Directed Lie

[001] Vadym Barko (2024)

POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUES OF COMPARISON QUESTIONS: THEORY AND PRACTICE OF RESEARCH, PROSPECTS OF APPLYING

NAUKA I PRAVOOKHORONA Meta-analytic evidence supports CQT accuracy with effect sizes around r = 0.69, with probable-lie questions (r = 0.71) slightly outperforming directed-lie variants (r = 0.61).… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [002] Donald J. Krapohl (2024)

Evaluating Physiological Indicators in Detecting Deception with an Automated Interviewing System

bioRxiv (preprint) The study represents one of the few systematic comparisons of multiple physiological modalities within a single experimental framework, conducted with a diverse Asian population to… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [003] D.M. Kuptsova, N.V. Dvoryanchikov (2023)

Evaluation of the Value of Physiological Cues to Determining the Salience of a Risk Factor in a Situation of Screening Polygraph Test

Psychology and Law The study clarified the contribution of specific physiological cues to detecting topic salience during screening polygraph examinations using a directed-lie format with document forgery as… Screening & Personnel Security [004] (2021)

Hybrid Polygraph and Ocular-Motor Deception Tests for Screening and Specific-Incident Investigations

Psychology Applications & Developments VII The hybrid DLC protocol achieved 88% accuracy for specific-incident testing, while the hybrid MCT protocol achieved 91% accuracy for multi-issue screening, demonstrating that combining eye-tracking… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [005] Tuvia Shurany; Nathan J. Gordon (2021)

Directed Lie – The Correct or the Easy Way?

European Polygraph The study found that 28.6% of directed lie questions failed to provoke physiological reactions during stimulation tests, and three examinees refused to lie as directed,… Field Validity Studies [006] Benjamin L. Blalock (2020)

A Discussion of PLC and DLC Question Procedure and Ironic Process Theory

Polygraph The paper introduces Ironic Process Theory to polygraph science, suggesting that the conscious effort to lie when directed paradoxically increases cognitive salience and physiological arousal.… Foundational & Historical Research [007] Nelson, R. (2016)

Scientific (Analytic) Theory of Polygraph Testing

APA Magazine The analytic theory provides a unified framework explaining polygraph responses through differential physiological loading rather than specific emotional states, offering a scientifically defensible basis that… Foundational & Historical Research [008] Charles Robert Honts; Racheal Reavy (2015 • EXPERIMENTAL)

The Comparison Question Polygraph Test: A Contrast of Methods and Scoring

Physiology & Behavior Mock crime experiment with 250 paid participants contrasting probable-lie and directed-lie CQT variants. Found substantial main effects of guilt in both OSS2 computer and human… Laboratory & Analog Studies [009] Donald J. Krapohl, Pamela K. Shaw (2015)

Test question construction

Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice The chapter establishes standardized construction rules for six question types, emphasizing that proper question formulation is critical to valid results. Key principles include single-issue focus,… Training, Standards & Professional Practice [010] Michael C. Gougler (2015)

The Vasomotor Response in the Comparison Question Test

Polygraph Vasomotor responses were found to be highly useful in discriminating deception, with large main effects of guilt detected by both the OSS2 algorithm (η²p =… Laboratory & Analog Studies [011] Nathan J. Gordon (2015)

A Theoretical Analysis of the Directed Lie Question (DLC)

European Polygraph The analysis questions whether the DLC's adoption represents genuine scientific advancement or a problematic simplification driven by political correctness and examiner convenience rather than empirical… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [012] Charles Robert Honts; Mark Handler; Pamela K. Shaw; Michael C. Gougler (2015)

Directed Lie Comparison Questions and Countermeasure Resistance

Various Publications Examined whether directed-lie comparison questions offer better countermeasure resistance. Research suggests that modern testing formats with directed lies may be more robust against deliberate manipulation… Countermeasures Research [013] Charles Robert Honts; Racheal Reavy (2015 • 250-PARTICIPANT STUDY)

Countermeasure Attempts in the Directed-Lie vs. Probable-Lie CQT

Physiology & Behavior In their 250-participant study, found no differences between DL and PL test types in spontaneous countermeasure attempts, suggesting directed-lie format is not more vulnerable. Countermeasures Research [014] Handler, M., Honts, C., Nelson, R. (2013)

Information gain of the directed lie screening test

Polygraph DLST/ESS provided meaningful information gain (>5%) across nearly all plausible base rates, substantially exceeding the performance of unassisted professional veracity assessment in both security screening… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [015] Pamela K. Shaw (2012)

The Empirical Basis for the Use of Directed Lie Comparison Questions in Diagnostic and Screening Polygraphs

APA Magazine The review found little to no meaningful difference in effect size or detection accuracy between directed lie and probable lie comparison questions, supporting the scientific… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [016] Ronald A. Craig; David C. Raskin; John C. Kircher (2011)

The Use of Physiological Measures to Detect Deception in Juveniles

Polygraph Examined CQT application with juvenile populations. Found that physiological measures can effectively detect deception in younger examinees, expanding the evidence base beyond adult populations. Laboratory & Analog Studies [017] Michael C. Gougler (2010)

Some thoughts about feelings: a study of the role of cognition and emotion in polygraph testing

Polygraph The paper proposes that polygraph-recorded physiological responses arise from two appraisal routes — conceptual/schematic and associative/reinstatement — combined with conditioned emotional responses to lying and… Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses [018] Handler, M., Nelson, R., Blalock, B. (2009)

Focused polygraph technique for PCSOT and law enforcement screening programs

Polygraph The paper proposes a standardized DLST format with two neutral questions, one sacrifice relevant question, two separate relevant questions, and two directed-lie comparison questions, with… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [019] Stuart M. Senter; Andrew Belvin Dollins; Donald J. Krapohl (2008 • USAF STUDY)

Effectiveness of the Air Force Modified General Question Test Format

Polygraph Validated the USAF-MGQT format with total accuracy of 83.8% and definitive accuracy of 84.9%. Demonstrated effectiveness of the military’s standard examination format. Laboratory & Analog Studies [020] Handler, M., Nelson, R., Blalock, B. (2008)

A focused polygraph technique for PCSOT and law enforcement screening programs

Polygraph The authors argue that the DLST, derived from validated TES research (98% accuracy for innocent and 83.3% for guilty examinees in laboratory studies), can serve… Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) [021] Brandon G. Bell; John C. Kircher; Peter C. Bernhardt (2008)

New measures improve the accuracy of the directed-lie test when detecting deception using a mock crime

Physiology & Behavior New physiological measures improved the accuracy of directed-lie tests when detecting deception in mock crime scenarios. The study addressed previous limitations showing that respiration measures… Laboratory & Analog Studies [022] Wendy R. Alloway (2007)

Information Does Not Affect the Validity of a Comparison Question Test

Legal and Criminological Psychology Providing examinees with detailed CQT information and countermeasure instructions did not significantly affect test validity; moreover, self-reported countermeasure use was associated with a lower (not… Countermeasures Research [023] Bernhardt, P.C. (2005)

Effects of prior demonstrations of polygraph accuracy on outcomes of probable-lie and directed-lie polygraph tests

ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The stimulation test with effective feedback increased probable-lie test accuracy to 90% and directed-lie test accuracy to 83%. Probable-lie tests benefited from the demonstration alone,… Laboratory & Analog Studies [024] John C. Kircher, Ted Packard, Brian G. Bell, Paul C. Bernhard (2001)

Comparison of Skin Conductance and Skin Resistance Measures for the Detection of Deception

The research demonstrated that stimulation pretests can contribute to increased polygraph test accuracy. The study also provided comparative data on skin conductance versus skin resistance… Scoring & Test Data Analysis [025] Andrew Belvin Dollins (2000)

A Brief Note on the Misleading and the Inaccurate: A Rejoinder to Matte (2000) With Critical Comments on Matte and Reuss (1999)

Polygraph Matte's assertions that reviewing comparison or relevant questions between chart repetitions produces predictable changes in false positive and false negative rates are found to be… Foundational & Historical Research [026] Steven W. Horowitz; John C. Kircher; Charles Robert Honts; David C. Raskin (1997 • EXPERIMENTAL)

The Role of Comparison Questions in Physiological Detection of Deception

Psychophysiology Mock crime study with 120 participants examining comparison question mechanisms. Found comparison questions produced different physiological patterns for innocent vs. guilty subjects, providing empirical support… Comparison Question Test (CQT) [027] Andrew Belvin Dollins (1997)

A Comparison of Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Accuracy Rates

Polygraph The TES format achieved 83.3% guilty detection accuracy compared to 55.6% for CSP-PLC and 58.6% for CSP-DLC formats, representing a 50% improvement over traditional approaches. Laboratory & Analog Studies [028] DoDPI Research Division Staff (1997 • DEFENSE COMPARISON)

A Comparison of PDD Accuracy Rates: CISP vs. TES Question Formats

Polygraph Compared two screening test formats used in US intelligence community. Found both formats achieved significant detection rates, with differences in sensitivity and specificity profiles. Laboratory & Analog Studies [029] DoDPI Research Division Staff (1995)

A comparison of psychophysiological detection of deception accuracy rates obtained using the counterintelligence scope polygraph and the test for espionage and sabotage question formats

DoDPI Research Reports The study found that traditional CSP format had unacceptably low guilty detection rates of only 43.2% compared to 94.9% innocent detection rates, prompting evaluation of… Laboratory & Analog Studies [030] Abrams, S. (1991)

The Directed Lie Control Question

Polygraph Directed-lie and probable-lie methods showed no significant differences in accuracy across validation studies, while the directed-lie approach offered improved standardization and reduced examiner-to-examiner variability. The… Foundational & Historical Research [031] David C. Raskin; John C. Kircher; Steven W. Horowitz; Charles Robert Honts (1989 • LABORATORY/FIELD)

Recent Laboratory and Field Research on Polygraph Techniques

Book Chapters Comprehensive review describing DLT laboratory and field research showing it is at least as accurate as the CQT with fewer false positive errors, simpler to… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews [032] Charles Robert Honts; David C. Raskin (1988 • FIELD STUDY)

A Field Study of the Validity of the Directed Lie Control Question

Journal of Police Science and Administration First field validation of the directed-lie comparison question format. Results showed DLC was at least as accurate as the probable-lie CQT with fewer false positive… Field Validity Studies [033] Lawrence N. Driscoll; Charles Robert Honts; D. Jones (1987 • ANALOG STUDY)

Directed Lie Comparison Questions in Polygraph Testing

Psychophysiology Laboratory comparison of directed lie vs. probable lie formats. Found DLC produced fewer false positives while maintaining detection of deception, supporting its adoption as standard… Laboratory & Analog Studies [034] Gordon H. Barland (1985 • MILITARY FIELD STUDY)

A Validation and Reliability Study of Counterintelligence Screening Tests

Security Support Battalion, 902nd Military Intelligence Group, Fort Meade, MD US military study of polygraph screening test validity. Found significantly better than chance detection rates for counterintelligence screening, though with higher inconclusive rates than specific-issue… Screening & Personnel Security [035] Gordon H. Barland (1981)

A Validation and Reliability Study of the Counterintelligence Screening Test

902nd Military Intelligence Group The study provided the first scientific validation of directed lie control questions and the CIST format under controlled conditions. Laboratory & Analog Studies