Field Study

[001] В.В. Никитин (2025)

Возможности использования полиграфа в раскрытии и расследовании преступлений, совершенных медицинскими работниками

Вестник Московской академии Следственного комитета Российской Федерации Polygraph examinations with appropriately selected tactics successfully identified persons who committed crimes in medical contexts, enabling rapid resolution when traditional investigative methods faced limitations. Screening & Personnel Security [002] Donald J. Krapohl; Donnie W. Dutton (2024 • COMPUTER SCORING FIELD)

Comparison of OSS-3 and PolyScore in Multi-Issue and Single-Issue Field Exams

Polygraph Compared computerized scoring algorithms on field data. OSS-3 correctly identified 71% truthful and 96% deceptive with 14% inconclusive rate, outperforming PolyScore on multiple-issue tests. Scoring & Test Data Analysis [003] David R. Dow; Cassandra Christina Jeu; Scarlett Watkins (2024)

How Reliable are Polygraph Examinations in Criminal Investigations? An Empirical Assessment

Criminal Law Bulletin Polygraphs yield unreliable conclusions in approximately 50 to 65 percent of cases involving innocent individuals—worse than a coin flip—when those individuals truthfully denied crimes they… Field Validity Studies [004] Dmytro Zdebskyi (2023)

Application of the polygraph under the conditions of marital state in Ukraine

Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences Polygraph applications in Ukraine shifted to 75% security-focused operations during martial law, with voluntary mobilization of civilian examiners supporting military vetting, infiltrator detection, and mass… Screening & Personnel Security [005] Piotr Herbowski; Dominika Słapczyńska (2023)

The Offender Recognizes the Victim – About the Advantages of Using the Visual Version of Polygraph Test in Serious Criminal Case

European Polygraph The visual CIT successfully proved the suspect knew the victim despite denials, with the physiological arousal to the victim's photograph enabling a confession and identification… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [006] Dmitri Asonov; Mikhail Krylov; Vladislav Omelyusik; Anastasiya Ryabikina; Evgeny Litvinov; Mikhail Mitrofanov; Mikhail Mikhailov; Albert Efimov (2023)

Building a second-opinion tool for classical polygraph

Nature Scientific Reports The study successfully created a system that can catch mistakes in historical polygraph records by identifying examiner errors in interpreting raw physiological data. AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [007] Heejung Park (2023)

Effects of Individual Traits on Polygraph Test Results

Criminal Investigation Studies The study analyzed relationships between examinees' demographic traits and polygraph examination outcomes, though specific statistical results require access to the full paper. Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [008] Ф.К. Свободный (2022)

Research with the use of a polygraph in the investigation of environmental crimes

Вестник Московской академии Следственного комитета Российской Федерации Specific findings cannot be reported as the full text was not accessible for review. Field Validity Studies [009] Jeffrey Lin, Greg Hisscock, Walter Simon (2022)

Exploring the implications of item-level data in sex offenders’ maintenance polygraph results

Journal of Sexual Aggression Subjects rarely made serious disclosures during the exam process, and a substantial portion were required to retake exams despite not registering as deceptive on any… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [010] Charles Robert Honts; Mark Handler; Pamela K. Shaw; Michael C. Gougler (2021 • LANDMARK META-ANALYSIS)

A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Polygraph Test

Applied Cognitive Psychology The largest meta-analysis ever conducted on the CQT, analyzing 138 datasets. Found a meta-analytic effect size of 0.69 including inconclusives. Motivation level showed a positive… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [011] Donnie W. Dutton (2021)

Response Onset Windows for Electrodermal, Cardiovascular and Vasomotor Responses: A Preliminary Study Using the British One-issue Screening Test

Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Conventional response onset windows (0.5-4.0s electrodermal, 1.0-9.0s cardiovascular, 2.0-9.0s vasomotor) were empirically validated, with electrodermal responses showing significant skew clustering in the 1-3 second range. Scoring & Test Data Analysis [012] Jenny Skrifvars, Veronica Sui, Jan Antfolk, Tanja van Veldhuizen, Julia Korkman (2021)

Psychological Assumptions Underlying Credibility Assessments in Finnish Asylum Determinations

Officials held assumptions about presentation of truthful claims, plausibility of behavior, and asylum system knowledge that were only partially aligned with psychological science. More than… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [013] Tuvia Shurany; Nathan J. Gordon (2021)

Directed Lie – The Correct or the Easy Way?

European Polygraph The study found that 28.6% of directed lie questions failed to provoke physiological reactions during stimulation tests, and three examinees refused to lie as directed,… Field Validity Studies [014] William George Iacono (2020)

Iacono and Ben-Shakhar's response to Ginton (2020): Validity estimates from paired testing

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling The authors conclude that Ginton's polygraph validity estimates from paired testing cannot be trusted due to unresolved issues with confession contamination, examiner bias, and confirmation… Field Validity Studies [015] Jane Louise Wood; Emma Alleyne; Caoilte Ó Ciardha; Theresa A. Gannon (2020 • UK POLICE EVALUATION)

An Evaluation of Polygraph Testing by Police to Manage Individuals Convicted or Suspected of Sexual Offending

University of Kent, Commissioned by National Police Chiefs’ Council Two-year evaluation across nine UK police areas involving 800+ individuals. Found polygraph-tested supervisees were nearly 6 times more likely to make at least one risk-relevant… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [016] Krapohl, D.J. (2020)

Electrodermal Responses: When is Bigger Really Better?

Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment: A Journal of Science and Field Practice Performance peaked when electrodermal response amplitudes differed by 10-20%, with a subsequent laboratory analysis finding optimal correlation at 30% minimum difference when scoring against the… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [017] Sue Hyun Jung; Min Jin Jin; Jang-Kyu Lee; Hee-Song Kim; Hyung-Ki Ji; Ki-Pyoung Kim; Myoung-Ho Hyun; Hyeon-Gi Hong (2020)

Improving the Quality of Sexual History Disclosure: Emphasis on a Polygraph Examination

PLoS ONE Studied 52 sex offenders, comparing polygraph vs. self-report groups. Polygraph group disclosed more deviant sexual behaviors and paraphilia interests than the comparison group. Confirmed effectiveness… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [018] S. Kim; Ki-Pyoung Kim; U. Chung (2020 • KOREAN STUDY)

Improving the Quality of Sexual History Disclosure on Sex Offenders: Emphasis on a Polygraph Examination

PLoS ONE Study of 52 sex offenders in South Korea. Polygraph group disclosed more deviant behaviors and paraphilic interests than the comparison group, supporting SHDE interview effectiveness… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [019] Neda Nakić (2020)

Significance of pre-test interview in polygraph examination

Bezbednost, Beograd The study confirmed that issues arose during polygraph examinations when tests were not sufficiently prepared and when pre-test interviews were not given adequate attention, with… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [020] Keum- Seob Lim, Jai- Suk Lee (2019)

Study on accuracy of polygraph inspection and GSR(Galvanic Skin Response) evaluation

Korean Association of Criminal Psychology The study verified that GSR channels occupy an important proportion in judging responses to stimuli, and demonstrated that palm placement can produce accurate stimulus responses… Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [021] Gideon Shterzer, Eitan Elaad (2019)

Validity of the Control Question Test in Two Levels of the Severity of Crimes

Anti-Terrorism; Forensic Science; Psychology in Police Investigations The false positive error rate in severe crimes was approximately double that of minor crimes (23.33% for minor crimes using zero cutoff), indicating innocent suspects… Field Validity Studies [022] Donnie W. Dutton (2018)

Reducing Inconclusive Results: A Descriptive Analysis of Decision Rules, Weighted Electrodermal Scores and Multinomial Cut-Scores

Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Weighted EDA scores alone reduced inconclusive results by 49%, while combining EDA weighting with multinomial cut-scores achieved a 72% reduction in inconclusive outcomes. Scoring & Test Data Analysis [023] Jane Louise Wood (2018)

Sexual offender's experiences of polygraph testing: a thematic study in three probation trusts

Journal of Sexual Aggression Mandatory polygraph testing was associated with increased high-risk disclosures, enhanced motivation for honesty, and improved compliance with license conditions according to both offenders and their… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [024] Инна Скляренко, INNA SKLYARENKO, Валентина Синчагова, Valentina Shinagawa (2018)

The psychophysiological research using the polygraph in the framework of professional selection on the service of the interior ministry in the native language of the candidate

Applied psychology and pedagogy Conducting polygraph examinations in candidates' native languages improved assessment validity by enhancing rapport, reducing language-induced anxiety, improving question comprehension, and minimizing false positive responses caused… Screening & Personnel Security [025] Aabad Ayoub, Farwa Rizvi, Saba Akram, Muhammad A. Tahir (2018)

The Polygraph and Lie Detection: A Case Study

Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine Polygraph testing successfully identified deception by the victim who confessed after examination, while all suspects were found truthful. The case demonstrated successful adaptation of sensor… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [026] Raymond Nelson (2018)

Credibility Assessment Using Bayesian Credible Intervals: A Replication Study

Polygraph Replicated earlier accuracy findings using Bayesian credible intervals and the ESS-M scoring method. Confirmed high accuracy with event-specific polygraphs using four relevant questions. Demonstrated the… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [027] Avital Ginton (2017 • FIELD STUDY)

Examining Different Types of Comparison Questions in a Field Study of CQT Polygraph Technique

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 14(2), 131–149 Field study comparing different types of comparison questions in real criminal investigations. Provided evidence for the practical effectiveness of both exclusive and non-exclusive comparison questions… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [028] Shuji Fujihara, Takahiro Kobayashi, Kaori Miyawaki, Yusuke Sibuya (2017)

Effects of the number of Items on Physiological Responses on the Concealed Information Test

The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study investigated how varying the number of items per CIT question influences the magnitude and detectability of physiological responses across multiple autonomic measures used… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [029] Eran P. Melkman, Irit Hershkowitz, Ronit Zur (2017)

Credibility assessment in child sexual abuse investigations: A descriptive analysis

Child Abuse & Neglect Of all cases where children disclosed abuse, only 57.9% were judged credible. Older age and absence of cognitive delay were the strongest predictors of credible… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [030] István Krispán, László Pusztai (2016)

Egy gyanús eltűnés poligráfos vizsgálatának módszertana és tanulságai

Belügyi Szemle Polygraph examination successfully contributed to resolving the disappearance case by providing investigative leads regarding the victim's location and manner of the alleged crime. The study… Field Validity Studies [031] Amado, B.G., Arce, R., Farina, F., Vilarino, M. (2016)

Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) reality criteria in adults: A meta-analytic review

International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology The Undeutsch Hypothesis was confirmed for adults, with CBCA criteria successfully discriminating between truthful and fabricated memories. However, two criteria (self-deprecation and pardoning the perpetrator)… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [032] Savita Sondhi, Ritu Vijay, Munna Khan, Ashok K. Salhan (2016)

Voice analysis for detection of deception

2016 11th International Conference on Knowledge, Information and Creativity Support Systems (KICSS) Mean fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequencies F1 and F2 showed significant increases under deception-related stress and correlated strongly with stress, while shimmer showed no… Voice Stress Analysis [033] John C. Kircher; David C. Raskin (2016)

Laboratory and Field Research on the Ocular-motor Deception Test

European Polygraph Cross-validation accuracy averaged 83.1% under standard laboratory conditions and 86.1% in field studies, with accuracy rates ranging from 78% to 86% across diverse populations including… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [034] Aabad Ayoub, Muhammad Ashraf Tahir (2016)

Forensic Polygraph in Crime Investigation: A Case Study

Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences and Forensic Medicine The study demonstrated successful application of IZCT and FAINT protocols in a criminal murder investigation, employing computerized ASIT scoring and coordinating polygraph results with traditional… Field Validity Studies [035] Leonard Goodson (2015)

Pre-test Breathing Instructions

Polygraph Pre-test breathing instructions nearly doubled examiner perceptions of countermeasures (from 40.8% to 59.2%) and increased artifact detection rates, with concerning low inter-rater reliability. Training, Standards & Professional Practice [036] Ronald Philip Fisher (2015)

You cannot hide your telephone lies: Providing a model statement as an aid to detect deception in insurance telephone calls

Legal and Criminological Psychology The model statement technique enabled successful discrimination between truth tellers and liars through CBCA quality scores and plausibility ratings, while baseline detection accuracy was only… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [037] Ryszard Jaworski (2015)

Observations from the Analysis of Searching Peak of Tension Test (SPOT) Charts

European Polygraph The study demonstrates practical applications of SPOT testing in locating evidence and eliciting confessions in serious criminal cases, with analysis of confirmed chart patterns from… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [038] Tuvia Shurany (2015)

Using the Polygraph Validation Test (PVT) in Solving Conflicted Polygraph Results and Confirming Deliberate Distortions by Examinees

European Polygraph The PVT successfully resolved all 51 cases of conflicted polygraph results and confirmed suspected deliberate distortions, with classic physiological patterns (POT reactions) indicating when examinees… Countermeasures Research [039] Ryszard Jaworski (2015)

Charts of the 'Innocent' Subjects in the Searching Peak of Tension Tests

European Polygraph The study identified four major methodological limitations: extremely small sample size of innocent subjects, inability to repeat non-reactive SPOT tests, reliance on subjective visual assessment… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [040] Donald J. Krapohl; Walt Goodson (2015)

Decision Accuracy for the Relevant-Irrelevant Screening Test: Influence of an Algorithm on Human Decision-Making

European Polygraph The study addressed the poor interrater reliability problem that has plagued RI screening tests, investigating whether algorithmic support could resolve fundamental reliability issues that undermine… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [041] Bradley A. Campbell, Tasha A. Menaker, William R. King (2015)

Victim Credibility Interview

PsycTESTS Dataset In the absence of corroborating evidence, victim credibility was the most critical factor in arrest and prosecution decisions, with extralegal characteristics like victim behavior and… Legal & Policy Studies [042] Todd M. Jensen; Kevin Shafer; C. Y. Roby; Jini L. Roby (2015 • JUVENILE STUDY)

Sexual History Disclosure Polygraph Outcomes: Do Juvenile and Adult Sex Offenders Differ?

Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30, 928–944 Compared polygraph disclosure outcomes between juvenile and adult sex offenders. Found both groups disclosed significantly more victims and offense types during polygraph-assisted interviews. Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [043] David M. Markowitz, Jeffrey T. Hancock (2015)

Online Deception

The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication Research synthesis shows that lies are not more prevalent online than offline, but are represented differently due to technological features. Design features like recordability, synchronicity,… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [044] UK National Offender Management Service (NOMS (2014 • UK GOVERNMENT MANDATE)

Mandatory Polygraph Testing for Sexual Offenders (Offender Management Act 2007 Implementation)

Ministry of Justice, England & Wales Following the 2012 pilot study results, the UK government mandated polygraph testing for high-risk sex offenders released on license in England and Wales. Made PCSOT… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [045] Bourke, M. L., Fragomeli, L., Detar, P. J., Sullivan, M. A., Meyle, E., O'Riordan, M. (2014)

The use of tactical polygraph with sex offenders

Journal of Sexual Aggression Only 4.7% of suspects initially admitted to sexually abusing children, but polygraph procedures elicited disclosures from an additional 52.8%, ultimately revealing 282 child victims including… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [046] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2014)

Field Examination: Certain Phenomena Related to Electrodermal Activity

European Polygraph The research documented specific EDA curve shapes and formations that deviated significantly from standard response patterns in real-world testing conditions. Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [047] Wataru Zaitsu (2014)

Meta-analysis of mock-crime experimental studies and field studies using the Concealed Information Test

Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology The meta-analysis demonstrated comparable validity between laboratory mock-crime studies and field CIT examinations, with consistent physiological response patterns and discrimination performance maintained across both experimental… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [048] Theresa A. Gannon; Jane Louise Wood; Afroditi Pina; Nichola Tyler; Magali-Fleur Barnoux; Eduardo A. Vasquez (2014 • UK EVALUATION)

An Evaluation of Mandatory Polygraph Testing for Sexual Offenders in the United Kingdom

Sexual Abuse Major UK evaluation study finding that mandatory polygraph testing produced significantly more risk-relevant disclosures compared to standard supervision alone, providing evidence base for the 2014… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [049] Roger Cook; William M. Barkley; Peter B. Anderson (2014 • SEXUAL HISTORY)

The Sexual History Polygraph Examination and Its Influences on Recidivism

Journal of Social Change, 6, 1–10 Examined relationship between sexual history polygraph examinations and recidivism. Found recidivists underwent fewer polygraph examinations on average and went longer periods between tests. Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [050] Donald J. Krapohl; S. Rosales; Donald J. Krapohl; Leonard Goodson (2014)

Relevant-Irrelevant Screening Format Accuracy

Polygraph Concluded that the decision accuracy of the RIR screening format is substantially poorer than other validated screening formats. Provided evidence-based justification for agencies to adopt… Field Validity Studies [051] Honts, C.R., Handler, M. (2013)

A Case Study of the Validity of the Arther Examination

Polygraph Among 9 DNA-confirmed innocent suspects, the Arther technique produced a 44.4% false positive rate (4 of 9 errors), with results statistically matching the only prior… Field Validity Studies [052] Morrison M. Bonpasse (2013)

Polygraph and 215 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations

Polygraph Examined the relationship between polygraph testing and wrongful convictions across 215 exoneration cases. Analyzed how polygraph evidence was used or misused, providing critical insights into… Field Validity Studies [053] Charles A. Patton (2013)

The Integrated Zone Comparison Technique: a Field Utility Study in a Deceptive Population

European Polygraph The IZCT achieved 95% overall accuracy including inconclusives and 98% accuracy excluding inconclusives, with zero false negatives, six inconclusive results (4%), and two false positives… Field Validity Studies [054] Dave Walsh, Ray Bull (2013)

The Investigation and Investigative Interviewing of Benefit Fraud Suspects in the UK: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

Applied Issues in Investigative Interviewing, Eyewitness Memory, and Credibility Assessment Analysis of 142 actual benefit fraud interviews revealed that while investigators displayed ethical standards and used open questions, few interviews were skilled, with particular shortcomings… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [055] Honts, C. R., Handler, M. (2013)

A Case Study of the Validity of the Arther Examination Procedures in a Criminal Case with DNA Confirmation

Polygraph The AEP produced a 44% false positive error rate among DNA-exonerated innocent suspects, with statistical analysis showing these outcomes are almost impossible for a highly… Field Validity Studies [056] Wataru Zaitsu (2013)

External validity of experiment on Concealed Information Test

The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Skin conductance and heart rate showed no significant differences between laboratory and field CIT contexts, while respiration showed greater suppression in field tests. All three… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [057] Morrison M. Bonpasse (2013)

Polygraphs and 183 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations

ResearchGate Across 215 exoneration cases, polygraphs supported exoneree innocence in 62.9% of cases outright and reached results inconsistent with guilt in 85.7% of cases overall, with… Field Validity Studies [058] Theresa A. Gannon; Jane Louise Wood (2012)

Mandatory Polygraph Testing Pilot Study for Sexual Offenders

UK Government Report; Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment Compared 332 sex offenders supervised with polygraph vs. 303 without. Polygraph group made significantly higher numbers of risk-related disclosures. The polygraph doubled the number of… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [059] Ginton, A. (2012)

A non-standard method for estimating the accuracy of lie detection techniques demonstrated on a self-validating set of field polygraph examinations

Psychology, Crime & Law The study found 94% accuracy for detecting guilty examinees and 83.5% for truthful examinees when excluding 20% inconclusive outcomes. When inconclusives were forced to decisions,… Field Validity Studies [060] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2012)

Alibi Check by Polygraph Examination

European Polygraph Unable to complete - full text not accessible Field Validity Studies [061] Viorel Pasca (2012)

Study regarding psychophysiological reactivity values depending on subject's gender in polygraph testing

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences Women showed significantly higher electrodermal amplitude (d = 0.50) and line length scoring (d = 0.58), while men exhibited greater respiration line length (d =… Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [062] James Allan Matte (2012)

Effect of the Stimulation Test Administered Before and After the First Relevant Chart of the Control Question Test

European Polygraph The research examined how stimulation test timing influences examinee psychological set and physiological response patterns to relevant and comparison questions across multiple chart positions. Comparison Question Test (CQT) [063] Jan Stefan Widacki (2012)

Polygraph Examination in Criminal Cases. Current Polish Practice. A Critical Study

European Polygraph Polygraph examinations were performed in just one in over 6,000 Polish criminal cases during 2002–2012, with no professional quality control and many examinations conducted incorrectly… International Polygraph Practices [064] Georgia F. Cumming (2012)

The Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS): Psychometric Properties and Incremental Predictive Validity With Static-99R

Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment Combined SOTIPS and Static-99R scores predicted all recidivism types with AUCs of .67 to .89, outperforming either instrument alone, with Net Reclassification Improvements of 20–43%… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [065] Stephen B. Porter (2012)

Cry Me a River: Identifying the Behavioral Consequences of Extremely High-Stakes Interpersonal Deception

Law and Human Behavior A multi-cue behavioral model combining emotional facial leakage (upper face surprise, lower face happiness), reduced word count, and elevated tentative language correctly classified 92.3% of… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [066] Angelique L. Bangoy, Jimmy S. Cahig, Jonathan M. Chavez, Khent Joseph L. Litao, Reynaldo B. Vivero (2012)

Polygraph Examination Service of the Philippine National Police (PNP) Crime Laboratory - Region 10

Advancing Law Enforcement and Public Safety Research The study found that polygraph examination results were not accepted as evidence in Philippine courts or capable of convicting suspects, but most respondents agreed that… International Polygraph Practices [067] Mann, S., Vrij, A., Leal, S., Granhag, P. A., Warmelink, L., Forrester, D. (2012)

Windows to the Soul? Deliberate Eye Contact as a Cue to Deceit

Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Liars displayed significantly more deliberate eye contact than truth tellers as an impression management strategy, whereas gaze aversion showed no difference between groups. This finding… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [068] American Polygraph Association Ad-Hoc Committee (Nelson; Mark Handler (2011 • APA COMMISSIONED REVIEW)

Meta-Analytic Survey of Criterion Accuracy of Validated Polygraph Techniques

Polygraph 38 studies met inclusion criteria, involving 32 different samples, 45 experiments, 295 scorers, and 11,737 scored results from 3,723 examinations. Event-specific diagnostic tests: 89% accuracy… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [069] Tuvia Shurany (2011)

Polygraph Verification Test

European Polygraph The PVT provides examiners with a validated tool for confirming suspicions about test interference when original polygraph results are questionable or conflicted. Countermeasures Research [070] James Allan Matte (2011)

Effect of Habituation to Least Threatening Zone Questions on the Most Threatening Zone Comparison Questions in Psychophysiological Veracity Examinations

European Polygraph 62.9% of confirmed deceptive cases showed higher scores in subsequent charts, supporting differential habituation theory where deceptive examinees maintain or increase responsivity to relevant questions… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [071] Osugi, A. (2011)

Daily application of the Concealed Information Test: Japan

In B. Verschuere, G. Ben-Shakhar, & E. Meijer (Eds.), Memory detection: Theory and application of the Concealed Information Test Visual inspection accuracy by Japanese polygraphers achieved 86.4% hit rate and 94.5% correct rejection rate (excluding inconclusive cases). Japanese CIT practices emphasize prevention of false… International Polygraph Practices [072] Benjamin L. Blalock (2011)

Criterion validity of the Empirical Scoring System and the Objective Scoring System, version 3 with the USAF Modified General Question Technique

Polygraph Manual ESS achieved 88.2% unweighted accuracy, automated ESS achieved 89.7%, and the OSS-3 computer algorithm reached 90.2% correct decisions, with Pearson correlations between scoring models… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [073] Benjamin L. Blalock (2011)

Reliability of the Empirical Scoring System with expert examiners

Polygraph Fleiss kappa of .61 (95% CI: .54–.68) indicated substantial inter-rater agreement on numerical scores, while mean decision agreement reached 95.4% excluding inconclusive results, significantly exceeding… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [074] Nelson, R., Krapohl, D. (2011)

Criterion Validity of the Empirical Scoring System with experienced examiners: Comparison with the seven-position evidentiary model Using the Federal Zone Comparison Technique

Polygraph No statistically significant differences were found between the ESS and seven-position evidentiary model across 13 dimensions of criterion accuracy when scored by experienced examiners. More… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [075] Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Armote Somboonkaew (2011)

Thermal analyzer enables improved lie detection in criminal-suspect interrogations

SPIE Newsroom TAD2 successfully transitioned from laboratory development to operational deployment in real criminal cases in Thailand, using remote thermal imaging to monitor periorbital blood flow and… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [076] Elaad, E. (2011)

Validity of the concealed information test in realistic contexts

In Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test (Eds. Verschuere, B., Ben-Shakhar, G., Meijer, E.) Field studies showed CIT maintains low false-positive rates comparable to laboratory settings (2-5%) but produces higher false-negatives (20-42%) than controlled conditions; combining psychophysiological measures improved… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [077] Jaworski, R. (2011)

Personalization and Calibration of the Control Question in the Control Question Test

Journal of Forensic Identification Individualized control question construction tailored to an examinee's specific background, experiences, and psychological characteristics enhances test validity compared to standardized, generic control questions. The study… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [078] James Allan Matte (2010)

A Field Study of the Backster Zone Comparison Technique's Either-Or Rule and Scoring System Versus Two Other Scoring Systems When Relevant Question Elicits Strong Response

European Polygraph The study analyzed the comparative effectiveness of the Backster Either-Or Rule versus the federal scoring system and Matte Quadri-Track system in handling strong relevant question… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [079] Don Grubin (2010)

A Trial of Voluntary Polygraphy Testing in 10 English Probation Areas

Sexual Abuse Multi-site voluntary polygraph trial across 10 probation areas in England. Demonstrated that even voluntary polygraph testing significantly increased risk-relevant disclosures by sex offenders under community… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [080] Tuvia Shurany; Fabiola Chaves (2010)

The Integrated Zone Comparison Technique and ASIT PolySuite Algorithm: A Field Validity Study

European Polygraph IZCT with ASIT PolySuite achieved 98.73% accuracy excluding inconclusives (92.9% including them), while manual 3-point scoring achieved 98.71% accuracy excluding inconclusives (91.7% including them), demonstrating… Field Validity Studies [081] Krapohl, D.J., Handler, M.D., Gordon, N.J., Lombardi, C., Senter, S.M. (2010)

An Assessment of the Backster Either-Or Rule in Polygraph 240 Scoring

Polygraph Application of the Either-Or Rule increased correct decisions from 70% to 80% and reduced inconclusives from 27% to 17%, with all improvements attributable to better… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [082] M. N. Bermudez; Sidney Wise Arias (2010 – 2013)

Polygraph Testing in Colombia (Two-Part Study)

Polygraph Documented polygraph testing practices and outcomes in Colombia. Provided international field data on CQT applications outside North America, demonstrating cross-cultural applicability. International Polygraph Practices [083] Naohiro Yamamoto (2010)

Case study of Increase of Normalized Pulse Volume to the Critical Item in the Field Concealed Information Test

Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology In contrast to the typical vasoconstriction pattern, NPV increased to the critical item in this field case, demonstrating that peripheral vasodilation can occur in genuine… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [084] Donald J. Krapohl (2010 • SHORT REPORT)

A Test of the ESS with Two-Question Field Cases

Polygraph Validated ESS for two-question test formats. Found accuracy remained robust even with reduced question count, supporting ESS utility for shorter examinations. Scoring & Test Data Analysis [085] Osugi, A. (2010)

Gap and connection between laboratory research and field application of the CIT in Japan

International Journal of Psychophysiology Laboratory and field CIT data showed convergent physiological patterns across all major autonomic measures (skin conductance increase, heart rate decrease, respiration suppression, finger pulse volume… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [086] Daniel E. Sosnowski (2010)

Sexual History Disclosure Polygraph Examinations With Cybercrime Offences: A First Dutch Explorative Study

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Post-conviction SHDE polygraph examinations elicited substantially greater disclosure of deviant sexual behaviour from Dutch cybercrime offenders than official records reflected, with the number of participants… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [087] Tuvia Shurany; Einat Stein; Eytan Brand (2009)

A Field Study on the Validity of the Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique

European Polygraph The study provided real-world validation data for the Quadri-Track ZCT technique, representing the third published field research validation of this methodology originally developed in 1977. Field Validity Studies [088] Takahiro KOBAYASHI, Kaori YOSHIMOTO, Shuji FUJIHARA (2009)

The contemporary situation of field polygraph tests

Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Heart rate showed the highest detection rates among five physiological measures, followed by skin conductance response, respiratory speed, normalized pulse volume, and skin conductance level.… International Polygraph Practices [089] Sean Ahlmeyer (2009)

Is Prison Sexual Offending Indicative of Community Risk?

Criminal Justice and Behavior Prison-only sex offenders showed a one-year violent arrest rate of 26.3% versus 9.5% for convicted sex offenders, and a five-year overall failure rate of 74.1%,… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [090] Harris, J.C., McQuarrie, A.D. (2009)

The Preliminary Credibility Assessment System Embedded Algorithm Description and Validation Results

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Validation studies showed 80% accuracy when inconclusives were excluded, with 23% inconclusive rates. When inconclusives were included, accuracy dropped to 63-79%. The algorithm was deliberately… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [091] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2008)

The Event Knowledge Test Alibi Testing Potential in Polygraphic Examination

European Polygraph The EKT successfully bridges the gap between scientifically-supported knowledge testing and practical field application constraints in European criminal investigations. Concealed Information Test (CIT) [092] Ryszard Jaworski (2008)

The Validity of Polygraph Examination of an Innocent Person and a Perpetrator Administered Several Years after a Murder

European Polygraph The study assessed polygraph validity in a real murder case with examinations conducted years after the crime occurred, comparing results between innocent and guilty subjects. Field Validity Studies [093] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2008)

The Event Knowledge Test (EKT) in Polygraph Examination (common notice of tactics)

European Polygraph The EKT has been successfully implemented in Lithuanian law enforcement to reveal crime-specific knowledge and help investigate important circumstances of crimes. Concealed Information Test (CIT) [094] Verschuere, B., Meijer, E., Merckelbach, H. (2008)

The Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique: it's just not science. A critique to Mangan, Armitage, and Adams (2008)

Physiology & Behavior The critique identified fundamental methodological flaws including confession-based ground truth creating sampling bias, untested theoretical foundations (psychological set), bias against innocent examinees in scoring rules,… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [095] (2008)

Detection of Deception in High-Stakes Liars

Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law High-stakes liars displayed decreased blink frequency, longer pauses, and reduced movement during deception, contradicting stereotypes about nervous fidgeting and gaze aversion. No single cue consistently… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [096] Saldziunas, V., Kovalenko, A. (2008)

The Event Knowledge Test (EKT) In Polygraph Examination

European Polygraph The EKT examination successfully detected specific knowledge about crime circumstances unknown to investigators at the time of testing, revealing details that proved valuable for directing… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [097] Harry Hollien (2008)

Evaluation of the CVSA voice stress analyzer

Journal of Forensic Sciences The CVSA's true positive rates ranged from only approximately 50–65% across all conditions while false positive rates were equally high or higher, with sensitivity statistics… Voice Stress Analysis [098] Harry Hollien (2008)

Evaluation of two voice stress analyzers

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Both voice stress analyzers evaluated — the CVSA and LVA — failed to detect deception or stress at rates meaningfully above chance, with sensitivity statistics… Voice Stress Analysis [099] Raymond Nelson; Mark Handler; Donald J. Krapohl (2008 • OSS-3 DEVELOPMENT)

Objective Scoring System, Version 3 (OSS-3): Development and Validation

Polygraph Described the OSS-3 algorithm and used brute-force methods to compare accuracy against previous versions and human examiners. OSS-3 demonstrated balanced sensitivity/specificity and outperformed 10 human… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [100] Raymond Nelson; Donald J. Krapohl; Mark Handler (2008 • ESS DEVELOPMENT)

An Empirically Based Normative System for Test Data Analysis

Polygraph Introduced the Empirical Scoring System based on normative physiological data. Provided validation across 732 confirmed examinations scored by 140 examiners in 16 cohorts. Scoring & Test Data Analysis [101] Eldad Meiron; Donald J. Krapohl; T. Ashkenazi (2008 • MEIRON ASSESSMENT)

An Assessment of the Backster ‘Either-Or’ Rule in Polygraph Scoring

Polygraph Empirically tested Backster’s long-standing “Either-Or” scoring rule. Found the rule did not improve accuracy and recommended against its routine use, updating decades of practice. Scoring & Test Data Analysis [102] William George Iacono (2008)

Accuracy of polygraph techniques: Problems using confessions to determine ground truth

Physiology & Behavior Confession-based field studies produce invalid accuracy estimates because the criterion (confession) and test outcome are not independent, with the method virtually guaranteeing matching results and… Legal & Policy Studies [103] Ryszard Jaworski (2007)

Polygraph examination of a serial killer with sexual motives

European Polygraph Unable to determine specific findings without access to the full text of the article. Field Validity Studies [104] Robert J. McGrath; Georgia F. Cumming; Stephen E. Hoke; Marcel O. Bonn-Miller (2007 • RECIDIVISM COMPARISON)

Outcomes in a Community Sex Offender Treatment Program: Polygraphed vs. Non-Polygraphed Offenders

Sexual Abuse Compared recidivism outcomes between polygraphed and matched non-polygraphed sex offenders. Polygraphed offenders showed significantly lower violent recidivism rates, though sexual recidivism differences were not significant. Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [105] Kelly R. Damphousse; Laura Pointon; Deidre Upchurch; Rebecca K. Moore (2007)

Assessing the Validity of Voice Stress Analysis Tools in a Jail Setting

NCJRS (US Government) This was the first field study to evaluate VSA technology with objective ground truth verification in a high-stakes environment where subjects had genuine motivation to… Voice Stress Analysis [106] Barry Cushman (2006)

Comparison of evidentiary and investigative decision rules: A replication

Polygraph Evidentiary Decision Rules outperformed Investigative Decision Rules on accuracy, inconclusive rate reduction, and error balance, replicating and confirming the findings of the prior Krapohl (2005)… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [107] Don Grubin; Lars Madsen (2006)

Accuracy and Utility of Post-Conviction Polygraph Testing of Sex Offenders

British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 479–483 Examined both accuracy and clinical utility of PCSOT in the British context. Found that polygraph testing produces actionable information for risk management regardless of the… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [108] Grubin, D. (2006)

Polygraph Pilot Study: Final Report

Polygraph offenders had 14 times greater odds of making clinically significant disclosures compared to comparison offenders, with the majority of disclosures occurring during polygraph sessions… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [109] Donnie W. Dutton (2005)

The Impact of Averaging Assigned Scores on Polygraph Decision Accuracy

Polygraph Averaging assigned scores from multiple evaluators prior to the decision stage did not consistently or significantly improve ZCT decision accuracy compared to the traditional individual… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [110] William J. Warner (2005)

Polygraph Testing: A Utilitarian Tool

PsycEXTRA Dataset Of 2,641 FBI polygraph examinations analyzed, 50% of examinees who showed deceptive results subsequently provided confessions, admissions, or information of investigative value, confirming that examinees'… Field Validity Studies [111] Daniel E. Sosnowski (2005)

Sexual history disclosure using the polygraph in a sample of British sex offenders in treatment

Polygraph Polygraph-facilitated sexual history disclosure produced significant increases in admitted victims and offenses beyond all existing records, with 93% of participants disclosing both contact and noncontact… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [112] Carrie Lock (2004)

Deception detection: Psychologists try to learn how to spot a liar

Science News Across hundreds of laboratory studies, humans distinguish truths from lies at only 55% accuracy—barely better than chance. Common stereotypes like gaze aversion show no correlation… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [113] Pollina, D.A., Dollins, A.B., Senter, S.M., Krapohl, D.J., Ryan, A.H. (2004)

A comparison of polygraph data obtained from individuals involved in mock crimes and actual criminal investigations

Journal of Applied Psychology While laboratory and field examinees exhibited salient differences in electrodermal, cardiovascular, and respiratory response magnitudes, logistic regression classification accuracy did not significantly differ between settings,… Field Validity Studies [114] Lars Madsen; Shaun Parsons; Don Grubin (2004 • UK PILOT)

A Preliminary Study of the Contribution of Periodic Polygraph Testing to the Treatment and Supervision of Sex Offenders

Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology Early UK pilot study finding polygraph-tested offenders made significantly more clinically relevant disclosures. These findings contributed to the subsequent expansion of PCSOT in England and… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [115] Daniel E. Sosnowski (2004)

A prospective study of the impact of polygraphy on high risk behaviours in adult sex offenders

Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment At Time 1, 97% of polygraphed sex offenders disclosed an average of 2.45 high-risk behaviors unknown to supervising probation officers (76 total); at Time 2,… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [116] Dominique A. Simons (2004)

Utilizing polygraph as a risk prediction/treatment progress assessment tool

Not specified - Colorado DOC report Polygraph examination data within the Colorado SOTMP yielded actionable risk prediction and treatment progress indicators, with polygraph-assisted approaches associated with enhanced offender disclosure, improved risk… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [117] Andrew Belvin Dollins (2003)

Relative efficacy of the Utah, Backster, and federal scoring rules: A preliminary investigation

Polygraph The Backster scoring system produced larger negative values and an imbalance in conclusive scores compared to Utah and Federal systems, but no meaningful difference in… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [118] Georgia F. Cumming (2003)

Outcome of a Treatment Program for Adult Sex Offenders: From Prison to Community

Journal of Interpersonal Violence Treatment completers showed a sexual recidivism rate of 5.4% versus approximately 30% for partial or non-participants over a nearly six-year follow-up, with no baseline risk… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [119] English, K., Jones, L., Patrick, D., Pasini-Hill, D. (2003)

Sexual offender containment: Use of the post-conviction polygraph

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Among 180 offenders, 39% had adult victim histories, 31% had victimized both males and females, 36% had engaged in bestiality, and 67% of incest offenders… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [120] Peggy Heil; Sean Ahlmeyer; Dominique A. Simons (2003 • CROSSOVER OFFENDING)

Crossover Sexual Offenses

Sexual Abuse Polygraph-assisted disclosure revealed that sex offenders’ criminal histories grossly underrepresented their actual offending patterns. Many showed crossover between victim types undetected by official records. Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [121] Aleksandra Slavkovic (2003)

Automated Scoring of Polygraph Data

Statistical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery With a simplified logistic regression approach using carefully selected features from electrodermal, cardiovascular, and respiratory channels, the study achieved classification accuracy rates comparable to more… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [122] Elaad, E. (2003)

The Concealed Information Test as a Tool for Investigating Hidden Knowledge of Crime-Relevant Information

Journal of Applied Psychology Police interrogators' judgments supported the CQT inference rule that guilty suspects show greater concern about relevant questions while innocent suspects are more concerned about control… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [123] Podlesny, J.A. (2003)

A Paucity of Operable Case Facts Restricts Applicability of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in FBI Criminal Polygraph Examinations

Forensic Science Communications The guilty knowledge technique was applicable in only 5.0%-8.6% of FBI criminal investigations overall, with significantly higher rates in bank robberies (25.0%) and kidnappings (17.2%),… Field Validity Studies [124] Stuart M. Senter (2003 • DECISION RULES)

Modified General Question Test Decision Rule Exploration

Polygraph Systematic exploration of decision rules for the MGQT format. Identified optimal cutscores and two-stage decision rules that maximized accuracy while minimizing inconclusive rates. Scoring & Test Data Analysis [125] Elaad, E. (2003)

Is the inference rule of the control question polygraph technique plausible?

Psychology, Crime & Law Police interrogators' judgments supported the CQT inference rule, and field data showed truthful outcomes were more common than critics predicted, suggesting lower false positive rates… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [126] Podlesny, J.A. (2003)

A Paucity of Operable Case Facto Restricts Applicability of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in FBI Criminal Polygraph Examination

Forensic Sciences Communication Of 758 FBI criminal examinations, only 6.7% had three or more operable keys available for CIT testing, with 89.2% having zero usable keys—demonstrating that the… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [127] Shinji Hira; Ichiro Furumitsu (2002)

Polygraphic Examinations in Japan: Application of the Guilty Knowledge Test

International Journal of Police Science & Management, 4, 16–27 Documented Japan’s unique use of the CIT as the only polygraph method used in criminal investigations. Japan remains the world leader in field CIT application,… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [128] Makoto Nakayama (2002 • FIELD APPLICATION)

Practical Use of the Concealed Information Test for Criminal Investigation in Japan

Book Chapters Detailed review of Japan’s routine operational use of the CIT in criminal investigations. Documented standardized procedures used by Japanese police with cases involving murder, arson,… International Polygraph Practices [129] Kendall W. Shull (2002)

Does the Confession Criterion in Case Selection Inflate Polygraph Accuracy Estimates?

Forensic Science Communications The study found no statistically significant differences in polygraph detectability between confession-verified and non-confession-verified guilty subjects, indicating that the confession criterion does not inflate polygraph… Field Validity Studies [130] Mann, S., Vrij, A., Bull, R. (2002)

Suspects, lies and videotape: An analysis of authentic high-stakes liars

Law and Human Behavior Suspects blinked less frequently and made longer pauses during deceptive statements compared to truthful statements, while maintaining equal eye contact in both conditions. These findings… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [131] Donnie W. Dutton (2001)

The Rank Order Scoring System: Replication and Extension with Field Data

Polygraph ROSS achieved 80.3% accuracy with inconclusives and 91.6% without them in a 300-case field sample, showing no statistically significant difference in accuracy compared to traditional… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [132] Gisli H. Gudjonsson, Estelle Moore (2001)

Self-deception and other-deception among admissions to a maximum security hospital and a medium secure unit

Psychology, Crime & Law Maximum-security patients demonstrated significantly lower other-deception than medium-secure patients after controlling for ethnicity and diagnosis, while self-deception remained stable across settings. Mentally ill patients scored… Legal & Policy Studies [133] Vrij, A., Mann, S. (2001)

Telling and detecting lies in a high-stake situation: the case of a convicted murderer

Applied Cognitive Psychology Police officers showed 70% accuracy detecting truthful statements but only 57% accuracy detecting lies in authentic high-stakes scenarios, and officers relying on stereotypical deception cues… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [134] Gordon, N., Fleisher, W., Morsie, H., Habib, W., Salah, K. (2000)

A Field Study of the Integrated Zone Comparison Technique

Polygraph The IZCT achieved near-perfect accuracy in real-world criminal investigations with zero false positives among truthful examinees and only 1.5 errors among approximately 300 deceptive subjects… Field Validity Studies [135] Harwell, E.M. (2000)

A comparison of 3- and 7-position scoring scales with field examinations

Polygraph The 3-position scoring scale demonstrated criterion accuracy significantly greater than chance with no significant differences in test sensitivity to deception compared to the 7-position model… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [136] Harrison, J.S., Kirkpatrick, B. (2000)

Polygraph testing and behavioral change with sex offenders in an outpatient setting: an exploratory study

Polygraph The study provided preliminary field evidence that polygraph testing was associated with behavioral changes and increased compliance among sex offenders under community supervision, supporting the… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [137] Stanley Abrams (2000)

Polygraph Validity in the New Millennium

Polygraph The 7-position scale with +/-6 cutoff achieved highest accuracy with elevated inconclusive rates; accuracy was higher for truthful than deceptive subjects (reversing prior findings); electrodermal… Field Validity Studies [138] Sean Ahlmeyer; Peggy Heil; Bonita McKee; Kim English (2000 • KEY DISCLOSURE STUDY)

The Impact of Polygraphy on Admissions of Victims and Offenses in Adult Sexual Offenders

Sexual Abuse Landmark study showing that polygraph testing dramatically increased admissions of previously undisclosed victims and offenses. Found substantial increases in reported victim counts and offense variety… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [139] Peggy Heil (2000)

Improving the Effectiveness of Sexual Offender Treatment

Polygraph-assisted containment substantially increased offender disclosures of previously unreported victims and offenses, and the examination was found to support rather than undermine therapeutic alliance when… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [140] Andrew D. Parker, Jennifer Brown (2000)

Detection of deception: Statement Validity Analysis as a means of determining truthfulness or falsity of rape allegations

Legal and Criminological Psychology SVA correctly classified 100% of true allegations and 91.7% of false allegations, outperforming police officer judgments, though subsequent methodological critiques regarding lack of rater blinding… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [141] Dollins, A.B., Krapohl, D.J., Dutton, D.W. (2000)

Comparison of computerized polygraph scoring algorithms

Journal of Forensic Sciences All five algorithms demonstrated comparable accuracy (88-91% correct decisions excluding inconclusives) but exhibited false positive rates of 31-46% when inconclusives were treated as errors, with… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [142] Ansley, N., Krapohl, D.J. (2000)

The frequency of appearance of evaluative criteria in field polygraph charts

Polygraph Electrodermal activity accounted for 55% of all reactions, followed by cardiograph (26%) and pneumograph (19%). Criteria frequency ranged from 5 to 4,793 appearances, with rank… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [143] Krapohl, D. J., Norris, W. F. (2000)

An exploratory study of traditional and objective scoring systems with MGQT field cases

Polygraph Human scorers demonstrated better sensitivity to deception while the OSS model outperformed human scorers in specificity to truthfulness, revealing that applying cumulative scoring models to… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [144] Elaad, E. (1999)

The Control Question Technique: A search for improved decision

Asymmetric cutoff scores partially remedied imbalanced error rates in field CQT examinations, with optimal decision boundaries depending on the relative costs assigned to false positive… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [145] Blackwell, N.J. (1999)

PolyScore 3.3 and psychophysiological detection of deception examiner rates of accuracy when scoring examinations from actual criminal investigations

Polygraph PolyScore 3.3 achieved 90.9% accuracy on ZCT examinations but lower accuracy on MGQT examinations, while human PDD examiners achieved 82.3% accuracy on MGQT using the… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [146] Tuvya T. Amsel (1999 • INTERNATIONAL FIELD)

Exclusive or Nonexclusive Comparison Questions: A Comparative Field Study

Polygraph Israeli field study comparing exclusive vs. non-exclusive comparison question formats. Found both formats produced comparable accuracy rates in real criminal investigations. Field Validity Studies [147] Deborah A. Kashy (1998)

Everyday Lies in Close and Casual Relationships

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology People lie significantly less per social interaction to emotionally close partners, with subjective closeness as the sole significant predictor when controlling for duration and interaction… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [148] Stephen E. Hoke (1998)

Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Sex Offenders: A Treatment Comparison and Long-Term Follow-Up Study

Criminal Justice and Behavior The cognitive-behavioral treatment group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in recidivism compared to less-specialized treatment and no-treatment groups, with treatment benefits particularly evident for non-sexual… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [149] Forensic Research Incorporated (commissioned by APA (1997 • APA COMMISSIONED REVIEW)

Review of 12 Field Validity Studies of CQT

American Polygraph Association APA-commissioned review of 12 field validity studies conducted since 1980, concluding that CQT accuracy in real-life applications ranged from 92%–98%. This review was later cited… Government Scientific Reviews [150] David C. Raskin; Charles Robert Honts; John C. Kircher (1997 • FIELD REVIEW)

Review of Field Studies of CQT Since 1988

Book Chapters Review of all field studies published since 1988 producing an overall accuracy of 90.5%. Documented consistent improvement in field accuracy with adoption of numerical scoring… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [151] David C. Raskin; Charles Robert Honts (1996 • FIELD STUDY)

A Field Study of the Validity of the Utah CQT

University of Utah Department of Psychology (NIJ Grant) Large-scale NIJ-funded field study of actual criminal cases. Found overall accuracy exceeding 90% with experienced examiners using numerical scoring. Included 160+ confirmed criminal cases. Field Validity Studies [152] Honts, C. R. (1996)

Criterion development and validity of the CQT in field application

Journal of General Psychology Original field examiners achieved 96% accuracy and independent blind evaluations achieved 93% accuracy (excluding inconclusives) on CQT decisions in actual criminal cases, with inter-rater reliability… Field Validity Studies [153] Bella M. DePaulo; Deborah A. Kashy; Susan E. Kirkendol; Melissa M. Wyer; Jennifer A. Epstein (1996 • EVERYDAY DECEPTION)

Lying in Everyday Life

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Seminal diary study finding people lie in approximately 25% of daily social interactions. Established baseline deception frequency in normal populations, contextualizing polygraph applications. Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [154] Meesig, R., Horvath, F. (1995)

A national survey of practices, policies and evaluative comments on the use of pre-employment polygraph screening in police agencies in the United States

Among large U.S. police agencies, 62% utilized pre-employment polygraph screening, rejecting approximately 25% of applicants based on information not uncovered through other screening methods. Agencies… Screening & Personnel Security [155] Brian C. Jayne (1994)

Differentiation of truthful and deceptive criminal suspects in Behavior Analysis Interviews

Journal of Forensic Sciences Trained BAI evaluators achieved 91% accuracy on truthful suspects and 80% accuracy on deceptive suspects (excluding inconclusives), with deceptive suspects manifesting theoretically predicted behavioral cues… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [156] John A. Podlesny (1993)

Is the Guilty Knowledge Polygraph Technique Applicable in Criminal Investigations? A Review of FBI Case Records

Crime Laboratory Digest The GKT was deemed applicable in only 13.1% of reviewed FBI criminal cases (95% CI: 4.9%–21.4%), and the majority of remaining cases lacked the operationally… Field Validity Studies [157] Eitan Elaad; Avital Ginton; Noam Jungman (1992)

Detection Measures in Real-Life Criminal Guilty Knowledge Tests

Journal of Applied Psychology Another critical field study of CIT with real criminal cases. Found detection rates consistent with laboratory predictions, though noted challenges with false negative rates in… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [158] Matte, J.A., Reuss, R. (1992)

A Study of the Relative Effectiveness of Physiological Data in Field Polygraph Examinations

Polygraph The lower pneumograph was the most productive respiratory measure overall (51% of cases) and particularly effective for male examinees, while females showed more balanced upper/lower… Field Validity Studies [159] Capps, M. H., Ansley, N. (1992)

Analysis of federal polygraph charts by spot and chart total

Polygraph Examiners achieved 82.0% overall accuracy in blind chart reviews, with significantly higher accuracy for deceptive cases (89.3%) compared to truthful cases (72.2%), revealing important asymmetries… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [160] Capps, M. H., Ansley, N. (1992)

Numerical scoring of polygraph charts: What examiners really do

Polygraph Examiners achieved 82% overall accuracy (361/440 decisions) in blind chart review, with 72.2% accuracy for truthful cases and 89.3% for deceptive cases. Respiratory suppression was… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [161] Stanley Abrams (1991)

The effectiveness of the disclosure test with sex abusers of children

Polygraph The disclosure polygraph examination produced substantially more self-reported victims and paraphilic behaviors from convicted child sex abusers than were available from official records alone, demonstrating… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [162] Patrick, C. J., Iacono, W. G. (1991)

Validity of the control question polygraph test: The problem of sampling bias

Journal of Applied Psychology The study found 55% accuracy for innocent subjects but could not establish a valid accuracy estimate for guilty subjects due to near-total dependence on confessions… Field Validity Studies [163] Eitan Elaad (1990)

Detection of Guilty Knowledge in Real-Life Criminal Investigations

Journal of Applied Psychology Rare field study of CIT in actual criminal investigations. Provided real-world validity data for the concealed information approach, addressing the gap between laboratory and field… Field Validity Studies [164] Gary S. Green (1990)

Resurrecting polygraph validation of self‐reported crime data: A note on research method and ethics using the deer poacher∗

Deviant Behavior Strong support for learning theory in explaining poaching behavior, with nearly all subjects socialized at an early age by friends and family. All but two… Foundational & Historical Research [165] Takehiko YAMAMURA, Norihiko SASAKI (1990)

Heart rate as an index of psychophysiological detection of deception in the guilty person paradigm using the paired control question technique in a field population

Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Tonic (baseline) heart rate was significantly elevated in deceptive versus truthful examinees, providing effective discrimination. Phasic heart rate changes to relevant questions showed no apparent… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [166] David C. Raskin; John C. Kircher; Steven W. Horowitz; Charles Robert Honts (1989 • LABORATORY/FIELD)

Recent Laboratory and Field Research on Polygraph Techniques

Book Chapters Comprehensive review describing DLT laboratory and field research showing it is at least as accurate as the CQT with fewer false positive errors, simpler to… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [167] Elaad, E., Ben-Shakhar, G. (1989)

Effects of motivation level and verbal response type on psychophysiological detection in the guilty knowledge test

Psychophysiology Highly motivated subjects were detected significantly better than less motivated subjects, and the act of lying enhanced differential responsivity. However, no differences emerged between verbal… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [168] Charles Robert Honts; David C. Raskin (1988 • FIELD STUDY)

A Field Study of the Validity of the Directed Lie Control Question

Journal of Police Science and Administration First field validation of the directed-lie comparison question format. Results showed DLC was at least as accurate as the probable-lie CQT with fewer false positive… Field Validity Studies [169] David C. Raskin; John C. Kircher; Charles Robert Honts; Steven W. Horowitz (1988 • LANDMARK FIELD STUDY)

A Study of the Validity of Polygraph Examinations in Criminal Investigation

National Institute of Justice, Grant No. 85-IJ-CX-0040 Major NIJ-funded field study demonstrating that CQT accuracy exceeded 90% when properly employed by skilled examiners. Established benchmark for forensic polygraph validity in actual criminal… Field Validity Studies [170] David C. Raskin; John C. Kircher; Charles Robert Honts; Steven W. Horowitz (1988 • CROSS-VALIDATION)

Replication and Cross-Validation of Utah Mock Crime Study

University of Utah (Grant Report) Cross-validation study confirming earlier findings. Demonstrated replicability of CQT accuracy across multiple independent experiments with different examiners and participant pools. Field Validity Studies [171] Takehiko YAMAMURA (1987)

Advances in psychophysiological detection of deception

Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Japanese polygraph examinations using the Guilty Knowledge Test achieved approximately 90% accuracy in field applications with high inter-rater reliability, supported by formal examiner training and… Foundational & Historical Research [172] Lawrence N. Driscoll; Charles Robert Honts; D. Jones (1987 • FIELD STUDY)

Polygraph Field Test Accuracy of CQT in Criminal Cases

Law and Human Behavior Field validation using confirmed criminal case outcomes. Achieved accuracy rates above 90% for both truthful and deceptive classifications, consistent with laboratory findings. Field Validity Studies [173] Stanley Abrams; Ernest Ogard (1986)

Polygraph Surveillance of Probationers

Polygraph One of the earliest studies on using polygraph for monitoring probationers. Established the foundational evidence for polygraph as a supervision tool that would later evolve… Field Validity Studies [174] Richard S. Weaver; Marcia Garwood (1985)

Comparison of Relevant/Irrelevant and Modified General Question Technique Structures in a Split Counterintelligence-Suitability Phase Polygraph Examination

Polygraph The R/I and MGQT techniques differed significantly in the types of examiner decisions rendered and the nature of security-relevant information obtained, demonstrating that question format… Screening & Personnel Security [175] Benjamin Kleinmuntz; Julian J. Szucko (1984)

Confidence, Accuracy, and Utility of Polygraph Decisions

Journal of Applied Psychology Examined the relationship between examiner confidence and decision accuracy. Field study included in the OTA analysis. Highlighted that structural improvements to testing protocols can reduce… Field Validity Studies [176] Bundnick, J. A., Love, K. G., and Wisniewski, L. (1983)

Predictors of liar/nonliar status: Birth order, age, reason for polygraph investigation, and previous arrest

Journal of Police Science & Administration Full text unavailable; specific findings cannot be reported without access to the original paper. Foundational & Historical Research [177] Gordon H. Barland; David C. Raskin; Philip J. Bersh; P. O. Davidson; Frank S. Horvath; Frank S. Horvath; John E. Reid; Frank Hunter; Philip Ash; Benjamin Kleinmuntz; Julian J. Szucko; David C. Raskin; Stanley M. Slowik; Joseph P. Buckley; Douglas Edward Wicklander; Frank Hunter (IDENTIFIED BY OTA (1983) • 10 KEY FIELD STUDIES)

OTA-Qualifying Field Studies of CQT Validity

Various journals (1960s–1980s) The 10 field studies identified by the Office of Technology Assessment as meeting minimum scientific standards. Together, they showed: false positive rates ranging from 0–75%… Government Scientific Reviews [178] Frank S. Horvath; John E. Reid (1982)

Field Validity Study of CQT

Journal of Applied Psychology One of ten field studies meeting OTA minimum scientific standards. Provided accuracy data from real criminal investigations that contributed to the overall evidence base for… Field Validity Studies [179] Israel Lieblich (1982)

An evaluation of polygraphers' judgments: A review from a decision theoretic perspective

Journal of Applied Psychology Polygraphers systematically weighted detection of guilty suspects far more heavily than protection of innocent examinees, and formal decision-theoretic analysis showed the CQT is unlikely to… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [180] Avital Ginton; Netzer Daie; Eitan Elaad; Gershon Ben-Shakhar (1982 • MOCK CRIME/FIELD)

A Method for Evaluating the Use of the Polygraph in a Real-Life Situation

Journal of Applied Psychology Innovative Israeli study using real crime scenario with unknown ground truth to evaluate polygraph accuracy. Demonstrated CQT effectiveness in a naturalistic military context. Field Validity Studies [181] Raskin, D. C. (1979)

Orienting and defensive reflexes in the detection of deception

The Orienting Reflex in Humans Skin conductance and vasoconstriction were the most effective physiological indicators. Polygraph responses were explained through orienting reflex mechanisms involving differential attention and information processing to… Foundational & Historical Research [182] David C. Raskin; John A. Podlesny (1979)

Accuracy of Polygraph Techniques

Various Publications Reported polygraph accuracy exceeding .90 using the CQT format. This early quantification helped establish the scientific foundation for modern polygraph testing standards. Comparison Question Test (CQT) [183] Wilkerson, O.M. (1978)

The Peak of Tension Tests Utilized in the Ashmore Kidnapping

Polygraph The multi-stage SPOT examination successfully narrowed the search area from general county-level regions to specific map sectors through systematic testing, with the suspect showing consistent… Field Validity Studies [184] John A. Podlesny (1978)

Validity and Reliability of Detection of Deception

U.S. Government Report Polygraph examinations using control-question or guilty-knowledge tests achieved approximately 90% overall accuracy when properly conducted and numerically scored; examiners employing numerical scoring reached 99% accuracy… Government Scientific Reviews [185] Horvath, F.S. (1977)

The effects of selected variables on interpretation of polygraph records

Journal of Applied Psychology Blind chart evaluators achieved only 63.3% accuracy on police cases when denied access to special charts available to original examiners, significantly below accuracy rates reported… Field Validity Studies [186] Ohmishi, K., Matsuno, K., Arasuna, M., Suzuki, A. (1976)

The objective Analysis of Physiological Indices in the Field Detection of Deception

Reports of the National Institute of Police Science Skin conductance response emerged as the most discriminating physiological measure in field applications, with objective scoring methods reducing variability in examiner decisions compared to purely… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [187] Gordon H. Barland; David C. Raskin (1976)

Validity and Reliability of Polygraph Examinations of Criminal Suspects

Report No. 76-1, U.S. Department of Justice (LEAA) One of the earliest rigorous field studies of the CQT with criminal suspects. Established baseline accuracy data that would be referenced in every subsequent government… Field Validity Studies [188] Gordon H. Barland; David C. Raskin (1976 • FOUNDATIONAL ANALOG)

Polygraph Validity and Reliability: A Review

Book Chapters Major review of laboratory and field studies establishing empirical support for polygraph validity. Identified key factors affecting accuracy and proposed standards for practice. Field Validity Studies [189] Stanley M. Slowik; Joseph P. Buckley (1975 • FIELD STUDY)

Relative Accuracy of Polygraph Examiner Diagnosis of Respiration, Blood Pressure, and GSR Recordings

Journal of Police Science and Administration Field study comparing diagnostic value of individual physiological channels. Found electrodermal (GSR) measures provided the most diagnostic information, followed by cardiovascular and respiratory channels. Field Validity Studies [190] Frank Hunter; Philip Ash (1973 • FIELD STUDY)

The Accuracy and Consistency of Polygraph Examiners’ Diagnoses

Journal of Police Science and Administration Examined real criminal cases with confirmed outcomes. Found examiner accuracy of 92.4% for deceptive subjects and 95.5% for truthful subjects when using structured scoring methods. Field Validity Studies [191] Philip J. Bersh (1969 • CLASSIC FIELD STUDY)

A Validation Study of Polygraph Examiner Judgments

Journal of Applied Psychology Pioneering field validity study using panel of attorneys to establish ground truth. Found 92% agreement between polygraph results and panel verdicts. One of the earliest… Field Validity Studies [192] Hikita, Y. (1969)

Results of Probing Peak of Tension Tests Used in Other Crimes and Its Relation to the Suspected Conditions

Polygraph Reports Of 254 examinees tested with Probing Peak of Tension tests for other crimes, 77.56% displayed physiological reactions and either confessed or had their crimes confirmed,… Field Validity Studies [193] Shlomo (Sol) Kugelmass (1968)

Experimental Evaluation of Galvanic Skin Response and Blood Pressure Change Indices During Criminal Interrogation

Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science The study found that physiological response patterns during real criminal interrogations differed meaningfully from those predicted by laboratory research, confirming that the translation of laboratory-derived… Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [194] Hikita, Y., Suzuki, A. (1965)

Construction and Interviewing of Probing Peak of Tension Tests for Some Other Crime Suspected and Their Results

Polygraph Reports 77.56% of the 254 suspects tested showed physiological reactions indicative of guilty knowledge, and these reactions were subsequently confirmed through confessions or investigative corroboration. Field Validity Studies [195] Charles A. McInerney (1955)

Routine Screening of Criminal Suspects by the Polygraph (Lie-Detector) Technique

The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science Seven of nine deceptive subjects confessed to an additional 25 burglaries and implicated 7 accomplices, all of whom were arrested and corroborated the original confessions. Foundational & Historical Research [196] Larson, J.A. (1938)

The lie-detector. Its history and development

Journal of Michigan State Medical Society Nine trained psychologists showed profound disagreement when interpreting identical polygraph charts from truthful suspects, with deception classifications ranging from 5 to 33 of 61 truthful… Foundational & Historical Research [197] Larson, J.A. (1932)

Lying and its detection

Larson found the polygraph's results inconclusive about 40 percent of the time despite grandiose claims by proponents. He maintained a scientifically skeptical stance throughout his… Foundational & Historical Research [198] Keeler, L. (1930)

A method for detection deception

American Journal of Police Science Laboratory experiments achieved 93% accuracy in detecting deception, with field validation showing 80% confirmation rates in personnel screening and 62% in criminal investigations. Over 8,000… Foundational & Historical Research [199] John Augustus Larson (1927)

The use of the polygraph in the study of deception at the Institute of Juvenile Research, Chicago

Dept. of Public Welfare Larson reported inconclusive polygraph results in approximately 40% of examinations due to individual physiological variability, and identified both false positive responses in innocent subjects (driven… Foundational & Historical Research