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Criminal Investigation
This topic encompasses 246 peer-reviewed studies, primarily in the field of verbal & behavioral deception detection. Research in this area spans from the 0s to the 2020s.
246Studies
0s–2020sSpan
19Categories
322Researchers
Research categories
Key researchers
Studies tagged “Criminal Investigation” [246]
All 246 peer-reviewed studies in this research area, sorted by year.
[001]
(2025)
Features of information reliability assessment by polygraph method in criminal analysis
Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law The study concludes that polygraph-based methodology can be effectively integrated into criminal analysis to assess information reliability, providing synergistic benefits when combined with analytical processes… [002] (2025)Investigative Interviewing: Priming the Interview Context
European Polygraph The paper identifies a significant gap in empirical evidence supporting priming effectiveness in real-world forensic contexts, despite its intuitive appeal and extensive laboratory validation. [003] (2025)Scientific Interrogation: The Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) Technique
European Polygraph The SUE technique represents a paradigm shift toward information-gathering approaches that optimize accuracy in credibility assessment and investigative efficiency compared to conventional deception detection methods. [004] (2025)Lie and its detection: assessing nonverbal behaviors in criminal investigation
Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Medical Sciences The paper concludes that nonverbal lie detection methods show practical usefulness in judicial investigations but require specialized training for effective application. Without proper professional expertise,… [005] (2025)Возможности использования полиграфа в раскрытии и расследовании преступлений, совершенных медицинскими работниками
Вестник Московской академии Следственного комитета Российской Федерации Polygraph examinations with appropriately selected tactics successfully identified persons who committed crimes in medical contexts, enabling rapid resolution when traditional investigative methods faced limitations. [006] (2025)Use of the Polygraph during Interrogation: Procedural, Forensic, and Psychological Issues
Herald of criminal justice International jurisprudence demonstrates polygraphs are inadmissible as independent evidence but may serve as auxiliary pre-trial tools. Specialist reports must use presence/absence of significant reactions formula,… [007] (2024)The Effectiveness of The Polygraph Instrument (Lie Detector) As Evidance In Court
Andalas Law Journal Polygraph results occupy an auxiliary evidentiary position in Indonesian courts—permitted to assist judges but excluded from primary evidence status under the Criminal Procedure Code's requirements,… [008] (2024)ДЕЯКІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ПОЛІГРАФА У КРИМІНАЛЬНОМУ ПРОВАДЖЕННІ В УКРАЇНІ ТА СВІТІ
Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs kogo Derzhavnogo Universytety Vnutrishnikh Sprav Ukrainian courts demonstrate inconsistent approaches to polygraph evidence admissibility, with some courts recognizing forensic psychophysiological examinations as valid evidence while others reject polygraph results due… [009] (2024)Automated Comparative Predictive Analysis of Deception Detection in Convicted Offenders Using Polygraph with Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Artificial Neural Network Models
Studies in Informatics and Control Machine learning models successfully predicted deception from polygraph physiological data, with clustering analyses revealing important individual differences in response patterns. The findings demonstrate potential for… [010] (2024)How Reliable are Polygraph Examinations in Criminal Investigations? An Empirical Assessment
Criminal Law Bulletin Polygraphs yield unreliable conclusions in approximately 50 to 65 percent of cases involving innocent individuals—worse than a coin flip—when those individuals truthfully denied crimes they… [011] (2024)The use of a polygraph in the investigation of criminal offences: problems of tactics and legal regulation
Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence The research revealed dual judicial approaches in Ukraine—some courts recognize polygraph evidence while others reject it entirely—and identified three pending legislative bills aimed at regulation.… [012] (2023)Polygraph Testing in Criminal Proceedings: Safe and Sound or Swimming Against the Tide? A Legal and Criminological-Psychological Analysis Based on its Use in Belgium
European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Belgium performs over 300 Comparison Question Tests annually for serious offenses including murder, rape, theft, and arson, operated by five specially trained police officers, despite… [013] (2023)Polygraph Testing in Criminal Proceedings: A Legal and Criminological-Psychological Analysis Based on its Use in Belgium
European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Belgium represents a unique case in Western Europe by formally codifying polygraph use in criminal investigations at a time when most European countries have avoided… [014] (2023)PENGGUNAAN POLIGRAF (LIE DETECTOR) DALAM PEMBUKTIAN PERKARA PERSETUBUHAN ANAK
Verstek Polygraph evidence in the Indonesian child sexual assault case was deemed admissible as documentary evidence under Article 184(1) KUHAP, but strictly as complementary evidence requiring… [015] (2023)Keberadaan Lie Detector dalam Pembuktian Tindak Pidana
Jurnal Justice Aswaja Lie detector evidence is not recognized as primary evidence in Indonesian criminal trials but can be admitted as expert testimony under Article 184(1) of KUHAP… [016] (2023)Investigating Feminicide in Mexico: The Conversation Management Approach proposal
European Polygraph The paper provides a detailed case-study framework demonstrating how the Conversation Management technique can be applied to feminicide investigations through non-accusatory, information-gathering interviews with strategic… [017] (2023)The Offender Recognizes the Victim – About the Advantages of Using the Visual Version of Polygraph Test in Serious Criminal Case
European Polygraph The visual CIT successfully proved the suspect knew the victim despite denials, with the physiological arousal to the victim's photograph enabling a confession and identification… [018] (2023)The influence of false evidence ploy variants on perceptions of coercion and deception
Journal of Forensic Psychology: Research and Practice Participants failed to distinguish between the FEP and bluff tactics in terms of deceptiveness or coercion, and neither deception type nor interrogation length (1 vs.… [019] (2023)Gestures-adapters for persons involved in the crime in non-instrumental lie detection
Vestnik of Kostroma State University Resource pantomime was observed in 95% of subjects. During deception, adapter gestures were fixed in 40% of horizontal and vertical strokes and 30% of self-touches,… [020] (2023)Getting the better understanding of truth: Diving into the polygraph test
Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine Three case studies illustrate how voluntary polygraph examinations using the Control Question Test format can assist criminal investigations in India's consent-based legal framework, though the… [021] (2022)Deception in the Interrogation Room: A Framework for Understanding the Psychology of Deceptive Investigative Practices
The framework identifies that deceptive interrogation practices share a common feature of misleading subjects about question purposes and response consequences, but differ in their underlying… [022] (2022)Research with the use of a polygraph in the investigation of environmental crimes
Вестник Московской академии Следственного комитета Российской Федерации Specific findings cannot be reported as the full text was not accessible for review. [023] (2022)Multimodal Deception Detection Using Real-Life Trial Data
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing The multimodal system achieved 83.05-84.18% accuracy in detecting deception at the subject level, with the best performance obtained by combining visual and acoustic features, significantly… [024] (2022)Leading Interview and Interrogation Techniques: Focus on Cognitive Interview
European Polygraph The cognitive interview is scientifically validated as one of the best tools to obtain court-admissible information and can be applied with victims, witnesses, or suspects.… [025] (2022)Importance-Related Fillers Improve the Classification Accuracy of the Response Time Concealed Information Test in a Crime Scenario
Legal and Criminological Psychology Importance-related fillers significantly improved RT-CIT classification accuracy in crime scenarios, representing the first validation that filler-based enhancement could be adapted beyond autobiographical details to crime-relevant… [026] (2021)Lie detection during the interview and interrogation process: a psychosocial criminal approach
Balkan Social Science Review The review concludes that facial expression and micro-expression reading are ineffective for lie detection, while information-gathering interviewing methods represent the most scientifically supported approach for… [027] (2021)Would You Lie For Me? : Alibi Corroboration Between Strangers And Non-Strangers
Participants in friendship and stranger conditions were equally likely to corroborate false alibis, but presence of physical evidence (money) dramatically reduced lying rates compared to… [028] (2021)Uncovering crime scene staging using deception detection
Detection Avoidance in Homicides Analysis of 141 staged scenes revealed that 43% of intimate partner femicides involved detection avoidance. Staging typically involved known offenders using blunt force or strangulation,… [029] (2021)Detecting Deception Through Hedging in Forensic Analysis of Written Statements
Српски језик : студије српске и словенске Frequent occurrence of hedging and distancing linguistic features in specific parts of the written statement indicated approximate timing of the criminal act. Hedging strategy for… [030] (2021)Lie Detection in Sex Crime Investigations
Criminal Investigations of Sexual Offenses Modern verbal lie detection protocols show substantial effect sizes, with statement-evidence consistency achieving d = 1.89, and active interviewing techniques that ask unanticipated questions, request… [031] (2020)Applying the verifiability approach to deception detection in alibi witness situations
Acta Psychologica Truth-telling pairs provided significantly more checkable details demonstrating they were together than lying pairs, while lying pairs provided more uncheckable details. Collective statements enhanced the… [032] (2020)Distinguishing true from false confessions using physiological patterns of concealed information recognition – A proof of concept study
Biological Psychology True confessors showed larger physiological responses to correct versus incorrect answers, while false confessors exhibited no differential responding, successfully distinguishing genuine from false admissions of… [033] (2020)THE USE OF A POLYGRAPH DURING THE INVESTIGATION OF MURDERS INVOLVING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics The study concluded that polygraph use in criminal proceedings, particularly for domestic violence murder investigations, has practical application potential and can create appropriate conditions for… [034] (2020)Verbal cues to deceit when lying through omitting information
Legal and Criminological Psychology Truth tellers reported more complications than lie tellers after Model Statement exposure, but no significant difference emerged for total details — an atypical finding suggesting… [035] (2020)Significance of pre-test interview in polygraph examination
Bezbednost, Beograd The study confirmed that issues arose during polygraph examinations when tests were not sufficiently prepared and when pre-test interviews were not given adequate attention, with… [036] (2019)P300-based deception detection of mock network fraud with modified genetic algorithm and combined classification
2019 7th International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) The modified genetic algorithm and combined classification approach effectively detected concealed information about network fraud activities, demonstrating the feasibility of applying P300-based testing to cybercrime… [037] (2019)Investigations: Polygraph Use
Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management The central finding emphasized is that polygraph instruments cannot independently detect deception; only trained examiners who study physiological responses to control and relevant questions can… [038] (2019)Real Time Deception Detection for Criminal Investigation
2019 National Information Technology Conference (NITC) The PREDICTOR system demonstrated feasibility for real-time monitoring of deception, emotion, and attentiveness during criminal investigations, though specific accuracy metrics are not available in accessible… [039] (2019)Validity of the Control Question Test in Two Levels of the Severity of Crimes
Anti-Terrorism; Forensic Science; Psychology in Police Investigations The false positive error rate in severe crimes was approximately double that of minor crimes (23.33% for minor crimes using zero cutoff), indicating innocent suspects… [040] (2019)The History, Present, and Future of Police Deception During Interrogation
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Police interrogation underwent major reforms between the 1930s and 1970s that replaced physical coercion with psychological deception. False-evidence ploys increase false confession rates by approximately… [041] (2019)Chicago: Where Polygraph Becomes a Science
European Polygraph Chicago became the epicenter for polygraph innovation through the convergence of academic institutions, progressive criminal justice reforms, and pioneering practitioners, with John Reid's development of… [042] (2018)The Polygraph and Lie Detection: A Case Study
Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine Polygraph testing successfully identified deception by the victim who confessed after examination, while all suspects were found truthful. The case demonstrated successful adaptation of sensor… [043] (2018)Perceptions and Misunderstandings of Polygraph Testing - Comparison between Police Officers and College Students -
치안정책연구 Police officers believed polygraph tests were accurate and trustworthy, whereas college students displayed contrasting skeptical perceptions. Students expressed concerns that state anxiety could lead to… [044] (2017)Approaching the Crime Scene with an Eye toward Interview Strategy
Behavior, Truth and Deception The chapter provides practical guidelines for translating crime scene evidence and behavioral indicators into psychologically-informed interview strategies, though it does not present empirical research findings… [045] (2017)Using Interpreters and Translators in the Interviewing and Interrogation Processes
Behavior, Truth and Deception Interpreter selection, preparation, and management are foundational to successful multilingual interviews. Professional, neutral interpreters with cultural competence are essential; family members or acquaintances should never… [046] (2017)CRIMINALISTIC INVESTIGATION USING A POLYGRAPH: RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE
Sociopolitical Sciences Russian polygraph practice achieves legal admissibility through the theoretical framework of 'ideal traces' and formal forensic psychophysiological examination procedures, representing a significant departure from Western… [047] (2017)Interpreting non-verbal behaviour during forensic assessment interview test (FAINT) and polygraph techniques
ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE Deceptive suspects demonstrated significant variations in non-verbal behavior during both FAINT and polygraph testing, while truthful individuals showed normal indicators/scores. The study supports integrated multi-method… [048] (2017)Manipulation by False Claims
Behavior, Truth and Deception Law enforcement may legally make false claims about physical evidence, witnesses, or polygraph results, but cannot misrepresent suspects' constitutional rights. While courts extend significant latitude… [049] (2017)Polygraph Examinations in the Department of Special Psychology of the Ministry of the Interior of the Slovak Republic – a Retrospective View
European Polygraph The study documents the historical application and development of polygraph examinations within Slovak law enforcement agencies. [050] (2017)Targeted Subject Interview
Behavior, Truth and Deception TSI provides structured tools including checklists for indirect personality assessment, victimology evaluation, and psychological background investigation to develop suspect-specific verbal tactics and interview themes that… [051] (2017)Report from the 10th Interdepartamental Polygraph Seminar Waplewo 2017
European Polygraph The seminar focused on pre-employment screening examinations and forensic polygraph applications in criminal proceedings, with presentations including case studies from expert witnesses in Polish Border… [052] (2016)Egy gyanús eltűnés poligráfos vizsgálatának módszertana és tanulságai
Belügyi Szemle Polygraph examination successfully contributed to resolving the disappearance case by providing investigative leads regarding the victim's location and manner of the alleged crime. The study… [053] (2016)Corrigendum: Detecting Deception within Small Groups: A Literature Review
Frontiers in Psychology Truth-telling groups exhibit significantly more interactive and communicative behaviors during collective interviews compared to lying groups, who lack shared transactive memory and merely repeat rehearsed… [054] (2016)Voice analysis for detection of deception
2016 11th International Conference on Knowledge, Information and Creativity Support Systems (KICSS) Mean fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequencies F1 and F2 showed significant increases under deception-related stress and correlated strongly with stress, while shimmer showed no… [055] (2016)Examiner Approach and its Impact on Polygraph Results
European Polygraph Interrogative examiner approaches aimed at extracting confessions rather than diagnostic truth assessment significantly compromise polygraph validity and can lead to false positives, as demonstrated by… [056] (2016)Extracting critical information from group members' partial knowledge using the searching concealed information test
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied The SCIT achieved 83% accuracy (5 of 6 items) in Experiment 1 and 100% accuracy (all 6 items) in Experiment 2 despite unequal knowledge distributions… [057] (2016)The Amount of Information Remembered by the Perpetrator in the Context of the Application of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in Criminal Investigation – a Pilot Study
European Polygraph The pilot study examined perpetrator memory for crime details, contributing to understanding of how information retention patterns affect GKT applicability. Findings align with established research… [058] (2016)Training in the Strategic Use of Evidence technique: Improving deception detection accuracy of American law enforcement officers
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology SUE-trained interviewers achieved 65% deception detection accuracy compared to 43% for untrained interviewers, representing a 22 percentage point improvement and a medium-to-large effect size (d=0.72).… [059] (2016)Forensic Polygraph in Crime Investigation: A Case Study
Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences and Forensic Medicine The study demonstrated successful application of IZCT and FAINT protocols in a criminal murder investigation, employing computerized ASIT scoring and coordinating polygraph results with traditional… [060] (2015)Observations from the Analysis of Searching Peak of Tension Test (SPOT) Charts
European Polygraph The study demonstrates practical applications of SPOT testing in locating evidence and eliciting confessions in serious criminal cases, with analysis of confirmed chart patterns from… [061] (2015)Charts of the 'Innocent' Subjects in the Searching Peak of Tension Tests
European Polygraph The study identified four major methodological limitations: extremely small sample size of innocent subjects, inability to repeat non-reactive SPOT tests, reliance on subjective visual assessment… [062] (2015)Victim Credibility Interview
PsycTESTS Dataset In the absence of corroborating evidence, victim credibility was the most critical factor in arrest and prosecution decisions, with extralegal characteristics like victim behavior and… [063] (2015)Specific-issue testing techniques
Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice The chapter describes three validated comparison question techniques for criminal investigation, with event-specific testing demonstrating aggregated accuracy rates near 89-90% and inconclusive rates around 10-11%… [064] (2015)The strategic use of evidence technique: A conceptual overview
Deception Detection: Current Challenges and New Directions The SUE technique, grounded in the psychology of instrumental mind reading and counter-interrogation strategies, has demonstrated substantially improved deception detection accuracy (85.4% for trained vs.… [065] (2015)Deception Detection using Real-life Trial Data
Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction Multimodal fusion of linguistic and gesture features achieved 60-75% accuracy in detecting deception from real courtroom footage, outperforming human judgment which showed only slight inter-rater… [066] (2015)Forensic application of event-related brain potentials to detect guilty knowledge
In Granhag, P. A., Vrij, A., & Verschuere, B. (Eds.), Detecting Deception Laboratory studies consistently demonstrate high accuracy for P300-GKT with guilty participants showing significantly larger P300 amplitudes to crime-relevant probes, with estimated false positive rates of… [067] (2015)Polygraphs and 280 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations
ResearchGate Across 281 wrongful conviction exoneration cases, polygraphs correctly pointed toward the truth in approximately 80% of completed examinations; 100% of exoneree polygraph failures occurred before… [068] (2014)The Effect of Co-Offender Planning on Verbal Deception
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Co-offenders who had time to plan together showed significantly greater statement immediacy, plausibility, and within-pair consistency compared to those without planning time. However, planning did… [069] (2014)Exploiting liars' verbal strategies by examining the verifiability of details
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars included fewer verifiable details than truth tellers but an equal number of unverifiable details, and classifying participants by verifiable detail frequency alone achieved 79%… [070] (2014)The use of tactical polygraph with sex offenders
Journal of Sexual Aggression Only 4.7% of suspects initially admitted to sexually abusing children, but polygraph procedures elicited disclosures from an additional 52.8%, ultimately revealing 282 child victims including… [071] (2014)Field Examination: Certain Phenomena Related to Electrodermal Activity
European Polygraph The research documented specific EDA curve shapes and formations that deviated significantly from standard response patterns in real-world testing conditions. [072] (2014)Polygraph testing of 'low risk' offenders arrested for downloading indecent images of children
Sexual Offender Treatment Polygraph testing identified hidden risk factors in 74% of 'low risk' offenders, with 35% showing deception and 35% making previously unknown disclosures, while full computer… [073] (2014)Strategic use of evidence during investigative interviews: The state of the science
Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications Statement-evidence inconsistencies represent one of the strongest cues to deception in the literature (effect size d = 1.83), and trained interviewers using SUE achieved 65%… [074] (2014)The Strategic Use of Evidence Technique
Detecting Deception The SUE technique framework demonstrates that strategic evidence disclosure, combined with systematic questioning, can substantially improve deception detection accuracy by eliciting statement-evidence inconsistencies, with synthesized… [075] (2014)False Confessions
Encyclopedia of Deception Polygraph examiners interpret ambiguous charts as indicating deception when told suspects confessed; false claims of polygraph failure have caused documented false confessions; police are legally… [076] (2014)How awareness of possible evidence induces forthcoming counter-interrogation strategies
Applied Cognitive Psychology When alerted to possible evidence from surveillance cameras, guilty suspects polarized into extremely withholding or extremely forthcoming verbal strategies, while innocent suspects remained consistently forthcoming… [077] (2014)Metodicheskie sredstva sudebno-psikhofiziologicheskoy ekspertizy s primeneniem poligrafa
Yuridicheskaya psikhologiya The paper establishes mandatory certification, minimum three years of examiner experience, minimum five control tests per examination, and standardized protocols for transforming operational polygraph interrogation… [078] (2014)Using an Example Statement Increases Information but Does Not Increase Accuracy of CBCA, RM, and SCAN
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling CBCA and RM showed discriminative validity between truth and lies, but SCAN did not. Providing a detailed example statement increased statement length but failed to… [079] (2014)'I'd know a false confession if I saw one': a constructive replication with juveniles
Psychology, Crime & Law Overall accuracy averaged just 52.8% correct across both experiments, with transcript-only evaluation producing below-chance accuracy (48.9%) and audio/video presentation yielding modest but statistically significant discrimination… [080] (2014)Ranking of States by Frequency of Wrongful Convictions and Exonerations with spreadsheets
ResearchGate The District of Columbia ranked worst overall with 15.5 wrongful convictions per million population and an average of 20.9 years to exoneration, followed by Louisiana… [081] (2014)80 Proposals to STOP Wrongful Convictions: Before the End of This Decade
Book The book estimates approximately 40,000 actually innocent individuals are incarcerated in the U.S. at any given time, and proposes that universal access to polygraph examination… [082] (2014)Jurors' perceptions and decisions related to polygraph examinations during police interrogation
PsycEXTRA Dataset The study likely found that polygraph evidence significantly influences juror perceptions even when jurors are aware of its limitations, with implications for how confession evidence… [083] (2014)Can I borrow your alibi? The applicability of the verifiability approach to the case of an alibi witness
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The Verifiability Approach correctly classified 88% of truth-telling and lying pairs, with truth-tellers providing significantly more verifiable details and liars preferentially generating non-verifiable, unfalsifiable accounts. [084] (2013)A Case Study of the Validity of the Arther Examination
Polygraph Among 9 DNA-confirmed innocent suspects, the Arther technique produced a 44.4% false positive rate (4 of 9 errors), with results statistically matching the only prior… [085] (2013)Polygraph and 215 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations
Polygraph Examined the relationship between polygraph testing and wrongful convictions across 215 exoneration cases. Analyzed how polygraph evidence was used or misused, providing critical insights into… [086] (2013)Exploring liars' strategies for creating deceptive reports
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars overwhelmingly chose to base their deceptive reports on previously experienced events — 67% in Study 1 and 86% in Study 2 — with reported… [087] (2013)The Integrated Zone Comparison Technique: a Field Utility Study in a Deceptive Population
European Polygraph The IZCT achieved 95% overall accuracy including inconclusives and 98% accuracy excluding inconclusives, with zero false negatives, six inconclusive results (4%), and two false positives… [088] (2013)Examination of Sexual Abuse Crimes
European Polygraph The study provides insights into polygraph examination protocols and outcomes specifically related to sexual abuse cases. [089] (2013)History of Polygraph Examinations in Poland
European Polygraph The study reveals that the term 'polygraph' was already in use in Polish physiological literature in the 19th century, and Poland's unique position during the… [090] (2013)Eliciting cues to deception by tactical disclosure of evidence: The first test of the Evidence Framing Matrix
Legal and Criminological Psychology SUE-Incremental elicited strong cues to deception, especially for statement-evidence inconsistency. Late disclosure was more effective than early disclosure, and stepwise disclosure was more effective than… [091] (2013)A Case Study of the Validity of the Arther Examination Procedures in a Criminal Case with DNA Confirmation
Polygraph The AEP produced a 44% false positive error rate among DNA-exonerated innocent suspects, with statistical analysis showing these outcomes are almost impossible for a highly… [092] (2013)Interviewing to elicit cues to deception: Improving strategic use of evidence with general-to-specific framing of evidence
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology General-to-specific evidence framing effectively discriminated between guilty and innocent suspects through differential patterns of statement-evidence inconsistency, though results only partially supported the hypotheses. Gradual disclosure… [093] (2013)Polygraphs and 183 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations
ResearchGate Across 215 exoneration cases, polygraphs supported exoneree innocence in 62.9% of cases outright and reached results inconsistent with guilt in 85.7% of cases overall, with… [094] (2013)Current FBI Polygraph/Interrogation Practices Puts the Actually Innocent at Risk of False Confession
PsycEXTRA Dataset Under FBI polygraph policies, only 17% of actually innocent people avoid interrogation, meaning 83% of the innocent are subjected to interrogation and false confession risk… [095] (2012)A non-standard method for estimating the accuracy of lie detection techniques demonstrated on a self-validating set of field polygraph examinations
Psychology, Crime & Law The study found 94% accuracy for detecting guilty examinees and 83.5% for truthful examinees when excluding 20% inconclusive outcomes. When inconclusives were forced to decisions,… [096] (2012)Imposing cognitive load to elicit cues to deceit: Inducing the reverse order technique naturally
Psychology, Crime & Law Reverse-order recall produced more prominent verbal cues to deception than chronological recall, and human observers achieved higher deception detection accuracy when evaluating reverse-order accounts —… [097] (2012)Complementary Use of Profiling and Polygraph Method in Slovenia During the Period 1997-2004
European Polygraph The research documented successful integration of behavioral profiling and polygraph methods in Slovenian criminal investigations, demonstrating how profiling could inform polygraph examination strategies while polygraph… [098] (2012)Does the Truth Come Out in the Writing? SCAN as a Lie Detection Tool
Law and Human Behavior SCAN showed no statistically significant ability to discriminate truth-tellers from outright liars or concealment liars, while Reality Monitoring successfully detected both types of deception in… [099] (2012)Alibi Check by Polygraph Examination
European Polygraph Unable to complete - full text not accessible [100] (2012)Polygraph Examination in Criminal Cases. Current Polish Practice. A Critical Study
European Polygraph Polygraph examinations were performed in just one in over 6,000 Polish criminal cases during 2002–2012, with no professional quality control and many examinations conducted incorrectly… [101] (2012)Cry Me a River: Identifying the Behavioral Consequences of Extremely High-Stakes Interpersonal Deception
Law and Human Behavior A multi-cue behavioral model combining emotional facial leakage (upper face surprise, lower face happiness), reduced word count, and elevated tentative language correctly classified 92.3% of… [102] (2012)How You Lie Affects What You Remember
PsycEXTRA Dataset Participants showed good memory for false descriptions but poor memory for false denials 48 hours later. Repeatedly truthfully denying having seen an unstudied object paradoxically… [103] (2012)Polygraph Examination Service of the Philippine National Police (PNP) Crime Laboratory - Region 10
Advancing Law Enforcement and Public Safety Research The study found that polygraph examination results were not accepted as evidence in Philippine courts or capable of convicting suspects, but most respondents agreed that… [104] (2012)Criminal Prosecutors: Over-rating lie-catching abilities and misconstrued defendants' deceptions
PsycEXTRA Dataset Prosecutors overestimated lie-detection abilities but correctly rejected nervousness and eye contact as deception indicators. However, they showed willingness to pressure defendants for confessions when convinced… [105] (2011)Daily application of the Concealed Information Test: Japan
In B. Verschuere, G. Ben-Shakhar, & E. Meijer (Eds.), Memory detection: Theory and application of the Concealed Information Test Visual inspection accuracy by Japanese polygraphers achieved 86.4% hit rate and 94.5% correct rejection rate (excluding inconclusive cases). Japanese CIT practices emphasize prevention of false… [106] (2011)An investigation of data and text mining methods for real world deception detection
Expert Systems with Applications Information fusion ensemble models achieved >74% classification accuracy in detecting deception in authentic criminal investigation statements, outperforming artificial neural networks (73.46%) and decision trees (71.60%),… [107] (2011)Badania poligraficzne jako metoda weryfikacji wersji śledczych
Polygraph examination results have primarily investigative rather than evidentiary significance, serving to eliminate inaccurate investigative scenarios and narrow the focus of further investigation. Treating polygraph… [108] (2011)Thermal analyzer enables improved lie detection in criminal-suspect interrogations
SPIE Newsroom TAD2 successfully transitioned from laboratory development to operational deployment in real criminal cases in Thailand, using remote thermal imaging to monitor periorbital blood flow and… [109] (2011)Personalization and Calibration of the Control Question in the Control Question Test
Journal of Forensic Identification Individualized control question construction tailored to an examinee's specific background, experiences, and psychological characteristics enhances test validity compared to standardized, generic control questions. The study… [110] (2010)Confirmed Mental Countermeasure Case in Costa Rica
European Polygraph Mental countermeasures were successfully identified and confirmed through examination procedures, demonstrating the detectability of covert attempts to defeat polygraph testing. [111] (2010)Understanding False Confessions
European Polygraph Confessions were judged as honest more frequently than denials, and observers systematically failed to identify false confessions due to the absence of perceived motive for… [112] (2010)Forensic Examination of Memory Traces (Part 2)
European Polygraph The framework challenges prevailing American and European deception detection approaches by positioning memory traces as the true object of polygraph examination, requiring fundamental changes to… [113] (2010)The Integrated Zone Comparison Technique and ASIT PolySuite Algorithm: A Field Validity Study
European Polygraph IZCT with ASIT PolySuite achieved 98.73% accuracy excluding inconclusives (92.9% including them), while manual 3-point scoring achieved 98.71% accuracy excluding inconclusives (91.7% including them), demonstrating… [114] (2010)Detecting true and false opinions: The Devil's advocate approach as a lie detection aid
Acta Psychologica Truth tellers produced more words and had shorter latency times when arguing for their actual opinion, while liars showed the reverse pattern and their Devil's… [115] (2010)Impression and information management: On the strategic self-regulation of innocent and guilty suspects
The Open Criminology Journal Liars and truth tellers reported equal planning of demeanor and nonverbal behavior, but guilty suspects engaged substantially more in information management strategies, including preparing explanations… [116] (2010)Interviewer’s Verbal Strategies
Behavior, Truth and Deception Effective verbal interrogation strategies must align with suspects' psychological defense mechanisms through carefully selected themes that provide moral excuses while preserving legal culpability, with strategies… [117] (2010)The Truth About Lies: What Works in Detecting High-Stakes Deception
Legal and Criminological Psychology No single behavioral cue consistently reveals deception; best-validated indicators include illustrators, blink and pause rate, speech rate, vague descriptions, repeated details, contextual embedding, reproduction of… [118] (2009)Knowledge of Cues to Deception – Looking for its Determinants
Problems of Forensic Sciences Beliefs about deception cues were generally stereotypical and inadequate across groups, but criminals and Internal Security Agency officers demonstrated significantly higher accuracy than students and… [119] (2009)A Field Study on the Validity of the Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique
European Polygraph The study provided real-world validation data for the Quadri-Track ZCT technique, representing the third published field research validation of this methodology originally developed in 1977. [120] (2009)Problems of Questions in Event Knowledge Tests
European Polygraph The study identified critical problems in EKT question construction and emphasized that EKT tests cannot be used in a template-based way, requiring extensive preparation time… [121] (2009)Law & Psychiatry: Deception, Coercion, and the Limits of Interrogation
Psychiatric Services Courts hold that deception per se is not sufficiently egregious to invalidate confessions or exclude evidence. Only confessions procured by coercive official tactics are excluded… [122] (2009)Relevant Issue Gravity (RIG) strength – a new concept in PDD that reframes the notion of psychological set and the role of attention in CQT polygraph
RIG strength represents the intensity of attention directed toward the relevant issue based on internal cognitive and emotional preoccupation rather than external stimuli, and distributes… [123] (2009)Polygraphische Untersuchungen im Strafprozess: Neues zur faktischen Validität und normativen Zulässigkeit des vom Beschuldigten eingeführten Sachverständigenbeweises
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft The paper argues that German courts' exclusion of voluntary, defense-initiated polygraph evidence rests on an incomplete reading of the validity literature, and that the shifting… [124] (2009)False Confessions: Causes, Consequences, and Implications
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Three sequential errors—misclassification of innocence, guilt-presumptive accusatory interrogation with deception and coercion, and contamination through postadmission narrative shaping—systematically produce false confessions. Confession evidence is uniquely… [125] (2009 • ESS REPLICATION)A Replication and Validation Study on an Empirically Based Manual Scoring System
Polygraph Replicated ESS validation with independent sample of confirmed cases. Results consistent with original validation studies, supporting reliability of the scoring method. [126] (2009)A Study on the Verification in Bribery Case and the Credibility of the Briber's Testimony
Korean Lawyers Association Journal The author concludes that Supreme Court credibility standards are generally appropriate but some factors are unsuitable as determinative, and that legally securing credible briber statements… [127] (2009)Information gain of psychophysiological detection of deception in forensic and screening settings
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Polygraph tests demonstrated substantial improvements in information gain over unassisted laypersons across nearly the complete range of base rates of guilt in forensic settings, based… [128] (2009)Lie-Detection Biases among Male Police Interrogators, Prisoners, and Laypersons
Psychological Reports Police interrogators overestimated their lie-detection abilities and were influenced by stereotypical beliefs about deception cues. Prisoners demonstrated more modest self-assessments and recognized pupil dilation as… [129] (2008)The Event Knowledge Test Alibi Testing Potential in Polygraphic Examination
European Polygraph The EKT successfully bridges the gap between scientifically-supported knowledge testing and practical field application constraints in European criminal investigations. [130] (2008)The Validity of Polygraph Examination of an Innocent Person and a Perpetrator Administered Several Years after a Murder
European Polygraph The study assessed polygraph validity in a real murder case with examinations conducted years after the crime occurred, comparing results between innocent and guilty subjects. [131] (2008)The Behavioral Analysis Interview: Clarifying the Practice, Theory and Understanding of its Use and Effectiveness
European Polygraph The landmark 1994 field study demonstrated 91% accuracy on truthful suspects and 80% accuracy on deceptive suspects when trained evaluators used the BAI with actual… [132] (2008)Ways of Revealing Resistance Against Polygraph Testing
European Polygraph The study identifies specific techniques and indicators that can be used to detect when subjects are employing resistance strategies during polygraph testing. [133] (2008)The Event Knowledge Test (EKT) in Polygraph Examination (common notice of tactics)
European Polygraph The EKT has been successfully implemented in Lithuanian law enforcement to reveal crime-specific knowledge and help investigate important circumstances of crimes. [134] (2008)Detecting Deception in Police Investigations: Implications for False Confessions
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Most people, including trained police officers, cannot detect deception at rates significantly better than chance (approximately 54% accuracy), and officer overconfidence in their deception detection… [135] (2008)Полиграф в практике расследования преступлений (The polygraph in practice in the investigation of crimes)
Book/Monograph The manual establishes comprehensive procedural standards for Russian forensic polygraph practice, detailing three primary testing methodologies, 16 specific investigative applications, and systematic protocols spanning pre-test… [136] (2008)Detection of Deception in High-Stakes Liars
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law High-stakes liars displayed decreased blink frequency, longer pauses, and reduced movement during deception, contradicting stereotypes about nervous fidgeting and gaze aversion. No single cue consistently… [137] (2008)The Event Knowledge Test (EKT) In Polygraph Examination
European Polygraph The EKT examination successfully detected specific knowledge about crime circumstances unknown to investigators at the time of testing, revealing details that proved valuable for directing… [138] (2008)Effective Policing: Understanding How Polygraph Tests Work and Are Used
Criminal Justice and Behavior Examined how polygraph tests function in real law enforcement contexts and their practical effectiveness as investigative tools. Found that polygraph’s primary value may be in… [139] (2008)The art of investigative interviewing: Countering the lie of omission
PsycEXTRA Dataset Successful interviewers use backward-reaching questions that return to the exact point of omission, restate the subject's preceding language word-for-word, and systematically expand on missing details.… [140] (2007)Polygraph examination of a serial killer with sexual motives
European Polygraph Unable to determine specific findings without access to the full text of the article. [141] (2007)K Criminal-Forensic Deception Analysis from Chapter 9 (Hall, Poirier, and Thompson)
Forensic Psychology and Neuropsychology for Criminal and Civil Cases The FDA model provides a systematic three-component framework covering five symptom domains (behavioral, affective, cognitive, psychophysiological, somatic), multiple response styles, and multi-method detection strategies designed… [142] (2007)Guilty and innocent suspects' strategies during police interrogations
Psychology, Crime & Law Guilty suspects reported significantly higher use of strategic impression management (detailed storytelling, consistency, avoiding direct lies) compared to innocent suspects. The Strategic Use of Evidence… [143] (2007)Criminalistic diagnostic investigation using a polygraph
Polygraph Kholodny established that polygraph testing detects mental impressions of criminal events stored in memory, legitimizing polygraph examination as a specialized diagnostic method within Russian forensic… [144] (2007)Assessing the Validity of Voice Stress Analysis Tools in a Jail Setting
NCJRS (US Government) This was the first field study to evaluate VSA technology with objective ground truth verification in a high-stakes environment where subjects had genuine motivation to… [145] (2007)Legal and practical aspects of using the polygraph in the Republic of Lithuania
European Polygraph Lithuania developed comprehensive legal regulations governing polygraph use, primarily utilizing the Event Knowledge Test (a modification of the Concealed Information Test) in law enforcement and… [146] (2006)Comparison of evidentiary and investigative decision rules: A replication
Polygraph Evidentiary Decision Rules outperformed Investigative Decision Rules on accuracy, inconclusive rate reduction, and error balance, replicating and confirming the findings of the prior Krapohl (2005)… [147] (2006)Psychopathy and Physiological Detection of Concealed Information: A review
Psychologica Belgica Reduced orienting responses in high antisocial individuals threaten CIT validity, with autonomic hyporesponsivity responsible for decreased detection in antisocial personalities, while emotional detachment and antisocial… [148] (2006)Memory for Murder: The Qualities and Credibility of Homicide Narratives by Perpetrators
Offenders' Memories of Violent Crimes Psychopaths exaggerated the reactive nature of their instrumental homicides to a greater degree than non-psychopaths and were more likely to omit major offense details. This… [149] (2006)To act truthfully: Nonverbal behaviour and strategies during a police interrogation
Psychology, Crime & Law No differences in nonverbal behaviors distinguished liars from truth tellers during lengthy, high-stakes police interrogations, despite liars experiencing greater internal stress. Both groups adopted similar… [150] (2005)Polygraph Testing: A Utilitarian Tool
PsycEXTRA Dataset Of 2,641 FBI polygraph examinations analyzed, 50% of examinees who showed deceptive results subsequently provided confessions, admissions, or information of investigative value, confirming that examinees'… [151] (2005)Language of lies in prison: Linguistic classification of inmates' truthful and deceptive natural language
Applied Cognitive Psychology Automated linguistic analysis achieved 69.7-71.1% accuracy in classifying prisoner statements, with software showing unbiased criteria while human judges (especially younger prisoners) exhibited decision bias. Spatial… [152] (2005)Detecting deception via strategic disclosure of evidence
Law and Human Behavior Late disclosure of evidence improved overall detection accuracy to 61.7% compared to 42.9% for early disclosure. Deceptive statements were identified with 67.6% accuracy in the… [153] (2005)'I'd know a false confession if I saw one': A comparative study of college students and police investigators
Law and Human Behavior Neither students nor police could reliably detect false confessions, achieving only 54% accuracy (chance level). Police were more confident but also more biased toward presuming… [154] (2005)On the psychology of confessions: Does innocence put innocents at risk?
American Psychologist Innocent suspects waive Miranda rights at 81% compared to 36% for guilty suspects, and interrogators exert significantly more pressure on innocent suspects due to confirmation… [155] (2005)Psychopathic traits and autonomic responding to concealed information in a prison sample
Psychophysiology Prisoners scoring high on the Impulsive Antisociality factor (PPI-II) of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory exhibited reduced electrodermal responding to concealed information, indicating that CIT sensitivity… [156] (2004)Statement Validity Analysis and the detection of the truth
Deception Detection in Forensic Contexts SVA distinguishes between cognitive and motivational components of deception, with criteria indicating truthfulness but their absence not necessarily implying deception. The presence of contrary-to-truthfulness-stereotype criteria… [157] (2004)Crime-related amnesia as a form of deception
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts Between 25-40% of homicide offenders claim amnesia for their crimes. Symptom Validity Testing achieves 40-65% detection rates for simulators, though sensitivity drops with coaching. The… [158] (2004)True or false: ‘I'd know a false confession if I saw one’
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts Neither college students nor police investigators could reliably distinguish true from false confessions at levels above chance. Police were more confident and showed a guilty… [159] (2004)The Problem of False Confessions in the Post-DNA World
North Carolina Law Review More than 80% of false confessions occurred in homicide cases, and 81% of proven false confessors who proceeded to trial were convicted by juries despite… [160] (2004)Criminal Identity Deception and Deception Detection in Law Enforcement
Group Decision and Negotiation The study found that 30% of suspects used intentionally false identities, with 62.5% using partly deceptive names and 29.2% using completely false names. An algorithmic… [161] (2004)The gap between training and research in the detection of deception
International Journal of Police Science and Management The paper concluded that research provides only limited support for the Reid Technique's nonverbal behavior model, with many purported deception cues showing weak or no… [162] (2004)Police Officers’ Lie Detection Accuracy: Interrogating Freely Versus Observing Video
Police Quarterly Police officers failed to detect deception better than chance in both conditions, with no accuracy advantage for active interrogation over passive observation. Interrogators showed a… [163] (2004)The Closing of the Coffin on Forensic Polygraph Evidence for Australia: Mallard v The Queen [2003] WASCA 296
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law The court concluded that polygraph technique has not been shown to be a reliable method for determining truth or untruth, lacks adequate acceptance within the… [164] (2003)Behavioral confirmation in the interrogation room: On the dangers of presuming guilt
Law & Human Behavior Interrogators with guilty expectations selected more guilt-presumptive questions, used more coercive techniques, and judged suspects as guilty—especially when paired with innocent suspects. Neutral observers perceived… [165] (2003)A Paucity of Operable Case Facts Restricts Applicability of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in FBI Criminal Polygraph Examinations
Forensic Science Communications The guilty knowledge technique was applicable in only 5.0%-8.6% of FBI criminal investigations overall, with significantly higher rates in bank robberies (25.0%) and kidnappings (17.2%),… [166] (2003)The use of law enforcement polygraph tests with juveniles
Journal of Credibility Assessment and Witness Psychology 74.3% of surveyed law enforcement examiners had polygraphed at least one juvenile, with some testing children as young as 7 years old; however, over half… [167] (2003)A Four-Domain Model for Detecting Deception: An Alternative Paradigm for Interviewing.
PsycEXTRA Dataset The four-domain model provides a practical taxonomy for behavioral observation, emphasizing that comfort/discomfort is among the most important indicators for assessing veracity, while acknowledging that… [168] (2003)A Paucity of Operable Case Facto Restricts Applicability of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in FBI Criminal Polygraph Examination
Forensic Sciences Communication Of 758 FBI criminal examinations, only 6.7% had three or more operable keys available for CIT testing, with 89.2% having zero usable keys—demonstrating that the… [169] (2002)Practical Kinesic Information Recovery and Statement — Credibility Assessment
Principles of Kinesic Interview and Interrogation The chapter establishes that no single verbal or nonverbal behavior proves deception, emphasizing cluster-based pattern recognition. Key credibility markers include pronoun consistency, verb tense patterns,… [170] (2002)Polygraphic Examinations in Japan: Application of the Guilty Knowledge Test
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 4, 16–27 Documented Japan’s unique use of the CIT as the only polygraph method used in criminal investigations. Japan remains the world leader in field CIT application,… [171] (2002 • FIELD APPLICATION)Practical Use of the Concealed Information Test for Criminal Investigation in Japan
Book Chapters Detailed review of Japan’s routine operational use of the CIT in criminal investigations. Documented standardized procedures used by Japanese police with cases involving murder, arson,… [172] (2002)Repeated interrogations: Verbal and non-verbal cues to deception
Applied Cognitive Psychology Liars displayed significantly fewer smiles, self-manipulations, pauses, and less gaze aversion than truth-tellers, with these differences increasing over time. Contrary to conventional wisdom, truthful and… [173] (2002)Does the Confession Criterion in Case Selection Inflate Polygraph Accuracy Estimates?
Forensic Science Communications The study found no statistically significant differences in polygraph detectability between confession-verified and non-confession-verified guilty subjects, indicating that the confession criterion does not inflate polygraph… [174] (2002)Suspects, lies and videotape: An analysis of authentic high-stakes liars
Law and Human Behavior Suspects blinked less frequently and made longer pauses during deceptive statements compared to truthful statements, while maintaining equal eye contact in both conditions. These findings… [175] (2001)Deception Detection: Interrogators' and Observers' Decoding of Consecutive Statements
The Journal of Psychology Consistency over time was by far the most commonly used cue for veracity judgments, yet deceptive statements were at least equally consistent as truthful statements.… [176] (2001)Telling and detecting lies in a high-stake situation: the case of a convicted murderer
Applied Cognitive Psychology Police officers showed 70% accuracy detecting truthful statements but only 57% accuracy detecting lies in authentic high-stakes scenarios, and officers relying on stereotypical deception cues… [177] (2001)Deception detection based on repeated interrogations
Legal and Criminological Psychology Lie-catchers given access to multiple statements did not outperform those with single statements, yet repeated interrogations inflated confidence in judgments. Consistency over time was the… [178] (2001)Who killed my relative? Police officers' ability to detect real-life high-stake lies
Psychology, Crime & Law Police officers performed no better than chance at detecting the high-stakes lies. Accuracy was unrelated to confidence, age, or professional experience, though experienced interviewers showed… [179] (2001)Truthfulness, Deception and Self-Deception in Recovering True and False Memories of Child Sexual Abuse
International Review of Victimology Self-deception detection presents unique challenges beyond traditional deception detection because it involves implicit processes where individuals simultaneously appear to know and not know information. Detection… [180] (2001)Using brain MERMER testing to detect knowledge despite efforts to conceal
Journal of Forensic Sciences The MERMER technique showed promise in detecting whether specific crime-relevant information was stored in subjects' brains, representing a shift from detecting deception to detecting concealed… [181] (2000)A Field Study of the Integrated Zone Comparison Technique
Polygraph The IZCT achieved near-perfect accuracy in real-world criminal investigations with zero false positives among truthful examinees and only 1.5 errors among approximately 300 deceptive subjects… [182] (2000)Detection of deception: Statement Validity Analysis as a means of determining truthfulness or falsity of rape allegations
Legal and Criminological Psychology SVA correctly classified 100% of true allegations and 91.7% of false allegations, outperforming police officer judgments, though subsequent methodological critiques regarding lack of rater blinding… [183] (2000)Truth, lies, and videotape: An investigation of the ability of federal parole officers to detect deception
Law and Human Behavior Federal parole officers improved from a below-chance baseline accuracy of 40.4% to 76.7% following structured lie detection training, significantly outperforming untrained controls (62.5%), demonstrating that… [184] (1999)PolyScore 3.3 and psychophysiological detection of deception examiner rates of accuracy when scoring examinations from actual criminal investigations
Polygraph PolyScore 3.3 achieved 90.9% accuracy on ZCT examinations but lower accuracy on MGQT examinations, while human PDD examiners achieved 82.3% accuracy on MGQT using the… [185] (1999)Opinia z ekspertyzy poligraficznej jako dowód odciążający
The work found that in the overwhelming majority of cases, polygraph tests produced exculpatory evidence for examined persons and could effectively eliminate innocent suspects even… [186] (1998)An Effective Interrogation and a Valid Confession
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception The Gardner case established five core principles for valid interrogations: maintain conversational dialogue, ask explicit questions, avoid mixing interview types, prioritize inconsistency analysis over deception… [187] (1998)Language of the Interrogator as Therapist
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception The analysis revealed that therapeutic language patterns in interrogation—including memory recovery framing and empathetic alliance-building—can be as coercive as overtly confrontational tactics, with a federal… [188] (1998)Language of Truthfulness and Deception
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception Deceptive statements showed systematic linguistic patterns including pronoun distancing (saying 'no one gave it' instead of 'I didn't give it'), unexplained time lapses, verb tense… [189] (1998)Unvalidated Confession
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception The case revealed that unvalidated confessions create irresolvable credibility contests, as human memory proves unreliable for verbatim recall and witnesses may unconsciously reconstruct statements to… [190] (1998)Language of the Implicational Confession
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception The chapter demonstrates that implicational confessions occur when suspects appear to admit guilt through pragmatically implied rather than explicitly stated language, creating legal challenges in… [191] (1998)Language of Written Confessions
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception Linguistic analysis revealed that Michael Carter's written confession matched the detective's sentence structure rather than Carter's own documented speech patterns, leading to dismissal of all… [192] (1998)Language of the Police Interrogation
The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception Interrogators made ample use of power through linguistic choices—challenging, warning, accusing, and dominating—with minimal open-ended questions. Deception indicators included short answers, pronoun changes, repetition, and… [193] (1997)The Influence of Positive and Negative Victim Credibility on the Assessment of Rape Victims; An Experimental Study of Expectancy—Confirmation Bias
International Review of Victimology Prior victim credibility information significantly influenced interview questioning patterns, confirming expectancy-confirmation bias, though effects on final evaluations were only partially confirmed. [194] (1997)The psychology of confession evidence
American Psychologist The paper identified three specific problems: police routinely use deception and psychological coercion during interrogation; these methods can cause innocent people to falsely confess; and… [195] (1996)Criterion development and validity of the CQT in field application
Journal of General Psychology Original field examiners achieved 96% accuracy and independent blind evaluations achieved 93% accuracy (excluding inconclusives) on CQT decisions in actual criminal cases, with inter-rater reliability… [196] (1994)Differentiation of truthful and deceptive criminal suspects in Behavior Analysis Interviews
Journal of Forensic Sciences Trained BAI evaluators achieved 91% accuracy on truthful suspects and 80% accuracy on deceptive suspects (excluding inconclusives), with deceptive suspects manifesting theoretically predicted behavioral cues… [197] (1994)Biography of Leonarde Keeler
Polygraph The biography documents Keeler's transformation of the polygraph from experimental apparatus to practical forensic tool, his establishment of the first polygraph school, and his role… [198] (1993)Is the Guilty Knowledge Polygraph Technique Applicable in Criminal Investigations? A Review of FBI Case Records
Crime Laboratory Digest The GKT was deemed applicable in only 13.1% of reviewed FBI criminal cases (95% CI: 4.9%–21.4%), and the majority of remaining cases lacked the operationally… [199] (1993)Validity of an Expanded-Issue (Modified General Question) Polygraph Technique in a Simulated Distributed-Crime-Roles Context
Journal of Applied Psychology The expanded-issue MGQT successfully differentiated guilty participants (thieves and accomplices) from innocent participants at above-chance accuracy levels, while confidants with foreknowledge but no direct criminal… [200] (1993)Usage of polygraphic detection of deception test, in verifying complaints about violence; analysis, and policy recommendations
Unpublished manuscript - Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Two fundamental CQT assumptions encounter difficulties when testing violence victims, increasing false positive error risk. The paper establishes that polygraphing authentic victims adds psychological suffering… [201] (1992)From coercion to deception: the changing nature of police interrogation in America
Crime, Law and Social Change Psychological deception has replaced physical coercion as the most salient feature of contemporary police interrogation. Modern interrogators openly condemn physical force and believe psychological tactics… [202] (1992)A Study of the Relative Effectiveness of Physiological Data in Field Polygraph Examinations
Polygraph The lower pneumograph was the most productive respiratory measure overall (51% of cases) and particularly effective for male examinees, while females showed more balanced upper/lower… [203] (1992)Perceived Credibility of the Communicator: Studies of Perceptual Bias in Police Officers Conducting Rape Interviews
Psychology and Law Police officers rated emotionally distressed rape victims as significantly more credible than controlled victims, and their judgments were influenced by both referral bias (prior information… [204] (1991)Validity of the control question polygraph test: The problem of sampling bias
Journal of Applied Psychology The study found 55% accuracy for innocent subjects but could not establish a valid accuracy estimate for guilty subjects due to near-total dependence on confessions… [205] (1990)Detection of Guilty Knowledge in Real-Life Criminal Investigations
Journal of Applied Psychology Rare field study of CIT in actual criminal investigations. Provided real-world validity data for the concealed information approach, addressing the gap between laboratory and field… [206] (1990)Resurrecting polygraph validation of self‐reported crime data: A note on research method and ethics using the deer poacher∗
Deviant Behavior Strong support for learning theory in explaining poaching behavior, with nearly all subjects socialized at an early age by friends and family. All but two… [207] (1989)Psychopathy, threat, and polygraph test accuracy
Journal of Applied Psychology Psychopathy did not confer any advantage in defeating the CQT — guilty psychopaths were detected just as easily as guilty non-psychopaths at 87% accuracy —… [208] (1989)The Psychopath as Prototype for Pathological Lying and Deception
Credibility Assessment The chapter's central finding was a marked discrepancy between clinical/behavioral manifestations of deception by psychopaths and empirical findings from laboratory measures, with evidence suggesting that… [209] (1989)Assessing credibility of allegations of child sexual abuse: Polygraph examinations and statement analysis
Criminal behavior and the justice system: Psychological perspectives At the University of Utah during 1983-85, 56% of accused persons examined by polygraph were diagnosed as truthful in their denials. The authors proposed that… [210] (1988 • FIELD STUDY)A Field Study of the Validity of the Directed Lie Control Question
Journal of Police Science and Administration First field validation of the directed-lie comparison question format. Results showed DLC was at least as accurate as the probable-lie CQT with fewer false positive… [211] (1988 • LANDMARK FIELD STUDY)A Study of the Validity of Polygraph Examinations in Criminal Investigation
National Institute of Justice, Grant No. 85-IJ-CX-0040 Major NIJ-funded field study demonstrating that CQT accuracy exceeded 90% when properly employed by skilled examiners. Established benchmark for forensic polygraph validity in actual criminal… [212] (1988 • INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE)Interviewing and Interrogation for Law Enforcement
Williams & Wilkins (4th Edition) Updated edition of the influential Reid Technique manual. Documented the evolution of polygraph from pure detection tool to interview-enhancing instrument that promotes confession and disclosure. [213] (1987 • FIELD STUDY)Polygraph Field Test Accuracy of CQT in Criminal Cases
Law and Human Behavior Field validation using confirmed criminal case outcomes. Achieved accuracy rates above 90% for both truthful and deceptive classifications, consistent with laboratory findings. [214] (1986)The Psychological Principles of Criminal Interrogation
Criminal Interrogation and Confessions, 3rd edition Jayne's central finding is that the interrogator's goal can be operationalized as simultaneously reducing the perceived consequences of truthful disclosure while increasing the anxiety associated… [215] (1985)Scientific Crime Detection: Early Efforts in Chicago
By 1932, polygraph testing had become the laboratory's primary function, surpassing ballistics work; over 2,171 polygraph examinations were conducted between 1935-1938 despite significant cultural resistance… [216] (1985 • FIELD STUDY)Psychopathy and Polygraph Detection of Deception in a Prison Population
Psychophysiology Tested 48 inmates (half high psychopathy). Overall 88% accurate, 4% wrong, 8% inconclusive. No significant differences between psychopaths and nonpsychopaths, suggesting CQT works equally for… [217] (1984)The Lie Detector Man: The Career and Cases of Leonarde Keeler
Keeler conducted the first admissible polygraph examination in court on February 2, 1935, in Portage, Wisconsin, resulting in criminal convictions and marking the first instance… [218] (1984)Confidence, Accuracy, and Utility of Polygraph Decisions
Journal of Applied Psychology Examined the relationship between examiner confidence and decision accuracy. Field study included in the OTA analysis. Highlighted that structural improvements to testing protocols can reduce… [219] (1983)Vernehmung und non-verbale Information [Assessing validity of testimonial statements by interviewing and polygraphic techniques]
Wissenschaftliche Kriminalistik Undeutsch argued that polygraphic assessment is most valid when integrated with verbal statement analysis and nonverbal behavioral observation, with no single technique being sufficient on… [220] (1982)Field Validity Study of CQT
Journal of Applied Psychology One of ten field studies meeting OTA minimum scientific standards. Provided accuracy data from real criminal investigations that contributed to the overall evidence base for… [221] (1982 • MOCK CRIME/FIELD)A Method for Evaluating the Use of the Polygraph in a Real-Life Situation
Journal of Applied Psychology Innovative Israeli study using real crime scenario with unknown ground truth to evaluate polygraph accuracy. Demonstrated CQT effectiveness in a naturalistic military context. [222] (1980)Amnesia: Its detection by psychophysiological measures
Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Personality-disordered patients were found deceptive at a rate of 63%, nearly five times the rate observed in patients with no major psychiatric illness, and shorter… [223] (1980)A polygraphy examination of a sexually molested child
Polygraph The case study demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a polygraph examination on a child sexual molestation victim and generating physiologically recordable data, contributing one of… [224] (1978)The Peak of Tension Tests Utilized in the Ashmore Kidnapping
Polygraph The multi-stage SPOT examination successfully narrowed the search area from general county-level regions to specific map sectors through systematic testing, with the suspect showing consistent… [225] (1978)An Experimental Investigation of the Relative Validity and Utility of the Polygraph Technique and Three Other Common Methods of Criminal Identification
Journal of Forensic Sciences Polygraph testing achieved the highest accuracy with 18 of 20 correct decisions (90%), 1 incorrect decision (5%), and 1 inconclusive (5%), outperforming eyewitness identification, fingerprints,… [226] (1978)Psychopathy and detection of deception in a prison population
Psychophysiology 100% of guilty subjects (both psychopaths and nonpsychopaths) were correctly identified using the CQT, with 91% accuracy for innocent subjects. Psychopaths showed equivalent physiological responsivity… [227] (1977)The effects of selected variables on interpretation of polygraph records
Journal of Applied Psychology Blind chart evaluators achieved only 63.3% accuracy on police cases when denied access to special charts available to original examiners, significantly below accuracy rates reported… [228] (1976)Validity and Reliability of Polygraph Examinations of Criminal Suspects
Report No. 76-1, U.S. Department of Justice (LEAA) One of the earliest rigorous field studies of the CQT with criminal suspects. Established baseline accuracy data that would be referenced in every subsequent government… [229] (1975)The Influence of Auxiliary Sources of Information in Polygraph Diagnoses
Journal of Police Science and Administration Auxiliary case information demonstrably biased polygraph diagnostic outcomes, with examiners given incriminating background showing a systematic shift toward deceptive verdicts relative to blind chart-only evaluators. [230] (1969 • CLASSIC FIELD STUDY)A Validation Study of Polygraph Examiner Judgments
Journal of Applied Psychology Pioneering field validity study using panel of attorneys to establish ground truth. Found 92% agreement between polygraph results and panel verdicts. One of the earliest… [231] (1969)Results of Probing Peak of Tension Tests Used in Other Crimes and Its Relation to the Suspected Conditions
Polygraph Reports Of 254 examinees tested with Probing Peak of Tension tests for other crimes, 77.56% displayed physiological reactions and either confessed or had their crimes confirmed,… [232] (1968)Experimental Evaluation of Galvanic Skin Response and Blood Pressure Change Indices During Criminal Interrogation
Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science The study found that physiological response patterns during real criminal interrogations differed meaningfully from those predicted by laboratory research, confirming that the translation of laboratory-derived… [233] (1965)Construction and Interviewing of Probing Peak of Tension Tests for Some Other Crime Suspected and Their Results
Polygraph Reports 77.56% of the 254 suspects tested showed physiological reactions indicative of guilty knowledge, and these reactions were subsequently confirmed through confessions or investigative corroboration. [234] (1962)Criminal Interrogation and Confessions
Williams & Wilkins (First Edition) The 1962 manual formalized the Reid Technique's nine-step interrogation process and linked polygraph examination outcomes directly to psychological interrogation strategy, becoming the foundational practitioner text… [235] (1955)Routine Screening of Criminal Suspects by the Polygraph (Lie-Detector) Technique
The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science Seven of nine deceptive subjects confessed to an additional 25 burglaries and implicated 7 accomplices, all of whom were arrested and corroborated the original confessions. [236] (1953)Lie detection and criminal investigation
The work formalized the Control Question Test approach, integrated behavioral observation with physiological measurement, and established standardized pre-test interview procedures that became foundational to the… [237] (1942)Deception Test Criteria: How One Can Determine Truth and Falsehood from Polygraphic Records
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Trovillo identified and classified 23 physiological response patterns indicative of deception — 11 cardiovascular, 6 respiratory, and 6 electrodermal — marking the first formal, peer-reviewed… [238] (1942)Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation
Williams & Wilkins The book established standardized operational procedures for the Relevant-Irrelevant polygraph technique and the Peak of Tension (guilty knowledge) test, and laid the doctrinal groundwork for… [239] (1939)Science Can Get the Confession
Fordham Law Review Summers claimed 98–100% accuracy for his Pathometer (galvanometric/GSR device), asserting that it was 'quite impossible' for a subject to deceive an experienced examiner, and argued… [240] (1937)A new psychogalvanometric technique in criminal investigation
Psychological Bulletin Summers reported 98-100% accuracy with the Pathometer in detecting deception, and his work directly led to Leonarde Keeler's addition of the galvanic skin response (GSR)… [241] (1932)Lying and its detection: A study of deception and deception tests
University of Chicago Press (Behavior Research Fund Monographs) The monograph established that coordinated multi-channel physiological recording — integrating blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity — could provide a scientifically grounded basis for… [242] (1930)A Method For Detecting Deception
American Journal of Police Science Laboratory experiments achieved 93% accuracy in identifying deception regarding hidden objects, while field data from 8,000+ suspects showed 80% confirmation rates in personnel screening and… [243] (1927)The use of the polygraph in the study of deception at the Institute of Juvenile Research, Chicago
Dept. of Public Welfare Larson reported inconclusive polygraph results in approximately 40% of examinations due to individual physiological variability, and identified both false positive responses in innocent subjects (driven… [244] (1926)Pathological Lying, Accusation, and Swindling: A Study in Forensic Psychology
Among 1,000 juvenile offenders studied, 8-10 were genuine pathological liars showing excessive falsification disproportionate to any discernible goal. The study documented gender differences (26% of… [245] (1919)Studies in Word-association
Jung demonstrated that emotionally charged stimulus words produced prolonged reaction times, memory disturbances, and measurable physiological changes (galvanic skin response, respiration) that could not be… [246] (0)Polygraphs and 250 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations
Across 215 documented wrongful conviction exonerations, polygraph examinations correctly indicated exoneree innocence in approximately 80% of cases with clear results (a 4:1 ratio of passes…Related research topics
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