Europe

[001] Paul K. Jäckel, David C. Dege, Ann-Christin Posten (2026)

Zur Testfairness der aussagepsychologischen Begutachtungsmethodik: eine Bayes-statistische Analyse anhand von 2000 Gutachten

Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie Neither demographic-personal nor clinical-psychological characteristics of witnesses showed clear associations with assessment outcomes. Eight Bayesian regression models revealed uncertain effect estimates, suggesting other factors (statement… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [002] Karolina Ambrazaitytė (2025)

Lithuanian govt in favor of polygraph tests for risky aliens, company business reps

European Polygraph Lithuania's Defence Ministry proposed allowing polygraph testing for three new categories: private company employees with classified access, candidates for intelligence collaboration, and foreigners posing potential… Legal & Policy Studies [003] Konstantinos Kalodanis, Panagiotis Rizomiliotis, Georgios Feretzakis, Charalampos Papapavlou, Dimosthenis Anagnostopoulos (2025)

High-Risk AI Systems—Lie Detection Application

Future Internet AI lie detection systems at borders qualify as high-risk under EU AI Act requirements. Analysis of iBorderCtrl revealed 75% claimed accuracy but 24.45% false positive… Legal & Policy Studies [004] Vitalii Shapovalov (2025)

'Soviet Polygraph': Metamorphoses and Historical Facts

European Polygraph Soviet polygraph development was driven by political pragmatism rather than scientific openness, with the secret KGB Laboratory No. 30 serving as the primary research center… Foundational & Historical Research [005] Jan Stefan Widacki; Michał Widacki; Bartosz Wójcik; Anna Szuba-Boroń (2025)

Recognition of emotions by analysing facial expressions with FaceReader (Noldus) vs detection of deception by polygraph examination: A pilot study

European Polygraph The study explored the integration of facial expression analysis technology with traditional polygraph examination to identify emotions accompanying deceptive responses during concealed information testing. AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [006] Weronika Celniak; Dominika Słapczyńska; Gowthami Krishnan; Piotr Augustyniak (2025)

You really don't recognise him? The eye-tracker as a forensic tool for concealed knowledge detection

European Polygraph The study explored whether eye-tracking combined with deep learning can objectively determine recognition of individuals even when examinees deny familiarity, representing a potential advancement in… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [007] Thorsten Floren (2025)

The Legal Status of the Polygraph in Germany

European Polygraph German courts have maintained a seven-decade legal barrier against polygraph use in criminal proceedings, with reasoning evolving from constitutional objections to methodological skepticism. Legal & Policy Studies [008] Michał Widacki; John J. Palmatier (2025)

Memory Distortions, Confabulation, and Their Impact on Polygraph Examinations

European Polygraph Confabulated memories can produce autonomic responses similar to genuine memories, creating false-positive polygraph results because traditional methods cannot distinguish between intentional deception and genuinely believed… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [009] Laimutis Kraujalis (2025)

Law on Using Polygraph in Lithuania – Latest Developments and its Impact

European Polygraph Lithuania's Defense Ministry proposed expanding polygraph use beyond traditional law enforcement to include private sector security screening and foreign national vetting, representing a significant broadening… Legal & Policy Studies [010] A. O. Hachkevych, S. V. Voitsekhivskyi (2025)

Prerequisites and challenges of the use of information obtained through a polygraph as evidence in criminal proceedings

Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law The study identifies two fundamental regulatory deficiencies: the absence of legislatively defined methodologies for psychophysiological examinations and the lack of formal classification systems for qualifying… Legal & Policy Studies [011] Jenny K. Krüger, María C. Feijoo-Fernández, Signe M. Ghelfi (2025)

Well done! Or how to Avoid Dangers of Pseudoscience: Common Standard for Research in Behavioural Analysis and Deception Detection in Aviation Security

Anuario de Psicología Jurídica The paper establishes that many aviation security behavioral detection programs lack scientific validation and provides a comprehensive methodological framework addressing sample composition, statistical power, ecological… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [012] Kristina Suchotzki; Matthias Gamer (2024)

Detecting deception with artificial intelligence: promises and perils

Trends in Cognitive Sciences AI-based deception detection systems lack sufficient scientific validation and may repeat the mistakes of polygraph technology, potentially leading to systematic discrimination against innocent individuals. AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [013] Laimutis Kraujalis (2024)

Polygraph Examination in Lithuania: History, Legal Framework, and Practice

European Polygraph Lithuania represents a unique case in continental Europe by establishing comprehensive legal frameworks for polygraph use since 1992, primarily employing the Event Knowledge Test in… International Polygraph Practices [014] Daniel Minkin, Lou Therese Brandner (2024)

Borderline decisions?: Lack of justification for automatic deception detection at EU borders

TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis The analysis reveals ADDS lacks scientific justification for deployment: microexpressions appear equally in liars and truth-tellers, validation data is inadequate and demographically limited, and Bayesian… Legal & Policy Studies [015] Eduardo Pérez-Campos Mayoral; Eduardo L. Pérez-Campos; Fernanda Paola Pérez-Campos Peláez; Rashna Juliette Pérez-Campos Peláez (2024)

From Ancient Oracles to Modern Techniques: The Evolution of Deception Detection and the Benefits of Investigative Interviewing

European Polygraph The research documents how early deception detection methods, though rooted in myth and coercion, established theoretical foundations for modern techniques, with contemporary approaches like Strategic… Foundational & Historical Research [016] Jan Stefan Widacki (2024)

A Handful of Remarks on the Terminology Reference for the Science of Psychophysiological Detection of Deception

European Polygraph The polygraph field has struggled with inconsistent terminology since its inception, with devices operating under various names including 'cardio-pneumo psychogram,' 'Berkeley psychograph,' and colloquially 'lie… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [017] O.V. Kurman, A.R. Balybina (2024)

The use of a polygraph in the investigation of criminal offences: problems of tactics and legal regulation

Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence The research revealed dual judicial approaches in Ukraine—some courts recognize polygraph evidence while others reject it entirely—and identified three pending legislative bills aimed at regulation.… Legal & Policy Studies [018] Martin Lore; Dries Van Daele (2023)

Polygraph Testing in Criminal Proceedings: Safe and Sound or Swimming Against the Tide? A Legal and Criminological-Psychological Analysis Based on its Use in Belgium

European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Belgium performs over 300 Comparison Question Tests annually for serious offenses including murder, rape, theft, and arson, operated by five specially trained police officers, despite… Legal & Policy Studies [019] Martin Lore; Dries Van Daele (2023)

Polygraph Testing in Criminal Proceedings: A Legal and Criminological-Psychological Analysis Based on its Use in Belgium

European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Belgium represents a unique case in Western Europe by formally codifying polygraph use in criminal investigations at a time when most European countries have avoided… Legal & Policy Studies [020] Anna Lorenzoni, Rita Faccio, Eduardo Navarrete (2023)

The influence of foreign-accented speech on credibility: Evidence from the illusory truth effect

Foreign accent did not reduce the illusory truth effect. Despite negative social biases toward foreign speakers on explicit trait ratings, accent did not diminish the… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [021] Bruno J. Verschuere (2023)

The use-the-best heuristic facilitates deception detection

Nature Human Behaviour The use-the-best heuristic focusing solely on statement detailedness significantly outperformed intuitive deception detection, achieving 65-70% accuracy compared to chance-level performance (50-52%) when using multiple cues. Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [022] Piotr Herbowski; Dominika Słapczyńska (2023)

The Offender Recognizes the Victim – About the Advantages of Using the Visual Version of Polygraph Test in Serious Criminal Case

European Polygraph The visual CIT successfully proved the suspect knew the victim despite denials, with the physiological arousal to the victim's photograph enabling a confession and identification… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [023] Carlos Monge (2023)

The Primacy Position of the Comparison Question

European Polygraph The study provides analysis of how primacy positioning influences comparison question effectiveness in polygraph examinations. Comparison Question Test (CQT) [024] Marcin Gołaszewski (2022)

Should Blind Evaluation of Polygraph Charts Be a Mandatory Procedure in Evidentiary Examinations?

European Polygraph Empirical research demonstrates that prior information about examinees influences polygraph chart interpretation through confirmation bias. The paper advocates for mandatory blind evaluation procedures in evidentiary… Legal & Policy Studies [025] Daniel T. Wilcox; Rosalind M. Berry; Emma Grove (2022)

A Survey of the Views of Catholic Safeguarding Coordinators about the Inclusion of the Polygraph in Psychological Risk Assessments of Clerics

European Polygraph Safeguarding coordinators' views on polygraph utility were mixed, with those having direct experience demonstrating clearer perspectives. Coordinators identified need for structured training on forensic assessment… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [026] Jagoda Dzida (2022)

The Effect of Training on the Effectiveness of Deception Detection

European Polygraph The study examined whether training improves deception detection effectiveness beyond the typical 10% improvement found in previous research, focusing specifically on future lawyers rather than… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [027] Jan Stefan Widacki; Bartosz Wójcik; Anna Szuba-Boroń (2022)

Attempt at Detection of Deception Based on Records of Physiological Reactions Remotely Captured with FaceReader Software: Part 1

European Polygraph The study represents a pioneering attempt to validate automated facial expression analysis for deception detection, though specific diagnostic performance results are not provided in this… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [028] Sánchez-Monedero, J., Dencik, L. (2022)

The politics of deceptive borders: 'biomarkers of deceit' and the case of iBorderCtrl

Information, Communication & Society The iBorderCtrl system showed severe limitations including training on only 32 actors with demographic bias, detection accuracy of only 75%, and methodologically invalid validation procedures… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [029] James Allan Matte (2021)

History of Polygraph Examination by Jan Widacki, Polskie Towarzystwo Kryminalistyczne, Warszawa 2021

European Polygraph The book is recognized as one of the most complete, scholarly, and well-sourced works on polygraph history, providing richer documentation of European contributions to the… Foundational & Historical Research [030] Bruno J. Verschuere (2021)

The verifiability approach to deception detection: A preregistered direct replication of the information protocol condition of Nahari, Vrij, and Fisher (2014b)

Applied Cognitive Psychology Truth tellers provided significantly more verifiable details than liars (d = 0.49), confirming the Verifiability Approach prediction, but the effect was less than half the… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [031] Lucie Sousedikova, Adam Malatinsky, Irena Drofova, Milan Adamek (2021)

The Role of Lie Detection Based System in Controlling Borders

DAAAM Proceedings Laboratory testing of the iBorderCtrl ADDS component with 32 participants achieved approximately 76% accuracy (75.56% for deceptive, 73.67% for truthful participants), but field testing produced… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [032] Keeley Crockett (2021)

Reconciling Adapted Psychological Profiling with the New European Data Protection Legislation

Studies in Computational Intelligence The paper identifies a fundamental challenge in reconciling black-box artificial neural network systems with GDPR's requirement that individuals receive meaningful explanations of automated profiling decisions,… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [033] Jan Stefan Widacki (2021)

The Use of Narcoanalysis by Polish Counterintelligence in the 1930s

European Polygraph Polish military intelligence routinely used narcoanalysis for counterintelligence interrogations in the 1930s, making it among the first systematic governmental applications of drug-induced interrogation worldwide. Foundational & Historical Research [034] Małgorzata Mickoś; Marek Leśniak (2021)

On the Influence of Sleep Deprivation on the Results of Polygraph Testing

European Polygraph Sleep deprivation of 24 hours did not significantly reduce polygraph detection accuracy in a concealed information test, and energy drink consumption did not alter test… Laboratory & Analog Studies [035] Liviu Alexandru Lascu (2021)

THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION FROM THE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

AGORA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF JURIDICAL SCIENCES Polygraph examinations in Romania serve investigative functions including suspect elimination and statement verification, but require proper expert certification and must be corroborated with other evidence… Legal & Policy Studies [036] Velina Vladimirova, Todor Todorov (2020)

The essence of the polygraph method and its usage in Bulgaria

5th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences: Conference Proceedings Bulgaria operates under a unique legal framework where polygraph evidence must be incorporated into psychological expert testimony rather than standing alone. Commercial polygraph use has… International Polygraph Practices [037] Tuvya T. Amsel (2020)

The Centennial Introspection Project: 100 Years of Polygraph Practice

European Polygraph The polygraph profession has undergone a significant shift from intuitive-based practice toward evidence-based practice over its first century of development. Foundational & Historical Research [038] Jan Stefan Widacki (2020)

A Half-Century of Experiences with the Polygraph

European Polygraph The essay chronicles the ideological shift from polygraph rejection to scientific acceptance in Eastern Europe, documents persistent challenges including inadequate legal knowledge and insufficient quality… Foundational & Historical Research [039] Tamerlan Stanislavovich Batyrov (2020)

Important Aspects of Polygraph Examinations of Islamic Faith People

European Polygraph Full text not accessible for analysis. International Polygraph Practices [040] Louise Marie Jupe, David Adam Keatley (2020)

Airport artificial intelligence can detect deception: or am i lying?

Security Journal The authors conclude that in vivo testing of AI deception detection based on micro-expressions is naïve and misinformed, noting that micro-expressions occur in only 2%… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [041] Nicky Collins (2020)

The Use of Polygraph Test in Clinical Forensic Psychiatry Settings

Ethical Issues in Clinical Forensic Psychiatry Polygraph use varies dramatically by jurisdiction, with 79% adoption in US sex offender programs but limited European use. The chapter identifies significant ethical concerns regarding… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [042] Jan Stefan Widacki; Natalia Mirska; Małgorzata Wrońska (2019)

Verbal and Non-verbal Symptoms of Deception in the Eyes of Policemen and Psychologists

European Polygraph The study reveals differences between police officers' and psychologists' beliefs about behavioral deception indicators, highlighting discrepancies between professional confidence and scientific evidence regarding deception detection… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [043] Jan Stefan Widacki (2019)

Attempts at Lie Detection Based on Scientific Premises on the End of 19th Century and in the First Half of the 20th Century

European Polygraph Early researchers achieved notable results including Benussi's reported 97.5% accuracy using respiratory I/E ratios, Jung's successful forensic application of word association tests, and Luria's combined… Foundational & Historical Research [044] Jan Stefan Widacki (2019)

First Attempts at Practical Use of Instrumental Lie Detection

European Polygraph Instrumental lie detection moved from first operational use in 1917 investigations to routine deployment in 15 federal agencies by the post-WWII era, with significant wartime… Foundational & Historical Research [045] Karina Anastasova (2018)

Differences in the Quality of the Photoplethysmograph Signal in Subjects with and without Nail Polish

European Polygraph The study found that nail polish affected the quality of photoplethysmograph signals in polygraph examinations, providing empirical evidence for standardizing pre-test protocols regarding this common… Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [046] Tuvya T. Amsel (2018)

Does the Law Circumvent Justice from Being Served?

European Polygraph The study likely identifies specific ways in which legal procedures may circumvent or obstruct the proper administration of justice. Legal & Policy Studies [047] Zbigniew Mikrut; Michał Widacki; Jan Stefan Widacki (2018)

Experiments in Using Face Temperature Changes as an Indicator in Instrumental Detection of Deception

European Polygraph Areas near the nose showed full consistency with GSR recordings, with smaller, anatomically focused regions producing clearer thermal signatures than larger facial areas. The study… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [048] Wasiq Khan (2018)

Intelligent Deception Detection through Machine Based Interviewing

IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) Neural network classifiers successfully distinguished truthful from deceptive behavior in avatar interview scenarios, demonstrating that machine-based interviewing can elicit analyzable behavioral data for credibility assessment. AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [049] Jan Stefan Widacki (2018)

Polygraph Examination in Poland: History, Law, Experimental Research, and Practice

European Polygraph Poland developed one of Europe's most established polygraph traditions with systematic criminal justice use since 1963 and explicit legal authorization since 2003, but utilization remains… International Polygraph Practices [050] Tuvya T. Amsel (2018)

Is what we wear, is who we are?

European Polygraph The study suggests connections between clothing choices and psychological states, though specific findings cannot be determined without access to the full content. Training, Standards & Professional Practice [051] Hauch, V., Sporer, S.L., Masip, J., Blandón-Gitlin, I. (2017)

Can credibility criteria be assessed reliably? A meta-analysis of Criteria-based Content Analysis

Psychological Assessment Most CBCA criteria showed acceptable interrater reliability across different statistical measures, though Cohen's kappa yielded lower reliability estimates than other indices. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [052] Barbara Leśniak; Marek Leśniak (2017)

Examinee Assessment of Distress Caused by Polygraph Examination

European Polygraph The study provides empirical data on examinee-reported distress levels during polygraph examinations, addressing legal and ethical concerns about the arduousness of testing. Legal & Policy Studies [053] Jan Stefan Widacki; Anna Szuba-Boroń (2017)

Polygraph Examinations of Civil Servants in Poland

European Polygraph The paper reviews Polish legislation authorizing polygraph use in security agencies including the Internal Security Agency, Central Anticorruption Bureau, and military intelligence services. International Polygraph Practices [054] Bakhtiyar Aliyev (2017)

The Role of an Interpreter in Polygraph Checking

European Polygraph Interpreted polygraph examinations require specially trained interpreters who provide literal word-for-word translation, have no personal relationship with examinees, and understand polygraph-specific timing and question formulation… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [055] Viktoriya Larina (2017)

Main Features of Polygraph Examiners Training

European Polygraph The study identifies core elements essential for effective polygraph examiner training programs. Training, Standards & Professional Practice [056] Milan Kormoš (2017)

Polygraph Examinations in the Department of Special Psychology of the Ministry of the Interior of the Slovak Republic – a Retrospective View

European Polygraph The study documents the historical application and development of polygraph examinations within Slovak law enforcement agencies. International Polygraph Practices [057] Bruce White (2017)

The Distribution of Useful Frequencies in Polygraph Sensor Channels

European Polygraph Full text unavailable for analysis. Scoring & Test Data Analysis [058] Łukasz Lep (2017)

Polygraph Examinations in the Secret Services of the People's Republic of Poland

European Polygraph Polish Military Internal Service experts conducted 4,626 polygraph examinations in 943 cases between 1969-1989, primarily for internal security matters including firearms theft, personnel vetting, and… International Polygraph Practices [059] Widacki, J. (2017)

Historia badań poligraficznych

The work documents that polygraph development was an international scientific enterprise built on decades of physiological and psychological research, identifying previously unrecognized contributors including Polish… Foundational & Historical Research [060] Marcin Gołaszewski (2017)

Report from the 10th Interdepartamental Polygraph Seminar Waplewo 2017

European Polygraph The seminar focused on pre-employment screening examinations and forensic polygraph applications in criminal proceedings, with presentations including case studies from expert witnesses in Polish Border… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [061] György Kis, Szabolcs Takács, Amir Liberman, Lilla Benczúr (2016)

A megtévesztés tipológiája – összefoglaló tanulmány

Psychologia Hungarica Caroliensis Confirmatory factor analysis validated a two-factor model of deception with excellent fit indices (RMSEA: .043, TLI: .975, CFI: .987), demonstrating that both cognitive and emotional… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [062] Vladimir Mikhailovich Knyazev; Olya Matselya (2016)

History of Polygraph in the Republic of Belarus

European Polygraph Belarus's polygraph development reflects broader patterns of Central and Eastern European polygraph evolution, with significant scientific work and practical experience previously unknown internationally due to… Foundational & Historical Research [063] Jan Stefan Widacki; Michał Widacki; Jacek Antos (2016)

Preparation to Experimental Testing of the Potential from Using Facial Temperature Changes Registered with an Infrared Camera in Lie Detection

European Polygraph The study successfully established the theoretical framework for using infrared cameras to measure facial temperature fluctuations during deception detection, identifying methods to convert thermal images… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [064] Sergey Yurievich Aleskovskiy (2016)

Earliest History of Kazakhstan Polygraph

European Polygraph Kazakhstan developed a systematic polygraph infrastructure following independence, with the first Kazakhstani completing FSB training in 2001, the nation's first legal framework established in 2002,… Foundational & Historical Research [065] Marcin Tarabuła; Michał Widacki (2016)

The Amount of Information Remembered by the Perpetrator in the Context of the Application of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in Criminal Investigation – a Pilot Study

European Polygraph The pilot study examined perpetrator memory for crime details, contributing to understanding of how information retention patterns affect GKT applicability. Findings align with established research… Laboratory & Analog Studies [066] Jan Stefan Widacki (2016)

The First Polygraph?

European Polygraph The term 'polygraph' was used by Napoleon Cybulski in 1895 and Leon Zbyszewski in 1914 to describe multi-channel physiological recording devices, predating Mackenzie's 1908 ink… Foundational & Historical Research [067] Marcin Gołaszewski (2016)

Report from the National Conference on the Instrumental and Non-Instrumental Methods of Detection of Deception – Current Legal Framework and the State of the Science – Rzeszów, 10–11 June 2016

European Polygraph The conference brought together Polish and international experts to discuss legal admissibility, scientific validation, and professional standards for both traditional polygraph testing and emerging non-instrumental… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [068] Marcin Gołaszewski; Paweł Zając; Jan Stefan Widacki (2015)

Thermal Vision as a Method of Detection of Deception: A Review of Experiences

European Polygraph The periorbital and nasal regions showed the highest temperature fluctuations associated with deception, with studies reporting 73.3% accuracy for thermal imaging alone and improved results… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [069] Ryszard Jaworski (2015)

Observations from the Analysis of Searching Peak of Tension Test (SPOT) Charts

European Polygraph The study demonstrates practical applications of SPOT testing in locating evidence and eliciting confessions in serious criminal cases, with analysis of confirmed chart patterns from… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [070] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2015)

Selecting the Most Optimal Conditions for the Polygraph Examination

European Polygraph The authors developed a stress-response model showing that examinees stressed between certain threshold points may become apathetic to external factors including polygraph examination when fatigued. Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [071] Ryszard Jaworski (2015)

Charts of the 'Innocent' Subjects in the Searching Peak of Tension Tests

European Polygraph The study identified four major methodological limitations: extremely small sample size of innocent subjects, inability to repeat non-reactive SPOT tests, reliance on subjective visual assessment… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [072] Jan Stefan Widacki (2015)

Discoverers of the Galvanic Skin Response

European Polygraph Féré and Tarchanoff independently discovered that skin electrical properties change with emotional and psychological states, using exosomatic and endosomatic methods respectively, establishing GSR as what… Foundational & Historical Research [073] V. Rodellar-Biarge, D. Palacios-Alonso, V. Nieto-Lluis, P. Gomez-Vilda (2015)

Analysis of emotional stress in voice for deception detection

2015 4th International Work Conference on Bioinspired Intelligence (IWOBI) The study developed a biomechanical approach to estimate alterations in speech caused by stress as an indicator of deceptive speech, examining vocal fold tension, tremor… Voice Stress Analysis [074] Karolina Dukała; Romuald Polczyk (2014)

Value of Content-Based Deception Detection Methods

European Polygraph The review identified that accuracy rates can vary significantly based on calculation methods and that subjective weighting of criteria by coders impacts reliability more than… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [075] Jan Stefan Widacki (2014)

Results of Polygraph Examinations: Direct or Circumstantial Evidence?

European Polygraph Polygraph results are classified as circumstantial evidence requiring logical inference rather than direct evidence, which helps explain judicial resistance to their admission in court proceedings. Legal & Policy Studies [076] Marcin Gołaszewski (2014)

Polygraph Examination of Pregnant Women: Dilemmas and Recommendations

European Polygraph The study demonstrated that polygraph examination of pregnant women is feasible with appropriate accommodations, including modified break schedules and sensor placement adjustments to account for… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [077] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2014)

Field Examination: Certain Phenomena Related to Electrodermal Activity

European Polygraph The research documented specific EDA curve shapes and formations that deviated significantly from standard response patterns in real-world testing conditions. Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [078] Jerzy Konieczny (2014)

Polygraph examination in analysis of evidence

European Polygraph The paper provides a systematic framework for understanding polygraph results in relation to fundamental concepts in evidence law and forensic science, including the distinction between… Legal & Policy Studies [079] Bartosz Wojciech Wojciechowski (2014)

Content analysis algorithms: an innovative and accurate approach to statement veracity assessment

European Polygraph MASAM with decision algorithms achieved 96.87% accuracy for truthful statements and 69.23% for false statements, dramatically outperforming traditional SVA, RM, and SCAN techniques which performed… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection [080] Jerzy Wojciechowski (2014)

Detection of concealed information with the P300 potential amplitude analysis

European Polygraph P300 potential recording does not attain significantly higher efficiency than polygraph examinations, though results are promising. Field studies are scarce, with available evidence suggesting P300… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [081] Dragana Lazic (2014)

The use of a polygraph as the means of collecting evidence in the legislation of Republic of Serbia

Pravo - teorija i praksa Serbian law provides incomplete regulation of polygraph testing, with basic procedural questions remaining unresolved. The polygraph is characterized as a tactical forensic tool for elimination… Legal & Policy Studies [082] Taras Leshkovych (2013)

Use of Polygraph in Ukraine

European Polygraph Specific findings unavailable due to inability to access the full article text. The article likely documented regulatory frameworks and practical applications of polygraph in Ukrainian… International Polygraph Practices [083] Monika Stempkowski (2013)

Polygraph in Austria

European Polygraph The article provides a comprehensive survey of Austrian polygraph practices, legal regulations, and admissibility standards as of 2013, contributing important comparative data on European polygraph… International Polygraph Practices [084] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2013)

Examination of Sexual Abuse Crimes

European Polygraph The study provides insights into polygraph examination protocols and outcomes specifically related to sexual abuse cases. Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [085] Jan Stefan Widacki (2013)

History of Polygraph Examinations in Poland

European Polygraph The study reveals that the term 'polygraph' was already in use in Polish physiological literature in the 19th century, and Poland's unique position during the… Foundational & Historical Research [086] Fren T. Y. Smulders (2013)

Detecting concealed information from groups using a dynamic questioning approach: Simultaneous skin conductance measurement and immediate feedback

Frontiers in Psychology The dynamic group CIT correctly identified the target country in 19 of 20 groups (95%) with zero false positives and a group-level effect size of… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [087] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko; Vladimir Mikhailovich Knyazev (2012)

Tests with Numbers

European Polygraph Mental arithmetic tasks produced observable EDA responses that increased systematically with problem difficulty, demonstrating that cognitive processing alone can generate physiological reactions detectable by polygraph… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods [088] Polona Selič (2012)

Complementary Use of Profiling and Polygraph Method in Slovenia During the Period 1997-2004

European Polygraph The research documented successful integration of behavioral profiling and polygraph methods in Slovenian criminal investigations, demonstrating how profiling could inform polygraph examination strategies while polygraph… International Polygraph Practices [089] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2012)

Alibi Check by Polygraph Examination

European Polygraph Unable to complete - full text not accessible Field Validity Studies [090] Jan Stefan Widacki (2012)

The European Roots of Instrumental Lie Detection

European Polygraph European researchers including Mosso, Lombroso, and Benussi developed the fundamental physiological measurement instruments and theoretical understanding of emotion-related physiological changes that preceded and enabled American… Foundational & Historical Research [091] Árpád Budaházi (2012)

Conditions and Requirements of Polygraph Examination

European Polygraph Identifies key procedural and environmental conditions essential for valid polygraph examination administration. Training, Standards & Professional Practice [092] Marcin Gołaszewski (2012)

Validated Techniques and Scoring Models for PDD Test Data Analysis – Conclusions from the 2011 APA Report

European Polygraph The 2011 APA meta-analysis established new mandatory standards requiring only scientifically validated techniques, effectively ending the era when tradition or personal preference alone could justify… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [093] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2012)

Search for New Tests

European Polygraph The study identifies potential new testing methodologies that could enhance polygraph examination effectiveness beyond conventional approaches. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [094] Jan Stefan Widacki (2012)

Polygraph Examination in Criminal Cases. Current Polish Practice. A Critical Study

European Polygraph Polygraph examinations were performed in just one in over 6,000 Polish criminal cases during 2002–2012, with no professional quality control and many examinations conducted incorrectly… International Polygraph Practices [095] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2011)

A Little About Memory Traces

European Polygraph The study discusses theoretical aspects of how memory traces are formed and maintained, with implications for polygraph practice. Foundational & Historical Research [096] James Allan Matte (2011)

Psychological Aspects of the Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique and Attendant Benefits of its Inside Track

European Polygraph The Inside Track mechanism theoretically addresses the major cause of false positives and inconclusives by quantifying innocent examinees' fear of error and guilty examinees' hope… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [097] James Allan Matte (2011)

Effect of Habituation to Least Threatening Zone Questions on the Most Threatening Zone Comparison Questions in Psychophysiological Veracity Examinations

European Polygraph 62.9% of confirmed deceptive cases showed higher scores in subsequent charts, supporting differential habituation theory where deceptive examinees maintain or increase responsivity to relevant questions… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [098] Henryk Polakowski; Mariusz Kastek; Jarosław Pilski (2011)

Analysis of Facial Skin Temperature Changes in Acquaintance Comparison Question Test

European Polygraph The study demonstrated the feasibility of using high-sensitivity thermal cameras to detect facial temperature changes during polygraph testing with precision of less than 0.02°C. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [099] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2011)

Efficiency Formula for Polygraph Examination

European Polygraph A mathematical formula was developed to calculate polygraph examination efficiency based on quantitative parameters. Scoring & Test Data Analysis [100] Michał Widacki; Aleksandra Cempura (2011)

Legal Admissibility of Employee Polygraph Examinations in Poland

European Polygraph Employee polygraph examinations in Poland's private sector face significant legal obstacles absent explicit statutory authorization or genuine voluntary consent. While government agencies have clear statutory… Legal & Policy Studies [101] Árpád Budaházi (2011)

Poligráf a büntetőeljárásban

Belügyi Szemle Hungarian law limits polygraph testing to the investigative phase with written consent, establishing that results serve to orient investigations and direct further evidence gathering but… Legal & Policy Studies [102] Herbowski, P. (2011)

Badania poligraficzne jako metoda weryfikacji wersji śledczych

Polygraph examination results have primarily investigative rather than evidentiary significance, serving to eliminate inaccurate investigative scenarios and narrow the focus of further investigation. Treating polygraph… Legal & Policy Studies [103] Edward Lewandowski; Łukasz Lewandowski (2010)

Forensic Examination of Memory Traces (Part 2)

European Polygraph The framework challenges prevailing American and European deception detection approaches by positioning memory traces as the true object of polygraph examination, requiring fundamental changes to… Foundational & Historical Research [104] Jerzy Konieczny (2010)

Polygraph Examination as Scientific Evidence

European Polygraph The work provides a legal and scientific framework for evaluating polygraph evidence admissibility, particularly examining polygraph methodology against Daubert criteria and established forensic science standards. Legal & Policy Studies [105] Michał Widacki (2010)

The Attempts at Detecting Deception Through Evaluation of Non-verbal Symptoms

European Polygraph Ancient practitioners across multiple cultures independently recognized that deception produces observable physiological changes, particularly in pulse rate, establishing foundational principles that underpin modern psychophysiological deception… Foundational & Historical Research [106] Meijer, E., Verschuere, B. (2010)

The Polygraph and the Detection of Deception

Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice The CQT detects deception better than chance but with significant error rates, contrasting sharply with industry claims of 98% accuracy. The CIT demonstrates superior validity… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [107] Daniel E. Sosnowski (2010)

Sexual History Disclosure Polygraph Examinations With Cybercrime Offences: A First Dutch Explorative Study

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Post-conviction SHDE polygraph examinations elicited substantially greater disclosure of deviant sexual behaviour from Dutch cybercrime offenders than official records reflected, with the number of participants… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [108] Jos Buschman, Stefan Bogaerts (2009)

Polygraph Testing Internet Offenders

The Use of the Polygraph in Assessing, Treating and Supervising Sex Offenders Among 38 Dutch child pornography offenders who denied contact offending in self-reports, 21 (55%) disclosed contact sexual offenses including penetration, masturbation, and fondling during polygraph… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [109] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2009)

Probability Assessment of the Value of Psychophysiological Stimuli

European Polygraph The paper proposes a probability assessment framework for understanding stimulus value in polygraph testing, formalizing the relationship between stimulus psychological significance and physiological response magnitude,… Foundational & Historical Research [110] Jerzy Konieczny (2009)

A Renaissance in Voice Analysers as Tools for Detection of Deception?

European Polygraph Research revealed that voice stress analyzers were disqualified by US regulatory bodies and military research found no validity exceeding chance levels, with courts rejecting results… Voice Stress Analysis [111] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2009)

Problems of Questions in Event Knowledge Tests

European Polygraph The study identified critical problems in EKT question construction and emphasized that EKT tests cannot be used in a template-based way, requiring extensive preparation time… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [112] Jan Stefan Widacki (2009)

When should the Polygraph Stimulation Number Test be Performed?

European Polygraph In 63% of deceptive subjects, reactions to critical questions were greater in the control question test administered after the stimulation test compared to before, challenging… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [113] Svetoslav Mladenov Zanev (2009)

The History of Polygraph Use in Bulgaria

European Polygraph By 2009, polygraph testing had become one of the most widespread credibility assessment tools in Bulgaria, with 99% of examiners working in government or private… Foundational & Historical Research [114] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko; Kalin Gaidarov (2009)

The Problems of Truth Perception during Psychophysiological Examination

European Polygraph Specific findings unavailable due to inaccessibility of full text. Foundational & Historical Research [115] Edward Lewandowski; Łukasz Lewandowski (2009)

Forensic examination of memory traces (Part 1)

European Polygraph The paper proposes reconceptualizing polygraph testing as forensic examination of memory traces, arguing this framework provides stronger scientific grounding than traditional lie detection paradigms and… Foundational & Historical Research [116] Bruno J. Verschuere (2009)

Differentiating orienting and defensive responses to concealed information: The role of verbalization

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback When CIT participants remained silent rather than giving verbal responses, heart rate showed the deceleration predicted by orienting theory, confirming that verbal responding is responsible… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [117] Udo Undeutsch (2009)

Polygraphische Untersuchungen im Strafprozess: Neues zur faktischen Validität und normativen Zulässigkeit des vom Beschuldigten eingeführten Sachverständigenbeweises

Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft The paper argues that German courts' exclusion of voluntary, defense-initiated polygraph evidence rests on an incomplete reading of the validity literature, and that the shifting… Legal & Policy Studies [118] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2008)

The Event Knowledge Test Alibi Testing Potential in Polygraphic Examination

European Polygraph The EKT successfully bridges the gap between scientifically-supported knowledge testing and practical field application constraints in European criminal investigations. Concealed Information Test (CIT) [119] Ryszard Jaworski (2008)

The Validity of Polygraph Examination of an Innocent Person and a Perpetrator Administered Several Years after a Murder

European Polygraph The study assessed polygraph validity in a real murder case with examinations conducted years after the crime occurred, comparing results between innocent and guilty subjects. Field Validity Studies [120] Yury Ivanovich Kholodny (2008)

Interrogations using polygraph in Russia: 15 years of legal application

European Polygraph The study reveals a paradoxical situation in 1990s Russia where polygraph use increased annually across government departments despite the lack of proper scientific explanation from… International Polygraph Practices [121] Vladimir Vladimirovich Korovin; Aleksandr Petrovich Soshnikov; Stanislav Sokolovskis (2008)

Ways of Revealing Resistance Against Polygraph Testing

European Polygraph The study identifies specific techniques and indicators that can be used to detect when subjects are employing resistance strategies during polygraph testing. Countermeasures Research [122] Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko (2008)

The Event Knowledge Test (EKT) in Polygraph Examination (common notice of tactics)

European Polygraph The EKT has been successfully implemented in Lithuanian law enforcement to reveal crime-specific knowledge and help investigate important circumstances of crimes. Concealed Information Test (CIT) [123] Heinz Werner Gödert (2008)

Electrodermal and phasic heart rate responses in the Guilty Actions Test: Comparing guilty examinees to informed and uninformed innocents

International Journal of Psychophysiology Informed participants (both guilty and innocent-aware) showed equivalent SCR and heart rate deceleration patterns to crime-relevant items, indicating that the GAT physiological response is driven… Laboratory & Analog Studies [124] Saldziunas, V., Kovalenko, A. (2008)

The Event Knowledge Test (EKT) In Polygraph Examination

European Polygraph The EKT examination successfully detected specific knowledge about crime circumstances unknown to investigators at the time of testing, revealing details that proved valuable for directing… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [125] Marek Leśniak (2007)

Polygraph in the Polish Secret Service

European Polygraph Full text not accessible for analysis. Foundational & Historical Research [126] Jerzy Konieczny (2007)

An attempt to falsify the results of a polygraph test through the implementation of false memory: a case study

European Polygraph The study explored the relationship between false memory techniques and polygraph test validity, though specific results are not accessible without the full text. Countermeasures Research [127] Ryszard Jaworski (2007)

Polygraph examination of a serial killer with sexual motives

European Polygraph Unable to determine specific findings without access to the full text of the article. Field Validity Studies [128] Udo Undeutsch (2007)

The actual use of investigative physiopsychological examinations in Germany

European Polygraph The study revealed how polygraph examinations were actually being employed in German investigative contexts outside of courtroom settings, despite the judiciary's position that polygraph lacks… Legal & Policy Studies [129] Laimutis Kraujalis; Aleksandras Kovalenko; Vitas Saldžiūnas (2007)

Legal and practical aspects of using the polygraph in the Republic of Lithuania

European Polygraph Lithuania developed comprehensive legal regulations governing polygraph use, primarily utilizing the Event Knowledge Test (a modification of the Concealed Information Test) in law enforcement and… Legal & Policy Studies [130] Jerzy Konieczny (2007)

Selected aspects of uncertainty in polygraph examination

European Polygraph The study identifies multiple sources of uncertainty in polygraph examinations that can impact test reliability and accuracy. Scoring & Test Data Analysis [131] Jaworski, R. (2005)

Uwagi o rozwiązaniach dotyczących stosowania poligrafu w kodeksie postępowania karnego z 1997 r. (po nowelizacji z 2003 r.)

Przegląd Sądowy The 2003 amendments resolved fundamental legal uncertainties about polygraph admissibility in Polish criminal proceedings. Polygraph examinations function primarily as exculpatory evidence, with expert estimates suggesting… Legal & Policy Studies [132] Heinz Werner Gödert (2001)

Psychophysiological differentiation of deception: The effects of electrodermal lability and mode of responding on skin conductance and heart rate

International Journal of Psychophysiology The psychophysiological deception differentiation effect was robustly replicated under low emotional-stakes conditions, and was extended beyond skin conductance to phasic heart rate; electrodermal lability and… Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [133] Jaworski, R. (1999)

Opinia z ekspertyzy poligraficznej jako dowód odciążający

The work found that in the overwhelming majority of cases, polygraph tests produced exculpatory evidence for examined persons and could effectively eliminate innocent suspects even… Legal & Policy Studies [134] Undeutsch, U. (1996)

Die Untersuchung mit dem Polygraphen (Lügendetektor) – eine wissenschaftliche Methode zum Nachweis der Unschuld

Zeitschrift für das gesamte Familienrecht Undeutsch argued polygraph examinations showing innocence provide very high probability evidence, while deceptive results offer only probability of guilt. He positioned polygraph testing as particularly… Legal & Policy Studies [135] (1992)

Perceived Credibility of the Communicator: Studies of Perceptual Bias in Police Officers Conducting Rape Interviews

Psychology and Law Police officers rated emotionally distressed rape victims as significantly more credible than controlled victims, and their judgments were influenced by both referral bias (prior information… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [136] Raskin, D. C., Steller, M. (1989)

Assessing credibility of allegations of child sexual abuse: Polygraph examinations and statement analysis

Criminal behavior and the justice system: Psychological perspectives At the University of Utah during 1983-85, 56% of accused persons examined by polygraph were diagnosed as truthful in their denials. The authors proposed that… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [137] Udo Undeutsch (1983)

Vernehmung und non-verbale Information [Assessing validity of testimonial statements by interviewing and polygraphic techniques]

Wissenschaftliche Kriminalistik Undeutsch argued that polygraphic assessment is most valid when integrated with verbal statement analysis and nonverbal behavioral observation, with no single technique being sufficient on… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [138] Wegner, W. (1981)

Täterschaftsermittlung durch Polygraphie

Wegner contends that prohibiting voluntary polygraph testing initiated by defendants seeking exculpation constitutes unjustified paternalism, and argues that psychophysiological testing can be reconciled with constitutional… Legal & Policy Studies [139] Widacki, J. (1981)

Wprowadzenie do problematyki badań poligraficznych

The work systematically documented polygraph theory, methodology, and practice as of 1981, establishing methodological standards based primarily on Reid techniques and emerging numerical scoring systems,… Foundational & Historical Research [140] Undeutsch, U. (1979)

Die Leistungsfähigkeit der heutigen Methoden der psychophysiologischen Täterschaftsermittlung

Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform Undeutsch reported that contemporary polygraph literature showed accuracy rates of 70-90% and emphasized the need for conceptual precision in distinguishing perpetrator identification from other assessment… Foundational & Historical Research [141] Udo Undeutsch (1977)

Die Untersuchung mit dem Polygraphen ('Lügendetektor')

Kriminalistik Undeutsch concluded that polygraph examination, when conducted by a trained expert, constitutes a scientifically defensible method capable of producing reliable forensic evidence, with particularly strong… Foundational & Historical Research [142] Widacki, J. (1977)

Wartość diagnostyczna badania poligraficznego i jej znaczenie kryminalistyczne

Polygraph examination produced 18 correct identifications out of 20 cases (90% accuracy rate), tied with graphological analysis for the fewest incorrect diagnoses and achieving the… Laboratory & Analog Studies [143] Arntzen, F. (1970)

Psychologie der Zeugenaussage

Hogrefe Statements derived from genuine experience contain qualitative characteristics absent from fabricated accounts; credibility assessment requires systematic evaluation of content-based criteria across statement-specific features, consistency markers,… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection