining direct and indirect… [647] (2014)It takes one to know one: Psychopathy and deception detection
Personality and Individual Differences Men with higher primary psychopathy showed enhanced lie detection ability, while women with higher primary psychopathy showed reduced detection accuracy. Overall, participants performed above chance… [648] (2014)Cross-cultural Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers) Deception detection classifiers showed reduced but viable performance in cross-cultural conditions, with certain psycholinguistic word classes appearing selectively across cultures while some deceptive patterns remained… [649] (2014)How awareness of possible evidence induces forthcoming counter-interrogation strategies
Applied Cognitive Psychology When alerted to possible evidence from surveillance cameras, guilty suspects polarized into extremely withholding or extremely forthcoming verbal strategies, while innocent suspects remained consistently forthcoming… [650] (2014)Detecting deception via eyeblink frequency modulation
PeerJ Discriminant function analysis achieved 81.3% overall classification accuracy with 88.2% sensitivity for detecting liars and 73.3% specificity for identifying truth-tellers. Liars exhibited blink suppression during… [651] (2014)Sender credibility and deception detection
Computers in Human Behavior Perceived sender credibility significantly affected both detection success and false alarms—less credible senders were detected better but generated more false positives. Training, motivation, and email… [652] (2014)A novel dual probe complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology The Dual Probe Complex Trial Protocol achieved 94.7% accuracy (bootstrap criterion .9) and AUC of .92, successfully detecting concealed information even when examinees used mental… [653] (2014)Effects of countermeasures on P300-based concealed information test using a new multiple probe protocol
International Journal of Psychophysiology The study examined countermeasure resistance of a new multiple probe protocol for P300-based CIT, though specific detection rates and statistical results are not available in… [654] (2014)Effects of Questioning and Responding Styles in Detection of Deception
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study revealed systematic differences in perceived cognitive load across questioning styles and distinct response characteristics attributed to guilty versus innocent examinees, providing insights into… [655] (2014)Detection of Deception Via Handwriting Behaviors Using a Computerized Tool: Toward an Evaluation of Malingering
Cognitive Computation Deceptive writing was significantly broader and took longer than truthful writing. Three distinct handwriting profiles emerged with profile-specific spatial and temporal differences between deceptive and… [656] (2014)Gender differences of sensitivity and response bias in lie detection
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study identified gender differences in both sensitivity and response bias when detecting lies, demonstrating that signal detection theory can reveal whether apparent gender effects… [657] (2014)Contingent negative variation using a serial presentation of meaningful word: A study on application to detection of deception
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study examined CNV modulation during concealment of meaningful words presented in sequences, building on prior findings that CNV amplitude decreases significantly when subjects attempt… [658] (2014)A novel classification method based on ICA and ELM: a case study in lie detection
Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering The ICA_ELM method achieved 95.40% classification accuracy with dramatically reduced computational time compared to backpropagation neural networks and support vector machines, demonstrating both high accuracy… [659] (2014)The RT-based Concealed Information Test: An Overview of Current Research and Future Perspectives
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences RT measures reliably indicate guilty knowledge, with slower reaction times for recognized probe items. Increasing executive load through concurrent tasks can enhance detection efficiency. The… [660] (2014)Functional neuroimaging of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology As a conference abstract, specific quantitative findings are not available in published form, though the work contributed to understanding neural correlates of deception through functional… [661] (2014)Probing Effect
Encyclopedia of Deception Asking probing questions does not enhance deception detection accuracy but does increase perceptions of source honesty for both liars and truth-tellers, likely through heuristic processing… [662] (2014)Using an Example Statement Increases Information but Does Not Increase Accuracy of CBCA, RM, and SCAN
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling CBCA and RM showed discriminative validity between truth and lies, but SCAN did not. Providing a detailed example statement increased statement length but failed to… [663] (2014)'I'd know a false confession if I saw one': a constructive replication with juveniles
Psychology, Crime & Law Overall accuracy averaged just 52.8% correct across both experiments, with transcript-only evaluation producing below-chance accuracy (48.9%) and audio/video presentation yielding modest but statistically significant discrimination… [664] (2014)Aroused Suspicion
Encyclopedia of Deception Research consistently shows that aroused suspicion decreases truth-bias but has asymmetric effects on accuracy: it impairs truth detection while improving lie detection, potentially resulting in… [665] (2014)Habituation processes of skin conductance response (SCR) and normalize pulse volume (NPV) in pseudo concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology The study revealed differential habituation patterns between skin conductance and pulse volume measures in the CIT, suggesting that strategic timing and weighting of different physiological… [666] (2014)“Time for Some Traffic Problems”: Enhancing E-Discovery and Big Data Processing Tools with Linguistic Methods for Deception Detection
Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law The linguistic classifier successfully demonstrated capability to stratify the large Enron Email Dataset and identify potentially deceptive records by analyzing linguistic feature distributions while avoiding… [667] (2014)The Effects of Sweep Numbers Per Average and Protocol Type on the Accuracy of the P300-Based Concealed Information Test
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback All three trial counts (33, 66, and 100 sweeps) produced comparable accuracies of 84–94%, with a trend favoring the lowest trial numbers. Testing with as… [668] (2014)Detecting concealed information using functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Brain Topography fNIRS-based classification achieved approximately 75% accuracy for distinguishing guilty from innocent participants, improving to 83.3% when combined with reaction time measures, demonstrating the promise of… [669] (2014)An exploratory study of using polygraph to detect deception in patients with traumatic brain injury
NeuroReport Polygraph accuracy dropped from 76.7% in controls to 56.7% in TBI patients (P=0.020), with manual scoring yielding 86.7% vs 61.7% respectively. Within the TBI group,… [670] (2014)A Multimodal Dataset for Deception Detection
Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation Multimodal fusion combining video, audio, and EEG achieved 70% average accuracy using Random Forest classifiers, substantially outperforming individual modality performance and baseline polygraph accuracy rates… [671] (2014)Discourse cues to deception in the case of multiple receivers
Information & Management Statistical analysis validated that discourse-level features effectively distinguish deceivers from truth-tellers in multi-receiver contexts, identifying new deception behaviors such as disturbance and discourse features like… [672] (2014)Did somebody see it? Applying the verifiability approach to insurance claims interviews
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Liars were significantly more likely than truth tellers to report unwitnessed incidents (86% vs. 54%), but no significant difference in the count of verifiable details… [673] (2014)Can I borrow your alibi? The applicability of the verifiability approach to the case of an alibi witness
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The Verifiability Approach correctly classified 88% of truth-telling and lying pairs, with truth-tellers providing significantly more verifiable details and liars preferentially generating non-verifiable, unfalsifiable accounts. [674] (2014)Deception detection using a multimodal approach
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction The combination of thermal and linguistic features exceeded 70% detection accuracy for both deceptive and truthful classes, significantly outperforming single-modality approaches and demonstrating the viability… [675] (2014)Registered report: measuring unconscious deception detection by skin temperature
Frontiers in Psychology Finger skin temperature declined when observing liars regardless of awareness condition, though patterns varied by phase. Participants consistently judged liars as less trustworthy and likeable… [676] (2014 • THERMAL ANALYSIS)Thermal Facial Analysis for Deception Detection
IEEE Journals Thermal imaging analysis of 492 responses from 25 participants. Achieved 87% prediction accuracy using within-person methodology, but between-person models did not generalize well. [677] (2014 • OCULAR-MOTOR)Lyin’ Eyes: Ocular-Motor Measures of Reading Reveal Deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology Evaluated eye-tracking as deception detection. Guilty subjects showed increased pupil responses but less reading time on deceptive statements. Combined measures correctly classified 85% of participants. [678] (2014)Some Evidence for Unconscious Lie Detection
Psychological Science Indirect measures of lie detection were significantly more accurate than direct conscious judgments across two experiments, with unconscious processes appearing to automatically activate deception-related concepts… [679] (2014)The impact of prior knowledge from participant instructions in a mock crime P300 Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Prior knowledge of a stolen item conveyed through experimental instructions caused 69% of innocent participants to be misclassified as guilty, and also enhanced detection rates… [680] (2014)Can Groups Catch a Liar? Group Discussion Outperforms the Majority Rule in Lie Detection, But Not in Truth Detection
PsycEXTRA Dataset Groups achieved 60-62% accuracy in detecting low-stakes lies compared to 53-54% for individuals, and 53.2% vs. 48.7% for high-stakes lies (d = 0.34). The advantage… [681] (2014)Gender differences in deception behaviour – the role of the counterpart
Applied Economics Letters No gender differences in underreporting were found based on officer gender or gender matching. Both men and women reduced deceptive behavior equally in response to… [682] (2014)Conversing With a Devil's Advocate: Dialogical Dynamics of Movement and Speech in Deception and Conflict
PsycEXTRA Dataset Deceptive conversations displayed more structured speech rate coordination and higher head movement synchronization compared to truthful conversations, with the strongest effects occurring during deceptive disagreement.… [683] (2014)Underreporting of Bestiality Among Juvenile Sex Offenders: Polygraph Versus Self‐Report
Journal of Forensic Sciences Juvenile sex offenders showed extensive underreporting of bestiality on self-report measures (37.5% MSI-II) compared to polygraph examination (81.25%), representing a 2.17-fold increase in disclosure and… [684] (2014)Deception detection, transmission, and modality in age and sex
Frontiers in Psychology Raters detected lies best in audiovisual modality and worst in visual-only modality. College students were better detectors than older adults, with detection ability declining with… [685] (2014)Situational Familiarity
Encyclopedia of Deception Across four experiments, participants with high situational familiarity achieved 21-49 percentage point improvements in deception detection accuracy, with this enhancement mediated by increased reliance on… [686] (2014)Subliminal salience search illustrated: EEG identity and deception detection on the fringe of awareness
PLOS ONE All 15 participants (100%) showed detectable brain responses to their concealed real name at α = 0.05, with 13 of 15 detected via single-electrode analysis… [687] (2014)The Impact of Genetics and Training on Deception Detection Performance
SSRN Electronic Journal Deception detection ability showed minimal genetic heritability, with variability largely determined by shared and non-shared environmental factors, indicating the skill is highly trainable rather than… [688] (2014)Cues to Deception in Social Media Communications
2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Machine learning classifiers achieved 90% average accuracy in detecting deception using linguistic features including sentence complexity, sentiment, emoticon usage, and informality markers, with mean precision… [689] (2013)Detecting Deception through Linguistic Abstraction: The Effects of Temporal Distance on Verbal Construals
PsycEXTRA Dataset The study was part of a research line that ultimately found Construal Level Theory predictions do not reliably distinguish truthful from deceptive statements, with temporal… [690] (2013)Unconscious processes improve lie detection.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Unconscious thought participants achieved detection accuracy approximately 20% higher than conscious deliberation or immediate decision groups across experiments, with effect sizes ranging from d =… [691] (2013)Detection of Deception in a Virtual World
Linguistic Evidence in Security, Law and Intelligence Community members detected deception through multimodal analysis, with avoidance of voice communication being a primary red flag for claimed gender identity. Detection relied on pattern… [692] (2013)A novel approach for detection of deception using Smoothed Pseudo Wigner-Ville Distribution (SPWVD)
Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering The SPWVD approach achieved 89.73% accuracy in P300-based deception detection, surpassing earlier methods by providing enhanced time-frequency resolution while suppressing cross-term interference in EEG signal… [693] (2013)Concealed semantic and episodic autobiographical memory electrified
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience A double dissociation between memory types was demonstrated across four ERP components: semantic autobiographical probes produced larger N2, N400, and P3b CIT effects, while episodic… [694] (2013)I want to lie about not knowing you, but my precuneus refuses to cooperate
Scientific Reports Left precuneus BOLD signal activity achieved an 84.6% individual-level classification accuracy (11/13 subjects) in identifying participants who lied about recognizing familiar faces, while traditional executive-process… [695] (2013)Lying through the eyes: detecting lies through eye movements
Proceedings of the 6th workshop on Eye gaze in intelligent human machine interaction Significant differences in saccade amplitudes were observed between truth-telling and lying, with longer saccades during truthful responses. Results supported cognitive load theory but revealed substantial… [696] (2013)A Novel Approach for Lie Detection Based on F-Score and Extreme Learning Machine
PLoS ONE The F-score_ELM method achieved exceptional testing accuracies of 99.27% sensitivity and 98.17% specificity in classifying guilty versus innocent subjects, outperforming traditional PCA-based approaches while requiring… [697] (2013)Reaction time measures in deception research: Comparing the effects of irrelevant and relevant stimulus–response compatibility
Acta Psychologica Relevant SRC tasks yielded substantial compatibility effects for deception detection while irrelevant SRC tasks showed no significant effects, with results replicated across different stimulus features.… [698] (2013)Exploring liars' strategies for creating deceptive reports
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars overwhelmingly chose to base their deceptive reports on previously experienced events — 67% in Study 1 and 86% in Study 2 — with reported… [699] (2013)Cognitive load or emotional arousal? The accuracy of indirect methods of deception detection in different lie scenarios
PsycEXTRA Dataset Behavioral indicators of deception varied systematically by lie topic. Six cues (arm/head movements, facial intensity, eye contact, contradictions, pauses) showed main effects for topic type.… [700] (2013)2345 – Comparative Study Of Methods For Credibility Analysis Of Verbal Statements In Forensic Settings
European Psychiatry Reality Monitoring and Scientific Content Analysis demonstrated validity for credibility analysis in Czech-speaking non-psychiatric adults, while Statement Validity Assessment proved unsuitable for adult populations, consistent… [701] (2013)The Effects of Group Factors on Deception Detection Performance
Small Group Research Behavioral familiarity had a positive effect on group success in deception detection but a negative effect on efficiency. Gender diversity negatively affected detection success, while… [702] (2013)Effects of recollection and familiarity on recognition memory in the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Both recollection and familiarity produced characteristic CIT physiological responses (respiration deceleration, increased skin conductance, heart rate changes), but recollection yielded significantly larger effect sizes for… [703] (2013)Exploring the movement dynamics of deception
Frontiers in Psychology Upper face movements during deception showed significantly less determinism (B=0.126, p<0.05) and greater complexity (t(41)=1.976, p<0.05) than during truth-telling, with similar patterns marginally significant for… [704] (2013)Deception and the misinformation effect: An event-related potential study
International Journal of Psychophysiology Deception produced strong parietal P3b suppression and a large frontal N400 negativity, while misinformation produced its own P3b suppression plus unique occipital LPC effects —… [705] (2013)Neural correlates of deception in social contexts in normally developing children
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience The right precuneus showed significantly greater activation during social versus less-social deception contexts, while the right inferior parietal lobule showed marginally greater activation for deception… [706] (2013)An interfering dot-probe task facilitates the detection of mock crime memory in a reaction time (RT)-based concealed information test
Acta Psychologica Adding a within-trial dot-probe interference task boosted detection AUC from .88 to .94 and classification accuracy from 85.7% to 92.1%, with the correct rejection rate… [707] (2013)Previous Exposure to the Sender's Behaviour and Accuracy at Judging Credibility
Psychology in the Courts Baseline familiarity with truthful behavior improves deception detection accuracy by approximately 4 percentage points (from 52% to 56%), but exposure to deceptive baselines provides no… [708] (2013)Detection of concealed information by frontal EEG asymmetry
Neuroscience Letters Concealed critical items produced greater relative right frontal alpha activity (withdrawal motivation signature), and combining this frontal EEG asymmetry score with P300 amplitude significantly improved… [709] (2013)The autonomic signature of guilt in children: A thermal infrared imaging study
PLoS ONE The mishap caused marked nasal temperature drops indicating sympathetic arousal (vasoconstriction), while subsequent soothing produced temperature increases reflecting parasympathetic recovery. Behavioral analyses confirmed distress responses,… [710] (2013)Seeing through Deception: A Computational Approach to Deceit Detection in Spanish Written Communication
Linguistic Evidence in Security, Law and Intelligence The LIWC-based classifier achieved 84.5% F-measure, with linguistic and psychological process dimensions proving most discriminatory. LIWC psycholinguistic features outperformed Bag-of-Words models for detecting deception in… [711] (2013)Lie detection in interrogations using digital signal processing of brain waves
2013 3rd International Conference on Instrumentation, Communications, Information Technology and Biomedical Engineering (ICICI-BME) Initial results showed good reliability in the hardware-implemented DSP-based lie detection system, though the researchers acknowledged that further testing on additional subjects was required to… [712] (2013)Catching liars: Training mental health and legal professionals to detect high-stakes lies
The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology Overall detection accuracy increased significantly from M = 46.4% to 80.9% following a single comprehensive, empirically based full-day training workshop — a gain of more… [713] (2013)Deception detection in speech using bark band and perceptually significant energy features
2013 IEEE 56th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) Bark scale spectral energy features outperformed traditional mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) for deceptive speech classification, demonstrating the viability of psychoacoustically-motivated features for voice-based deception detection. [714] (2013)P300-based Concealed Information Test and Inter-Stimulus Intervals (ISIs): A Comparison Among 500ms, 800ms, and 3000ms ISIs
한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 The 800ms ISI preserved P300 amplitude differences between probe and irrelevant stimuli comparable to the standard 3000ms ISI and maintained resistance to countermeasures, while 500ms… [715] (2013)Eliciting cues to deception by tactical disclosure of evidence: The first test of the Evidence Framing Matrix
Legal and Criminological Psychology SUE-Incremental elicited strong cues to deception, especially for statement-evidence inconsistency. Late disclosure was more effective than early disclosure, and stepwise disclosure was more effective than… [716] (2013)Interviewing to elicit cues to deception: Improving strategic use of evidence with general-to-specific framing of evidence
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology General-to-specific evidence framing effectively discriminated between guilty and innocent suspects through differential patterns of statement-evidence inconsistency, though results only partially supported the hypotheses. Gradual disclosure… [717] (2013)External validity of experiment on Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Skin conductance and heart rate showed no significant differences between laboratory and field CIT contexts, while respiration showed greater suppression in field tests. All three… [718] (2013)Intentional retrieval suppression can conceal guilty knowledge in ERP memory detection tests
Biological Psychology When motivated to suppress crime retrieval, participants' memory-related ERP effects were significantly decreased, allowing guilty individuals to evade detection, challenging the core assumption that neural… [719] (2013)Vocal Pitch Production during Lying: Beliefs about Deception Matter
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Participants' pitch increased when they lied, and importantly, participants who believed that pitch increases during deception produced significantly higher pitch in their lying compared to… [720] (2013)Notion of significance in concealed information test.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Effect sizes (92.4% accuracy) and randomization test p-values (90.6% accuracy) substantially outperformed traditional Lykken's scores (83.2%) and likelihood ratios (74.8%) in discriminating guilty from innocent… [721] (2013)Ten possible experiments on communication and deception
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization The paper identifies that distinguishing between cost-of-lying and lack-of-sophistication explanations for observed overcommunication represents a central empirical challenge, with heterogeneous honesty attitudes and self-selection into… [722] (2013 • COGNITIVE LOAD)Imposing Cognitive Load to Detect Deception: A Meta-Analysis
Legal and Criminological Psychology Meta-analysis finding that imposing cognitive load increased accuracy of deception detection from 56% to 71%. Supported theoretical models underlying both polygraph and behavioral detection approaches. [723] (2013)Towards the Detection of Deception in Interactive Multimedia Environments
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The study successfully demonstrated deception detection using non-intrusive off-the-person sensors in an interactive game-based environment, providing useful guidelines for future work while engaging public audiences… [724] (2013)The effect of cognitive load during deception on eye movements
한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 Liars exhibited shorter saccade duration than truth-tellers across both statement conditions, and showed reduced eye blink frequency specifically during chronological-order recall. However, the high cognitive… [725] (2013)Sorting the liars from the truth tellers: The benefits of asking unanticipated questions
Applied Cognitive Psychology Liars' verbal responses showed a greater decline in details across three of four question pairs when shifting from anticipated to unanticipated questions, and liars sorted… [726] (2013)Neural correlates of spontaneous deception: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)study
Neuropsychologia Spontaneous deception produced greater activation in the left superior frontal gyrus compared to truth-telling, demonstrating that voluntary lying engages executive control systems. Correct-truth trials showed… [727] (2013)Deception in avatar-mediated virtual environment
Computers in Human Behavior Avatar similarity in attitude and behavior heightened self-awareness, which reduced deception. Appearance similarity directly decreased deceptive behavior. Self-awareness was the key psychological mechanism linking avatar… [728] (2013)Deceptively simple … The “deception-general” ability and the need to put the liar under the spotlight
Frontiers in Neuroscience A significant correlation (r = −0.348, p = 0.006) between lie detection accuracy and lie production ability provided first evidence for a deception-general ability that… [729] (2013)When Interference Helps: Increasing Executive Load to Facilitate Deception Detection in the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychology The concealed information effect was robust across all conditions with accurate signal detection parameters, but cognitive interference tasks did not significantly improve individual classification accuracy… [730] (2013)A Concealed Information Test with Combination of ERP Recording and Autonomic Measurements
Neurophysiology The study demonstrated that multimodal CIT combining ERPs and autonomic measures is feasible using optimized short interstimulus intervals and balanced sequence presentation, addressing a key… [731] (2013)Primacy effect in credibility judgments: The vulnerability of verbal cues to biased interpretations
Applied Cognitive Psychology A robust primacy effect was found: participants judged the same narrator as more credible when the detail-rich account came first, and in a single-story paradigm,… [732] (2013)Detecting concealed information from groups using a dynamic questioning approach: Simultaneous skin conductance measurement and immediate feedback
Frontiers in Psychology The dynamic group CIT correctly identified the target country in 19 of 20 groups (95%) with zero false positives and a group-level effect size of… [733] (2013)Extending Textual Models of Deception to Interrogation Settings
Linguistic Evidence in Security, Law and Intelligence The surprising finding was that removing question-language influence from responses degraded rather than improved deception detection, as deceptive individuals showed qualitatively different linguistic response patterns… [734] (2013)Promises and Lies: Can Observers Detect Deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Observers achieved 63% accuracy in detecting deception, 12% above chance. While evaluators successfully distinguished promises from empty talk, they failed to identify which promises would… [735] (2013)The autobiographical IAT: a review
Frontiers in Psychology Validation experiments demonstrated over 90% accuracy in detecting true autobiographical memories, with test-retest agreement exceeding 90% and split-half reliability of 88%. The technique successfully detected… [736] (2013)P900: A Putative Novel ERP Component that Indexes Countermeasure Use in the P300-Based Concealed Information Test
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback P900 was observed in all subjects specifically in response to non-countered stimuli, was absent for countered stimuli, and could be elicited without the presence of… [737] (2013)Identifying concealment-related responses in the concealed information test
Psychophysiology N2, P3, heart rate, skin conductance, and cutaneous blood flow reflected recognition in both concealed and disclosed conditions, while late positive potential and respiration differed… [738] (2013)Deception in Context: Coding Nonverbal Cues, Situational Variables and Risk of Detection
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology Across three studies, deceivers showed consistent hand movement reduction. Higher risk of detection magnified overall negative and controlled impressions (M=2.51 vs. M=2.14 for lower risk)… [739] (2013)A functional analysis of deception detection of a mock crime using infrared thermal imaging and the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Functional discriminant analysis achieved 98.89% classification accuracy. Guilty participants showed significantly higher periorbital temperatures when responding to crime-relevant vs. irrelevant questions, while innocent participants showed… [740] (2013)Guess who? An empirical study of gender deception and detection in computer‐mediated communication
Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology The study confirmed that speakers' domain knowledge, perceived trustworthiness, and self-efficacy significantly impact the success of gender deception and attribution in text-based online communication. Perceived… [741] (2013)Little Liars: Development of Verbal Deception in Children
Child Development Perspectives Most 2-3 year-olds confess transgressions, but by age 4-5 the majority begin lying. Successful lying requires first-order theory of mind to initiate deception and second-order… [742] (2013)Accuracy of concealed information test as a memory detection technique: a laboratory study
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology Visual inspection by expert polygraphers achieved 86.4% sensitivity and 94.5% specificity (excluding 20.4% inconclusive cases); modified Lykken scoring yielded 83% sensitivity and 91% specificity with… [743] (2013)Two heads are better than one? How to effectively use two interviewers to elicit cues to deception
Legal and Criminological Psychology Truth tellers provided significantly more detail than liars only in the supportive second interviewer condition, despite participants looking at the second interviewer less than 10%… [744] (2013)Predicting the sensitivity of the reaction time-based concealed information test
Applied Cognitive Psychology Target-irrelevant response patterns effectively predicted individual CIT sensitivity, improving discrimination accuracy from 86% to 97% hit rate (ROC AUC 0.95) and increasing effect size from… [745] (2013)Non-contact measurement of eye movements in the detection of deception
The Japanese journal of psychology Eye-movement-based deception detection was effective only in the low-similarity condition, where participants showed significantly reduced fixation frequency and duration on critical images compared to non-critical… [746] (2013)Fixations and eye-blinks allow for detecting concealed crime related memories
International Journal of Psychophysiology Guilty participants displayed fewer but longer fixations on central crime details with reduced blink rates. Validity estimates were moderate (AUC ≈ 0.69), with fixations reflecting… [747] (2013)Combining blink, pupil, and response time measures in a concealed knowledge test
Frontiers in Psychology Response time achieved a 0.98 classification rate, and individual ocular measures (pupil-size, pupil-slope, pre-response blink-rate) each produced efficient classifications. Combining pupil and blink measures improved… [748] (2013)Detecting false intent using eye blink measures
Frontiers in Psychology Participants with false intent showed suppressed blinking during relevant questions, fewer total blinks, and shorter maximum blink duration compared to truthful participants. Discriminant analysis achieved… [749] (2012)The P300-Based, Complex Trial Protocol for Concealed Information Detection Resists Any Number of Sequential Countermeasures Against Up to Five Irrelevant Stimuli
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback The Complex Trial Protocol achieved 92-100% detection of guilty participants across all countermeasure conditions (1-5 countered stimuli) with just one false positive in 13 innocents.… [750] (2012)'Erm... What did I tell the other guy?' Using inconsistency to detect deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Results supported the hypotheses: truth-telling pairs interrupted each other more, corrected each other more, and added more information to each other's answers compared to lying… [751] (2012)A game theory approach to deception strategy in computer mediated communication
2012 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics Deceivers employ systematically different communication strategies than truth-tellers and adapt their behaviors across multiple interaction stages, supporting a rational-actor model of strategic deception that challenges… [752] (2012)Windows of the Soul? Deliberate Eye Contact and Deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Liars displayed significantly more deliberate eye contact than truth tellers, whereas the amount of gaze aversion did not differ between truthful and deceptive participants, suggesting… [753] (2012)The contribution of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to the preparation for deception and truth-telling
Brain Research The left DLPFC was more activated during lie preparation than truth preparation in a left-lateralized pattern, but preparatory DLPFC activity was not uniquely specific to… [754] (2012)Effectiveness of the Integrated Zone Comparison Technique (IZCT) with Various Scoring Systems in a Mock Crime Experiment by Students
European Polygraph The study systematically compared three scoring approaches for the IZCT in a controlled environment where ground truth was known, addressing an important gap in polygraph… [755] (2012)An experimental comparison of real and artificial deception using a deception generation model
Decision Support Systems The Application Deception Model successfully generated artificial deception with characteristics similar to real deception, providing evidence that artificially generated data can reduce training data collection… [756] (2012)Tests with Numbers
European Polygraph Mental arithmetic tasks produced observable EDA responses that increased systematically with problem difficulty, demonstrating that cognitive processing alone can generate physiological reactions detectable by polygraph… [757] (2012)Effects of coping and cooperative instructions on guilty and informed innocents' physiological responses to concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Guilty participants exhibited stronger physiological responses to critical items than informed innocents, and cooperative instructions reduced false positive rates by attenuating skin conductance responses in… [758] (2012)Learning to lie: Effects of practice on the cognitive cost of lying
Frontiers in Psychology Frequent liars showed a 53 ms lie-effect during training, compared to 239 ms for frequent truth-tellers, but training effects did not generalize to unpracticed items… [759] (2012)Imposing cognitive load to elicit cues to deceit: Inducing the reverse order technique naturally
Psychology, Crime & Law Reverse-order recall produced more prominent verbal cues to deception than chronological recall, and human observers achieved higher deception detection accuracy when evaluating reverse-order accounts —… [760] (2012)Does the Truth Come Out in the Writing? SCAN as a Lie Detection Tool
Law and Human Behavior SCAN showed no statistically significant ability to discriminate truth-tellers from outright liars or concealment liars, while Reality Monitoring successfully detected both types of deception in… [761] (2012)A Comparison of Invasive and Noninvasive Sensors in the Concealed Information Test
2012 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference This was a proposal paper that did not report empirical results. The authors outlined plans to investigate and compare accuracy rates of electrodermal, oculometric, and… [762] (2012)Lying and executive control: An experimental investigation using ego depletion and goal neglect
Acta Psychologica Goal neglect induced by long RSI (5-8 seconds) significantly increased the cognitive cost of lying compared to short RSI (0.2 seconds), but ego depletion manipulation… [763] (2012)Increasing Irrelevant Stimuli Increases Ability to Detect Countermeasures
Psychophysiology Found that increasing the number of irrelevant stimuli in P300-based CIT improved the ability to detect countermeasure use. Advanced the complex trial protocol methodology for… [764] (2012)The possible role of an error detection mechanism in brain processing of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology Both deceptive and honest manipulative actions activated overlapping brain networks including the bilateral prefrontal cortex, right anterior cingulate cortex, and right parietal regions. ACC activation… [765] (2012)Deception Awareness Improves P300-based Deception Detection in Concealed Information Tests
International Journal of Psychophysiology The deception-aware group achieved a 100% individual detection rate (10/10) compared to only 50% (5/10) in the control group, with significantly larger probe-versus-irrelevant P300 amplitude… [766] (2012)Combating automatic autobiographical associations: The effect of instruction and training in strategically concealing information in the autobiographical implicit association test
Psychological Science Explicit instruction and training allowed guilty participants to reverse their aIAT outcomes by strategically speeding up incongruent block responses, and critically, this form of countermeasure… [767] (2012)Algorithms for detecting concealed knowledge among groups when the critical information is unavailable
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Reanalysis of three datasets showed that both averaging and PCA-based algorithms successfully detected critical items and differentiated knowledgeable from unknowledgeable subjects with efficiency approaching standard… [768] (2012)A repeated lie becomes a truth? The effect of intentional control and training on deception
Frontiers in Psychology Training with intentional practice (360 additional deceptive-response trials) fully erased the reaction-time gap between lying and truth-telling (108.67 ms reduced to a non-significant 15.82 ms;… [769] (2012)The Direction of Deception: Neuro-Linguistic Programming as a Lie Detection Tool
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology Only 9.7% of participants (3 out of 31) displayed the eye movement pattern predicted by NLP theory, a rate no better than chance. No conclusive… [770] (2012)Indirect vs. Direct Measures to Detect Deception: A Cross-national Comparison
PsycEXTRA Dataset The study compared direct and indirect deception detection measures across German and Spanish samples, exploring cultural moderators of measurement approach effectiveness in credibility assessment contexts. [771] (2012)Reaction time-based detection of concealed information in relation to individual differences in executive functioning
Applied Cognitive Psychology The RT-CIT successfully differentiated guilty from innocent participants, with set-shifting and inhibition directly related to deception accuracy and speed; individuals with better working memory engaged… [772] (2012)Markers of Deception in Italian Speech
Frontiers in Psychology Speech rate was significantly slower during deception (1.95 vs. 2.10 words/second, p = 0.025, d = 0.447) and response latency was longer when lying. Contrary… [773] (2012)Secrets and Lies: Involuntary Leakage in Deceptive Facial Expressions as a Function of Emotional Intensity
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Emotional leakage occurred in 98.3% of participants attempting to mask their feelings, was significantly more prolonged and frequent during high-intensity versus low-intensity emotions, and was… [774] (2012)Deception detection for the tangled web
ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society The review identified substantial inconsistencies in deception cue measurements, contradictions across studies, and significant context-dependency in detection effectiveness, revealing that the field lacked sufficient consistency… [775] (2012)Age-related differences in deception.
Psychology and Aging Older adults were significantly worse at detecting rehearsed lies than younger adults, and older adults' lies were more transparent. Critically, worse emotion recognition in older… [776] (2012)Applicability of Multivariate Hierarchical Linear Model to Concealed Information Test data.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Hierarchical linear models provide a principled framework for handling the multi-level structure of CIT data (items within questions within individuals), offering more accurate effect size… [777] (2012)“You can't kid a kidder”: association between production and detection of deception in an interactive deception task
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Results revealed a significant correlation (r = -0.348, p = 0.006) between lie production and detection abilities, providing the first empirical evidence for a 'deception-general'… [778] (2012)How You Lie Affects What You Remember
PsycEXTRA Dataset Participants showed good memory for false descriptions but poor memory for false denials 48 hours later. Repeatedly truthfully denying having seen an unstudied object paradoxically… [779] (2012)Heart Rate Variability in the concealed information test with Lorenz Plot.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The research demonstrated the feasibility of applying Lorenz plot methodology to analyze heart rate patterns in CIT, exploring whether geometric HRV analysis could reveal distinctive… [780] (2012)Changes of response patterns of normalized pulse volume in the Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study documented changes in normalized pulse volume response patterns in the CIT, addressing observations of atypical responses that diverge from the expected vasoconstriction pattern… [781] (2012)Increasing the number of irrelevant stimuli increases ability to detect countermeasures to the P300-based complex trial protocol for concealed information detection
Psychophysiology Increasing irrelevant stimuli from four to eight restored reaction time as an effective countermeasure detector in 50% and 75% countermeasure conditions, while P300-based detection maintained… [782] (2012)Using ACID to help police detect deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Police officers trained in ACID significantly outperformed untrained officers and their own pre-training performance at detecting deception from verbal content. Officers who relied on intuition… [783] (2012)The design and development of a lie detection system using facial micro-expressions
2nd International Conference on Advances in Computational Tools for Engineering Applications (ACTEA) The system successfully classified eight basic facial expressions using geometric-based dynamic templates and frame-by-frame analysis, demonstrating technical feasibility of automated micro-expression detection, though specific accuracy… [784] (2012)The P300-based concealed information test: Simultaneous auditory and visual stimulus presentation
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study found that simultaneous auditory-visual presentation produced detectable P300 CIT effects, with pictorial visual stimuli showing particular effectiveness when paired with auditory presentation. The… [785] (2012)A New Approach for Concealed Information Identification Based on ERP Assessment
Journal of Medical Systems Wavelet coefficient features showed statistically significant differences between concealed and irrelevant information (p < 0.05), with KPCA successfully reducing feature dimensionality while improving SVM classifier… [786] (2012)How do teachers perceive cheating students? Beliefs about cues to deception and detection accuracy in the educational field
European Journal of Psychology of Education Teacher trainees performed no better than chance in detecting true versus fabricated stories about cheating. Participants predominantly relied on stereotypical invalid cues like gaze aversion,… [787] (2012)The Eyes Don’t Have It: Lie Detection and Neuro-Linguistic Programming
PLoS ONE All three studies failed to find support for NLP's eye movement-deception hypothesis. Eye movement patterns did not differ between lying and truth-telling, NLP training did… [788] (2012)Lie-detection using Autobiographical Implicit Association Test
PsycEXTRA Dataset Validation research on the aIAT demonstrated over 90% accuracy in detecting true autobiographical memories, with test-retest reliability also exceeding 90%, though subsequent research identified vulnerabilities… [789] (2012)Linguistic Cues to Deception Assessed by Computer Programs: A Meta-Analysis
PsycEXTRA Dataset Computer-analyzed linguistic cues reliably differentiate lies from truths, with liars showing increased cognitive load, more negative emotion, greater psychological distancing, fewer sensory details, and reduced… [790] (2012)A Secure Group Collaboration Protocol for Nonverbal Human Social Signals Featuring Deception Detection
2012 International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2012 International Confernece on Social Computing The authors developed a cryptographic protocol allowing secure multi-party computation on deception-related nonverbal social signals, providing privacy guarantees against semi-honest participants while enabling collaborative analysis… [791] (2012)A New Lie Detection Method Based on Small-number of P300 Responses
2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology The method achieved 82.45% balanced accuracy in distinguishing guilty from innocent subjects using reduced stimulus presentations, demonstrating that reliable P300-based lie detection could be implemented… [792] (2012)Decomposing cognitive processes underlying the concealed information test by event-related potentials
International Journal of Biomedical and Soft Computing Principal component analysis revealed three distinct ERP components differentiating crime-relevant from irrelevant items: an N2 component peaking at 180 ms, a P300 component peaking at… [793] (2012)Mechanisms underlying response bias in deception detection
Psychology, Crime & Law Asymmetrical error weighting emerged as the strongest predictor of response bias: participants more concerned about False Alarms showed truth bias, while those more concerned about… [794] (2012)A novel protocol for detection of concealed information
20th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE2012) Multimodal measurement combining ERP and autonomic signals achieved 90.9% classification accuracy using linear discriminant analysis, significantly exceeding single-modality approaches in laboratory CIT testing. [795] (2012)Emotional arousal modulates the encoding of crime-related details and corresponding physiological responses in the Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Emotional arousal during crime encoding modulates both the retention of crime-related details and the corresponding physiological responses measured by the CIT, affecting test validity over… [796] (2012)The Detection of Deception Using the Steady-State Visual Evoked Field
IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines The study demonstrated that steady-state visual evoked magnetic fields show measurable differences between deceptive and truthful responses, suggesting that cognitive demands of lying disrupt neural… [797] (2012)Concealed Knowledge Identification using facial thermal imaging
Li Creative Technologies The automated thermal imaging system achieved 83.5% accuracy in detecting concealed knowledge, comparable to or better than conventional polygraph testing (72–91% accuracy range). The non-contact… [798] (2012)The revealing glance: eye gaze behavior to concealed information
Memory & Cognition Longer fixation durations on concealed known faces compared to unknown faces revealed memory traces even during active concealment attempts. The second fixation effect (266–678 ms)… [799] (2012)Using perception shifts to create unanticipated questions and to elicit cues to deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Liars' verbal responses showed a greater decline in details across three out of four question pairs when comparing anticipated to unanticipated questions, and liars sorted… [800] (2011 • APA COMMISSIONED REVIEW)Meta-Analytic Survey of Criterion Accuracy of Validated Polygraph Techniques
Polygraph 38 studies met inclusion criteria, involving 32 different samples, 45 experiments, 295 scorers, and 11,737 scored results from 3,723 examinations. Event-specific diagnostic tests: 89% accuracy… [801] (2011)The Relation Between Knowledge of Cues to Deception and the Ability to Detect Deceit
Problems of Forensic Sciences Observers performed at chance level in detecting lies and truths and showed a truth bias. However, those with more accurate knowledge of deception cues achieved… [802] (2011)Cognitive Load and EEG Beta Spectrum Analysis for Deception Detection
한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 Guilty participants showed significantly higher beta power activity when providing cognitively demanding deceptive responses to crime-relevant questions compared to simple truth responses, while innocent participants… [803] (2011)Evidence for training the ability to read microexpressions
Motivation and Emotion Training group participants showed significantly higher microexpression recognition accuracy than comparison groups immediately after training and demonstrated better third-party ratings of social and communicative workplace… [804] (2011)Commentary on: Horvath F, Palmatier JJ. Critique of Horvath‐Palmatier Laboratory Study on Effectiveness of Exclusive v. Non‐Exclusive Control Questions in Polygraph Examination. J Forensic Sci 2008;53(4):889–99
Journal of Forensic Sciences Matte raised methodological concerns about cuff pressure settings (40-55 mmHg vs. recommended 90 mmHg), test structure deviations from validated protocols, and implementation of exclusive control… [805] (2011)The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in deception when remembering neutral and emotional events
Neuroscience Research The bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed overlapping activation during deception about both neutral and emotional memories, demonstrating that the DLPFC serves as a domain-general executive… [806] (2011)Which helps detect lies, eagerness or vigilance? The impact of regulatory focus on lie detection
PsycEXTRA Dataset Prevention focus consistently enhanced lie detection accuracy across all four studies, while promotion focus was associated with lower accuracy. The vigilance associated with prevention focus… [807] (2011)An Investigation of the Guilty Knowledge Test Polygraph Examination
Journal of Criminal Psychology Results demonstrated real variations between the physiological measures used, and gender differences were observed in polygraph response patterns, with implications for sensor selection and demographic… [808] (2011)Analysis of Facial Skin Temperature Changes in Acquaintance Comparison Question Test
European Polygraph The study demonstrated the feasibility of using high-sensitivity thermal cameras to detect facial temperature changes during polygraph testing with precision of less than 0.02°C. [809] (2011)The Use of Physiological Measures to Detect Deception in Juveniles
Polygraph Examined CQT application with juvenile populations. Found that physiological measures can effectively detect deception in younger examinees, expanding the evidence base beyond adult populations. [810] (2011)Improved method for calculating the respiratory line length in the concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology The weighted average method successfully removed systematic bias in respiration line length calculations and significantly increased discrimination performance compared to the original method in experimental… [811] (2011)Reviewers and the Detection of Deceptive Information in Recorded Interviews
Journal of Applied Social Psychology Reviewers were more accurate at detecting deceptive information than participant interviewers; warnings about deception's presence improved reviewers' detection accuracy without increasing false alarms across text… [812] (2011)Visual Cues for Facial Behaviour in Deception Detection
IEEE International Conference on Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics (ICCAIE) The pilot study demonstrated statistically supported potential for facial behaviour cues — including micro-expressions, facial asymmetry, lip biting, and blink rate changes — to discriminate… [813] (2011)The processes leading to deception: ERP spatiotemporal principal component analysis and source analysis
Social Neuroscience Two serial cognitive processes—decision-making and response preparation—underlie deliberate deception, evidenced by temporally distinct patterns of brain activation in left lateral frontal regions (800-1000 ms) and… [814] (2011)Visual Cues of Facial Behaviour in Deception Detection
IEEE International Conference on Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics (ICCAIE) Human examiners achieved only 56.25% accuracy in detecting deception from facial cues — barely above chance — while a logistic regression classifier applied to the… [815] (2011)Event-Related Potentials in Deception Detection
Psychology in Russia: State of Art The study successfully identified neurophysiological correlates of deception using ERP analysis, supporting the development of cognitive lie detection technology based on central nervous system indicators… [816] (2011)Effects of Within-individual Standardization on Statistical Test and Effect Size on the Concealed Information Test.
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology The study found that the choice of within-individual standardization method significantly affects both statistical test results and calculated effect sizes in CIT data analysis. [817] (2011)Detecting of deception and concealed information using neuroimaging techniques
Memory Detection A ventral frontoparietal network involved in detecting behaviorally relevant stimuli and matching them with memory representations was recruited in both deception and concealed information paradigms,… [818] (2011)Can the affect misattribution procedure detect deception?
PsycEXTRA Dataset Specific findings are not available; the work appears to be a conference presentation that was not subsequently published in peer-reviewed form. [819] (2011)A mock terrorism application of the P300-based concealed information test
Psychophysiology With prior knowledge of probe items, the study detected 12/12 guilty subjects with 0% false positives. Using a searching CIT approach with restricted prior knowledge,… [820] (2011)An investigation of data and text mining methods for real world deception detection
Expert Systems with Applications Information fusion ensemble models achieved >74% classification accuracy in detecting deception in authentic criminal investigation statements, outperforming artificial neural networks (73.46%) and decision trees (71.60%),… [821] (2011)The impact of family climate on Romanian youngsters’ physiological reactivity to violent video stimuli measured by the polygraph
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences Youngsters growing in negative family climates showed statistically significant differences in physiological reactions (measured by polygraph) when exposed to violent video stimuli from Saw films,… [822] (2011)Effects of Automated and Participative Decision Support in Computer-Aided Credibility Assessment
Journal of Management Information Systems Decision aids that collect both automated linguistic cues and human perceptual observations perform better than systems relying on only one type of cue, while participatory… [823] (2011)Mock crime application of the complex-trial protocol (CTP) P300-based Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Overall 92% correct classification rate across all conditions (guilty, innocent, countermeasure groups). The CTP demonstrated high sensitivity (87% overall) and specificity in detecting incidentally acquired… [824] (2011)Using sketch drawing to induce inconsistency in liars
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars showed significantly lower consistency between sketches and verbal reports than truth-tellers, with classification accuracy of 80-100% for truth-tellers and 70-77% for liars across two… [825] (2011)The Effects of Social and Educational Environment on Physiological Reactivity to Polygraph at Young Romanian Exposed to Short-term Violent TV Journals
International Journal of Social Science and Humanity Participants from different social and educational environments showed statistically significant differences in physiological reactions to violent TV news, with evidence that repeated exposure to violent… [826] (2011)Assessing the adequacy of post-experimental inquiries in deception research and factors that promote participant honesty
PsycEXTRA Dataset Participants frequently fail to disclose suspicion or prior knowledge on postexperimental inquiries, with only modest improvements (d = 0.24-0.27) from computer-based administration and reward incentives,… [827] (2011)Effect of stimulus probabilities on physiological responses in the concealed information test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The weighted average method successfully removed bias in respiration line length calculations and significantly increased discrimination performance in experimental CIT data compared to the original… [828] (2011)Detecting deception from emotional faces: Is that really how you feel?
PsycEXTRA Dataset Direct deception judgments yielded at-or-below-chance accuracy with negative effect sizes, while indirect emotion inference successfully distinguished liars from truth tellers for negative emotional expressions (Hedges's… [829] (2011)Using sketch-drawing to induce inconsistency in liars
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars demonstrated significantly lower consistency between sketch drawings and verbal reports compared to truth-tellers, with correct classification rates of 70-100% across two experiments, substantially exceeding… [830] (2011)Sender Demeanor: Individual Differences in Sender Believability Have a Powerful Impact on Deception Detection Judgments
Human Communication Research Sender demeanor explained up to 98% of variance in detection accuracy across five experiments, with accuracy swings of 36-80% between matched and mismatched conditions. Eleven… [831] (2011)A novel countermeasure against the reaction time index of countermeasure use in the P300-based complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Detection rates remained high (83-92%) based on P300 for all groups, but simultaneous countermeasure execution made reaction times indistinguishable from controls, defeating the RT-based countermeasure… [832] (2011 • fMRI COUNTERMEASURES)Lying in the Scanner: Covert Countermeasures Disrupt Deception Detection by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
NeuroImage Demonstrated that covert countermeasures significantly reduced fMRI lie detection accuracy. Subjects trained in imperceptible finger movements disrupted brain activation patterns associated with deception. [833] (2011)A Basic Study on Detection of Deception
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Eye tracking successfully detected deception only when stimuli had low visual similarity, with participants showing significantly reduced glancing frequency and duration toward critical images. High… [834] (2011)Executing Facial Control During Deception Situations
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Participants could significantly reduce but not eliminate facial movements when instructed to suppress them, with liars showing lesser suppression ability than truth-tellers. The lower face… [835] (2011 – ONGOING)P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface Deception Detection
Psychophysiology Development and validation of the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) for P300-based concealed information detection. Demonstrated large effect sizes (d* = 1.59–1.89) for brain-wave-based detection, with… [836] (2011)The influence of fMRI lie detection evidence on juror decision-making
Behavioral Sciences and the Law fMRI lie detection evidence increased guilty verdicts to 76% compared to 47-56% for other conditions, representing a 20-29 percentage point inflation. This prejudicial effect was… [837] (2011)Effect of self-relevance of a non-critical item on physiological responding on the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Guilty participants showed differential reactivity to critical items despite self-relevant distractors, while innocent participants showed problematic responses to self-relevant items on skin conductance only, suggesting… [838] (2011)Lie detection from non-verbal behavior in Czech Republic
PsycEXTRA Dataset The research contributed to the broader understanding that non-verbal lie detection is an intuitive rather than systematic process with limited reliability across cultural contexts, consistent… [839] (2011)Mock crime application of the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) P300-based concealed information test
Psychophysiology Overall classification accuracy reached 92% across all participant groups, with all 12 countermeasure users correctly identified and reaction times serving as a reliable auxiliary index… [840] (2011)Memory instructions, vocalization, mock crimes, and concealed information tests with a polygraph
Perceptual and Motor Skills Guilty participants who incidentally encoded crime details without explicit priming showed significantly lower memory, detection scores, and detection rates compared to those who received explicit… [841] (2011)Practical guidelines for developing a CIT
Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test Central crime details directly related to crime execution are recalled at 90.2% compared to only 65.9% for peripheral details. Guidelines emphasize selecting information present in… [842] (2011)Effects of the emotional value of questions on the physiological responses in the concealed information test.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The full findings are not publicly available, but the research investigated whether emotionally-valued questions produce different physiological response patterns compared to neutral questions in CIT… [843] (2011)Leakage of information to innocent suspects
Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test Research demonstrates that mere knowledge of crime details elicits CIT effects regardless of how the information was acquired, creating false-positive risk for informed innocents. However,… [844] (2010)Truth Bias and Regression toward the Mean Phenomenon in Detecting Deception
Psychological Reports Elaad proposed that the decrease in truth bias over time reported by Masip et al. could reflect regression toward the mean rather than cognitive change,… [845] (2010)Возможности применения полиграфа и новых альтернативных методов инструментальной детекции лжи для предупреждения террористических угроз
Российский психологический журнал The paper reports that brain-based methods using evoked potentials demonstrate high reliability and accuracy in detecting concealed information about terrorist activities, even during planning stages,… [846] (2010)Evaluation of the effectiveness of a brief deception detection training program
Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology Brief three-hour training improved healthcare professionals' deception detection accuracy from 51.2% to 60.7%, with gains primarily in correctly identifying deceptive statements rather than truthful ones. [847] (2010)New P300-based protocol to detect concealed information: resistance to mental countermeasures against only half the irrelevant stimuli and a possible ERP indicator of countermeasures
Psychophysiology The Complex Trial Protocol achieved 100% detection accuracy in both simple guilty and countermeasure groups when comparing probe versus all averaged irrelevants, with 92-100% accuracy… [848] (2010)The psychosocial implications in teenage exposure to aggressive blood visual stimuli evidenced by the polygraph
PsycEXTRA Dataset Teenagers showed adaptation to aggressive blood visual stimuli with significantly decreased galvanic skin response across repeated exposures (p<0.05), suggesting unconscious emotional desensitization. Urban youth treated… [849] (2010)Countermeasure mechanisms in a P300-based concealed information test
Psychophysiology The study found a greater P300 amplitude to probes in the guilty omit probe condition compared with the guilty no omit and innocent omit irrelevant… [850] (2010)Lying about the valence of affective pictures: an fMRI study
PLoS ONE Neural activity during deception is significantly modulated by the emotional valence of the concealed information, with lying about positive pictures producing more extensive brain activation… [851] (2010)A New Computer Vision Based Polygraph System
Recent Patents on Computer Science The authors reported experimental validation of a computer vision system that successfully detected deception through automated pupil size measurement, claiming it represented the best computer… [852] (2010)Understanding False Confessions
European Polygraph Confessions were judged as honest more frequently than denials, and observers systematically failed to identify false confessions due to the absence of perceived motive for… [853] (2010)A truth that’s told with bad intent: An ERP study of deception
Cognition The medial frontal N450 deflection occurred equally for lies and for truths told with deceptive intent (F(3,96)=3.79, p<.01), indicating that deceptive intention, rather than truth… [854] (2010)Brain mechanisms of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology Regional cerebral blood flow assessment revealed anterior cingulate cortex involvement in deception, indicating that error detection mechanisms are fundamentally involved in processing deceptive behavior. [855] (2010)Detecting true and false opinions: The Devil's advocate approach as a lie detection aid
Acta Psychologica Truth tellers produced more words and had shorter latency times when arguing for their actual opinion, while liars showed the reverse pattern and their Devil's… [856] (2010)Facial image processing for facial analysis
Conference proceedings Color-space pre-processing of visible images via Chrominance and Hue segmentation increased face detection rates and reduced false positives compared to standard Haar Classifiers, and enabled… [857] (2010)Does the guilty action test allow for differentiating guilty participants from informed innocents? A re-examination
International Journal of Psychophysiology Neither electrodermal, respiratory, nor heart rate responses differed by guilt status or questioning technique. Both GKT and GAT failed to distinguish guilty participants from informed… [858] (2010 • EXPERIMENTAL)Psychophysiological and Behavioral Measures for Detecting Concealed Information: The Role of Memory for Crime Details
Psychophysiology Examined how memory strength affects CIT detection accuracy. Found that central crime details produced stronger physiological responses than peripheral details, with implications for real-world CIT… [859] (2010)The production and detection of deception in an interactive game
Neuropsychologia Both claiming truthfully and falsely in a competitive game activated fronto-polar cortex (BA10), while false claims showed additional activity in premotor and parietal cortices. Deceptive… [860] (2010)Discrimination performance of event-related potentials in the autonomic-based Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology ERP measures detected participants missed by autonomic measures alone, and combining ERP with autonomic measures significantly improved discrimination performance. The peak amplitude of ERP difference… [861] (2010)Automatic blush detection in “Concealed information” test using visual stimuli
2010 International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition The automated thermal detection system achieved approximately 77% True Positive Rate and 60% True Negative Rate in identifying participants with concealed information, demonstrating proof-of-concept but… [862] (2010)Dangerous decisions: The impact of first impressions of trustworthiness on the evaluation of legal evidence and defendant culpability
Psychology, Crime & Law Untrustworthy-looking defendants were convicted of serious crimes based on less evidence and with greater confidence than comparably trustworthy-looking defendants facing identical scenarios, with the effect… [863] (2010)Impression and information management: On the strategic self-regulation of innocent and guilty suspects
The Open Criminology Journal Liars and truth tellers reported equal planning of demeanor and nonverbal behavior, but guilty suspects engaged substantially more in information management strategies, including preparing explanations… [864] (2010)Content in context improves deception detection accuracy
Human Communication Research Across six studies with 340 participants, average accuracy was 75% when judges had contextual information compared with 57% in control conditions—an 18 percentage point improvement… [865] (2010)Tonic variation of physiological activities in concealed information test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Normalized pulse volume showed progressive anticipatory changes that peaked at relevant item presentation then released—validating the Peak of Tension concept. Skin conductance declined overall but… [866] (2010)P02-68 - Neural Correlates of the Processes of Deception: an fMRI Study
European Psychiatry Deceptive responses activated a distributed network including prefrontal, fusiform, supramarginal, postcentral, and angular regions, revealing the multi-stage cognitive architecture underlying deception about face recognition. [867] (2010)The Validity of the Scientific Content Analysis(SCAN)-Based on the Accuracy of Detecting the Areas of Deception in Statements
한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 SCAN criteria showed statistically significant differences between truthful and deceptive Korean witness statements, though brief statement length and cultural-linguistic factors affected criterion expression and diagnostic… [868] (2010)Faking of the Implicit Association Test is statistically detectable and partly correctable
Basic and Applied Social Psychology The Combined Task Slowing (CTS) index detected instructed IAT faking with an average 75% accuracy (AUC up to .86) across four studies; CTS-based score adjustment… [869] (2010)Nonverbal indicators of deception: How iconic gestures reveal thoughts that cannot be suppressed
Semiotica Participants produced significantly fewer iconic gestures when lying, with deceptive gestures showing fewer post-stroke holds and shorter stroke durations. Three participants produced gestures that morphologically… [870] (2010)Strength of Memory Encoding Affects Physiological Responses in the Guilty Actions Test
Biological Psychology Culprits showed differential forgetting of peripheral (but not central) crime details, maintaining stable GAT validity across a 2-week delay, while informed innocents' false positive errors… [871] (2010)New P300-based protocol to detect concealed information: resistance to mental countermeasures
Psychophysiology The Complex Trial Protocol successfully resisted mental countermeasures applied to half the irrelevant stimuli, maintaining detection accuracy where traditional P300 methods would fail. [872] (2010)Not Pollyannas
Social Psychological and Personality Science High-trust individuals were significantly better at detecting lies than low-trust individuals (R² = .24), challenging the stereotype that cynical, suspicious people make better lie detectors.… [873] (2010)Extracting concealed information from groups
Journal of Forensic Sciences All three concealed critical items were successfully detected using group-aggregated and within-person standardized skin conductance responses, achieving a 100% item-detection rate across the three embedded… [874] (2010)Effects of self-relativity of non-critical item on the physiological responding on the concealed information test (2)
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Self-relevant non-critical items did not impair detection of guilty participants, but created false positive risk for innocent participants, particularly when scoring relied solely on skin… [875] (2010)The effect of response type and intention to deceive in a detection of deception test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The research demonstrated that different physiological measures show distinct sensitivity to question presentation versus answering processes, with question perception driving primary detection signals more than… [876] (2010)Need for Cognition and the process of lie detection
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology High Need for Cognition individuals achieved higher accuracy at classifying truthful and deceptive messages by focusing on diagnostic verbal content cues, while low NFC individuals… [877] (2010)Polygraph countermeasures cannot be detected from respiratory signatures: Government policy puts the innocent at risk
Polygraph examiners could not reliably detect countermeasures from respiratory patterns, contradicting policy assumptions and creating significant false positive risks for innocent examinees showing normal stress-related… [878] (2010)Motion Profiles for Deception Detection Using Visual Cues
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The motion profile Nearest Neighbor models achieved 81.6% accuracy in detecting deception using only visual behavioral cues. Subject-specific models significantly outperformed general models, indicating that… [879] (2010)Detection of deception in structured interviews using sensors and algorithms
SPIE Proceedings Automated algorithms successfully detected deception from physiological features extracted during honest and deceptive interview intervals, with detection performance varying by interview style and reported through… [880] (2010)The occurrence of eye blinks during a guilty knowledge test
Psychology, Crime & Law Eye blink suppression during crime-relevant questions successfully distinguished guilty from innocent participants with 76% overall accuracy, supporting the use of cognitive load-based ocular measures in… [881] (2010)Technology Dominance in Complex Decision Making: The Case of Aided Credibility Assessment
Journal of Management Information Systems Both novices and professionals improved credibility assessment accuracy using the automated decision aid, but professionals showed no greater benefit than novices. Both groups frequently ignored… [882] (2009)Polygraph Testing Internet Offenders
The Use of the Polygraph in Assessing, Treating and Supervising Sex Offenders Among 38 Dutch child pornography offenders who denied contact offending in self-reports, 21 (55%) disclosed contact sexual offenses including penetration, masturbation, and fondling during polygraph… [883] (2009)Neural processes underlying self- and other-related lies: An individual difference approach using fMRI
Social Neuroscience Both hypotheses were confirmed: self-related and other-related lies rely on partially distinct rate-limiting brain regions, and a cingulate–insular–prefrontal network is critically involved in both types… [884] (2009)Portrait of a Lie
Scientific American Mind Lying consistently activates brain regions involved in suppressing information and resolving conflicts, particularly the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal lobes. Combined fMRI and physiological measures… [885] (2009)Can simultaneously acquired electrodermal activity improve accuracy of fMRI detection of deception?
Social Neuroscience Adding simultaneously acquired electrodermal activity to an established fMRI deception-detection paradigm did not improve classification accuracy beyond what fMRI alone achieved, suggesting substantial informational redundancy… [886] (2009)Are errors differentiable from deceptive responses when feigning memory impairment? An fMRI study
Brain and Cognition Intentional feigning of memory impairment uniquely activated the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus, whereas unintentional errors produced no significant activation in these… [887] (2009)Training to detect what? The biasing effect of training on veracity judgments
Applied Cognitive Psychology Deception-focused training increased lie judgments while truthfulness-focused training decreased them; both training types inflated confidence without improving accuracy; traditional training programs bias trainees toward deception… [888] (2009)Differentiating orienting and defensive responses to concealed information: The role of verbalization
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback When CIT participants remained silent rather than giving verbal responses, heart rate showed the deceleration predicted by orienting theory, confirming that verbal responding is responsible… [889] (2009)Detecting concealed information with reaction times: Validity and comparison with the polygraph
Applied Cognitive Psychology Both the RT-based CIT and the polygraph-based CIT successfully discriminated between concealed and control autobiographical information, with similarly high effect sizes, supporting the RT-CIT as… [890] (2009)Eye Movements and Pupil Size Reveal Deception in Computer Administered Questionnaires
Foundations of Augmented Cognition Guilty participants demonstrated larger pupil responses and faster, more efficient reading of crime-relevant statements compared to innocent participants, with oculomotor discriminant functions successfully distinguishing between… [891] (2009)Do parkinsonian patients have trouble telling lies? The neurobiological basis of deceptive behaviour
Brain Parkinson's disease patients showed significantly lower accuracy on instructed lying tasks (71.5%) versus truth-telling (80.4%), with controls showing no such difference; deception impairment correlated strongly… [892] (2009)Statistical discrimination methods for the polygraph test
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology The latent class discrimination method (database-based) and hidden Markov discrimination method (within-individual) both demonstrated higher discrimination performance than conventional logistic regression and discriminant analysis methods… [893] (2009)In the Eye of the Beholder: Individual Differences in Perceived Social Isolation Predict Regional Brain Activation to Social Stimuli
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Lonely individuals showed significantly weaker ventral striatum activation to pleasant social stimuli and stronger activation to pleasant nonsocial stimuli compared to nonlonely individuals, forming a… [894] (2009)Outsmarting the liars: The benefit of asking unanticipated questions
Law and Human Behavior Unanticipated questions — especially requests to draw the restaurant layout — enabled correct classification of up to 80% of liar and truth-teller pairs, compared to… [895] (2009)A new approach for EEG feature extraction in P300-based lie detection
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine The study achieved 86% correct classification accuracy for both guilty and innocent subjects using a Genetic Algorithm-optimized multi-domain EEG feature set, surpassing the performance of… [896] (2009)The role of intention to conceal in the P300-based Concealed Information Test
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback P300 amplitude differences between chosen and unchosen cards were significant only when participants had motivation to conceal or transmit, not in the no-secret condition, indicating… [897] (2009)Replication of Functional MRI Detection of Deception
The Open Forensic Science Journal Twenty-five of twenty-nine participants (86%) were correctly identified as deceptive, and a Chi-Squared test (χ²=0.246, p=0.6197) confirmed no significant difference from the prior study's accuracy,… [898] (2009)Feature Selection for fMRI-based Deception Detection
BMC Bioinformatics Feature selection using an ensemble of filter and wrapper methods reduced the fMRI feature space from 65,166 to 124 voxels and significantly enhanced SVM classification… [899] (2009)Detection of deception using functional magnetic resonance imaging: well above chance, though well below perfection
Social Neuroscience No brain region could correctly detect deception across all individuals; medial prefrontal cortex showed the best performance at 71% accuracy with zero false positives, demonstrating… [900] (2009)Can intuition improve deception detection performance?
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Intuitive processing produced 10-15% improvements in deception detection accuracy across two experiments, with participants viewing brief 15-second clips or performing concurrent tasks outperforming those who… [901] (2009 • SUBLIMINAL PRIMING)The Application of Subliminal Priming in Lie Detection: Scenario for Identification of Members of a Terrorist Ring
Psychophysiology Novel application combining subliminal priming with P300 CIT for counterterrorism screening scenarios. Demonstrated potential for detecting concealed associations without overt questioning. [902] (2009)Imaging facial signs of neurophysiological responses
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering Thermal imaging of facial regions achieved detection performance comparable to galvanic skin response (GSR), the gold standard for peripheral neurophysiological measurement, while being completely non-contact.… [903] (2009)Thirty-site P300 scalp distribution, amplitude variance across sites, and amplitude in detection of deceptive concealment of multiple guilty items
Social Neuroscience Amplitude variance across 30 scalp sites and P300 amplitude at multiple nonfrontal sites each correctly identified 71% of guilty subjects, with false positive rates of… [904] (2009)Can Dogs Detect Human Deception?
PsycEXTRA Dataset Dogs learned to approach cooperators more than deceivers but showed no evidence of understanding human intentions. Performance was similar whether cues came from humans or… [905] (2009)Criteria-Based Content Analysis of true and suggested accounts of events
Applied Cognitive Psychology CBCA successfully discriminated true from suggested events overall, but discriminative power collapsed for participants with full false memories, where CBCA scores for true and false… [906] (2009)Stress and Deception in Speech: Evaluating Layered Voice Analysis
Journal of Forensic Sciences LVA produced hit rates no better than chance (42–56%) and false positive rates of 40–65% across all detection conditions, with sensitivity statistics confirming the system… [907] (2009)Brain Imaging Research: The Detection of Deception Utilizing HD-ERP, fMRI, and Pupillometry
Deceptive responses showed significantly longer reaction times (100 ms delay) and lower accuracy than truthful responses. Brain imaging achieved approximately 85.3% accuracy in detecting deception,… [908] (2009)Detecting concealment of intent in transportation screening: A proof of concept
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems The research demonstrated that automated analysis of verbal and nonverbal behavior during interviews could detect concealed intent at above-chance levels, with kinesic tracking revealing differences… [909] (2009)Deception and dating: Knowledge of tactics may improve detection accuracy.
Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology Knowledge of opposite-gender deception tactics significantly improved female detection accuracy, with women aware of common male deceptive strategies demonstrating superior lie detection compared to those… [910] (2009)Lying about facial recognition: an fMRI study
Brain and Cognition Deception about facial recognition activated a right-lateralized network including the medial frontal gyrus, red nucleus, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus with ACC,… [911] (2009)Effectiveness of pupil diameter in a probable-lie comparison question test for deception
Legal and Criminal Psychology Pupil diameter demonstrated significant predictive validity for deception (r = 0.61), performed comparably to traditional skin conductance measures, and showed potential as a replacement for… [912] (2009)Electromyographic Evidence for Response Conflict in the Exclude Recognition Task
Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience Results showed 28% partial errors for probe items compared to only 2% for irrelevant items, providing direct physiological evidence that familiarity and recollection processes activate… [913] (2009)Do textual features affect credibility judgment? It all depends on who is the judge
Applied Cognitive Psychology High-absorption individuals judged sparse narratives as more credible than low-absorption individuals, while both groups rated detail-rich narratives similarly, demonstrating that credibility assessment depends on the… [914] (2009)The Functionally Separation of P300 and CNV in Lie Detection
Acta Psychologica Sinica P300 (evoked at ~450ms) remained stable across feedback conditions and reflected stimulus recognition, while CNV (evoked at ~800ms) increased significantly for guilty participants making deceptive… [915] (2009 • REPLICATION FAILURE)Functional MRI Detection of Deception After Committing a Mock Sabotage Crime
Journal of Forensic Sciences Used two mock crime paradigms sequentially. Found accuracy dropped from first to second scenario, raising concerns about reliability across different deception contexts. [916] (2009)The moral, epistemic, and mindreading components of children’s vigilance towards deception
Cognition Children as young as 3 prefer testimony from benevolent communicators, but understanding that lies are false emerges only at age 4, with a dramatic shift… [917] (2009)Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to investigate hemodynamic responses to deception in the prefrontal cortex
Brain Research The study found significant hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal cortex during deception, with fNIRS successfully differentiating deceptive from truthful responses at the individual level. Classification… [918] (2009)Assigned Versus Random, Countermeasure-Like Responses in the P300 Based Complex Trial Protocol for Detection of Deception: Task Demand Effects
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Under low-demand random response conditions, the CTP achieved a guilty hit rate of 11/12 with zero false positives; however, under higher-demand assigned response conditions, the… [919] (2009)The effects of asymmetric vs. symmetric probability of targets following probe and irrelevant stimuli in the complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information with P300
Physiology & Behavior No significant differences in Probe-minus-Irrelevant P300 amplitudes or individual detection rates were found between asymmetric and symmetric target probability conditions, validating the internal integrity of… [920] (2009)Cognitive lie detection: Response time and consistency of answers as cues to deception
Journal of Business and Psychology Classification accuracy reached 89% using response time and answer consistency to distinguish liars from truth-tellers after controlling for individual differences, with liars showing longer response… [921] (2009)Within-individual discrimination on the concealed information test using dynamic mixture modeling
Psychophysiology The hidden Markov discrimination method showed superior performance compared to conventional within-individual scoring approaches in a mock theft experiment with 34 participants, successfully modeling physiological… [922] (2009)The Preliminary Credibility Assessment System Embedded Algorithm Description and Validation Results
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Validation studies showed 80% accuracy when inconclusives were excluded, with 23% inconclusive rates. When inconclusives were included, accuracy dropped to 63-79%. The algorithm was deliberately… [923] (2009)Disclosing concealed information on the basis of cortical activations
NeuroImage The study achieved 84.21% accuracy in identifying subjects with concealed information based on right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation, with both sensitivity and specificity at 0.84. [924] (2008)Individual Differences in Comparison Question Anxiety
European Polygraph Individual psychological differences significantly affect comparison question anxiety levels, potentially impacting test validity and interpretation. [925] (2008)Successful detection of verbal and visual concealed knowledge using an RT-based paradigm
Applied Cognitive Psychology Both verbal and visual stimulus modalities produced equivalent detection accuracy, with face pictures achieving 91% hit rates and 3% false-alarm rates comparable to verbal phrase… [926] (2008)How to accurately detect autobiographical events
Psychological Science The aIAT achieved 91% correct classification rates at both group and individual levels, with test-retest reliability exceeding 90% and split-half reliability showing 88% agreement. The… [927] (2008)Neural correlates of true memory, false memory, and deception
Cerebral Cortex fMRI successfully differentiated deliberate deception from false memory at a group level: the left middle frontal gyrus (dorsolateral PFC) reliably indexed intentional response manipulation, while… [928] (2008)Cultural Differences in Credibility Assessment
Paper to Digital Cross-cultural deception detection accuracy deteriorates significantly, with eight specific cultural norms identified that create systematic biases including gaze aversion patterns, storytelling styles, and linguistic cue… [929] (2008)Detection of Deception by Detection “Wizards”
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Only 47 of 15,000+ tested individuals (0.3%) achieved wizard status (80%+ accuracy on 2+ tests). Wizards rely on social-emotional cognition and attention to microexpressions, body… [930] (2008)A cognitive load approach to lie detection
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Actively imposing cognitive load through interview interventions — such as instructing interviewees to recall events in reverse chronological order — substantially increased behavioral cues to… [931] (2008)Deception Detection Expertise
Law and Human Behavior Two experts achieved 80-90% accuracy detecting deception from paroled felons' statements, showed high discrimination without response bias in signal detection analyses, and relied on nonverbal… [932] (2008)Periorbital Thermal Signal Extraction and Applications
30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference The fuzzy-based periorbital segmentation algorithm achieved an 82% deception classification success rate across four experimental runs, consistently outperforming the previous 10% hottest-pixels heuristic method by… [933] (2008)Detection of Deception in Adults
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Humans detect deception at only 54% accuracy (barely above chance), with no reliable expertise advantage for law enforcement professionals, judges, or other presumed experts compared… [934] (2008)Detection of Deception: Cognitive Load
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law The cognitive load approach is based on the premise that lying is more cognitively demanding than truth telling. By introducing mentally taxing interview techniques such… [935] (2008)Enhancing the complex trial protocol (CTP) and detecting concealed information in a mock crime scenario
International Journal of Psychophysiology The CTP achieved greater than 90% detection accuracy across all testing conditions including when participants attempted countermeasures. Countermeasure use was detectable via elevated reaction times,… [936] (2008)The Effects of Warnings, Computer-Based Media, and Probing Activity on Successful Lie Detection
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication Interviewers who received warnings about possible deception detected lies better than those without warnings. Interactive media prompted more probing questions, and probing behavior mediated the… [937] (2008)Training for Individual Differences in Lie Detection Accuracy
Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security Out of over 20,000 people tested, only about 50 individuals (0.25%) demonstrated Truth Wizard status with 80%+ accuracy. However, brief 20-minute training sessions significantly improved… [938] (2008 • SPATIAL-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS)Detection of Deception About Multiple Concealed Mock Crime Items Based on Spatial-Temporal Analysis of ERP Amplitude
Psychophysiology Extended P300 CIT methods to detect multiple concealed items simultaneously. Achieved detection rates above 80% using spatial-temporal ERP analysis across scalp regions. [939] (2008)Multimodal Detection of Deception using Fusion of Reaction Time and P300 Component
2008 Cairo International Biomedical Engineering Conference The Bootstrapped Analysis of Reaction Time (BART) method achieved 81% accuracy, comparable to 80% for P300 wavelet analysis alone. The multimodal BART-BAD fusion method demonstrated… [940] (2008 • FORENSIC ASSESSMENT)The Role of Psychophysiology in Forensic Assessments: Deception Detection, ERPs, and Virtual Reality Mock Crime Scenarios
Psychophysiology Introduced virtual reality mock crimes to increase ecological validity. Found enhanced realism improved physiological differentiation between guilty and innocent participants in CIT paradigms. [941] (2008)Detection of Deception: Use of Evidence in
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Late disclosure of evidence produced 61.7% detection accuracy compared to 42.9% for early disclosure. Police trainees trained in SUE achieved 85% accuracy versus 56% for… [942] (2008)Limitations to the Detection of Deception: True and False recollections are Poorly Distinguished using an Event-related Potential Procedure
Social Neuroscience Both studies found very high rates of false recognition and little evidence that brain electrical activity could distinguish true from false memories, with false recollections… [943] (2008)On being happy and gullible: Mood effects on skepticism and the detection of deception
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Negative mood increased skepticism and significantly improved accuracy in detecting deceptive communications (F(1,38) = 11.34, p < .01 for guilty vs. innocent discrimination), while positive… [944] (2008)Electrodermal and phasic heart rate responses in the Guilty Actions Test: Comparing guilty examinees to informed and uninformed innocents
International Journal of Psychophysiology Informed participants (both guilty and innocent-aware) showed equivalent SCR and heart rate deceleration patterns to crime-relevant items, indicating that the GAT physiological response is driven… [945] (2008)Effect of two types of control questions and two question formats on the outcomes of polygraph examinations
Journal of Forensic Sciences Nonexclusive control questions achieved significantly higher accuracy rates (85% for guilty, 91% for innocent) compared to exclusive time-bar control questions (χ² = 11.46, p =… [946] (2008)Reading Between the Lies: Identifying Concealed and Falsified Emotions in Universal Facial Expressions
Psychological Science Inconsistent emotional leakage occurred in 100% of participants attempting deception, yet true microexpressions appeared in only 21.95% of participants and just 2% of all expressions… [947] (2008)The Event Knowledge Test
European Polygraph P3 responses were obtained only to counted and chosen objects in 7 of 10 valid subjects, demonstrating that recognition memory for crime-relevant items persists despite… [948] (2008)Is the Face a Window to the Soul? Investigation of the Accuracy of Intuitive Judgments of the Trustworthiness of Human Faces
Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science Intuitive trustworthiness judgments of criminal faces were at chance level (M = 48.8%), while judgments of humanitarian faces were modestly above chance (M = 62.7%);… [949] (2008)The Language of Deception: Computational Approaches
Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies Computational approaches reveal systematic linguistic differences between deception and truth, including distinctions between imaginative and informative language patterns, with practical applications across security, forensic, and… [950] (2008)The role of deception in the P300-based concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology P300 memory detection was significant even without deceptive responding, demonstrating recognition is sufficient. However, deception improved detection accuracy, suggesting it plays a modulatory rather than… [951] (2008)Evaluation of the CVSA voice stress analyzer
Journal of Forensic Sciences The CVSA's true positive rates ranged from only approximately 50–65% across all conditions while false positive rates were equally high or higher, with sensitivity statistics… [952] (2008)Evaluation of two voice stress analyzers
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Both voice stress analyzers evaluated — the CVSA and LVA — failed to detect deception or stress at rates meaningfully above chance, with sensitivity statistics… [953] (2008 • USAF STUDY)Effectiveness of the Air Force Modified General Question Test Format
Polygraph Validated the USAF-MGQT format with total accuracy of 83.8% and definitive accuracy of 84.9%. Demonstrated effectiveness of the military’s standard examination format. [954] (2008)Social and Cognitive Correlates of Children's Lying Behavior
Child Development Children's initial false denials were related to first-order belief understanding and inhibitory control, while their ability to maintain lies through consistent follow-up statements was related… [955] (2008)The complex-trial protocol (CTP): A new, countermeasure-resistant, accurate P300-based method for detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology The CTP maintained hit rates greater than 90% across all conditions including active countermeasure use, with false positive rates of 0-0.08 and A′ discrimination values… [956] (2008 • DECEPTION DETECTION)Training to Detect Deception: No Improvement with Training or Feedback
Applied Cognitive Psychology Showed that neither training nor feedback improved human deception detection significantly. Individual differences in detection ability were minimal, further supporting technological approaches. [957] (2008)Feedback-related Negativity in Outcome Evaluation with a Deception Task
Acta Psychologica Sinica Deception motivation significantly enhanced FRN amplitude and shortened latency in response to monetary losses, with dorsal ACC generating FRN and rostral ACC generating P300, suggesting… [958] (2008)The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation
Psychophysiology Pupillary changes were significantly larger when viewing emotionally arousing pictures (both pleasant and unpleasant) compared to neutral pictures, regardless of valence, indicating that pupil dilation… [959] (2008)T06-P-01 A novel lie detection technique in the assessment of testimony of sexual assault
Sexologies The authors proposed a forensic assessment protocol combining credibility evaluation with implicit memory testing using the aIAT for child sexual assault cases, building on laboratory… [960] (2008 • COMPLEX TRIAL PROTOCOL)Development of a Countermeasure-Resistant P300-Based Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Introduced the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) specifically designed to resist countermeasures that defeated earlier P300 methods. Achieved high accuracy even with countermeasure-trained subjects. [961] (2008)Air Force Modified General Question Test Validation Study
Polygraph The AFMGQT produced total and definitive accuracy rates that significantly exceeded chance levels for both truthful and deceptive participants in controlled laboratory conditions, providing empirical… [962] (2008)User experiences with an unobtrusive decision aid for deception detection
2008 42nd Annual IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology Novice lie-catchers using the decision aid experienced improved deception detection accuracy, but users who incorporated more system recommendations performed better. Novices primarily turned to the… [963] (2008)Exploration of Feature Selection and Advanced Classification Models for High-Stakes Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008) The study achieved 76% accuracy in distinguishing truthful from deceptive statements, demonstrating that careful feature selection could improve classification performance while preventing model overfitting. [964] (2008)Combining P300 and SCR in the detection of concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Both P300 and SCR independently discriminated crime-relevant from irrelevant stimuli in a mock crime CIT, but the two measures were statistically uncorrelated — indicating distinct… [965] (2008)Cerebral mechanisms of error detection during deceptive responses in the normal state and under the influence of alcohol
Human Physiology Deceptive responses produced higher amplitude N190 ERP components compared to truthful responses in the sober condition, but this pattern inverted under alcohol intoxication, indicating that… [966] (2008 • NEAR-CHANCE)Detection of Deception Using fMRI: Better than Chance, but Well Below Perfection
Social Neuroscience, 2(1), 1–10 Honestly titled study finding fMRI detection was significantly better than chance but far from reliable enough for forensic use. Highlighted the gap between statistical significance… [967] (2008)The Complex Trial Protocol (CTP): a new, countermeasure-resistant, accurate, P300-based method for detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology Detection accuracy exceeded 90% across all conditions including active countermeasure use, and a novel dual-channel detection system using both P300 amplitude and reaction time patterns… [968] (2008)Improving the detection of physical countermeasures with chair sensors
Polygraph The addition of countermeasure sensors significantly improved examiners' performance in detecting physical countermeasures, while sensor information did not affect scores for examinees who were not… [969] (2008)New measures improve the accuracy of the directed-lie test when detecting deception using a mock crime
Physiology & Behavior New physiological measures improved the accuracy of directed-lie tests when detecting deception in mock crime scenarios. The study addressed previous limitations showing that respiration measures… [970] (2008)Video-Based Deception Detection
Studies in Computational Intelligence The automated system extracted behavioral features from video that performed comparably to human-coded perceptions in detecting deception, identifying behavioral profiles including agitated, over-controlled, and relaxed… [971] (2008)Combining physiological measures in the detection of concealed information
Physiology & Behavior SCR demonstrated significantly higher ROC AUC values than both HR and RLL as standalone measures; a weighted logistic regression combining all three physiological channels produced… [972] (2008)Déjà vu! The effect of previewing test items on the validity of the Concealed Information polygraph Test
Psychology, Crime & Law Previewing CIT test items with examinees prior to the formal examination did not reduce the physiological differentiation between guilty and innocent participants, directly contradicting the… [973] (2008)See no lies, hear no lies: Differences in discrimination accuracy and response bias when watching or listening to police suspect interviews
Applied Cognitive Psychology Officers listening to audio-only interviews achieved significantly higher accuracy (60%) than those watching audio-visual presentations (47%). Exposure to visual cues alone led to systematic lie… [974] (2008)Computer Mediated Negotiations and Deception
Handbook of Research on Computer Mediated Communication Individuals negotiating via instant messaging used more forcing tactics, experienced higher tension, and had significantly lower deception detection accuracy compared to face-to-face negotiators. Unexpectedly, instant… [975] (2008)Blinking During and After Lying
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Liars displayed significantly decreased blink rates during deception followed by compensatory increases afterward, while truth tellers showed increased blink rates during the target period with… [976] (2008)Increasing cognitive load to facilitate lie detection: The benefit of recalling an event in reverse order
Law and Human Behavior Liars interviewed in reverse chronological order were detected with 60% accuracy compared to 42% in forward order—a 42% improvement. Reverse order interviews produced amplified diagnostic… [977] (2007)Effects of arousal level on the physiological responding on the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Evaluative observation successfully elevated participants' overall arousal levels (indicated by higher skin conductance, vasoconstriction, and self-reports), but differential physiological reactivity to critical versus non-critical items… [978] (2007)Cues to deception and ability to detect lies as a function of police interview styles
Law and Human Behavior Accusatory interviews produced the fewest verbal cues to deceit and resulted in significantly more false accusations of innocent suspects compared to information-gathering interviews. Reality Monitoring… [979] (2007)Does micro-expression and subtle-expression training improve lie detection? A study with frontline prison staff
Forensic Update Full text not accessible for analysis. [980] (2007)The Comparison Question Test: Does It Work and If So How?
Law and Human Behavior Investigated the theoretical mechanisms underlying CQT effectiveness. Examined the role of comparison questions in calibrating physiological responses. Provided experimental evidence for the psychological processes driving… [981] (2007)Imaging Facial Physiology for the Detection of Deceit
International Journal of Computer Vision The automated periorbital thermal imaging system achieved 87.2% overall deception classification accuracy across 39 subjects in a realistic mock-crime scenario, with detection rates of 87.5%… [982] (2007)Forehead Thermal Signature Extraction in Lie Detection
Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS The forehead thermal channel achieved a 76.3% success rate in classifying deceptive states in a 38-subject mock-crime sample, confirming the corrugator muscle's supraorbital vasculature as… [983] (2007)Startling secrets: Startle eye blink modulation by concealed crime information
Biological Psychology Reduced startle modulation to crime pictures occurred only when participants inhibited physiological responding, suggesting that both orienting and inhibition processes contribute to CIT effects, challenging… [984] (2007)Information Does Not Affect the Validity of a Comparison Question Test
Legal and Criminological Psychology Providing examinees with detailed CQT information and countermeasure instructions did not significantly affect test validity; moreover, self-reported countermeasure use was associated with a lower (not… [985] (2007)Anterior Cingulate and Prefrontal Activity as Correlates of Attention Switching and Consideration of Multiple Relations during Truthful and Deceptive Responses: A BOLD Imaging Study
The 12th annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society The research identified distinct neural activation patterns in prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions associated with the attention switching and relational processing demands of deception, contributing… [986] (2007)An Investigation of Heuristics of Human Judgment in Detecting Deception and Potential Implications in Countering Social Engineering
2007 IEEE Intelligence and Security Informatics An automated system using discriminant analysis significantly outperformed human judges in detecting deception, validating the potential of computational tools to overcome inherent human cognitive biases… [987] (2007)Guilty and innocent suspects' strategies during police interrogations
Psychology, Crime & Law Guilty suspects reported significantly higher use of strategic impression management (detailed storytelling, consistency, avoiding direct lies) compared to innocent suspects. The Strategic Use of Evidence… [988] (2007)Assessment Criteria Indicative of Deception (ACID): An integrated system of investigative interviewing and detecting deception
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling The ACID system achieved 86.8% classification accuracy. Honest respondents provided longer, more detailed statements and benefited from recall mnemonics, while deceptive respondents gave shorter, more… [989] (2007)Lie detection - recovery of the periorbital signal through tandem tracking and noise suppression in thermal facial video
International Journal of Computer Vision The tandem CONDENSATION tracker-based system achieved 87.2% accuracy in classifying deceptive versus truthful subjects, matching the performance of highly trained polygraph experts while operating in… [990] (2007)The P300 is sensitive to concealed face recognition
International Journal of Psychophysiology P300-based CIT successfully detected concealed face recognition under high-familiarity and deceptive-intent conditions, but mere recognition alone without concealment motivation was insufficient to produce reliable detection. [991] (2007 • DECEPTION TYPES)Deceiving Others: Distinct Neural Responses of the Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala in Simple Fabrication and Deception with Social Interactions
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 287–295 Distinguished neural responses for simple fabrication vs. socially complex deception. Found amygdala involvement in social deception but not simple lies, revealing multiple neural deception pathways. [992] (2007)Single versus multiple probe blocks of P300-based concealed information tests for self-referring versus incidentally obtained information
Biological Psychology The single-probe protocol showed marginally superior detection sensitivity (p<.07) compared to the multiple-probe protocol, attributed to lower cognitive task demand. Self-referring information was better detected… [993] (2007)Localisation of increased prefrontal white matter in pathological liars
British Journal of Psychiatry Pathological liars showed highly significant white matter increases of 22-26% in orbitofrontal cortex, 32-36% in inferior frontal cortex, and 28-32% in middle frontal cortex compared… [994] (2006)Challenging interviewees during interviews: The potential effects on lie detection
Psychology, Crime & Law The most significant behavioral differences between liars and truth tellers emerged in Phase 3 after returning to information-gathering style (η² = 0.49, p<0.01), supporting the… [995] (2006)P300-based detection of concealed autobiographical versus incidentally acquired information in target and non-target paradigms
International Journal of Psychophysiology Autobiographical probe items generated larger P300 amplitudes and higher detection rates than incidentally acquired information; removal of target stimuli did not improve accuracy, contradicting cognitive… [996] (2006)Facial Skin Surface Temperature Changes During a Concealed Information Test
Annals of Biomedical Engineering Facial skin surface temperature measured by a focal plane array thermal imaging radiometer significantly differentiated deceptive from non-deceptive participants in both experiments, with combined bilateral… [997] (2006)Wavelet analysis for EEG feature extraction in deception detection
2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Wavelet analysis detected significant differences between deceptive and truthful responses in beta-band activity during the P300 time window, while conventional ERP analysis failed to reveal… [998] (2006)Improving a textual deception detection model
Proceedings of the 2006 conference of the Center for Advanced Studies on Collaborative research - CASCON '06 The study revealed that each of the four kinds of words in the Pennebaker model acts as a separate latent factor for deception, rather than… [999] (2006)Finger pulse waveform length in the detection of concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology FPWL achieved detection accuracy comparable to established measures (SCR .70–.84, RLL .73–.82), with improved performance when measures were combined. FPWL showed potential resistance to habituation… [1000] (2006)Silent talker: a new computer-based system for the analysis of facial cues to deception
Applied Cognitive Psychology The Silent Talker system achieved 74% accuracy (p < 0.001) classifying individual deceptive responses and 80% accuracy (p = 0.035) for overall interview classifications in… [1001] (2006)To act truthfully: Nonverbal behaviour and strategies during a police interrogation
Psychology, Crime & Law No differences in nonverbal behaviors distinguished liars from truth tellers during lengthy, high-stakes police interrogations, despite liars experiencing greater internal stress. Both groups adopted similar… [1002] (2006)The use of voice in security evaluations
Journal of Credibility Assessment and Witness Psychology Commercial voice stress analyzer technologies, including the PSE, CVSA, and LVA systems, consistently performed at chance levels in detecting both deception and stress, with professional… [1003] (2006 • MOTIVATION STUDY)The Effects of Motivation on the Detection of Deception in CQT
Psychophysiology Examined how participant motivation levels affect CQT accuracy. Found higher motivation produced larger physiological differences between truth and deception, supporting real-world generalizability. [1004] (2006)Deception Detection Accuracy is a Predictable Linear Function of Message Veracity Base-Rate: A Formal Test of Park and Levine's Probability Model
Communication Monographs The Park-Levine model successfully predicted detection accuracy across all eight base-rate conditions, explaining 24% of variance. In the 50-50 condition, participants showed 67% accuracy for… [1005] (2006)Surface features of utterances, credibility judgments, and memory
Memory & Cognition Intonation of utterances continues to influence delayed credibility assessments and these effects depend on listening strategies, while people have difficulty using pause length for delayed… [1006] (2006)Validation Studies for the Preliminary Credibility Assessment Screening System (PCASS)
DoDPI Research Reports The research provided initial empirical validation of PCASS as a portable credibility assessment tool designed for minimal training requirements and field deployment in military contexts. [1007] (2006)Personality factors in human deception detection: comparing human to machine performance
Interspeech 2006 Human judges performed worse than chance and worse than automated machine learning systems when detecting deception from audio interviews. Personality factors measured by the NEO… [1008] (2006 • P300 GKT COMPARISON)A Comparison of Methods for ERP Assessment in a P300-Based GKT
International Journal of Psychophysiology Compared three classifiers for P300-based detection achieving 74–80% correct detection rates. Demonstrated potential of ERP methods though accuracy remained below traditional polygraph. [1009] (2006)Integrated zone comparison polygraph technique accuracy with scoring algorithms
Physiology & Behavior All three algorithms achieved 100% accuracy when inconclusive results were excluded. When inconclusives were counted as errors, ASIT Poly Suite achieved 90% accuracy while PolyScore… [1010] (2006)Psychophysiological and vocal measures in the detection of guilty knowledge
International Journal of Psychophysiology The study provided one of the first rigorous laboratory tests comparing traditional psychophysiological measures against commercial VSA technology like TrusterPro. [1011] (2006)Speakers gaze at objects while preparing intentionally inaccurate labels for them
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Speakers gazed significantly longer at objects before intentionally labeling them inaccurately with semantically related words than when naming them accurately, and continued to gaze at… [1012] (2006)A new discrimination method for the concealed information test using pretest data and within-individual comparisons
Biological Psychology The latent class discrimination method showed superior discrimination performance compared to conventional statistical methods by incorporating pretest card test data and accounting for individual response… [1013] (2006)Voice Stress Analysis Instrument Evaluation
University of Florida / CIFA Both CVSA and LVA voice stress analyzers demonstrated chance-level accuracy in detecting deception and stress, with false positive rates of 40-65%, indicating no scientific validity… [1014] (2006)The cognition of deception: the role of executive processes in producing lies
Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs Executive processes including inhibition and working memory are central to producing lies, with converging evidence from developmental trajectories, neuroimaging of prefrontal activation, and cognitive demand… [1015] (2005)The Impact of Averaging Assigned Scores on Polygraph Decision Accuracy
Polygraph Averaging assigned scores from multiple evaluators prior to the decision stage did not consistently or significantly improve ZCT decision accuracy compared to the traditional individual… [1016] (2005)Neural correlates of feigned memory impairment
NeuroImage Bilateral activation of the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, anterior cingulate, and caudate nucleus during feigned memory impairment was invariant across different stimulus types, participant genders,… [1017] (2005)Language of lies in prison: Linguistic classification of inmates' truthful and deceptive natural language
Applied Cognitive Psychology Automated linguistic analysis achieved 69.7-71.1% accuracy in classifying prisoner statements, with software showing unbiased criteria while human judges (especially younger prisoners) exhibited decision bias. Spatial… [1018] (2005)Distinguishing Deceptive from Non-Deceptive Speech
Interspeech 2005 - Eurospeech Machine learning classifiers achieved approximately 70% accuracy in distinguishing truthful from deceptive speech, outperforming human judges by 12 percentage points. Contrary to conventional wisdom, filled… [1019] (2005)Exploring the Effect of Verbal and Nonverbal Cues on Perceptions of Deception
Communication Quarterly Involvement significantly moderated the effect of verbal cues on deception perceptions but did not moderate nonverbal cue effects, suggesting that engaged observers process verbal content… [1020] (2005)Detecting deception via strategic disclosure of evidence
Law and Human Behavior Late disclosure of evidence improved overall detection accuracy to 61.7% compared to 42.9% for early disclosure. Deceptive statements were identified with 67.6% accuracy in the… [1021] (2005)'I'd know a false confession if I saw one': A comparative study of college students and police investigators
Law and Human Behavior Neither students nor police could reliably detect false confessions, achieving only 54% accuracy (chance level). Police were more confident but also more biased toward presuming… [1022] (2005)Blob Analysis of the Head and Hands: A Method for Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences The study successfully validated automated blob analysis for tracking head and hand movements across diverse skin tones, demonstrating the technical feasibility of using computer vision… [1023] (2005)An Empirical Investigation of Deception Behaviorin Instant Messaging
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication Three types of nonverbal behaviors and three types of verbal behaviors significantly differentiated deceivers from truth tellers, including greater word count, more turn-taking, increased negative… [1024] (2005)Behavioral and physiological measures in the detection of concealed information
Journal of Applied Psychology Skin conductance response (SCR) reliably detected concealed information across both paradigms, but reaction time (RT) differentiated relevant from neutral items only when the critical words… [1025] (2005)Psychopathic traits and autonomic responding to concealed information in a prison sample
Psychophysiology Prisoners scoring high on the Impulsive Antisociality factor (PPI-II) of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory exhibited reduced electrodermal responding to concealed information, indicating that CIT sensitivity… [1026] (2005)Deception: The Role of Consequences
American Economic Review Lying rates varied systematically with payoff structures: 17% when sender gained minimally and harmed receiver substantially, 36% at moderate stakes, and 52% when both parties… [1027] (2005)Practice Effects, Workload, and Reaction Time in Deception
The American Journal of Psychology Deceptive responding generated longer reaction times than truthful responding, and this relationship remained constant across three practice sessions, suggesting the cognitive cost of deception is… [1028] (2005)Functional MRI Could Become Lie Detector
Clinical Psychiatry News fMRI and polygraph both accurately identified deceptive responses in all cases. Deception activated 14 brain areas while truth-telling activated only 7, suggesting lying is a… [1029] (2005)Effects of prior demonstrations of polygraph accuracy on outcomes of probable-lie and directed-lie polygraph tests
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The stimulation test with effective feedback increased probable-lie test accuracy to 90% and directed-lie test accuracy to 83%. Probable-lie tests benefited from the demonstration alone,… [1030] (2005)Using a linguistic analysis tool to detect deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Technological tools showed promise for detecting deception through linguistic analysis, but effectiveness varied significantly based on communication medium and personal investment in the topic, demonstrating… [1031] (2005 • INDIVIDUAL DETECTION)Telling Truth from Lie in Individual Subjects with Fast Event-Related fMRI
Human Brain Mapping First quantitative estimate of fMRI deception detection in individuals. Achieved 78% accuracy at single-event level and 85% AUC using receiver operating characteristic analysis. [1032] (2005 • MOCK CRIME fMRI)Detecting Deception Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Biological Psychology / Psychiatry Mock crime fMRI study achieving 90% accuracy in identifying deceptive subjects at the individual level. Demonstrated potential for real-world forensic application of brain imaging. [1033] (2005 • MACHINE LEARNING)Classifying Spatial Patterns of Brain Activity with Machine Learning Methods: Application to Lie Detection
NeuroImage Applied machine learning to fMRI data achieving up to 100% within-subject and 88% cross-subject classification. Demonstrated potential of multivariate pattern analysis for deception detection. [1034] (2005)Hemispheric asymmetry and deception detection
Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition Participants showed a highly significant (p < .004) left ear advantage in detecting whether statements were true or false, indicating right hemisphere specialization for deception… [1035] (2004)Can online behavior unveil deceivers? - an exploratory investigation of deception in instant messaging
37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the Two types of online behavior significantly differentiated deceivers from truth-tellers: deceivers participated more actively with greater message volume and took a dominant communication position, while… [1036] (2004)Musical mood induction and its effects on lie detection accuracy
PsycEXTRA Dataset Specific quantitative findings are unavailable as the original conference presentation could not be located for review. The study likely examined how different mood states influenced… [1037] (2004)Orienting to guilty knowledge
Cognition & Emotion Probe response times were significantly slower on guilty knowledge trials than neutral trials across all three experiments, demonstrating that crime-relevant stimuli produce a general interruption… [1038] (2004)Effects of outside issues on the control question test
Journal of General Psychology Outside issues had a strong differential impact on innocent participants, dramatically moving their scores toward deception by more than one standard deviation, while guilty participants… [1039] (2004)Deception detection: Psychologists try to learn how to spot a liar
Science News Across hundreds of laboratory studies, humans distinguish truths from lies at only 55% accuracy—barely better than chance. Common stereotypes like gaze aversion show no correlation… [1040] (2004)Female deception detection as a function of commitment and self-awareness
Personality and Individual Differences Females not in committed relationships were significantly better at detecting males 'faking good' compared to committed females. Private self-awareness correlated significantly with deception detection ability,… [1041] (2004)Lie detection using thermal imaging
Thermosense XXVI (SPIE Proceedings) The study demonstrated that periorbital blood flow changes captured via mid-infrared thermal imaging can be computationally classified to distinguish deceptive from non-deceptive subjects, with the… [1042] (2004)Detection of the Cognitive Components of Brain Potentials Using Wavelet Coefficients
Iranian Journal of Biomedical Engineering Discrete wavelet transform successfully decomposed single-trial P300 ERP signals into informative time-frequency features that distinguished guilty from innocent subjects, with subsequent work confirming 86% correct… [1043] (2004)A Pilot Study of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Correlates of Deception in Healthy Young Men
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Group-level fMRI analysis revealed consistent deception-related activation in the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, with EDA changes correlated to BOLD signal in these regions;… [1044] (2004)Deception detection under varying electronic media and warning conditions
37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the People were extremely successful at deceiving others regardless of medium used, and only receivers who were warned beforehand had a realistic chance of detecting lies.… [1045] (2004)A comparison of polygraph data obtained from individuals involved in mock crimes and actual criminal investigations
Journal of Applied Psychology While laboratory and field examinees exhibited salient differences in electrodermal, cardiovascular, and respiratory response magnitudes, logistic regression classification accuracy did not significantly differ between settings,… [1046] (2004)True or false: ‘I'd know a false confession if I saw one’
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts Neither college students nor police investigators could reliably distinguish true from false confessions at levels above chance. Police were more confident and showed a guilty… [1047] (2004)Self-efficacy, Training Effectiveness, and Deception Detection: A Longitudinal Study of Lie Detection Training
Lecture Notes in Computer Science Training novelty influenced perceptions of effectiveness, and developing accurate self-efficacy for deception detection requires multiple task iterations with feedback to allow skill calibration. Feedback on… [1048] (2004)An exploratory study on promising cues in deception detection and application of decision tree
37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the Five comparative experiments demonstrated that decision tree performance — including both accuracy rates and model complexity — was dramatically improved by statistically and semantically selecting… [1049] (2004)Serious Lies
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Serious lies were overwhelmingly self-serving (85–94%), most often originated in bad behavior (69–75%), concentrated in close relationships (64% involving closest partners), and produced substantially more… [1050] (2004)Children report suggested events even when interviewed in a non‐suggestive manner: what are its implications for credibility assessment?
Applied Cognitive Psychology CBCA criteria showed few significant differences between true and fictitious statements after repeated suggestive interviews, with experts unable to reliably discriminate between genuine and suggested… [1051] (2004)Police Officers’ Lie Detection Accuracy: Interrogating Freely Versus Observing Video
Police Quarterly Police officers failed to detect deception better than chance in both conditions, with no accuracy advantage for active interrogation over passive observation. Interrogators showed a… [1052] (2004)Positions of truthfully answered controls on control question tests with the polygraph
Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science Control questions answered truthfully could effectively differentiate guilty from innocent participants, but only when presented before relevant questions. When relevant questions came first, most participants… [1053] (2004)Nonverbal Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts
Handbook of Forensic Psychology Only 0.25% of people tested (50 out of 20,000) qualified as Truth Wizards achieving 80% deception detection accuracy versus 50% average. The ability to detect… [1054] (2004)Computer-Based Training for Deception Detection: What Users Want?
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The study demonstrated good system usability and identified key user requirements including configurable interfaces, improved audio/video quality, more immediate feedback, and additional real-world examples to… [1055] (2004 • REPLICATION)A Replication Study of the Neural Correlates of Deception
Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 852–856 Successfully replicated earlier fMRI deception findings. Confirmed anterior cingulate and prefrontal activation during deception is a robust and replicable finding. [1056] (2004)Estimation of blood flow speed and vessel location from thermal video
IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition The study successfully demonstrated that blood flow speed and subsurface vessel location could be quantitatively estimated from thermal video using inverse bioheat modeling, with potential… [1057] (2004)The relationship of suggestibility and compliance with self-deception and other-deception
Psychology, Crime & Law Self-deception and other-deception did not significantly correlate with suggestibility or compliance scores, confirming that self-favouring bias does not substantially influence the Gudjonsson scales. [1058] (2004)Response-Specific Scalp Distributions in Deception Detection and ERP Correlates of Psychopathic Personality Traits
Journal of Psychophysiology P300-based detection using bootstrapped peak-to-peak amplitudes correctly identified 100% of low psychopathic trait and 92% of high psychopathic trait participants, with both groups showing malingering-related… [1059] (2004)"Intuitive" Lie Detection of Children's Deception by Law Enforcement Officials and University Students.
Law and Human Behavior Police officers, customs officers, and university students all performed at or below chance levels (44-51% accuracy) detecting children's deception in standard interviews. Accuracy improved to… [1060] (2004)A Comparison of Polygraph Data Evaluation Conventions Used at the University of Utah and the Department of Defense Polygraph Institute
Polygraph All scorers achieved highest accuracy using University of Utah chart evaluation rules regardless of training institution, demonstrating that scoring conventions rather than examiner skill accounted… [1061] (2004)The Influence of Task Load and Automation Trust on Deception Detection
Group Decision and Negotiation Participants under high task load exhibited over-reliance on automated systems regardless of their trust levels, while low task load conditions showed the expected trust-use relationship.… [1062] (2004)The Relationship Between Facial Skin Surface Temperature Reactivity and Traditional Polygraph Measures Used in the Psychophysiological Detection of Deception: A Preliminary Investigation
Polygraph Combined polygraph and thermal imaging achieved 92% accuracy compared to 88% for polygraph alone and 70% for thermal imaging alone, with periorbital and nasal regions… [1063] (2004)Detection of deception: collaboration systems and technology
37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the The paper established collaboration systems as platforms for embedded credibility assessment, framing research showing that technology-enabled multimodal analysis of verbal, vocal, and behavioral cues could… [1064] (2003)Lie detection with contingent negative variation
International Journal of Psychophysiology CNV exhibited significantly more negative shifts for target faces (requiring deceptive responses) compared to non-target faces, with statistical significance across most electrode positions. Vector length… [1065] (2003)Estimating the validity of the guilty knowledge test from simulated experiments: The external validity of mock crime studies
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Realistic mock crime procedures produced lower recall rates and weaker GKT detection efficiency compared to standard procedures where participants were told crime details in advance.… [1066] (2003)Misrepresentation of pain and facial expressi
Malingering and illness deception Human observers showed poor accuracy (approximately 49%) at discriminating genuine from faked pain expressions, while objective FACS coding revealed that faked pain displays more facial… [1067] (2003)The Physiological Detection of Deception: Differentiation of True and False Statements Using Semantic Conditioning
PsycEXTRA Dataset The research proposed semantic conditioning as a theoretical approach to create deception-specific physiological responses, though full quantitative results were not published in accessible literature. The… [1068] (2003)Behavioral confirmation in the interrogation room: On the dangers of presuming guilt
Law & Human Behavior Interrogators with guilty expectations selected more guilt-presumptive questions, used more coercive techniques, and judged suspects as guilty—especially when paired with innocent suspects. Neutral observers perceived… [1069] (2003)Darwin, Deception, and Facial Expression
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Research confirmed Darwin's hypothesis that difficult-to-fabricate facial expressions (particularly involving the orbicularis oculi muscle) are also difficult to inhibit, and identified micro-expressions lasting 1/25 to… [1070] (2003)Partners in crime: How liars in collusion betray themselves
Journal of Applied Social Psychology Lying pair members were more consistent between themselves than truth-telling pair members, while individual liars and truth tellers showed equal within-person consistency over time. Truth… [1071] (2003)CIT and Countermeasures
Journal of Applied Psychology Found that compared with CQT, there is less evidence that individuals tested through CIT could employ countermeasures to alter results. CIT demonstrated greater resistance to… [1072] (2003)Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic styles
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin The LIWC classification model achieved 67% accuracy when topic was constant and 61% overall accuracy across all studies—significantly better than chance (50%) and untrained human… [1073] (2003)An UWB Radar Based Stealthy ‘Lie Detector’
Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics 6 The research demonstrated technical feasibility of remotely detecting cardiac and respiratory activity using UWB radar at close range (2 inches), with signals comparable to traditional… [1074] (2003)Designing Agent99 Trainer: A Learner-Centered, Web-Based Training System for Deception Detection
Lecture Notes in Computer Science Training significantly improved deception detection accuracy, and Agent99 Trainer proved as effective as traditional lecture-based instruction, with participants showing a 0.333 improvement in detection performance… [1075] (2003)Polygraph Evidence and Juror Judgments: The Effects of Corroborating Evidence
Journal of Applied Social Psychology Examined how polygraph evidence affects jury decision-making. Found that polygraph results interact significantly with corroborating evidence in shaping juror judgments. Provided empirical data for legal… [1076] (2003)MY RIGHT I: DECEPTION DETECTION AND HEMISPHERIC DIFFERENCES IN SELF-AWARENESS
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal A significant left ear/right hemisphere advantage (p < .004) was found for detecting whether statements were true or false, supporting the hypothesis that deception detection… [1077] (2003)Increased cortical excitability in human deception
NeuroReport Motor cortex showed significantly increased excitability during deceptive responses compared to truthful responses, suggesting enhanced cognitive activity in motor and premotor connections during the act… [1078] (2003)Concealed knowledge tests employed in field practice
Overall effect size was d = 1.55, with mock-crime studies producing d = 2.09. Under optimal conditions (mock crime, motivation, deceptive responses, ≥5 questions), effect… [1079] (2002)Detecting evidence of self-deception: Defensive verbal behavior assessment
Journal of Research in Personality High self-deceptive individuals displayed significantly more defensive verbal behavior (M=.89) than low self-deceptive individuals (M=.63), F(1,61)=12.83, p<.001. Reflective interview conditions increased defensive responding compared to… [1080] (2002)Seeing through the face of deception
Nature The thermal imaging system correctly categorized 83% of 20 subjects (75% sensitivity for guilty, 90% specificity for innocent), compared to 70% overall accuracy for traditional… [1081] (2002)Thermal Facial Screening for Deception Detection
Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conference Thermal facial imaging achieved an overall correct classification rate of 83% in a mock-crime paradigm (versus 70% for traditional polygraph by expert examiners), with 90%… [1082] (2002)Erratum: Seeing through the face of deception
Nature The erratum clarified that the false-positive rate in the small thermal imaging study might preclude large-scale security screening applications, tempering the original study's optimistic claims… [1083] (2002)Repeated interrogations: Verbal and non-verbal cues to deception
Applied Cognitive Psychology Liars displayed significantly fewer smiles, self-manipulations, pauses, and less gaze aversion than truth-tellers, with these differences increasing over time. Contrary to conventional wisdom, truthful and… [1084] (2002)Will the truth come out? The effect of deception, age, status, coaching, and social skills on CBCA scores
Law and Human Behavior CBCA scores discriminated truth from lies across age groups and roles, but only when liars were uninformed about CBCA criteria. When coached about the criteria,… [1085] (2002)P300 Scalp Distribution as an Index of Deception: Control for Task Demand
Journal of Credibility Assessment and Witness Psychology Scaled P300 scalp distributions differed significantly between honest and dishonest responses within the lie group (p<.02 for response type × site interaction), with lie responses… [1086] (2002)The Effects of Augmented Physiological Feedback on Detection of Deception
Augmented physiological feedback decreased habituation rates and improved discrimination between innocent and guilty participants, with effects persisting across multiple test charts, suggesting feedback manipulation can… [1087] (2002)Human behaviour: Seeing through the face of deception
Nature Thermal imaging of the periorbital region achieved 84% classification accuracy in detecting deception during mock crime interrogations, with performance comparable to traditional polygraph examination, though… [1088] (2002 • IMPLICIT MEASURES)Detecting Deception with Implicit Behavioral Measures
Psychophysiology Explored implicit measures (reaction times, IAT) as supplements to physiological deception detection. Found promising but modest detection rates, suggesting potential as auxiliary measures. [1089] (2002)Event-related potentials in the detection of deception, malingering, and false memories
Handbook of Polygraph Testing P300-based methods achieved 92-100% accuracy in detecting malingered amnesia and successfully identified concealed information through involuntary brain responses. P300 latency distinguished real memories from false… [1090] (2002 • COUNTERMEASURE DETECTION)Detection of Subjects Employing Directed Countermeasures on the Comparison Question Test
Legal and Criminological Psychology Investigated whether countermeasure use could itself be detected. Found that some countermeasure behaviors produced distinctive physiological patterns detectable by experienced examiners. [1091] (2002)Effects of questions' repetition and variation on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test: A reexamination
Journal of Applied Psychology Electrodermal detection efficiency showed a dramatic monotonic increase with question diversity, achieving ROC areas of 0.68, 0.81, and 0.99 for conditions with 1, 4, and… [1092] (2002 • FOUNDATIONAL fMRI)Brain Activity During Simulated Deception: An Event-Related fMRI Study
NeuroImage First major fMRI deception study. Found increased anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex activation during lying, establishing the neural basis for fMRI-based lie detection research. [1093] (2002)Group and individual accuracy in deception detection
Communication Research Reports Small group judgments were more accurate than individual judgments when detecting lies but not when identifying truths, indicating an asymmetric benefit of collaborative decision-making in… [1094] (2002 • CHINESE STUDY)Lie Detection by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Human Brain Mapping First fMRI deception study with Chinese participants, showing cross-cultural consistency of neural deception patterns. Prefrontal activation during lying was not culture-specific. [1095] (2002 • THERMOGRAPHY)Thermal Image Analysis for Polygraph Testing
IEEE Journals Seminal thermal imaging study finding periorbital warming during deception detectable by infrared cameras. Proposed non-contact alternative to traditional polygraph. [1096] (2002)Peripheral skin blood flow in psychophysiological detection of deception
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Laser Doppler flowmetry successfully detected peripheral blood flow changes differentiating crime-relevant from irrelevant items, with vasoconstriction occurring 3-10 seconds after stimulus presentation as part of… [1097] (2002)The Development of Deception Detection Skill: A Longitudinal Study of Same-Sex Friends
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Deception detection accuracy improved only for emotionally close friend pairs over a 5-month period; less close pairs became more suspicious without gaining accuracy. Indirect measures… [1098] (2002)Investigation and Evaluation of Voice Stress Analysis Technology
NCJRS (US Government) This represented one of the first rigorous government assessments of commercial VSA systems, addressing a critical gap in scientific literature regarding voice analysis for deception… [1099] (2001)A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of CIT Research Using MacLaren’s Data
Psychophysiology Laboratory research meta-analysis on the Concealed Information Test / Guilty Knowledge Test, providing data later incorporated into the APA 2011 meta-analytic review. Confirmed strong discrimination… [1100] (2001)The Effects of Varying Stake and Cognitive Complexity on Beliefs About the Cues to Deception
International Journal of Police Science and Management Police officers and students showed remarkably similar deception beliefs with no expertise advantage. While stake level influenced expected verbal behaviors in high-stakes scenarios, cognitive complexity… [1101] (2001)Respiratory changes during detection of deception
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Respiratory responses to deception showed inhibitory breathing characterized by decreased expiratory volume and minute ventilation, contrasting sharply with the hyperventilation pattern observed during general stress… [1102] (2001)The face of fear
The Lancet Acute fear produced a consistent, measurable increase in periorbital facial temperature detectable by thermal camera, with subsequent work confirming the technique's accuracy is comparable to… [1103] (2001)Pz-recorded P300 is highly accurate and sensitive to a memorial manipulation in an objective laboratory Guilty Knowledge Test
Psychophysiology Pz-recorded P300 amplitudes remained highly accurate and sensitive indicators of guilty knowledge even one month after the mock crime, while reaction time measures showed degraded… [1104] (2001)Nonlinear Feature Based Classification of Speech under Stress
IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing The TEO-CB-Auto-Env feature substantially outperformed traditional pitch and MFCC features, achieving consistent classification rates of 73.9%–85.2% across different stress styles and maintaining performance in both… [1105] (2001)Deception Detection: Interrogators' and Observers' Decoding of Consecutive Statements
The Journal of Psychology Consistency over time was by far the most commonly used cue for veracity judgments, yet deceptive statements were at least equally consistent as truthful statements.… [1106] (2001)Psychophysiological differentiation of deception: The effects of electrodermal lability and mode of responding on skin conductance and heart rate
International Journal of Psychophysiology The psychophysiological deception differentiation effect was robustly replicated under low emotional-stakes conditions, and was extended beyond skin conductance to phasic heart rate; electrodermal lability and… [1107] (2001)The case for peak-to-peak measurement of P300 recorded at .3 hz high pass filter settings in detection of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology The 0.3 Hz high-pass filter combined with peak-to-peak P300 amplitude measurement achieved 100% correct classification (26/26) in a laboratory deception paradigm, yielding on average 20%… [1108] (2001)Comparison of Skin Conductance and Skin Resistance Measures for the Detection of Deception
The research demonstrated that stimulation pretests can contribute to increased polygraph test accuracy. The study also provided comparative data on skin conductance versus skin resistance… [1109] (2001)Voice stress analysis and evaluation
Proceedings of SPIE 4232, Enabling Technologies for Law Enforcement and Security The Air Force Research Laboratory evaluation found that commercial VSA systems could detect physiological stress in the voice with high accuracy, but failed to prove… [1110] (2001)Deception detection based on repeated interrogations
Legal and Criminological Psychology Lie-catchers given access to multiple statements did not outperform those with single statements, yet repeated interrogations inflated confidence in judgments. Consistency over time was the… [1111] (2001)Behavioral and Functional Anatomical Correlates of Deception in Humans
NeuroReport Lying was associated with significantly longer response times (p < 0.001) and greater bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation (p < 0.05, corrected) compared to truthful… [1112] (2001)Who killed my relative? Police officers' ability to detect real-life high-stake lies
Psychology, Crime & Law Police officers performed no better than chance at detecting the high-stakes lies. Accuracy was unrelated to confidence, age, or professional experience, though experienced interviewers showed… [1113] (2001)Differentiation of deception using pupillary responses as an index of cognitive processing
Psychophysiology Task-evoked pupil dilation was significantly greater when participants confabulated responses compared to truthful responses for both episodic and semantic memory questions, indicating that deception imposes… [1114] (2001 • COUNTERMEASURE REVIEW)Countermeasures and the Polygraph
Book Chapters Comprehensive review chapter covering all known countermeasure methods and their effectiveness. Concluded countermeasures are a serious threat but their practical impact may be limited by… [1115] (2001)Using brain MERMER testing to detect knowledge despite efforts to conceal
Journal of Forensic Sciences The MERMER technique showed promise in detecting whether specific crime-relevant information was stored in subjects' brains, representing a shift from detecting deception to detecting concealed… [1116] (2001)The case for peak-to-peak measurement of P300 recorded at 0.3 Hz high pass filter settings in detection of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology The combination of 0.3 Hz filter settings with peak-to-peak P300 measurement achieved 100% correct classification (26/26 participants) in a laboratory deception paradigm, significantly outperforming all… [1117] (2001 • UK FOUNDATIONAL)Behavioural and Functional Anatomical Correlates of Deception in Humans
Neuroreport, 12, 2849–2853 UK team’s foundational fMRI deception study identifying ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation as key deception correlate. Independently confirmed prefrontal involvement. [1118] (2001)Effects of spontaneous countermeasures used against the comparison question test
Polygraph Spontaneous countermeasures were attempted by 67.7% of participants but did not affect outcomes for guilty examinees while significantly shifting innocent subjects' scores; expert examiners could… [1119] (2001)Eye blinks: new indices for the detection of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology Blink rate patterns discriminated between relevant and irrelevant stimuli in a card-based guilty knowledge test, with more blinks occurring before responses to relevant cards and… [1120] (2000)Orienting Response Reinstatement and Dishabituation: The Effects of Substituting, Adding and Deleting Components of Nonsignificant Stimuli
Psychophysiology Component substitution systematically affected OR reinstatement, with between-category substitutions producing larger responses than within-category changes. Adding and deleting components had equivalent effects, supporting the theory… [1121] (2000)Using response time measures to assess guilty knowledge
Journal of Applied Psychology Response times to recognized probe stimuli were approximately 200 ms slower than irrelevant items, enabling reliable discrimination of guilty from innocent participants with 98% hit… [1122] (2000)Thermal imaging for anxiety detection
Proceedings 2000 IEEE Workshop on Computer Vision Beyond the Visible Spectrum The study demonstrated proof-of-concept feasibility for using thermal image analysis to detect facial anxiety patterns at a distance without physical sensor contact, with measurable temperature… [1123] (2000)CBCA criteria in statement validity assessment: assessment of child witness statements using criteria-based content analysis
Psychology, Crime & Law The study achieved 66% classification accuracy but found that age, verbal ability, and interviewer style significantly affected CBCA scores independent of statement veracity, revealing that… [1124] (2000)Detecting Deceit via Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Nonverbal behavior alone correctly classified 78% of lies and truths. Even higher accuracy was achieved when all three detection techniques (nonverbal behavior, CBCA, and Reality… [1125] (2000)Truth, lies, and videotape: An investigation of the ability of federal parole officers to detect deception
Law and Human Behavior Federal parole officers improved from a below-chance baseline accuracy of 40.4% to 76.7% following structured lie detection training, significantly outperforming untrained controls (62.5%), demonstrating that… [1126] (2000)International deception
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Lies can be detected across cultures at above-chance levels, including between cultures that do not share a language. Contrary to expectations, perceivers often judged foreigners… [1127] (2000)Lie detection and language comprehension
Nature Left-hemisphere aphasics significantly outperformed all control groups at detecting emotional deception (61% vs. 44-47%), with accuracy reaching 73% when judging facial expressions alone, providing first… [1128] (2000)Metadiscursive Deception
The Language of Deception: A Discourse Analytical Study The research identified two main types of metadiscursive deception: function misrepresentation (concealing evasion or attack) and propositional content manipulation (through implicature and felicity condition violations).… [1129] (1999 • TECHNIQUE STUDY)The Discussion of Comparison Questions Between List Repetitions Is Associated with Increased Test Accuracy
Polygraph Demonstrated that between-chart discussion of comparison questions significantly improved CQT accuracy. This procedural refinement became standard practice in modern CQT administration. [1130] (1999)Leakage of relevant information to innocent examinees in the GKT: An attempt to reduce false-positive outcomes by introducing target stimuli
Journal of Applied Psychology Informed innocents showed larger electrodermal responses to critical items than uninformed innocents but smaller than guilty participants. The target stimulus manipulation tended to reduce differences… [1131] (1999)The Effects of Victim Impact Evidence on the Verdicts and Sentencing Judgments of Mock Jurors
Journal of Offender Rehabilitation At the individual juror level, exposure to victim impact evidence significantly increased sentence severity and death penalty recommendations among those who convicted, despite no statistically… [1132] (1999)The willingness of children to lie and the assessment of credibility in an ecologically relevant laboratory setting
Applied Developmental Science Expert application of CBCA achieved 89% overall accuracy (75% for truths, 100% for lies) in classifying children's statements, significantly outperforming lay evaluators. Approximately 56-69% of… [1133] (1999)A few can catch a liar
Psychological Science Federal officers achieved 73% overall accuracy (80% for lies, 66% for truths), the highest published lie detection accuracy rate at the time. All three professional… [1134] (1999)Auditory and visual P300 topography from a 3 stimulus paradigm
Clinical Neurophysiology Both target and non-target stimuli produced identical normalized topography across auditory and visual modalities, suggesting both elicited P3b rather than distinct P3a/P3b components. Visual P300s… [1135] (1999 • SPONTANEOUS CM)Spontaneous Countermeasures in Naive Subjects During Polygraph Testing
Polygraph Investigated whether untrained subjects spontaneously employ countermeasure-like behaviors. Found that some naive subjects did make deliberate efforts to alter their responses, but with limited success. [1136] (1998)Meta-Analysis of CIT Laboratory Studies
Applied Psychology (multiple publications) Found the weighted average false positive rate was only 4.1% and the false negative rate was 19.4%. Established the CIT as having particularly low false… [1137] (1998)Influence of Mismatch between Subjects' Representation and Critical Items on the Detection Accuracy of Deception
Japanese journal of science and technology for identification Detection accuracy showed a dose-response relationship with stimulus similarity: identical items yielded highest accuracy, similar items were detectable but less accurate, and highly dissimilar items… [1138] (1998)The role of prior expectations in polygraph examiners decisions
Psychology, Crime and Law Prior expectations produced no discernible effect on polygraph test outcomes when examiners conducted complete examinations including pre-test interviews, suggesting that behavioral information from direct examiner-examinee… [1139] (1998)Can criteria-based content analysis distinguish between true and false statements of African-American speakers?
Law and Human Behavior CBCA achieved 69% accuracy for White speakers and 67% for African-American speakers, with specific criteria showing differential validity across ethnic groups. Total CBCA criteria counts… [1140] (1998)Deception and Deception Detection: The Role of Cross‐Modal Inconsistency
Journal of Personality Lying resulted in cross-modal discrepancies in impressions of Agreeableness, which were related to dishonesty judgments. Deception detection was substantial when judges had acoustic information and… [1141] (1998)Contingent negative variation (CNV) in the detection of deception task using a serial presentation of pictures
Japanese Journal of Psychology CNV amplitude was significantly reduced immediately before the target stimulus in the guilty (concealment) condition compared to the innocent condition, with the decrease interpreted as… [1142] (1997 • EXPERIMENTAL)The Role of Comparison Questions in Physiological Detection of Deception
Psychophysiology Mock crime study with 120 participants examining comparison question mechanisms. Found comparison questions produced different physiological patterns for innocent vs. guilty subjects, providing empirical support… [1143] (1997)A Comparison of Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Accuracy Rates
Polygraph The TES format achieved 83.3% guilty detection accuracy compared to 55.6% for CSP-PLC and 58.6% for CSP-DLC formats, representing a 50% improvement over traditional approaches. [1144] (1997)A comparison of methods for the analysis of event-related potentials in deception detection
Psychophysiology All three ERP analysis methods achieved extremely high classification accuracy under ROC evaluation, and the bootstrapping procedure's apparent sensitivity to motivational incentive was revealed to… [1145] (1997)The Cognitive Interview and Lie Detection: a New Magnifying Glass for Sherlock Holmes?
Applied Cognitive Psychology Truthful narrations contained more contextual and sensorial information than deceptive narrations, with significantly larger differences when participants were interviewed using the Cognitive Interview versus standard… [1146] (1997)Effects of items' repetitions and variations on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test
Psychophysiology Similar detection efficiencies were obtained when a single question was repeated 12 times versus when four different questions were each repeated 3 times. Accumulating information… [1147] (1997)Vocal and visual cue training in behavioral lie detection
Communication Research Reports Observers trained to use either visual cues alone or combined visual and vocal cues were significantly more accurate at detecting deception than untrained naive observers,… [1148] (1997)Polygraph testimony and juror judgments: A comparison of the guilty knowledge test and the control question test
Journal of Applied Social Psychology No differences were found among conditions for either jury or individual verdicts; jurors rated both CQT and GKT polygraph testimony below other forms of evidence… [1149] (1997)The ability to detect deceit generalizes across different types of high-stake lies
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Deception detection ability generalizes across different types of high-stake lies, with observers accurate at detecting one type of lie also showing accuracy at detecting others.… [1150] (1997)P300 from a single-stimulus paradigm: Passive versus active tasks and stimulus modality
Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology: Evoked Potentials Under passive ignore conditions, single-stimulus P300 amplitudes exceeded those from the oddball paradigm, while the reverse held for active tasks; for press and count conditions,… [1151] (1997)Polygraph Testimony and Juror Judgments: CIT vs. CQT Comparison
Journal of Applied Social Psychology Compared juror responses to CIT and CQT polygraph evidence. Found differential juror reactions depending on the type of polygraph test presented, with implications for how… [1152] (1997)Effects of Situational Variables on Judgments About Deception and Detection Accuracy
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Participants made significantly more deceptive judgments when situational contexts indicated high gain for the communicator, low probability of detection, and low cost of deception, demonstrating… [1153] (1996)Pupillary size in response to a visual guilty knowledge test: New technique for the detection of deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Pupillary responses successfully differentiated target from control items for guilty participants in both experiments, with perfect innocent detection (100%) but modest guilty detection (50-70%), performing… [1154] (1996)Detection of simulated malingering using forced choice recognition enhanced with event-related potential recording
The Clinical Neuropsychologist The P300-enhanced procedure correctly identified approximately 70% of simulators based on neurophysiological evidence alone, with more than 70% showing significantly larger P300 amplitudes to recognized… [1155] (1996)Mental and Physical Countermeasures Reduce the Accuracy of the Concealed Knowledge Test
Psychophysiology Investigated whether countermeasures can defeat the CIT. Found that both mental and physical countermeasures reduced detection accuracy. However, the CIT was found to be more… [1156] (1996)A Test of the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA) Theory of Operation
Polygraph The laboratory simulation established that the CVSA performed electrically according to frequency modulation detection theory and could detect discrete changes in simulated speech fundamental frequency.… [1157] (1996)Event-related potentials as indirect measures of recognition memory
International Journal of Psychophysiology ERP signals — particularly the centro-parietal P300 in the 500–1000 ms window — reliably distinguished recognized from unrecognized auditory stimuli independently of overt behavioral responses,… [1158] (1996)The language of deceit: An investigation of the verbal clues to deception in the interrogation context
Law and Human Behavior Only 16.7% (3 out of 18) of tested verbal deception clues significantly differentiated truthful from deceptive accounts, with all effective indicators derived exclusively from Statement… [1159] (1996)A comparison of accuracy rates between detection of deception examinations using the polygraph and the computer voice stress analyzer in a mock crime scenario
Neither polygraph nor CVSA blind scorers achieved overall accuracy rates better than chance levels in this mock crime scenario, with CVSA producing approximately 52% accuracy—statistically… [1160] (1996)Testing Interpersonal Deception Theory: The Language of Interpersonal Deception
Communication Theory Senders displayed greater verbal nonimmediacy when deceiving, with expertise having a greater effect than relationship familiarity. Equivocation produced the most verbally nonimmediate language, while suspicion… [1161] (1996)Deception and nondeception in guilty knowledge and guilty actions polygraph tests
Journal of Applied Psychology Innocent witnesses tested on the GKT were misclassified as guilty at a rate of 76%, compared to only 24% under the GAT format, with overall… [1162] (1996)The Control Question Test in Polygraphic Examinations with Actual Controls for Truth
Perceptual and Motor Skills The modified CQT with truthfully answered control questions correctly identified 86% of guilty subjects and 83–89% of innocent subjects, demonstrating that the test's diagnostic accuracy… [1163] (1996 • BIOFEEDBACK)Effects of Biofeedback Training on Polygraph Outcomes
Psychophysiology Tested whether biofeedback training in physiological self-regulation could enable subjects to defeat polygraph. Found modest effects, primarily on cardiovascular measures. [1164] (1996)Interpersonal deception theory
Communication Theory IDT established that deception success depends on interactivity, relationship factors, and receiver suspicion; deceivers engage in strategic adaptation while experiencing cognitive load leading to behavioral… [1165] (1996)The effects of age, sex and time of testing on skin conductance activity
Biological Psychology Age and sex significantly affect skin conductance measures and must be considered in electrodermal research. Females showed greater responsiveness to environmental conditions (season, time of… [1166] (1996)Is an apple a fruit? Semantic relatedness as reflected by psychophysiological responsivity
Psychophysiology Semantic generalization varied by relationship type: no generalization occurred across coordinate terms (apple/pear), but moderate generalization appeared for superordinates and synonyms, with complete generalization between… [1167] (1996)Emotional expression in the deception process
Handbook of Communication and Emotion Emotions play four distinct roles in deception: motivating lies, serving as deceptive content, leaking as involuntary arousal, and functioning as strategic credibility signals. Deception produces… [1168] (1995)Baseline familiarity in lie detection
Communication Research Reports Detection accuracy increased linearly with baseline exposure frequency, improving from 56% with no exposure to 72% with four baseline exposures, demonstrating that familiarity with individual… [1169] (1995)The Effect of Non‐conscious Perception of Frequent Stimuli on Credibility Judgement
International Journal of Psychology Assertions following familiar primes (public faces, exposed faces, or objects) were granted significantly more credibility than those following unfamiliar primes, with effects occurring even at… [1170] (1995)Anchoring, Familiarity, and Confidence in the Detection of Deception
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Results showed partial support for anchoring predictions: judgment order did not significantly affect truthfulness bias or accuracy, but accuracy declined over time and confidence was… [1171] (1995)Detecting Deception is Not as Easy as it Looks
Teaching of Psychology Consistent with the broader deception detection literature, participants performed only slightly better than random chance at identifying lies, demonstrating the difficulty of detecting deception based… [1172] (1995)Behavioral Correlates of Deception in a Simulated Police Interview
The Journal of Psychology Results showed a significant decrease in subtle hand and finger movements during deception compared to truth-telling, strongly supporting the behavioral control hypothesis that subjects attempt… [1173] (1995)Global cue usage in behavioral lie detection
Communication Quarterly Participants judging truthful communicators achieved 70% accuracy versus 54% for deceptive communicators. Observers relied primarily on global heuristics (verbal plausibility, nervousness, nonverbal expectancy violation) rather… [1174] (1995)Factors Affecting Credibility in a Simulated Sexual Harassment Hearing
Violence Against Women Aggressive cross-examination significantly reduced the perceived credibility of sexual harassment complainants, and simple denial by the accused was an effective defense strategy, demonstrating that procedural… [1175] (1995)Statistical Classification Procedures for Polygraph Tests of Guilty Knowledge
Behaviormetrika Both within-subject and training-data statistical approaches achieved approximately 80% correct classification accuracy with adequate observations, outperforming human chart interpretation, though the within-subject method deteriorated with… [1176] (1995)P300 in response to the subject's own name
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology P300 amplitude was significantly larger in response to subjects' own names compared to control words in passive listening conditions, with an average enhancement index of… [1177] (1995)A comparison of psychophysiological detection of deception accuracy rates obtained using the counterintelligence scope polygraph and the test for espionage and sabotage question formats
DoDPI Research Reports The study found that traditional CSP format had unacceptably low guilty detection rates of only 43.2% compared to 94.9% innocent detection rates, prompting evaluation of… [1178] (1995)Generalization of the orienting response to significant stimuli: The roles of common and distinctive stimulus components
Psychophysiology Both common and distinctive features independently affected OR generalization, with distinctive components showing a threshold effect—the first novel element produced a large OR decline, but… [1179] (1994)Análisis de la credibilidad de recuerdos percibidos e imaginados
Apuntes de Psicología When prepared accounts were compared, subjects classified them at chance levels (~50% accuracy), regardless of evaluator experience. Preparation enriched both perceived and imagined memories with… [1180] (1994)Effects of countermeasures on the control-question polygraph test
Journal of Applied Psychology Both mental and physical countermeasures enabled approximately 50% of guilty subjects to defeat the CQT, with strongest effects observed in cardiovascular measures. Countermeasures were difficult… [1181] (1994)An Analysis of Voice Responses for the Detection of Deception
Department of Defense Polygraph Institute Report Pitch/energy analysis achieved only 37% correct decisions compared to 79% for the trained polygraph examiner, with no significant differences found between truthful and deceptive responses… [1182] (1994)The effects of prior expectations and outcome knowledge on polygraph examiners' decisions
Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Prior expectations created statistically significant bias in scoring inconclusive polygraph charts, affecting both experienced and inexperienced examiners. However, when physiological evidence clearly contradicted expectations, judgments… [1183] (1994)Interpersonal deception: V. Accuracy in deception detection
Communication Monographs Accuracy was much higher for truth than deception; novices outperformed trained experts; suspicion impaired accuracy for experts; truth-biases intensified with familiar others, especially when suspicious;… [1184] (1994)Mental and Physical Countermeasures in CQT Polygraph Testing
Journal of Applied Psychology Landmark study on countermeasures. Found that trained countermeasure use could affect CQT accuracy, but untrained subjects remained highly detectable. One of the most-cited countermeasure studies… [1185] (1994)The Accuracy of Human Decisions and Objective Measurements in Psychophysiological Detection of Knowledge
The Journal of Psychology All three measurements discriminated better than chance, but objectively measured SRR and RLL proved superior to subjective human respiration evaluation (RRE). Skin resistance showed the… [1186] (1994 • LANDMARK STUDY)Countermeasures and CQT Accuracy
Journal of Applied Psychology Definitive study on countermeasures in CQT. Found that trained countermeasure users could reduce detection rates, but detection of countermeasure use itself is possible. Untrained subjects… [1187] (1994)Analysis of variance versus bootstrap procedures for analyzing dependent observation in small group research
Small Group Research Bootstrap procedures substantially outperformed ANOVA in maintaining appropriate Type I error rates under conditions of observational dependency, while ANOVA showed dramatically inflated error rates as… [1188] (1994)The impact of information and setting on detection of deception by police detectives
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior The study systematically examined whether providing information about valid deception indicators, outcome feedback, spontaneous interview contexts, or baseline behavioral comparisons could improve police detectives' lie… [1189] (1993)The Role of Guessing and Verbal Response Type in Psychophysiological Detection of Concealed Information
The Journal of Psychology Participants with certain knowledge of the selected card showed significantly stronger physiological responses to the relevant item compared to those who were asked to guess,… [1190] (1993)Development of scales to assess specific deception strategies in the Psychological Screening Inventory.
Psychological Assessment Four strategy-specific validity scales successfully differentiated distinct deception approaches on the PSI, demonstrating effectiveness similar to MMPI-2 validity scales and showing expected patterns across 15… [1191] (1993)Validity of an Expanded-Issue (Modified General Question) Polygraph Technique in a Simulated Distributed-Crime-Roles Context
Journal of Applied Psychology The expanded-issue MGQT successfully differentiated guilty participants (thieves and accomplices) from innocent participants at above-chance accuracy levels, while confidants with foreknowledge but no direct criminal… [1192] (1993)The Use of Fuzzy Set Classification for Pattern Recognition of the Polygraph
The fuzzy k-nearest neighbor algorithm successfully classified polygraph data using optimized feature combinations from multiple physiological channels, demonstrating that machine learning approaches could extract meaningful… [1193] (1993)The possibility of lie detection with visual event-related potentials by using the familier's photographs
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology The study investigated whether photographs of familiar individuals could elicit P300 responses capable of revealing concealed recognition, representing pioneering work in visual stimulus-based ERP deception… [1194] (1993 • INFORMATION STUDY)Effect of Prior Knowledge and Training on CQT Performance
Polygraph Examined whether subjects with prior knowledge of polygraph procedures showed different accuracy rates. Found minimal impact of knowledge alone without countermeasure training. [1195] (1993)Multivariate classifiers perform as well as experts in the detection of deception
Statistical multivariate classifiers — including discriminant analysis and a bootstrap approach — achieved accuracy statistically equivalent to expert human evaluators on polygraph CQT data, with… [1196] (1992)Saccadic Eye Movements in Deception.
Eye movements occurring during inter-trial periods (between response and next question) were not indicative of subject veracity, contradicting informal observations. However, eye movements measured during… [1197] (1992)Saccadic eye movements in deception: Report DoDPI92-R-003
Department of Defense Polygraph Institute Eye movements occurring between a subject's response to a question and the beginning of the next question did not reliably indicate deception, contrasting with findings… [1198] (1992 • EXPERIMENTAL)Effectiveness of Control Questions Answered ‘Yes’: Dispelling a Polygraph Myth
Forensic Reports, 5, 265–272 Challenged the assumption that “yes” answers to control questions reduce test accuracy. Found no significant accuracy difference between yes and no answers, dispelling a widely… [1199] (1992)Bootstrap Decision Making for Polygraph Examinations,
Bootstrap resampling outperformed both human numerical evaluation and discriminant analysis in absolute terms. However, the expert human scorers likely overestimated typical field examiner accuracy, making… [1200] (1992)Awareness of crime-relevant information and the Guilty Knowledge Test
Journal of Applied Psychology The study achieved perfect or near-perfect detection rates with a hierarchical physiological response pattern (guilty > informed innocent > uninformed innocent), demonstrating that informed innocent… [1201] (1992 • SEMINAL)The Identification of Concealed Memories Using Event-Related Potentials and Implicit Behavioral Measures
Psychophysiology Reported 90% and above hit rate in detecting concealed thought using P300-based methods. Combined ERP and behavioral measures for improved classification, establishing neural CIT paradigm. [1202] (1992)Aware of crime-relevant information and the guilty knowledge test
Journal of Applied Psychology Guilty participants' skin resistance scores were significantly higher than informed innocents', which were higher than uninformed innocents', with perfect classification achieved. The study demonstrated that… [1203] (1992)Oddball-evoked P300-based method of deception detection in the laboratory II: Utilization of non-selective activation of relevant knowledge
International Journal of Psychophysiology The study achieved 87% overall accuracy in classifying guilty (n=17) and innocent (n=14) subjects without pre-test selective rehearsal, demonstrating that temporally proximal, non-selective presentation of… [1204] (1992)Perceived Credibility of the Communicator: Studies of Perceptual Bias in Police Officers Conducting Rape Interviews
Psychology and Law Police officers rated emotionally distressed rape victims as significantly more credible than controlled victims, and their judgments were influenced by both referral bias (prior information… [1205] (1992)Neural network classifiers and the detection of deception revisited: Depth of learning and overfitting
Psychophysiology Neural network classifiers applied to polygraph data were found to be highly susceptible to overfitting, with deeper training producing inflated apparent accuracy that sharply deteriorated… [1206] (1992)The effects of polygraphy and eyewitness testimony on the beliefs and decisions of mock jurors
Imagination, Cognition, and Personality Eyewitness testimony significantly increased guilty verdicts and beliefs in defendant guilt, while polygraph expert testimony had no significant effect on mock juror decisions at either… [1207] (1992)Electrodermal differentiation of deception: potentially confounding and influencing factors
International Journal of Psychophysiology Voice latency and skin conductance both increased for difficult biographical questions, but only skin conductance showed the deceptive > honest differentiation effect, providing evidence that… [1208] (1992)The effect of common versus distinctive stimulus features on electrodermal orientation to significant stimuli
Psychophysiology Distinctive features significantly affected electrodermal responsivity (more distinctive features = decreased responding), but common features had no effect—contradicting additive feature-matching model predictions and suggesting mismatch… [1209] (1992)Use of antianxiety drugs as countermeasures in the detection of guilty knowledge
Journal of Applied Psychology Drug status had no influence on GKT outcomes—diazepam, meprobamate, and propranolol all failed as countermeasures. Innocent subjects who coincidentally scored high on recognition memory tests… [1210] (1991)Interpersonal deception: I. Deceivers’ reactions to receivers’ suspicions and probing
Communication Monographs Suspicious receivers concealed their skepticism by asking fewer skeptical questions, yet their nonverbal behavior revealed cognitive engagement. Deceivers strategically increased gaze and facial expressiveness when… [1211] (1991 • FOUNDATIONAL)The Truth Will Out: Interrogative Polygraphy with Event-Related Brain Potentials
Psychophysiology Foundational study establishing the P300 “brain fingerprinting” paradigm. Demonstrated that concealed information could be detected using ERP measures with high accuracy in controlled conditions. [1212] (1991)The roles of deception, intention to deceive, and motivation to avoid detection in the psychophysiological detection of guilty knowledge
Psychophysiology Deceptive 'no' answers increased skin conductance differentiation, but better-than-chance detection occurred even with truthful answers or silence. Motivation to avoid detection had no significant effect.… [1213] (1991)Learning Disabled Students' Detection of Deception
Learning Disabilities Research & Practice Learning disabled students showed significantly reduced ability to determine deceptive statements compared to non-disabled peers, suggesting heightened vulnerability to manipulation and exploitation in peer relationships. [1214] (1991)An ERP-based, control-question lie detector analog: Algorithms for discriminating effects within individuals' average waveforms
Psychophysiology Experiment 1 achieved 92.3% accuracy for guilty subjects and 86.7% for innocent subjects. However, a 7-14 day delay without additional rehearsal reduced guilty detection to… [1215] (1991)Interpersonal deception: II. The inferiority of conversational participants as deception detectors
Communication Monographs Conversational participants did not differentiate between truthful and deceptive messages but observers did, demonstrating that interactive engagement creates truth-bias and impairs detection accuracy. [1216] (1991)The truth will out: interrogative polygraphy ('lie detection') with event-related brain potentials
Psychophysiology The P300-based Guilty Knowledge Test achieved 100% accuracy in determinate cases (87.5% overall), with no false positives or negatives, though 12.5% of cases were classified… [1217] (1991)Electrodermal differentiation of deception: Perceived accuracy and perceived memorial content manipulations
International Journal of Psychophysiology Skin conductance responses to deceptive answers exceeded honest responses regardless of participants' beliefs about polygraph accuracy or the complexity of question content, demonstrating that electrodermal… [1218] (1991)A comparison of field and laboratory polygraphs in the detection of deception
Psychophysiology Overall hit rates were essentially the same for laboratory polygraph quantitative measures (73%) and field polygraph numerical scores (79%), with electrodermal activity and respiration suppression… [1219] (1991)A confederate's Perspective on Deception
Ethics & Behavior Both research participants and confederates experienced significant discomfort and ethical concerns. Debriefing sometimes angered subjects rather than alleviating distress, and the success of deception inherently… [1220] (1991)Effects of mental countermeasures on psychophysiological detection in the guilty knowledge test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Item-specific mental countermeasures tended to increase psychophysiological detection, whereas continuous dissociation strategies decreased detection efficiency, with patterns consistent across field and laboratory settings. [1221] (1990)Novelty and significance in orientation and habituation: A feature-matching approach
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Experiment 2 supported the feature-matching model, showing that effects of novelty and significance were additive rather than interactive. Electrodermal responsivity reflected the degree of habituation… [1222] (1990)Development of a Computerized Polygraph System and Physiological Measures for Detection of Deception and Countermeasures: A Pilot Study
Contract Report The study demonstrated the feasibility of fully computerized polygraph systems for both data acquisition and automated analysis, contributing to algorithms and measurement techniques that formed… [1223] (1990)An attempt to detect deception using the EEG
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Specific quantitative findings from this early exploratory study are not accessible; the work appears to represent a methodological contribution examining the feasibility of EEG-based approaches… [1224] (1990)DoDPI Racial Bias Study: Polygraph examination results by race
DoDPI Research Reports Truthful African American examinees had a 76.5% false positive rate compared to 63.1% for truthful Caucasian examinees—a statistically significant disparity indicating that innocent African Americans… [1225] (1989)Psychopathy, threat, and polygraph test accuracy
Journal of Applied Psychology Psychopathy did not confer any advantage in defeating the CQT — guilty psychopaths were detected just as easily as guilty non-psychopaths at 87% accuracy —… [1226] (1989 • LABORATORY/FIELD)Recent Laboratory and Field Research on Polygraph Techniques
Book Chapters Comprehensive review describing DLT laboratory and field research showing it is at least as accurate as the CQT with fewer false positive errors, simpler to… [1227] (1989)The Perceived Credibility of Child Eyewitnesses: What Happens When They Use Their Own Words?
Perspectives on Children’s Testimony The same factors that drive credibility judgments of adult eyewitness testimony, such as confidence and response patterns, also drive credibility judgments of child testimony. When… [1228] (1989)The Psychopath as Prototype for Pathological Lying and Deception
Credibility Assessment The chapter's central finding was a marked discrepancy between clinical/behavioral manifestations of deception by psychopaths and empirical findings from laboratory measures, with evidence suggesting that… [1229] (1989)Why lies fail and what behaviors betray a lie
Credibility Assessment Combined facial and vocal behavioral measures achieved 86% accuracy in lie detection using case-by-case analysis. Most people rely on the least diagnostic behavioral cues rather… [1230] (1989)Effects of motivation level and verbal response type on psychophysiological detection in the guilty knowledge test
Psychophysiology Highly motivated subjects were detected significantly better than less motivated subjects, and the act of lying enhanced differential responsivity. However, no differences emerged between verbal… [1231] (1989)Event related potential (P3 and CNV) as an index of detection of deception
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Both the P300 and CNV showed differential responses to concealed crime-relevant information, demonstrating that complementary ERP components — one reflecting post-stimulus recognition and one reflecting… [1232] (1989)Studies of the accuracy of security screening polygraph examinations
DoDPI Research Reports Security screening polygraphs showed disturbing asymmetry with 94.9% accuracy for innocent examinees but only 43.2% accuracy for guilty examinees, creating more false negatives than false… [1233] (1989)P300 from a passive auditory paradigm
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology The passive sequence paradigm yielded P3 waveforms with central-parietal maximum scalp distributions and virtually identical peak latencies compared to active discrimination tasks, though amplitude decreased… [1234] (1989)The validity of detection of deception for multiple issues
Guilty subjects were identified as deceptive to at least one crime 67% of the time (93% excluding inconclusives), but the study revealed examiners could not… [1235] (1988)Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Test
Unpublished manuscript / Later in Raskin (1989) The first meta-analysis of the CQT. Found significant moderator effects for subject type, incentives, and decision policy. All three variables predicted accuracy but showed high… [1236] (1988)A modified, event-related potential-based guilty knowledge test
International Journal of Neuroscience P300 amplitude was selectively enhanced for personally meaningful probe items (the 'stolen' object) and task-relevant targets, while irrelevant items produced no significant P300 responses, yielding… [1237] (1988)Deceptive behavior in social relationships: A consequence of violated expectations
Journal of Psychology Students used deception when their behavior violated perceived expectations of parents or employers. Guilt occurred only when violations aligned with both personal and role partner… [1238] (1988)Choice and the Detection of Deception
Perceptual and Motor Skills The study demonstrated that examinees' voluntary choices regarding cooperation significantly influenced physiological detection patterns, with cooperative choices potentially attenuating electrodermal responses and affecting the validity… [1239] (1988 • COMPUTERIZED SCORING)Human Versus Computerized Evaluations of Polygraph Data in a Laboratory Setting
Journal of Applied Psychology Compared human examiner scoring with computerized analysis. Found computerized evaluations achieved accuracy of at least 90%, equaling or exceeding human scorers. Demonstrated feasibility of automated… [1240] (1988 • META-ANALYSIS)Meta-Analysis of Mock Crime Studies of the Control Question Polygraph Technique
Law and Human Behavior Early meta-analysis of 14 CQT laboratory studies. Found significant moderator effects including student vs. community participants and motivation levels. Accuracy exceeded 85% across studies. [1241] (1988 • RESEARCH)Patterns of Activation and Deception
Psychophysiology Examined physiological activation patterns during deceptive vs. truthful responding. Found distinct activation patterns across respiratory, cardiovascular, and electrodermal channels that differentiate truth from deception. [1242] (1988)Personality and deception ability
Personality and Individual Differences Outgoing and energetic subjects were more successful deceivers, while apprehensive subjects were less successful. Persons scoring high on social desirability and the 16PF motivational distortion… [1243] (1988)Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Perceived autobiographical events contain significantly more perceptual detail, contextual information, and supporting memories than imagined events. When explaining source judgments, people cite sensory and contextual… [1244] (1988)Decoding deception: A look at the process
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior No sex differences in deception detection accuracy were found, but males showed greater confidence and faster response times while females demonstrated more cue awareness and… [1245] (1988 • CROSS-VALIDATION)Replication and Cross-Validation of Utah Mock Crime Study
University of Utah (Grant Report) Cross-validation study confirming earlier findings. Demonstrated replicability of CQT accuracy across multiple independent experiments with different examiners and participant pools. [1246] (1988)Effects of spontaneous countermeasures on the physiological detection of deception
Journal of Police Science and Administration Sixty percent of guilty subjects spontaneously attempted countermeasures (primarily relaxation and breathing control), but these untrained tactics had no effect on test outcomes, with evaluators… [1247] (1988)Use of a motion chair in the detection of physical countermeasures
Defence Life Science Journal Subliminal aversive stimuli acted as an effective deterrent to physical countermeasures during polygraph testing, with significantly fewer countermeasure attempts compared to supraliminal (consciously perceived) stimuli… [1248] (1987)Common and distinctive features of verbal and pictorial stimuli as determinants of psychophysiological responsivity
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Skin conductance responses increased monotonically with the number of matching features between test stimuli and relevant memorized items, supporting an automatic feature-matching model of similarity… [1249] (1987)Training police officers to detect deceptive eyewitness statements. Does it work?
Social Behaviour Police officers achieved only 47% accuracy in detecting deception—below the 50% chance threshold—with marked asymmetry favoring truthful statement identification (63%) over deceptive ones (36%). Training… [1250] (1987)Machiavellianism and CIT Accuracy
Psychophysiology Found that subjects high in Machiavellianism showed different response patterns during CIT. Demonstrated that personality characteristics can influence detection accuracy, informing examination interpretation. [1251] (1987)Voice stress evaluators and lie detection
Journal of Forensic Sciences Voice stress analyzers produced correct stress/non-stress identifications only at chance levels, failing to demonstrate validity as either stress detectors or lie detection instruments across multiple… [1252] (1987 • ANALOG STUDY)Directed Lie Comparison Questions in Polygraph Testing
Psychophysiology Laboratory comparison of directed lie vs. probable lie formats. Found DLC produced fewer false positives while maintaining detection of deception, supporting its adoption as standard… [1253] (1987)Late vertex positivity in event-related potentials as a guilty knowledge indicator: A new method of lie detection
International Journal of Neuroscience Large positive waves at 400-700 ms latency (P300) were elicited only by the chosen item and not by novel items, demonstrating that P300 can reveal… [1254] (1987)A Cognitive Model for Exposition of Human Deception and Counterdeception
The CDM provided a systematic hierarchical organization of deception principles grounded in cognitive psychology, demonstrating how cognitive limitations in targets create exploitable vulnerabilities and establishing… [1255] (1987)Anchoring in lie detection revisited
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Judgment order influenced how receivers anchored to verbal message content, confirming that anchoring mechanisms moderate both truthfulness bias and over-attribution in lie detection contexts. [1256] (1987)Comparison of P300 from a passive tone sequence paradigm and an active discrimination task
Psychophysiology The passive tone sequence paradigm yielded P3 waveforms with central-parietal maximum scalp distributions and virtually identical peak latencies to active discrimination tasks, with the first… [1257] (1987)The effects of selective inattention upon the electrodermal orienting reflex: A test of information-processing theory
Biological Psychology Despite clear differences in long-term memory between attended and unattended stimuli, there was no corresponding difference in skin conductance response magnitude or habituation rate, suggesting… [1258] (1986)On the job experience and skill at detecting deception
Journal of Applied Social Psychology Experienced federal law enforcement officers were significantly more confident in their deception judgments than students or recruits, but showed no greater accuracy. None of the… [1259] (1986)Selective Attention Induced by Relevant Items Modeling CQT Effect
Unpublished research - Tel-Aviv University and Israel Police The research demonstrated that selective attention processes could model CQT effects, with relevant items inducing attention patterns that differ between truth-tellers and deceivers. This finding… [1260] (1985)Behavioral-inhibition and electrodermal activity during deception
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Subjects exhibited significantly fewer eye movements and facial expressions during deceptive responses compared to truthful responses, and this behavioral suppression coincided with increased electrodermal activity,… [1261] (1985)Effects of segmentation patterns on the perception of deception
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Segmentation pattern systematically affected both truthfulness perception and detection accuracy. When speech was available, medium-unit segmentation produced highest accuracy; when speech was unavailable, small-unit segmentation… [1262] (1985)Detection of Deception of Planned and Spontaneous Communications
The Journal of Social Psychology Planned lies were detected less accurately than spontaneous lies by untrained observers, suggesting that preparation time makes deception harder to detect. Planning did not systematically… [1263] (1985 • FIELD STUDY)Psychopathy and Polygraph Detection of Deception in a Prison Population
Psychophysiology Tested 48 inmates (half high psychopathy). Overall 88% accurate, 4% wrong, 8% inconclusive. No significant differences between psychopaths and nonpsychopaths, suggesting CQT works equally for… [1264] (1985)The Use of Countermeasures: Categorical Decisions Based on Three Interpretations
Psychophysiology Early countermeasure study showing that physical countermeasures could be trained in laboratory settings. Provided the first systematic data on countermeasure effectiveness that would influence decades… [1265] (1985)Learning to detect deception from three communication channels
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Feedback-based learning improved deception detection for speech and combined channels, with progressive accuracy gains over time, but no improvement occurred for face-only presentations despite feedback,… [1266] (1985 • FOUNDATIONAL)The Effects of Physical Countermeasures on the Physiological Detection of Deception
Journal of Applied Psychology First systematic countermeasure study. Trained subjects used physical countermeasures (tongue biting, toe pressing) during control questions. Approximately 50% of trained subjects defeated the test. [1267] (1985)Recognition of Discrepant Nonverbal Messages and Detection of Deception
Perceptual and Motor Skills Suspicion of deception led observers to discount facial expressions in favor of vocal and body cues. Participants expecting deception learned to recognize channel discrepancies as… [1268] (1984)Autonomic recognition of names and faces in prosopagnosia: a neuropsychological application of the Guilty Knowledge Test
Neuropsychologia Patient LF showed zero overt face recognition and chance-level performance on forced-choice naming, yet electrodermal responses accurately discriminated correct from incorrect names, demonstrating covert recognition… [1269] (1984)The effect of propranolol on polygraphic detection of deception
Unpublished manuscript Propranolol administration resulted in a 32.2% inconclusive rate during polygraph examinations, primarily by reducing the physiological differentiation between control and relevant questions rather than producing… [1270] (1984)Effects of actual deception and suspiciousness of deception on interpersonal perceptions.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Suspicion did not improve deception detection accuracy or ability to discern true dispositions. However, primed interviewers were less confident and judged all applicants as more… [1271] (1984)Innocence, information, and the guilty knowledge test in the detection of deception
Psychophysiology Guilty subjects showed significantly higher detection scores than all innocent groups. Informed innocent subjects generally did not differ from uninformed subjects, and most did not… [1272] (1984)Anchoring in the detection of deception and leakage.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Judgment order significantly affected deception detection: subjects who judged attitude first became anchored to verbal message content and showed greater truthfulness bias and over-attribution. Both… [1273] (1984)Effects of diazepam and methylphenidate on the electrodermal detection of guilty knowledge
Journal of Applied Psychology Neither diazepam nor methylphenidate impaired the validity of the Guilty Knowledge Test, which achieved an overall classification accuracy of 94% across all drug conditions. Subjects… [1274] (1984)Face, Body, and Speech as Channels of Communication in the Detection of Deception
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Deception was detected better from body than from face cues, but only when the deception involved making a positive description of a disliked person, demonstrating… [1275] (1984)"P300" and memory: Individual differences in the von Restorff effect
Cognitive Psychology P300 amplitude predicted memory only for subjects using rote rehearsal strategies, not for those using elaborative encoding. Subjects using complex strategies showed excellent overall memory… [1276] (1984)Alcohol and the psychophysiological detection of deception
Psychophysiology Alcohol intoxication during the mock crime (encoding phase) significantly reduced detection accuracy on both Control Question Test and Guilty Knowledge Test protocols, whereas alcohol intoxication… [1277] (1983)Detection of deception: Effectiveness of physical countermeasures under high motivation conditions
Psychophysiology With enhanced training, countermeasure subjects produced 47% false negative outcomes compared to 0% for guilty controls, demonstrating that simple physical countermeasures could effectively defeat the… [1278] (1983)Relationship between Nonverbal Sensitivities and Detection of Deception
Perceptual and Motor Skills The study found evidence that general nonverbal sensitivity relates to deception detection ability, though the relationship appears modest, contributing to broader understanding that individual differences… [1279] (1983)Nonverbal communication and deception: Differences in deception cues due to gender and communicator dominance
Communication Monographs Men and women displayed different nonverbal cue patterns during prepared deception, with men suppressing illustrators and showing more facial adaptors than women. Psychological dominance was… [1280] (1983)The detection of physical countermeasures
Polygraph Polygraph examiners detected only 12% of participants using physical countermeasures, with trained countermeasures proving difficult to detect through either physiological chart analysis or behavioral observation. [1281] (1982)Effects of altered outcome experiences stemming from placebo and feedback treatments on the validity of the guilty knowledge test
Journal of Applied Psychology Despite successfully manipulating subjects' expectations about test outcomes through placebo and feedback treatments, detection efficiency remained unaffected, suggesting the GKT is robust against expectancy effects. [1282] (1982)Nonverbal strategies for decoding deception
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Judges who expected more deception discounted facial cues when evaluating discrepant messages, but this strategy reduced their accuracy when decoding truthful, consistent communications. Even without… [1283] (1982)Cross-validation of a computerized diagnostic procedure for detection of deception
Psychophysiology Computerized discriminant analysis achieved accuracy rates equivalent to experienced human evaluators in classifying guilty and innocent subjects, with successful cross-validation demonstrating generalizability across independent samples. [1284] (1982)Extraversion and the detection of deception: comments on the paper by Bradley and Janisse
Personality and Individual Differences Extraversion showed negative correlation with skin reactivity in males but no relationship with detection accuracy. Overall, no consistent personality trait effects on GKT detection were… [1285] (1982)Some psychological determinants of electrodermal responses to deception
Personality and Individual Differences No consistent relationships were found between personality traits (measured by Eysenck Personality Inventory, Gough Socialization Scale, and Arrow-Dot test) and detection accuracy. Instead, detectability related… [1286] (1982)Detecting Deception: The Promise and the Reality of Voice Stress Analysis
Journal of Forensic Sciences Without exception, scientific evidence showed voice stress analyzers were not effective in detecting deception, with none achieving detection rates above chance levels in controlled situations.… [1287] (1982)The dichotimization theory for differential autonomic responsivity reconsidered
Psychophysiology The reconsidered theory established that stimulus significance is more potent than novelty alone in producing differential electrodermal responses, and that habituation generalizes completely within but… [1288] (1982)The dichotomization theory for differential autonomic responsivity reconsidered
Psychophysiology The revised Dichotomization Theory demonstrated that stimulus significance and novelty have additive effects on electrodermal orienting responses in the CIT paradigm, with significance emerging as… [1289] (1982)Detection of Deception: Consistency in Responding and Personality
Perceptual and Motor Skills No consistent relationships emerged between personality dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism, socialization, ego control) and detection accuracy. Situational factors like task involvement, countermeasure use, and confidence in… [1290] (1982)Interactive effects of stimulus probability and significance on the skin conductance response
Psychophysiology A significant interaction between stimulus significance and relative frequency was identified, whereby the skin conductance response advantage for low-probability stimuli was substantially greater when those… [1291] (1982 • MOCK CRIME)CQT Lab Accuracy with Community Participants
Journal of Applied Psychology Used community rather than student volunteers for increased ecological validity. Found accuracy rates comparable to field studies, supporting generalizability of lab results. [1292] (1982)Discrepancy as a cue to actual and perceived deception
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Communications involving concealment or deception showed greater face-speech discrepancy than truthful communications, especially with full speech. Senders appearing more discrepant were more likely to be… [1293] (1982)The Physiological Detection of Deception
American Scientist Electrodermal response was the most accurate of the three standard polygraph measures, and subjects with lower socialization scores were significantly less detectable due to reduced… [1294] (1982)Actual and perceived cues to deception: A closer look at speech
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Laypeople's intuitions about verbal deception cues demonstrated significant correspondence with actual deception markers, including reduced positivity, increased neutrality, and elevated nonfluencies in deceptive speech. However,… [1295] (1982)The effects of multiple physical countermeasures on the detection of deception
Psychophysiology Enhanced countermeasure training enabled 47% of guilty subjects to produce false negative outcomes by augmenting physiological responses to control questions, with cardiovascular measures most affected… [1296] (1981)Detection and Perception of Deception: The Role of Level of Analysis of Nonverbal Behavior*
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences The study demonstrated that how observers parse behavioral streams into units (fine vs. coarse segmentation) systematically affects both lie detection accuracy and judgments of truthfulness,… [1297] (1981)Detection of deception from clients' eye contact patterns.
Journal of Counseling Psychology The study found opposite results from the common stereotype: liars did not avoid eye contact more than truth-tellers, contributing to evidence that eye gaze patterns… [1298] (1981)Cpi Variables in Relation to the Polygraph Performance of Police Officer Candidates
The Journal of Social Psychology Applicants who scored highest on the CPI impression management scale were most likely to pass polygraph screening tests, suggesting that social desirability and self-presentation skills… [1299] (1981)Statistical versus clinical lie detection
American Psychologist Clinical interpretation achieved 71% detection of guilty subjects but misclassified 50% of innocent participants as deceptive, while statistical analysis achieved 80% overall accuracy, suggesting examiners… [1300] (1981)Extraversion and the detection of deception
Personality and Individual Differences Extraverts demonstrated selective physiological responding to crime-relevant questions and were more accurately detected, while introverts showed diffuse responding to both critical and non-critical questions that… [1301] (1981)Accuracy demonstrations, threat, and the detection of deception: Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and pupillary measures
Psychophysiology Detection accuracy on the Control Question Test increased systematically with demonstrated polygraph effectiveness (dose-response relationship), while the Concealed Information Test showed weaker effects from the… [1302] (1981)Physiological detection of deception: Measurement of responses to questions and answers during countermeasure maneuvers
Psychophysiology Professional actors' mental countermeasures proved completely ineffective, with 100% of guilty subjects correctly detected and no false negatives. However, innocent subjects experienced false positive rates… [1303] (1981)Meprobamate Reduces Accuracy of Physiological Detection of Deception
Science Only 3 of 11 guilty subjects who took meprobamate were correctly identified as deceptive, compared to statistically significant detection rates in the placebo and no-pill… [1304] (1981)Cross-Modal Physiological Effects of Electrodermal Lability in the Detection of Deception
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Electrodermal lability produced cross-modal distortion of polygraph outcomes: high-lability truthful subjects were more often falsely detected as deceptive, while low-lability deceptive subjects escaped detection more… [1305] (1981)Cognitive, Social, and Personality Processes in the Physiological Detection of Deception
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Polygraph detectability is shaped by multiple independent factors — including attentional processing, prior feedback, personality (socialization, electrodermal lability), birth order, and examiner-subject ethnicity — and… [1306] (1981)Meprobamate reduces the accuracy of physiological detection of deception
Science A standard 400 mg clinical dose of meprobamate rendered the electrodermal-based Guilty Knowledge Test unable to reliably distinguish deceptive from truthful subjects, while the examiner… [1307] (1981)Computerized chart evaluation in the detection of deception
The computerized algorithm achieved classification accuracy comparable to expert human examiners, with skin conductance amplitude emerging as the most diagnostic measure and multivariate discriminant analysis… [1308] (1981)The Reflection of Stress in Voice—1: Understanding the Basic Correlates
Proceedings of the 1981 Carnahan Conference on Crime Countermeasures Fundamental frequency (F0) increase emerged as the most consistent acoustic correlate of psychological stress, though individual variability and the complexity of stress-voice relationships were substantial.… [1309] (1981)A Validation and Reliability Study of the Counterintelligence Screening Test
902nd Military Intelligence Group The study provided the first scientific validation of directed lie control questions and the CIST format under controlled conditions. [1310] (1980)The responding of normals, alcoholics, and psychopaths in a laboratory lie detection experiment
Dissertation Abstracts International No differences in detectability of deception were found among normal individuals, alcoholics, and psychopaths, challenging assumptions that psychopaths could evade polygraph detection. [1311] (1980)Electrodermal Lability and Concealed Information Detection
Psychophysiology Found that electrodermally labile subjects were more frequently detected in CIT tasks, while electrodermally stabile subjects were less detectable. Individual differences in physiological reactivity can… [1312] (1980)Trait Anxiety and Skin Conductance in CIT
Psychophysiology Found that high trait anxiety “guilty” subjects responded more strongly in mock-crime CIT than low-anxiety subjects. Demonstrated that personality variables can moderate CIT detection rates. [1313] (1980)Individual differences in electrodermal lability and the detection of information and deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Electrodermal lability systematically influenced polygraph outcomes: guilty stabiles escaped detection more often than guilty labiles, while innocent labiles were falsely identified as deceptive more frequently… [1314] (1980)Guilty knowledge versus innocent associations: Effects of trait anxiety and stimulus context on skin conductance
Journal of Research in Personality The GKT achieved 97.5% correct classification accuracy, with high-anxiety guilty participants showing strong differential responses while low-anxiety subjects showed minimal effects regardless of guilt status. [1315] (1980)Detecting Deception in Children
Journal of Communication Adults accurately detected first graders' lies but older children successfully concealed deception, demonstrating that children's ability to control nonverbal leakage and maintain deceptive presentations increases… [1316] (1980)Nonverbal indicators of deception: A new theoretical perspective
Communication Monographs Contrary to earlier theories, liars showed fewer easily controlled gestures than truth-tellers, supporting a monitoring-and-control framework where behavioral suppression rather than increased nervous activity characterizes… [1317] (1980)Effects of self‐monitoring and familiarity on deception detection1
Communication Quarterly Observers with prior baseline exposure to communicators' behavior were significantly better at detecting deception compared to strangers, with a positive linear relationship between familiarity level… [1318] (1980)The admissibility of polygraph evidence in court: Some empirical findings
Law and Human Behavior Neither experiment found evidence of 'blind' acceptance of polygraph evidence by mock jurors; while guilt ratings shifted significantly in the presence of exculpatory polygraph evidence,… [1319] (1979)Orienting and defensive reflexes in the detection of deception
The Orienting Reflex in Humans Skin conductance and vasoconstriction were the most effective physiological indicators. Polygraph responses were explained through orienting reflex mechanisms involving differential attention and information processing to… [1320] (1979)Accuracy of Polygraph Techniques
Various Publications Reported polygraph accuracy exceeding .90 using the CQT format. This early quantification helped establish the scientific foundation for modern polygraph testing standards. [1321] (1979)Psychological stress evaluator--two tests of a vocal measure
Psychophysiology The PSE completely failed to detect deception in a guilty knowledge paradigm (chance-level accuracy) but successfully measured graded cognitive stress during arithmetic tasks, demonstrating that… [1322] (1979 • EXPERIMENTAL)Validity of CQT in Laboratory Mock Crime Study
Psychophysiology One of the Utah group’s foundational mock crime experiments with 72 volunteers. Established the Federal Zone of Comparison technique validity using numerical scoring, with accuracy… [1323] (1979)A direct comparison method of the skin conductance and skin resistance methods
Psychophysiology Skin conductance and skin resistance methods produced equivalent results for amplitude, area, reliability, and behavioral validity, but skin conductance yielded significantly shorter recovery times (p… [1324] (1979 • FOUNDATIONAL)CQT Mock Crime Laboratory Study
Psychophysiology One of the earliest CQT mock crime studies from the Utah group. 72 student volunteers randomly assigned to guilty/innocent conditions with financial motivation bonus. [1325] (1979)Effects of information and practice on detection of deception
Psychophysiology Detection accuracy remained robust across all experimental conditions, with detailed information about the CQT and practice having minimal impact on the ability to differentiate guilty… [1326] (1979)Effects of Repeated Examinations on the Ability to Detect Guilt with a Polygraphic Examination: A Laboratory Experiment with a Real Crime
Journal of Applied Psychology Electrodermal activity (skin resistance) was the only effective physiological measure; cardiovascular channels failed to detect guilt. Detection accuracy vanished entirely on the second examination, indicating… [1327] (1979)The psychological stress evaluator, technical limitations affecting lie detection
Polygraph The PSE failed to identify deceptive responses beyond chance levels on the guilty knowledge test but did show consistency in measuring cognitive stress during mental… [1328] (1979)Effects of Level of Socialization on Electrodermal Detection of Deception
Psychophysiology Deceptive subjects who evaded polygraph detection scored significantly lower on the CPI Socialization scale (r = .45, p < .05), with the effect mediated by… [1329] (1979)Socialization, awareness, and the electrodermal response to deception and self-disclosure
Journal of Abnormal Psychology Level of socialization significantly predicted polygraph detectability: poorly socialized deceptive subjects were less likely to be caught by their skin conductance responses, while highly socialized… [1330] (1979)A validity study of the psychological stress evaluator
Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science The PSE could not reliably distinguish truthful from deceptive statements in controlled conditions, performing at chance levels and failing to exceed random guessing accuracy. [1331] (1979 • JURY PERCEPTION)The Effect of Polygraph Evidence on Mock Jury Decision-Making
Journal of Police Science and Administration Found that polygraph evidence could be a crucial factor in jury decision-making. Raised concerns about potential for undue influence, contributing to judicial caution about admissibility. [1332] (1979)Facial and vocal cues of deception and honesty
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Posed deception was more detectable than spontaneous deception across both facial and vocal channels. A negative correlation between ability to convey honesty and deception revealed… [1333] (1978)Verbal and nonverbal cues in the perception of lying
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Observers achieved moderate deception detection accuracy using multiple cues. Liars produced less plausible, shorter answers with longer response latencies. Response hesitation interacted with content: it… [1334] (1978)The Psychopath and the Lie Detector
Psychophysiology Lykken concluded that Raskin and Hare's mock crime experiment lacked the real-world motivational stakes necessary to genuinely test the CQT's theoretical mechanisms, and that their… [1335] (1978)An Experimental Investigation of the Relative Validity and Utility of the Polygraph Technique and Three Other Common Methods of Criminal Identification
Journal of Forensic Sciences Polygraph testing achieved the highest accuracy with 18 of 20 correct decisions (90%), 1 incorrect decision (5%), and 1 inconclusive (5%), outperforming eyewitness identification, fingerprints,… [1336] (1978)Effects of Physiological Variables on the Detection of Deception
Psychosomatic Medicine The research demonstrated that electrodermal measures provided superior deception detection compared to cardiovascular and pupillary responses, and that accuracy demonstrations and threat manipulations significantly enhanced… [1337] (1978)Validity and Reliability of Detection of Deception
U.S. Government Report Polygraph examinations using control-question or guilty-knowledge tests achieved approximately 90% overall accuracy when properly conducted and numerically scored; examiners employing numerical scoring reached 99% accuracy… [1338] (1978)Cues to Deception in an Interview Situation
Social Psychology Deceptive responses showed increased hesitation and greater message length compared to truthful responses. Visual presence increased variability in response latencies and decreased response duration. Interviewers… [1339] (1978 • FOUNDATIONAL LAB)Physiological Detection of Deception: A New Approach
Journal of Applied Psychology Early Utah lab study establishing core mock-crime methodology. Achieved significant discrimination between guilty and innocent groups using physiological measures, validating the basic paradigm. [1340] (1978)Psychopathy and detection of deception in a prison population
Psychophysiology 100% of guilty subjects (both psychopaths and nonpsychopaths) were correctly identified using the CQT, with 91% accuracy for innocent subjects. Psychopaths showed equivalent physiological responsivity… [1341] (1978)An experimental comparison of the Psychological Stress Evaluator and the galvanic skin response in detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology The PSE showed detection accuracy at chance levels with interrater reliability of only .38, while GSR achieved .92 reliability and exceeded chance-level accuracy. The PSE… [1342] (1978)Effects of Attention, as Indexed by Subsequent Memory, on Electrodermal Detection of Deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Deceptive subjects who were correctly detected by their electrodermal responses remembered significantly more control words after the test than undetected deceptive subjects, indicating that broader… [1343] (1978)Electrolyte medium effects on measurements of palmar skin potential
Psychophysiology The study replicated large effects of epidermal hydration on skin potential measurements. Agar and Unibase did not differ significantly from each other, but both may… [1344] (1977)Wartość diagnostyczna badania poligraficznego i jej znaczenie kryminalistyczne
Polygraph examination produced 18 correct identifications out of 20 cases (90% accuracy rate), tied with graphological analysis for the fewest incorrect diagnoses and achieving the… [1345] (1977)Pitch changes during attempted deception
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Voice fundamental frequency was significantly higher when subjects lied compared to telling the truth. Judges' truthfulness ratings were negatively correlated with pitch when listening to… [1346] (1977)The effect of lie detector evidence on jury deliberations: An empirical study
Journal of Police Science and Administration Polygraph evidence influenced mock juror deliberations but did not produce the uncritical acceptance or overwhelming prejudice predicted by courts as justification for exclusionary rules. [1347] (1977)A further study of the dichotomization theory in detection of information
Psychophysiology The study confirmed that critical items elicit larger responses when presented less frequently, and demonstrated 'negative detection' when neutral items became the rare stimulus category,… [1348] (1976)Deception and pupil size
Journal of Clinical Psychology Mean pupil diameter was statistically larger during deceptive responses (5.74 mm) versus truthful responses (5.15 mm), demonstrating that pupillary dilation can differentiate between truth-telling and… [1349] (1976)Deception and role playing: On telling the good guys from the bad guys.
American Psychologist Cooper argued that laboratory mock-crime studies lacked the realistic stakes and consequences of field polygraph examinations, leading to overestimates of accuracy. The paper highlighted fundamental… [1350] (1975)The Validity of the polygraph technique with children
Journal of Police Science and Administration Children below age 11 demonstrated only 63% GKT polygraph accuracy (near-chance), while those aged 11 and older achieved 91% accuracy comparable to adult performance, revealing… [1351] (1975)Reading Frustration Level as Indicated by the Polygraph1
The Journal of Educational Research The mean of 10% oral reading errors was consistent with polygraph indication of frustration, validating conventional criteria. However, comprehension errors required more than 50% error… [1352] (1975)An Evaluation of Field Techniques in Detection of Deception
Psychophysiology The study achieved 81% correct classification excluding inconclusives. Electrodermal (skin resistance) measures proved most discriminating, followed by cardiovascular and respiration. Blind evaluations by five examiners… [1353] (1975)Detection of Information and GSR Habituation: An Attempt to Derive Detection Efficiency From Two Habituation Curves
Psychophysiology Relevant and neutral stimuli exhibited structurally similar but independently progressing GSR habituation curves, and predictions derived from these two curves successfully anticipated the rank ordering… [1354] (1974)Efficiency of GSR detection of information with repeated presentation of series of stimuli in two motivational states
Journal of Applied Psychology Detection errors were reduced by combining GSR responses across 10 repetitions of the same items. Surprisingly, motivation level (high vs. low) produced no noticeable effect… [1355] (1974)The validity of the polygraph with retardates
Journal of Police Science and Administration The polygraph produced physiologically interpretable and diagnostically valid results with individuals with intellectual disabilities, suggesting that cognitive limitations do not suppress the autonomic arousal mechanisms… [1356] (1974)Detecting deception from body or face
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Body language enabled 50-65% deception detection accuracy when baseline comparison was provided, while facial expressions alone remained at chance level (50% accuracy), demonstrating that the… [1357] (1974)Detecting deception from the body or face
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Body language provided significantly more accurate deception cues than facial expressions, with observers achieving 50-65% accuracy from body-only video versus chance-level (50%) accuracy from face-only… [1358] (1973)Information Detection Through Differential GSRs in Bedouins of the Israeli Desert
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology Bedouin participants showed higher baseline skin conductance and attenuated differential GSR reactivity compared to Jewish Israeli samples, and level of formal education emerged as a… [1359] (1973)Psychophysiological baselines as a function of race and ethnic origin
Psychophysiology Psychophysiological resting baselines, particularly electrodermal (GSR) and pulse measures, varied significantly across racial and ethnic groups, demonstrating that baseline physiological levels cannot be assumed equivalent… [1360] (1973)Detection of Deception in Electrodermal Activity
Psychological Research Electrodermal activity was identified as the most sensitive physiological parameter for deception detection, with differential increases in skin conductance and skin potential serving as valid… [1361] (1972)On the detection of deception: A model for the study of physiological effects of psychological stimuli
In N. Greenfield & R. Sternbach (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology Subjects motivated to deceive showed detection rates far greater than chance while unmotivated subjects showed only chance-level detection, demonstrating that the effort to deceive rather… [1362] (1972)The objective use of multiple physiological indices in the detection of deception
Psychophysiology All nine physiological variables were statistically significant indicators of deception (p < .01 or p < .05), and a combined six-variable index provided an advantage… [1363] (1972)Electrodermal recovery rate, goal orientation, and aversion
Psychophysiology Fast electrodermal recovery rates were systematically associated with goal-oriented behavior and sustained task engagement, while slower recovery characterized aversive or defensive motivational states, providing the… [1364] (1972)Detection of deception as a function of galvanic skin response recording methodology
The Journal of Psychology The study compared constant voltage and constant current GSR recording techniques in a laboratory deception detection paradigm, contributing methodological evidence that informed subsequent standardization of… [1365] (1972)An experimental study of field techniques in lie detection
Department of Psychology, University of Utah The zone comparison control question technique successfully differentiated guilty from innocent subjects, with electrodermal (skin conductance) measures proving to be the most accurate indicator of… [1366] (1972)Implications of laboratory research for the detection of deception
Polygraph The most important finding was that psychological factors, rather than physiological responses alone, overwhelmingly determine whether deception can be detected. Deceptive intent—not the act of… [1367] (1971)Manipulation of contrast between differential GSRs in very young children
Psychophysiology Very young children demonstrated differential GSR reactivity to significant versus neutral stimuli, and the magnitude of this contrast could be systematically manipulated through procedural task… [1368] (1971)The bogus pipeline: A new paradigm for measuring affect and attitude
Psychological Bulletin The bogus pipeline effectively reduced impression management across multiple experiments, with participants providing significantly different and more negative attitude reports when believing their responses could… [1369] (1970)The information content of the recovery limb of the electrodermal response
Psychophysiology Recovery rate successfully differentiated spontaneous responses during rest versus tasks, orienting responses versus responses to signals, and alerting versus execution signals. Individuals with fast recovery… [1370] (1970)“Please Don't Talk to Anyone about This Experiment:” Disclosure of Deception by Debriefed Subjects
Psychological Reports Disclosure rates were alarmingly high: 16.7% of participants disclosed confidential information in immediate face-to-face interviews, while 78.9% disclosed when contacted by telephone several days later,… [1371] (1970)Efficiency of GSR detection of information as a function of stimulus set size
Psychophysiology Detection scores did not significantly decline as stimulus set size increased, and Signal Detection analysis suggested enhanced autonomic discrimination with larger sets, supporting what became… [1372] (1969)Skin conductance changes and word recall
British Journal of Psychology Larger phasic skin conductance responses to items during encoding positively predicted later recall, and this predictive relationship strengthened with increasing retention delay, supporting arousal-mediated consolidation… [1373] (1969)Manipulation of contrast between differential GSR responses through the use of ordered tasks of information detection
Psychophysiology Sequential ordering of information detection tasks significantly modulates the contrast between differential GSR responses to relevant and neutral stimuli, demonstrating that detection efficiency in the… [1374] (1969)Subjective report and credibility: An inquiry involving hypnotic hallucinations.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology The study demonstrated that high behavioral performance on hypnotic suggestions did not necessarily indicate genuine subjective experience, establishing that experienced involuntariness is central to authentic… [1375] (1968)The Relation Between Ethnic Origin and GSR Reactivity in Psychophysiological Detection
Journal of Applied Psychology The study found that ethnic origin significantly moderated GSR reactivity in psychophysiological detection, with participants from different ethnic backgrounds — particularly Jewish Israeli and Bedouin… [1376] (1968)Validity of the guilty-knowledge technique: the effects of motivation
Journal of Applied Psychology The GKT achieved 92% accuracy for guilty subjects and 100% for innocent subjects, with perfect specificity and no effect of motivational manipulation on detection rates. [1377] (1968)A comparison of physiological indices in detection of deception
Psychophysiology GSR and SPR were the only measures to consistently and significantly discriminate deception above chance, and were significantly superior to finger volume; breathing amplitude and… [1378] (1968)Effects of the type of stimulus employed and the level of subject awareness on the detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Personally relevant stimuli (name, date of birth) were significantly more detectable via GSR than experimentally assigned code words despite equal motivational consequences, and detection rates… [1379] (1967)The Role of 'Lying' in Psychophysiological Detection
Psychophysiology Detection of the concealed item succeeded at well above-chance accuracy even when subjects were truthful on the critical trial and deceptive on all others, demonstrating… [1380] (1967)Group GSR technique in the detection of deception
Perceptual and Motor Skills The group GSR averaging technique successfully reduced idiosyncratic noise and enhanced detection of shared concealed information, with the courier paradigm yielding individual detection rates of… [1381] (1966)Effects of realistic stress and procedural interference in experimental lie detection
Journal of Applied Psychology GSR detection remained robust under realistic stress and was far superior to heart rate analysis, but blood pressure cuff inflation at 80 mm Hg reduced… [1382] (1966 – 1967)Effects of Realistic Stress and the Role of “Lying” in Psychophysiological Detection
Journal of Applied Psychology Examined how stress and the cognitive act of lying itself affect physiological responses. Found that realistic stress conditions influence detection accuracy differently than laboratory conditions… [1383] (1966)Polygraph and Interview Validation of Self-Reported Deviant Behavior
American Sociological Review Overall questionnaire accuracy was high, but delinquency scale items showed significant underreporting. Despite individual response inaccuracies, questionnaires successfully maintained valid rank-ordering of respondents by delinquency… [1384] (1966)THE SMALL SCALE GAP TEST: CALIBRATION AND COMPARISON WITH THE LARGE SCALE GAP TEST
The SSGT showed quantitative correlation with the Large Scale Gap Test for explosives at porosity ≥ 104, validating the small-scale test as a reliable predictor… [1385] (1965)Effects of perceived role and role success on the detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Detectability on a second polygraph trial was determined not by feedback content alone but by whether that feedback matched the subject's perceived role, with all… [1386] (1965)The effects of verbal responses on the laboratory detection of deception
Psychophysiology Subjects instructed to say 'no' to each question were most frequently detected via GSR, while those required to produce word associations were least frequently detected… [1387] (1964)Pupil size in relation to mental activity during simple problem-solving
Science Pupil diameter increased proportionally with multiplication problem difficulty, demonstrating that pupillary response provides a direct, involuntary measure of mental activity and cognitive load during problem-solving. [1388] (1964)Analysis of Polygraphic Data
Contrary to expectations, Dependent Judgment situations (comparing multiple suspects' charts) did not increase decision accuracy over Independent Judgment (evaluating charts individually), possibly due to greater… [1389] (1963)Effects of heightened motivation on the detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Subjects motivated to deceive produced significantly larger skin resistance responses to critical items and were detected at rates far exceeding chance, while unmotivated subjects were… [1390] (1963)Comparison of Physiological Response of 'Yes', 'No', and 'Mute' Conditions In Peak of Tension Test
Reports of the National Institute of Police Science Silent/mute response conditions produced cleaner physiological recordings with fewer movement artifacts compared to verbal response conditions, suggesting response format significantly influences the quality of physiological… [1391] (1962)Studies in Lie Detection: Computer Feasibility Considerations
RADC-TR 62-205, U.S. Air Force One of the earliest studies exploring computer-assisted analysis of polygraph data. Commissioned by the Air Force. Laid the groundwork for computerized scoring methods that would… [1392] (1962)Some aspects of fundamental frequency and envelope amplitude as related to the emotional content of speech
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Pitch aided emotional identification by 44% while amplitude added only 3%, demonstrating pitch dominance. Accuracy declined from 44% to 25% when pitch variations were smoothed… [1393] (1960)The validity of the guilty knowledge technique: the effects of faking
Journal of Applied Psychology No subject was able to defeat the objective GSR scoring system, yielding 100% correct classification accuracy — demonstrating that the GKT's memory-detection mechanism is highly… [1394] (1955)Studies on the physiology of awareness: An oximetrically monitored controlled stress test
Canadian Journal of Psychology The research demonstrated that oximetric measurements of capillary blood oxygen saturation, blood flow, and tissue changes could detect systematic physiological responses during standardized stress conditions. [1395] (1945)Simulated Blood Pressure Responses in Lie-Detector Tests and a Method for Their Detection
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Reid demonstrated that muscular countermeasures could artificially distort cardiovascular readings and developed the first instrumented countermeasure detection system, which became standard in polygraph practice. [1396] (1938 • EARLY HISTORY)Lie Detection: Its History, Methods and Techniques
New York: Published Works (1938) Early comprehensive account of lie detection history and methods. Documented the transition from ancient ordeals to scientific instruments and the development of questioning techniques. [1397] (1937)A new psychogalvanometric technique in criminal investigation
Psychological Bulletin Summers reported 98-100% accuracy with the Pathometer in detecting deception, and his work directly led to Leonarde Keeler's addition of the galvanic skin response (GSR)… [1398] (1936)A recording psychogalvanometer
Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists Summers reported 98-100% accuracy with his single-channel electrodermal device, outperforming the Keeler polygraph in a 271-subject comparison study, though most validation occurred in laboratory settings… [1399] (1936)A comparison of the cardio-pneumo-psychograph and association methods in the detection of lying in cases of theft among college students
Journal of Applied Psychology The cardio-pneumo-psychograph showed higher diagnostic accuracy than word association testing for detecting deception in theft cases, while respiratory measurements were found to have minimal discriminative… [1400] (1932)Lying and its detection
Larson found the polygraph's results inconclusive about 40 percent of the time despite grandiose claims by proponents. He maintained a scientifically skeptical stance throughout his… [1401] (1932)The Nature of Human Conflicts or Emotion, Conflict and Will: An Objective Study of Disorganisation and Control of Human Behaviour
Emotional conflicts and hidden knowledge produced selective disruption of coordinated motor performance and increased reaction latency in response to emotionally salient or guilt-related stimuli. The… [1402] (1930)A method for detection deception
American Journal of Police Science Laboratory experiments achieved 93% accuracy in detecting deception, with field validation showing 80% confirmation rates in personnel screening and 62% in criminal investigations. Over 8,000… [1403] (1928)Deception and self-deception.
The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology The study provided early recognition that self-deception posed fundamental challenges to polygraph validity, contributing to scientific skepticism about relying solely on physiological measures to detect… [1404] (1925)Negative Type Reaction-Time Symptoms of Deception
Psychological Review Marston demonstrated that deception produces two distinct classes of reaction-time deviation — positive (prolonged) and negative (inhibited/shortened) — showing that a complete diagnostic framework must… [1405] (1923)Sex Characteristics of Systolic Blood Pressure Behavior
Journal of Experimental Psychology Female participants were reported to exhibit stronger and more consistent systolic blood pressure elevations during deception than male participants, with Marston interpreting this as evidence… [1406] (1920)Reaction time symptoms of deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology Deceptive responses produced consistently longer reaction times than truthful ones in word-association tests, with Marston reporting accuracy rates as high as 96–100% in laboratory and… [1407] (1920)Reaction-time symptoms of deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology Marston reported 96-97% accuracy in detecting deception using reaction-time measures combined with physiological indicators, though practical application was limited by information contamination and individual variability.… [1408] (1919)Studies in Word-association
Jung demonstrated that emotionally charged stimulus words produced prolonged reaction times, memory disturbances, and measurable physiological changes (galvanic skin response, respiration) that could not be… [1409] (1915 • FOUNDATIONAL)Systolic Blood Pressure Symptoms of Deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology Marston’s detailed experimental work establishing systolic blood pressure as an indicator of deception. Reported 96% accuracy, though later criticized for methodological limitations. [1410] (1907)On Psychophysical Relations of the Associative Experiment
Journal of Abnormal Psychology Galvanometric responses were determined by emotional intensity rather than physical stimulus strength, appearing after a 1-6 second latency period. Words connected to emotional complexes produced… [1411] (1907)Psychophysical Investigations with the Galvanometer and Pneumograph in Normal and Insane Individuals
Brain Normal individuals showed average galvanic response latencies of 3 seconds, with marked individual differences. Patients with catatonic dementia praecox demonstrated prolonged latencies and diminished or… [1412] (0)The Relationship of Conversational Sensitivity and Employment Interview Experience to Deception Detection in Employment Interviews.
Neither professional interviewing experience nor conversational sensitivity substantially improved deception detection accuracy. Judges across all groups demonstrated a truth bias and frequently relied on invalid… [1413] (0)The detection of deception in cross-cultural settings : the effects of training and language on lie detection ability in Hong Kong Chinese
Observers were more successful at identifying liars when speakers used their second language (English) but made significantly more errors judging truthful speakers as deceptive in… [1414] (0)Coalitional Tracker for Deception Detection in Thermal Imagery
Augmented Vision Perception in Infrared The coalitional tracking method achieved 82% deception classification accuracy, a 20% improvement over previous methods, while maintaining pixel-level tracking accuracy even during unrestricted subject movement.… [1415] (0)Remote detection of deception using radar vital signs monitor technology
Proceedings IEEE 34th Annual 2000 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (Cat. No.00CH37083) The radar system successfully detected heartbeat at 10 meters and respiration at 20 meters in non-contact mode, establishing technical proof-of-concept for remote physiological monitoring in… [1416] (0)Gender Differences in Deception and Its Detection Under Varying Electronic Media Conditions
Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Females demonstrated significantly better deception detection performance than males across electronic media conditions, with gender differences persisting despite variations in social presence and media richness… [1417] (0)The Effect of Embedded Lies on the Verbal Quality of Statements and Implications for Credibility Assessment
Embedded lies are not qualitatively different from lies in fully fabricated statements (supported by Bayesian analysis), and lies embedded in truthful statements can still be… [1418] (0)Modality Effects in Deception Detection and Applications in Automatic-Deception-Detection
Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Differences between deception and truth were generally consistent across the three modalities, with only specificity showing significant modality-by-condition interaction effects. Modality had strong main effects… [1419] (0)Personality Traits and Deception Detection Ability Among College Students with Primary Psychopathic Traits
Both primary hypotheses were not supported: sex did not moderate the relationship between primary psychopathic traits and deception detection accuracy, and Big Five personality traits…Related research topics
Explore more research.
Search and filter our complete database of 3493 peer-reviewed studies.