Counter-Countermeasures

[001] Lubczyk, T., Lukács, G., Ansorge, U. (2022)

Speed versus accuracy instructions in the response time concealed information test

Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Speed versus accuracy instructions had no significant effect on RT-CIT validity, with detection accuracy remaining stable at approximately 96% across all instruction groups. Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods [002] Linda Marjoleine Geven; Bruno J. Verschuere; Merel Kindt; Shlomit Vaknine; Gershon Ben-Shakhar (2022)

Countering information leakage in the Concealed Information Test: The effects of item detailedness

Psychophysiology The study tested whether item detailedness could counter information leakage effects in the CIT, investigating if more specific questions preserve detection accuracy while reducing false… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [003] Bruno J. Verschuere (2021)

How Vulnerable is the Reaction Time Concealed Information Test to Faking?

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Without response deadlines, the RT-CIT was vulnerable to faking (d = 1.06-1.08), but implementation of an 800ms response deadline rendered faking completely ineffective (d =… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods [004] Millen, A.E., Hancock, P.J.B. (2019)

Eye see through you! Eye tracking unmasks concealed face recognition despite countermeasures

Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Longer fixation durations remained a consistent marker of concealed face recognition across both standard and countermeasures conditions, with differences detectable from the first fixation. In… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [005] Tuvia Shurany (2015)

Using the Polygraph Validation Test (PVT) in Solving Conflicted Polygraph Results and Confirming Deliberate Distortions by Examinees

European Polygraph The PVT successfully resolved all 51 cases of conflicted polygraph results and confirmed suspected deliberate distortions, with classic physiological patterns (POT reactions) indicating when examinees… Countermeasures Research [006] Luke, T.J., Dawson, E., Hartwig, M., Granhag, P.A. (2014)

How awareness of possible evidence induces forthcoming counter-interrogation strategies

Applied Cognitive Psychology When alerted to possible evidence from surveillance cameras, guilty suspects polarized into extremely withholding or extremely forthcoming verbal strategies, while innocent suspects remained consistently forthcoming… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [007] Charles Robert Honts (2014 • CQT COUNTERMEASURES CHAPTER)

Countermeasures and Credibility Assessment

In Raskin, Honts & Kircher (Eds.), Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications, Academic Press Updated review of countermeasure research including developments since the 2003 NRC report. Discussed cognitive load as a factor in countermeasure resistance. Countermeasures Research [008] Bowman, H., Filetti, M., Janssen, D., Su, L., Alsufyani, A., Wyble, B. (2014)

Subliminal salience search illustrated: EEG identity and deception detection on the fringe of awareness

PLOS ONE All 15 participants (100%) showed detectable brain responses to their concealed real name at α = 0.05, with 13 of 15 detected via single-electrode analysis… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [009] Michael R. Winograd (2013)

P900: A Putative Novel ERP Component that Indexes Countermeasure Use in the P300-Based Concealed Information Test

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback P900 was observed in all subjects specifically in response to non-countered stimuli, was absent for countered stimuli, and could be elicited without the presence of… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [010] Xiaoqing Hu; D. Hegman; E. Landry; J. Peter Rosenfeld (2012)

Increasing Irrelevant Stimuli Increases Ability to Detect Countermeasures

Psychophysiology Found that increasing the number of irrelevant stimuli in P300-based CIT improved the ability to detect countermeasure use. Advanced the complex trial protocol methodology for… Countermeasures Research [011] Hu, X., Hegeman, D., Landry, E., Rosenfeld, J.P. (2012)

Increasing the number of irrelevant stimuli increases ability to detect countermeasures to the P300-based complex trial protocol for concealed information detection

Psychophysiology Increasing irrelevant stimuli from four to eight restored reaction time as an effective countermeasure detector in 50% and 75% countermeasure conditions, while P300-based detection maintained… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [012] Tuvia Shurany (2011)

Polygraph Verification Test

European Polygraph The PVT provides examiners with a validated tool for confirming suspicions about test interference when original polygraph results are questionable or conflicted. Countermeasures Research [013] J. Peter Rosenfeld (2011 – ONGOING)

P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface Deception Detection

Psychophysiology Development and validation of the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) for P300-based concealed information detection. Demonstrated large effect sizes (d* = 1.59–1.89) for brain-wave-based detection, with… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [014] Rosenfeld, J.P., Labkovsky, E. (2010)

New P300-based protocol to detect concealed information: resistance to mental countermeasures against only half the irrelevant stimuli and a possible ERP indicator of countermeasures

Psychophysiology The Complex Trial Protocol achieved 100% detection accuracy in both simple guilty and countermeasure groups when comparing probe versus all averaged irrelevants, with 92-100% accuracy… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [015] Dario Cvencek (2010)

Faking of the Implicit Association Test is statistically detectable and partly correctable

Basic and Applied Social Psychology The Combined Task Slowing (CTS) index detected instructed IAT faking with an average 75% accuracy (AUC up to .86) across four studies; CTS-based score adjustment… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods [016] J. Peter Rosenfeld; Elena Labkovsky (2010)

New P300-based protocol to detect concealed information: resistance to mental countermeasures

Psychophysiology The Complex Trial Protocol successfully resisted mental countermeasures applied to half the irrelevant stimuli, maintaining detection accuracy where traditional P300 methods would fail. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [017] Honts, C.R., & Crawford, M. (2010)

Polygraph countermeasures cannot be detected from respiratory signatures: Government policy puts the innocent at risk

Polygraph examiners could not reliably detect countermeasures from respiratory patterns, contradicting policy assumptions and creating significant false positive risks for innocent examinees showing normal stress-related… Countermeasures Research [018] Ronald Philip Fisher (2009)

Outsmarting the liars: The benefit of asking unanticipated questions

Law and Human Behavior Unanticipated questions — especially requests to draw the restaurant layout — enabled correct classification of up to 80% of liar and truth-teller pairs, compared to… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods [019] Michael R. Winograd (2009)

Assigned Versus Random, Countermeasure-Like Responses in the P300 Based Complex Trial Protocol for Detection of Deception: Task Demand Effects

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Under low-demand random response conditions, the CTP achieved a guilty hit rate of 11/12 with zero false positives; however, under higher-demand assigned response conditions, the… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [020] Vladimir Vladimirovich Korovin; Aleksandr Petrovich Soshnikov; Stanislav Sokolovskis (2008)

Ways of Revealing Resistance Against Polygraph Testing

European Polygraph The study identifies specific techniques and indicators that can be used to detect when subjects are employing resistance strategies during polygraph testing. Countermeasures Research [021] J.P. Rosenfeld, M.R. Winograd, A. Haynes, E.B. Labkovsky (2008)

Enhancing the complex trial protocol (CTP) and detecting concealed information in a mock crime scenario

International Journal of Psychophysiology The CTP achieved greater than 90% detection accuracy across all testing conditions including when participants attempted countermeasures. Countermeasure use was detectable via elevated reaction times,… Concealed Information Test (CIT) [022] Rosenfeld, J.P., Labkovsky, E., Winograd, M., Lui, M.A., Vandenboom, C., Chedid, E. (2008)

The complex-trial protocol (CTP): A new, countermeasure-resistant, accurate P300-based method for detection of concealed information

Psychophysiology The CTP maintained hit rates greater than 90% across all conditions including active countermeasure use, with false positive rates of 0-0.08 and A′ discrimination values… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [023] J. Peter Rosenfeld (2008 • COMPLEX TRIAL PROTOCOL)

Development of a Countermeasure-Resistant P300-Based Concealed Information Test

Psychophysiology Introduced the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) specifically designed to resist countermeasures that defeated earlier P300 methods. Achieved high accuracy even with countermeasure-trained subjects. Neuroimaging & New Technologies [024] Michael R. Winograd (2008)

The Complex Trial Protocol (CTP): a new, countermeasure-resistant, accurate, P300-based method for detection of concealed information

Psychophysiology Detection accuracy exceeded 90% across all conditions including active countermeasure use, and a novel dual-channel detection system using both P300 amplitude and reaction time patterns… Neuroimaging & New Technologies [025] Ogilvie, J., & Dutton, D.W. (2008)

Improving the detection of physical countermeasures with chair sensors

Polygraph The addition of countermeasure sensors significantly improved examiners' performance in detecting physical countermeasures, while sensor information did not affect scores for examinees who were not… Countermeasures Research [026] Hartwig, M., Granhag, P.A., Strömwall, L.A. (2007)

Guilty and innocent suspects' strategies during police interrogations

Psychology, Crime & Law Guilty suspects reported significantly higher use of strategic impression management (detailed storytelling, consistency, avoiding direct lies) compared to innocent suspects. The Strategic Use of Evidence… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection [027] Charles Robert Honts (2002 • COUNTERMEASURE DETECTION)

Detection of Subjects Employing Directed Countermeasures on the Comparison Question Test

Legal and Criminological Psychology Investigated whether countermeasure use could itself be detected. Found that some countermeasure behaviors produced distinctive physiological patterns detectable by experienced examiners. Countermeasures Research [028] Honts, C. R., Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C. (1994)

Effects of countermeasures on the control-question polygraph test

Journal of Applied Psychology Both mental and physical countermeasures enabled approximately 50% of guilty subjects to defeat the CQT, with strongest effects observed in cardiovascular measures. Countermeasures were difficult… Countermeasures Research [029] Stevenson, M., & Barry, G. (1988)

Use of a motion chair in the detection of physical countermeasures

Defence Life Science Journal Subliminal aversive stimuli acted as an effective deterrent to physical countermeasures during polygraph testing, with significantly fewer countermeasure attempts compared to supraliminal (consciously perceived) stimuli… Countermeasures Research [030] Honts, C.R. (1987)

Interpreting research on countermeasures and the physiological detection of deception

Journal of Police Science and Administration Test format determines optimal countermeasure strategy: Concealed Information Tests require hyperresponsivity/hyporesponsivity strategies while Control Question Tests require selective augmentation of responses. The framework explains apparently… Countermeasures Research [031] Reid, John E. (1945)

Simulated Blood Pressure Responses in Lie-Detector Tests and a Method for Their Detection

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Reid demonstrated that muscular countermeasures could artificially distort cardiovascular readings and developed the first instrumented countermeasure detection system, which became standard in polygraph practice. Countermeasures Research