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CIT
This topic encompasses 593 peer-reviewed studies, primarily in the field of neuroimaging & new technologies. Research in this area spans from the 0s to the 2020s.
593Studies
0s–2020sSpan
18Categories
841Researchers
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Studies tagged “CIT” [593]
All 593 peer-reviewed studies in this research area, sorted by year.
[001]
(2026)
Modes of visual framing in neuropsychological deception detection research
Science, Technology & Human Values German neuropsychologists demonstrate notable methodological restraint in brain-based deception detection research, with researchers warning about AI-based approaches lacking transparency and theoretical foundations. [002] (2026)Deception Detection: Comparing the Lexicon-Based Approaches and Verifiability Approach
Criminal Justice and Behavior Both lexicon-based (LIWC) and verifiability approaches detected deception at above chance accuracy, with no significant difference in predictive accuracy between the two methods when analyzing… [003] (2026)A novel method based on variational mode decomposition for lie detection
Egyptian Informatics Journal VMD-based signal decomposition significantly enhanced P300 detection clarity and stability during deception compared to classical filtering methods, improving the reliability of EEG-based lie detection through… [004] (2026)Influence of Stimulus Layout and Social Presence on Deception-Related Eye Movements and Blinks in the Concealed Information Test
Journal of Eye Movement Research Concealment in multi-object CIT displays produced significantly more fixations (diff = 0.95, p < 0.001) and fewer blinks compared to truthful responses. Deception-related eye movement… [005] (2025)Decoding Deception with the P300: A Meta-Analysis of the Concealed Information Test
Biological Psychology / Psychiatry Included 54 experimental studies using mock-crime and personal-item paradigms. Found a large mean effect size (d*) of 1.59 for the P300. Complex trial protocols maximized… [006] (2025)Neurocognitive Lie Detection Using EEG: Fast-Converging Deep Learning Models for Innocent and Guilty Classification in Neurological Disorders
The framework achieved accuracy above 80% with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 75% while converging faster than conventional classifiers, demonstrating that optimized deep learning can maintain… [007] (2025)FEATURES OF THE CONTENT OF VISUAL STIMULI OF RISK FACTORS FOR POLYGRAPH TESTING OF CANDIDATES FOR SERVICE IN THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРОФАЙЛИНГА И ДЕТЕКЦИИ ЛЖИ В ЮРИДИЧЕСКОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ И ПСИХОЛОГИИ: ВЫЗОВЫ, ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ, БУДУЩЕЕ The study identified risk factors for deviant behavior considered important by law enforcement professionals and provided empirical guidance for developing visual stimuli appropriate for Russian… [008] (2025)Multi-source Multimodal Progressive Domain Adaption for Audio-Visual Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop & Challenge on Subtle Visual Computing The MMPDA framework achieved 60.43% accuracy and 56.99% F1-score on cross-domain deception detection, surpassing the 1st place team by 5.59% on F1-score and demonstrating effective… [009] (2025)Neurophysiological Approaches to Lie Detection: A Systematic Review
Brain Sciences The Concealed Information Test with P300 was the most frequently employed protocol. Bandpass filtering and Discrete Wavelet Transform emerged as preferred preprocessing and feature extraction… [010] (2025)Variance in Veracity: Comparing Two Neuro-Paradigms for CNV Analysis Applied to Deception Detection
2025 2nd Global AI Summit - International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technology (AI Summit) NP2 paradigm achieved highest classification accuracy of 82.2% using Gradient Boosting in visual modality, with stronger CNV responses indicating that embedding deception among familiar stimuli… [011] (2025)Corpus Linguistics and Deception Detection
Reference Module in Social Sciences Deceptive speakers show distinct linguistic patterns including increased word count, more sense-based words, fewer self-references, more other-references, and avoidance of causal terms, though these patterns… [012] (2025)Recognition of emotions by analysing facial expressions with FaceReader (Noldus) vs detection of deception by polygraph examination: A pilot study
European Polygraph The study explored the integration of facial expression analysis technology with traditional polygraph examination to identify emotions accompanying deceptive responses during concealed information testing. [013] (2025)You really don't recognise him? The eye-tracker as a forensic tool for concealed knowledge detection
European Polygraph The study explored whether eye-tracking combined with deep learning can objectively determine recognition of individuals even when examinees deny familiarity, representing a potential advancement in… [014] (2025)The Truth about Lie Detection Test: Admissibility of Expert Evidence on Polygraph
The paper analyzes major evidentiary standards governing polygraph admissibility, including the transition from the Frye general acceptance test to the more flexible Daubert reliability standard… [015] (2025)A Filtering Response Time Concealed Information Test for Searching for Relevant Concealed Items
Applied Cognitive Psychology The filtering RT-CIT protocol reduced testing time by approximately 59% (from 17 to 7 minutes) compared to conventional approaches while maintaining similar probe identification accuracy… [016] (2024)Psychology and the Lie Detector Industry: A Fifty-Year Perspective
Psychophysiology Comprehensive 50-year retrospective on polygraph science since Lykken (1974). Reviews the evolution of CQT, CIT, and screening tests. Notes that government promotion has expanded polygraph… [017] (2024)Psychophysiological and Psychological Foundations of Theories and Practices of Deception Diagnosis
Emotional Development and Youths' Predisposition to Deception The chapter establishes that emotions are critically important in deception manifestation and that polygraph methods must account for motivational, moral, and emotional sphere aspects. Emotional… [018] (2024)Diagnosing eyewitness identifications with reaction time‑based Concealed Information Test: The effect of viewpoint congruency between test and encoding
Psychological Research The RT-CIT demonstrated strong capacity to diagnose face recognition with effect sizes ranging from d = 0.63 to d = 0.91. Viewpoint congruency between encoding… [019] (2024)Assessing partial errors via analog gaming keyboards in response conflict tasks: A proof-of-concept study with the concealed information test
Behavior Research Methods Probe trials showed 2.93% partial errors versus 0.46% for irrelevant items, with strong statistical evidence (Bayes Factor = 275) supporting the detection of response conflict… [020] (2024)Improvement of discrimination method utilizing effect sizes to identify differential physiological responses in the Concealed Information Test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology The weighted effect size method incorporating consistency-based weighting and covariate adjustment outperformed traditional unweighted approaches, providing more accurate and interpretable discrimination between examinees with and… [021] (2024)The Concealed Information Test -- Utilizing P300 data to determine the presence of crime-related information in a suspect's memory
The meta-analysis found a large mean effect size (d* = 1.59) for P300-based CIT, with the complex trial protocol maximizing detection accuracy and reducing countermeasure… [022] (2024)Detecting lies through others’ eyes: Children use perceptual access cues to evaluate listeners’ beliefs about informants’ deception
Children aged 4-7 years demonstrated sophisticated second-order reasoning about lie detection, predicting that receivers with perceptual access would detect deception while ignorant receivers would believe… [023] (2024)The Concealed Information Test -- Utilizing P300 data to deter-mine the presence of crime-related information in a suspect's memory
The meta-analysis revealed a large mean effect size of d = 1.59 for P300-based concealed information detection. Moderation analyses showed that complex trial protocols significantly… [024] (2024)A new attempt at the brain-autonomic hybrid concealed information test.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The research program has identified bimodal peaks in cerebral hemodynamic responses among participants concealing crime involvement, suggesting two distinct cognitive processes during deception. The work… [025] (2024)Area measure of skin conductance in the Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology SC area showed acceptable performance for CIT classification and exceeded chance-level discrimination even for low-responsive participants, though equivalence with traditional amplitude measurement remained inconclusive. Optimal… [026] (2024)Combining recognition, conflict‐monitoring and feedback‐related ERPs to detect concealed autobiographical information
Psychophysiology Three ERP indicators (N200, recognition P300, and feedback P300) significantly discriminated guilty from innocent participants, with combined classification achieving AUC = 0.91. The FRN did… [027] (2024)Video-Based Deception Detection and Financial Fraud
SSRN Electronic Journal Visual deception scores derived from IPO roadshow videos significantly predict financial fraud. The effect is strongest for deception cues related to financial performance discussions, and… [028] (2024)Unveiling Deceptive Intentions: Insights from Eye Movements and Pupil Size
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction Fixation patterns differed significantly between concealing versus faking and truth-telling conditions, while pupil size revealed the object of deception, with number and duration of fixations… [029] (2024)Automatic Detection of Verbal Deception in Romanian With Artificial Intelligence Methods
Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Informatica Results showed that for topic-specific datasets with a common subject, general text representations such as TF-IDF and LSA outperformed psycholinguistic LIWC categories in detecting deception,… [030] (2024)Research in the Information Concealment Paradigm: Assessment of fMRI-Data at the Group Level
Experimental Psychology (Russia) Relaxed statistical criteria increased the number of identified active brain regions in frontal, parietal, and subcortical areas, while sample size adequacy emerged as a critical… [031] (2024)Neuro-Linguistic Programming as a Verbal Lie Detection Tool: A Case Study of Pakistani Digital Media Programs
Kurdish Studies The RoBERTa-base model achieved 75% effectiveness for neurolinguistic deception detection but successfully identified only truth statements, not lies. Lie statements frequently comprised compound, complex, and… [032] (2024)Unveiling the efficacy of the feedback concealed information test in collaborative crime detection
Brain and Cognition Recognition P300 detection efficiency decreased significantly in collaborative crime scenarios, but feedback P300 and feedback-related negativity maintained high detection accuracy, with feedback P300 showing AUC… [033] (2024)Lies divorced from context: evidence for Context Embedded Perception (CEP) as a feasible measure for deception detection
Psychology, Crime & Law CEP scores were significantly lower for liars than truth-tellers, with discriminant analysis achieving 92% correct identification of truth-tellers and 66% of liars (79% overall accuracy).… [034] (2024)Subtle gaze and pupil dynamics: Detecting concealed familiar faces with moving serial visual presentation
Pupil dilation rate achieved 55.2% individual-level detection of concealed familiar faces when eye movements were suppressed, substantially exceeding previous RSVP-CIT performance of 22.6%, though eye… [035] (2024)The concealed information test with a continuously moving stimulus
Psychophysiology The continuous-stimulus CIT successfully detected concealed location knowledge with large effect sizes for both skin conductance (d = 0.71-0.77) and respiration (d = 0.62-0.71). [036] (2024)No Practice Effect on the Classification Accuracy of the Response Time Concealed Information Test
Journal of Forensic Sciences Classification accuracy of the RT-CIT remained stable across repeated testing sessions with no significant practice effects, indicating the test maintains diagnostic validity even when examinees… [037] (2024)TrueWatch: Polygraph Examination With Smartwatches
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security Modern wearable smartwatches can detect lies in the Guilty Knowledge Test protocol, though their detection ability is comparatively weaker than conventional polygraph instruments. [038] (2024)Combining recognition, conflict-monitoring and feedback-related ERPs to detect concealed autobiographical information
Three ERP indicators—conflict-monitoring N200, recognition P300, and feedback P300—significantly discriminated guilty from innocent participants, while FRN did not. Combining the three effective indicators achieved an… [039] (2024)Detecting Deception Using MCI in Twitter
International Journal of Forensic Sciences Computer-based linguistic analysis of MCI-derived Twitter statements achieved 79% classification accuracy in distinguishing truthful reports, denials, and false claims—substantially outperforming human judgment at 54%. Speech… [040] (2024)Introducing Mediated Statement Analysis (Msa): Examining Truthful or Untruthful Social Media Posts to Decode Deception Online
The research successfully developed a nine-category MSA framework that identifies distinctive textual and linguistic patterns differentiating truthful from deceptive social media posts, demonstrating particular utility… [041] (2024)Effects of exercises on physiological levels and differential responding during the concealed information test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology Exercise increased heart rate and respiratory rate, elevating arousal levels. While skin conductance and pulse volume showed habituation in both groups, respiratory speed and rate… [042] (2023)Intelligent Eye-Tracker-Based Methods for Detection of Deception: A Survey
MDPI Journals Eye-tracking methods show promise as a contactless, non-invasive alternative to conventional polygraph examinations, with potential applications in mass-screening scenarios like airport security and pre-employment procedures. [043] (2023)Concealed identity information detection with pupillometry in rapid serial visual presentation
Psychophysiology Pupillometry during RSVP successfully detected concealed identity information at the group level in both an initial and preregistered replication study, with peak effects occurring 600-1200… [044] (2023)Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling of Autonomic Responses during the Concealed Information Test
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology The hierarchical Bayesian state-space model successfully analyzes CIT physiological time-series data in natural measurement units without standardization, revealing typical response magnitudes and individual differences previously… [045] (2023)Effects of Mood on Psychophysiological Detection of Concealed Information and the Relation to Self-Assessed Lying Ability
Brain Sciences Induced happy or sad moods tended to lower relative skin conductance responses to critical items while enhancing relative cardiovascular responses. All physiological measures maintained significant… [046] (2023)The promise of eye-tracking in the detection of concealed memories
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Eye-tracking methods demonstrate particular promise for countermeasure resistance, with task-dependent gaze patterns and multiple oculomotor indices showing differential responses to familiar versus unfamiliar items. [047] (2023)EEG Signal Classification for Concealed Information Test using Spider Monkey Candidate Rule Miner
Multimedia Tools and Applications The SM-CRM successfully generated an optimal rule set for binary classification of guilty versus innocent participants based on EEG data, balancing sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity… [048] (2023)МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ПСИХОФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, ОСУЩЕСТВЛЯЕМОГО С ПОМОЩЬЮ ПОЛИГРАФА
BULLETIN Series Psychology The research presents a comprehensive methodology utilizing multi-channel physiological monitoring (electrodermal, respiratory, cardiovascular, and tremor responses) combined with three testing protocols (SAT, TOKV, P-TZV) and… [049] (2023)P300-based Concealed Information Test Using a Gradual Stimulus Presentation Method
Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange Specific findings unavailable; full text not accessible. Research investigates how gradual stimulus presentation affects P300-CIT effectiveness compared to conventional protocols. [050] (2023)Optimization of Signal Processing Parameters in Psychophysiological Studies on the Example of GSR and PPG
Experimental Psychology (Russia) Universal signal processing parameters were validated that demonstrated superiority over traditional baseline-relative methods and proved applicable across various physiological signals including fMRI. [051] (2023)Review 1: Uncertain Veracity Judgements: Does the Framing of the Question Influence Deception Detection?
No differences in veracity judgments were found between certainty and likelihood framing conditions, with average uncertainty ratings of 42% across both conditions, suggesting that subtle… [052] (2023)The Offender Recognizes the Victim – About the Advantages of Using the Visual Version of Polygraph Test in Serious Criminal Case
European Polygraph The visual CIT successfully proved the suspect knew the victim despite denials, with the physiological arousal to the victim's photograph enabling a confession and identification… [053] (2023)Applicability for auricle normalized pulse volume in the concealed information test Analysis of within-series physiological variations
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study explored auricle-based normalized pulse volume as an alternative measurement site for CIT testing, analyzing physiological response patterns and variations across repeated item presentations… [054] (2023)Counter-Deception Information Fusion Based on Reinforcement Learning Using the Guidance of Belief Entropy and Conflict Management
The reinforcement learning framework successfully detects deceptive evidence that provides little support to correct targets while supporting incorrect ones, outperforming previous conflict-based methods in special… [055] (2023)A new theoretical perspective on concealed information detection
Psychophysiology The voluntary orienting response to significant, expected stimuli modulates CIT effects, and different physiological measures reflect distinct mechanisms: skin conductance reflects pure orienting to recognized… [056] (2023)The effects of mental countermeasures on psychophysiological memory detection: Facilitating orientation is easy, stopping inhibition is not
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Facilitating orientation proved easy but stopping inhibition proved impossible - skin conductance was successfully manipulated while respiration and heart rate remained resistant to voluntary control. [057] (2023)The Challenge to distinguish differences among encoding methods in the concealed information test An examination to distinguish encoding methods within participants
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study likely demonstrated that encoding method significantly moderates CIT detection efficiency, with differential physiological responses varying systematically based on how information was initially acquired,… [058] (2023)Guilty on the Go: Uncovering Concealed Information by Assessing Response Preparation Processes in a Go-Nogo-Paradigm
Collabra: Psychology The paradigm detected both familiarity effects and response preparation processes in guilty participants, with reduced error rates for crime-related probes when preceded by matching prime… [059] (2023)Response Time Concealed Information Test Using Fillers in Cybercrime and Concealed Identity Scenarios
Memory RT-CIT achieved AUC estimates around .70 for cybercrime details but around .95 for autobiographical items, demonstrating that memory type rather than filler design primarily determines… [060] (2023)Deception Detection using a Multimodal Stacked Bi-LSTM Model
2023 International Conference on Innovative Data Communication Technologies and Application (ICIDCA) The multimodal stacked Bi-LSTM model achieved significant improvements in deception detection compared to single-modality models, with multimodal approaches showing 10-15% accuracy improvements over unimodal methods. [061] (2022)System Analysis of Experimenter-Determined and “Free” Lie-Producing Behavior
Psikhologicheskii zhurnal The study revealed systematic differences in psychophysiological patterns and behavioral organization between experimenter-determined and autonomous lie-producing behavior, with implications for understanding how laboratory findings generalize… [062] (2022)Detecting concealed information using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) combined with skin conductance, heart rate, and behavioral measures
Psychophysiology The combination of fNIRS, reaction time, skin conductance, and heart rate achieved an area under the ROC curve of 0.94, compared to individual measures ranging… [063] (2022)Availability of the direct current component of a finger plethysmograph as a measure for the concealed information test
The Japanese journal of psychology All three plethysmographic measures discriminated crime-relevant from irrelevant information using mean values but not phasic changes. BV discriminability was significantly higher when normalized pulse volume… [064] (2022)The Feasibility of the Reaction Time-based Concealed Information Test via Online
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study demonstrated the feasibility of online RT-CIT administration, suggesting that web-based platforms can produce valid results for detecting concealed information despite the technical challenges… [065] (2022)RCIT: An RSVP-Based Concealed Information Test Framework Using EEG Signals
IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems The RCIT framework achieved 82.74% accuracy using linear discriminant analysis in subject-dependent testing and 64.07% accuracy in cross-subject testing. PZ and T7 electrode channels were… [066] (2022)Concealed Information Detection Using EEG for Lie Recognition by ERP P300 in Response to Visual Stimuli: a Review
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS The review found that P300-based CIT with EEG achieves accuracies of 81.9% to 91.83% across different methodologies, significantly outperforming traditional autonomic polygraph methods. Discrete Wavelet… [067] (2022)The comparison of physiological responses by knowledge and those by auditory stimulus changes when asking questions in the concealed information tests
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology Recognition-based responses showed distinct temporal patterns and effect sizes compared to auditory-change responses, with the recognition group displaying maximum differentiation at 7 seconds post-stimulus. The… [068] (2022)Verbal vs visual stimulation using the Concealed Information Test
Assessment and Development Matters Visual stimulus presentation produced significantly higher CIT detection rates compared to auditory presentation, with large effect sizes (d=7.35, p<.005) demonstrating robust differentiation between guilty and… [069] (2022)Hierarchical Bayesian modeling for time series physiological data during the autonomic-based concealed information test.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Hierarchical Bayesian models applied to 167 participants' CIT data provided more accurate effect size estimates than conventional methods, confirmed CIT validity, and revealed heart rate… [070] (2022)Belief or disbelief in feedback influences the detection efficiency of the feedback concealed information test
Frontiers in Psychology Belief in feedback significantly influenced detection efficiency of feedback-related brain responses in the fCIT, with higher accuracy in high-belief participants, while recognition P300 remained effective… [071] (2022)Validity of enhanced reaction time-based concealed information test using Japanese fillers and self-relevance stimuli
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study validated an enhanced RT-CIT protocol using Japanese filler items and self-relevance stimuli, contributing to cross-cultural evidence for the generalizability of filler-based RT-CIT enhancements. [072] (2022)The Application of Machine Learning in Deception Detection : a study based on the effect of empathy on deception detection
2022 4th International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data and Business Intelligence (MLBDBI) The research investigates whether empathy levels moderate human performance when using ML-based deception detection systems, potentially informing personalized approaches to human-AI collaboration in credibility assessment. [073] (2022)Importance-Related Fillers Improve the Classification Accuracy of the Response Time Concealed Information Test in a Crime Scenario
Legal and Criminological Psychology Importance-related fillers significantly improved RT-CIT classification accuracy in crime scenarios, representing the first validation that filler-based enhancement could be adapted beyond autobiographical details to crime-relevant… [074] (2022)An amplitude-independent component of an integral measure in the concealed information test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Skin conductance area obtained by summing the delta signal for 10 seconds after question onset showed the best classification performance and may enable analysis of… [075] (2022)Speed versus accuracy instructions in the response time concealed information test
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Speed versus accuracy instructions had no significant effect on RT-CIT validity, with detection accuracy remaining stable at approximately 96% across all instruction groups. [076] (2022)Effective Connectivity in Cortical Networks During Deception: A Lie Detection Study Based on EEG
IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics High classification accuracy was achieved across delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands. The fronto-parietal network emerged as the most prominent information pathway during deception,… [077] (2022)The effect of mental countermeasures on a novel brain‐based feedback concealed information test
Human Brain Mapping Mental countermeasures impaired recognition-P300 detection but did not significantly affect feedback-related ERPs, with feedback-P300 maintaining 86% detection accuracy (AUC = 0.86), demonstrating the fCIT's potential… [078] (2022)Prolonged Response Time Concealed Information Test Decreases Probe-Control Differences but Increases Classification Accuracy
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Increased test length consistently decreased probe-control response time differences but increased classification accuracy, with approximately 600 total trials emerging as the optimal threshold for maximizing… [079] (2022)Countering information leakage in the Concealed Information Test: The effects of item detailedness
Psychophysiology The study tested whether item detailedness could counter information leakage effects in the CIT, investigating if more specific questions preserve detection accuracy while reducing false… [080] (2021)How Vulnerable is the Reaction Time Concealed Information Test to Faking?
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Without response deadlines, the RT-CIT was vulnerable to faking (d = 1.06-1.08), but implementation of an 800ms response deadline rendered faking completely ineffective (d =… [081] (2021)The P300 and MFN as indicators of concealed knowledge in situations with negative and positive moral valence
Biological Psychology P300 and MFN amplitudes were enlarged for probe versus irrelevant stimuli in both negative (theft) and positive (gift-giving) moral valence conditions, with no significant differences… [082] (2021)Study of Neurocognitive Processes in a Paradigm of Information Concealment
Experimental Psychology (Russia) The study successfully validated simultaneous fMRI and MRI-compatible polygraph recording, demonstrating high consistency between expert scoring and automated assessment while identifying brain functional connectivity patterns… [083] (2021)Brain-based concealed memory detection is driven mainly by orientation to salient items
Cortex P3 CIT effects were similarly strong in both conceal and reveal conditions and enhanced for high-salience items, demonstrating that brain-based concealed memory detection is driven… [084] (2021)Improvement of the Technology of fMRI Experiments in the Concealed Information Paradigm
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The combined fMRI and MRI-compatible polygraph technology successfully identified significant stimuli in 80% of cases at the individual level, with distinct neural activation patterns corresponding… [085] (2021)On the Influence of Sleep Deprivation on the Results of Polygraph Testing
European Polygraph Sleep deprivation of 24 hours did not significantly reduce polygraph detection accuracy in a concealed information test, and energy drink consumption did not alter test… [086] (2021)Quantification methods for within-series physiological variations in the concealed information test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology First-order difference measures of physiological transitions successfully distinguished between knowledgeable and unknowledgeable examinees, demonstrating that sequential response patterns contain diagnostic information beyond traditional amplitude-based scoring. [087] (2021)Addressing selective attrition in the enhanced response time-based concealed information test: A within-subject replication
Applied Cognitive Psychology The enhanced CIT with filler items significantly outperformed the standard version (d=1.07, p<.001) in a within-subject design that eliminated selective attrition as a confounding factor,… [088] (2021)The mechanism of filler items in the response time concealed information test
Psychological Research Smaller proportions of familiarity-related fillers sharing response keys with targets produce larger probe-irrelevant RT differences, and semantic associations between targets and familiarity-referring fillers enhance detection… [089] (2021)Development of Non-contact Deception Detection using Facial Expression and Analysis of Significant Time Period
The Korean Academy of Scientific Criminal Investigation The facial expression-based system achieved 85.19% accuracy in classifying deceptive versus truthful videos on test data, confirming the viability of non-contact deception detection and identifying… [090] (2021)Brain-Computer Interface in Lie Detection
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The review demonstrates that P300-based BCI lie detection methods achieve accuracy rates of 74-86% for distinguishing guilty from innocent subjects, representing a neurophysiologically-grounded alternative to… [091] (2021)A Look Into the Power of fNIRS Signals by Using the Welch Power Spectral Estimate for Deception Detection
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Spontaneous deceptive behavior produced significantly higher power than controlled behavior in frontopolar area (BA10) and DLPFC (BA09), with statistical differences (p < 0.05 and p… [092] (2020)Analysis of Knowledge Graph of Polygraph Research at Home and Abroad Based on CiteSpace
Criminal Justice Science & Governance The study reveals growth in polygraph research output, identification of major research hotspots including CIT and countermeasures, divergent research priorities between Chinese and Western researchers,… [093] (2020)Study of the theory of mind in normal aging: focus on the deception detection and its links with other cognitive functions
Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition Older adults performed significantly worse than young adults on detecting deception, cooperation, and mixed social situations. Frontal abilities decline after age 65 and even more… [094] (2020)The Accuracy of Permutation Test in P300-based Concealed Information Test
Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology Permutation tests maintained nominal Type I error rates while bootstrap methods exceeded significance levels; optimal statistical power achieved with 5 Hz filtering and mean amplitude… [095] (2020)Seven- and eight-year-old children’s deception in the conflict situation
Seven- and eight-year-olds with second-order theory of mind successfully modulated deception based on social context, while six-year-olds showed selective deception limited to simple competitive scenarios… [096] (2020)Eye spy a liar: assessing the utility of eye fixations and confidence judgments for detecting concealed recognition of faces, scenes and objects
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Recognition of personally familiar faces was robustly detected across multiple fixation markers (fewer fixations, fewer interest areas viewed, fewer return fixations) during both honest and… [097] (2020)The Picture Superiority Effect in Memory Detection: Modality Effects in the Concealed Information Test
Pictorially encoded crime details were easier to detect than verbally encoded details. Items encoded and tested in the same modality showed better detection. Verbally encoded… [098] (2020)Concealed emotion analysis and recognition method
Advances in Psychological Science The paper presents a theoretical framework integrating micro-expressions with synchronized EEG and multiple physiological channels to overcome limitations of single-modality concealed emotion detection, with proposed… [099] (2020)Phase synchrony and its application to lie detection
2020 IEEE International Conference on Power, Intelligent Computing and Systems (ICPICS) Pattern recognition analysis of phase synchrony achieved 88% accuracy in lie detection, with deceptive responses showing greater oscillatory synchronization than truthful responses across brain regions… [100] (2020)Memory‐Based Deception Detection: Extending the Cognitive Signature of Lying From Instructed to Self‐Initiated Cheating
Topics in Cognitive Science Both instructed cheaters (n=107) and self-initiated cheaters (n=142) showed significant RT-slowing on the CIT compared to fair players, proving that the cognitive signature of lying… [101] (2020)Distinguishing true from false confessions using physiological patterns of concealed information recognition – A proof of concept study
Biological Psychology True confessors showed larger physiological responses to correct versus incorrect answers, while false confessors exhibited no differential responding, successfully distinguishing genuine from false admissions of… [102] (2020)Is the t-test insensitive than the bootstrap method in the P300-based concealed information test?
THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY The t-test and percentile bootstrap method showed similar Type I error rates, with the bootstrap method demonstrating only slightly higher statistical power than the t-test,… [103] (2020)Seen this scene? Scene recognition in the reaction-time Concealed Information Test
Memory & Cognition Scene stimuli produced RT-CIT effects equivalent to object stimuli with excellent diagnostic accuracy (AUC = .919, d = 1.93 for autobiographic scenes; AUC = .696-.709… [104] (2020)Is the CIT susceptible to misleading information? A constructive replication
International Journal of Psychophysiology Misleading information reduced explicit memory of mock crime details, but physiological CIT responses (skin conductance and respiration) were only partially attenuated, suggesting crime-relevant information detection… [105] (2020)Financial Incentive does not Affect P300 in the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) Version in Concealed Information Test (CIT) in Malingering DetectionUninstructed Subjects
CHERKASY UNIVERSITY BULLETIN: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SERIES Financial incentive did not affect the P300 CIT effect across motivation conditions, though semantic memory probes (birthdates) produced larger P300s than episodic probes (names). The… [106] (2020)Complications travel: A cross-cultural comparison of the proportion of complication as a verbal cue to deceit
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Complications emerged as a cross-culturally stable cue to truthfulness across Russian, Hispanic, and Korean samples, with truth-tellers consistently providing more complications than liars. In contrast,… [107] (2020)The effect of retroactive memory interference on the P300-based Complex Trial Protocol (CTP)
International Journal of Psychophysiology Retroactive memory interference did not threaten P300-based CTP accuracy, with significant probe vs. irrelevant amplitude differences maintained across all experimental conditions regardless of interference manipulation… [108] (2020)Classification of EEG signals using hybrid combination of features for lie detection
Neural Computing and Applications The hybrid combination of EMD-derived features with Support Vector Machine classification achieved 99.44% accuracy in detecting deception, significantly outperforming traditional single-domain feature extraction methods. [109] (2020)The effect of an unpleasant non-critical item on heart rate in the Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study examined how emotional properties of non-critical items affect heart rate measurements in the CIT, with implications for maintaining valid comparison baselines and ensuring… [110] (2020)Effects of concealment on physiological and psychological responses during the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Concealment significantly enhanced physiological differentiation between critical and noncritical items across skin conductance, heart rate, normalized pulse volume, and respiration, while non-concealing participants showed differentiation… [111] (2020)Effects of introducing a target stimulus on differential autonomic responding in the concealed information test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The research investigated how target stimulus presentation influences the magnitude and pattern of autonomic differentiation between probe and irrelevant items in the CIT, contributing to… [112] (2020)Response Time Concealed Information Test on smartphones
Collabra: Psychology The RT-CIT performed equivalently on smartphones and desktop computers, with thumb-based responses on touchscreens yielding equally efficient results as conventional index finger responses. [113] (2020)Dispersion matters: Diagnostics and control data computer simulation in Concealed Information Test studies
PLoS One Standard deviation substantially influences classification efficiency to the point that methods with lower mean differences can achieve superior AUC values (.858 vs .813) when dispersion… [114] (2020)No effect of moderate alcohol intake on the detection of concealed identity information in the laboratory
Scientific Reports Moderate alcohol intake did not significantly affect the detection of concealed identity information in laboratory conditions. [115] (2020)Individual differences in ERPs during deception: Observing vs. demonstrating behavior leading to a small social conflict
Biological Psychology Women showed larger P300 differences between probe and irrelevant items. Response conflicts diminished for women in the informed/witness condition. High-Machiavellianism women showed smaller MFN amplitude… [116] (2019)Increased Motor Cortex Excitability for Concealed Visual Information
Journal of Psychophysiology The study found a non-specific increase in overall corticospinal excitability at 300 ms post-stimulus during deception, but no muscle-specific activation of truth-telling motor representations, contrary… [117] (2019)Deleterious effects of probe‐related versus irrelevant targets on the “CIT effect” in the P300‐ and RT‐based three‐stimulus protocol for detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology Probe-related targets that shared contextual features with the crime significantly reduced both P300 and reaction time-based discrimination accuracy compared to standard irrelevant targets, demonstrating that… [118] (2019)Reaction time-based Concealed Information Test in eyewitness identification is moderated by picture similarity but not eyewitness cooperation
Psychological Research RT-CIT effectiveness was significantly impaired when using closely matched faces (as required for fair lineups) compared to non-matched faces, but eyewitness cooperativeness did not affect… [119] (2019)Methodological improvements of the association-based concealed information test
Both improved versions outperformed the original A-CIT, with the ID-EAST color-based version achieving AUC = 0.89, comparable to the most accurate deception detection methods. Classification… [120] (2019)Testing a potential alternative to traditional identification procedures: Reaction time-based concealed information test does not work for lineups with cooperative witnesses
Applied Cognitive Psychology The RT-CIT demonstrated negligibly small diagnostic validity (d = 0.14, 95% CI 0.08-0.19) across five experiments, failing to effectively identify perpetrators when eyewitnesses were cooperative… [121] (2019)Evaluative Observation in a Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychiatry Evaluative observation via live video camera did not enhance CIT detection: differential physiological responses were statistically equivalent across observation and no-observation groups for all measures… [122] (2019)P300-based deception detection of mock network fraud with modified genetic algorithm and combined classification
2019 7th International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) The modified genetic algorithm and combined classification approach effectively detected concealed information about network fraud activities, demonstrating the feasibility of applying P300-based testing to cybercrime… [123] (2019)Frequent Countermeasure Usage by Narcissistic Examinees in the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychology Narcissistic personality traits and high self-assessed lie-telling ability significantly predicted the frequency with which guilty examinees employed countermeasures in the CIT, with particularly strong correlations… [124] (2019)Validity of the Reaction Time Concealed Information Test in a Prison Sample
Frontiers in Psychiatry The RT-CIT demonstrated high validity in the prison sample with robust effect sizes. Error rate CIT-effects were elevated in prisoners compared to controls, while reaction… [125] (2019)Detecting concealed familiarity using eye movements: the role of task demands
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications In the concealed condition, participants showed significantly more fixations toward familiar faces (d = 1.06), but this effect completely disappeared when countermeasures were employed (d… [126] (2019)Eye see through you! Eye tracking unmasks concealed face recognition despite countermeasures
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Longer fixation durations remained a consistent marker of concealed face recognition across both standard and countermeasures conditions, with differences detectable from the first fixation. In… [127] (2019)Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Augmented with Polygraph: New Capabilities
Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures Successfully developed and tested MRI-compatible polygraph technology, identifying three distinct subject groups based on autonomic reactivity patterns with corresponding differences in brain stem activation during… [128] (2019)Verbal characteristics of lie detection in different conditions of the interview
Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology The proportion of complications distinguished truth tellers from liars better when answering unexpected questions, but only in interpreter-absent interviews. Both truth tellers and liars provided… [129] (2019)Mapping of the brain activation associated with deception using fused EEG and fNIRS
Neural Imaging and Sensing 2019 The combined EEG-fNIRS approach achieved 0.94 AUC for distinguishing guilty from innocent participants, significantly outperforming P300 alone (0.85 AUC) or fNIRS alone (0.84 AUC). Guilty… [130] (2019)Possibilities and challenges of the polygraph test for applied psychophysiology
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Japanese polygraphers using visual inspection achieved 86.4% hit rate and 94.5% correct rejection rate in mock crime CIT studies, though field practice often lacks the… [131] (2019)It's a match!? Appropriate item selection in the Concealed Information Test
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications CIT validity was highest when there was a direct match between how information was encoded and tested, with congruent conditions producing effect sizes of d… [132] (2019)Managing Face in the Midst of Interpersonal Deception: A Cross-Cultural Examination
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Thai participants reported significantly more avoiding behaviors when responding to detected deception, while American participants used more dominating behaviors. Avoiding behaviors were positively correlated with… [133] (2019)Polygraph Tests - Benefits and Challenges
Academicus International Scientific Journal Polygraph tests measure heart rate/blood pressure, respiration, and skin responses based on the assumption that dishonest individuals exhibit different autonomic responses than truthful individuals. However,… [134] (2019)Use of cardiometry and oculography in concealed information detection
Cardiometry The study demonstrated that combined cardiometric and oculographic assessment of emotional-cognitive states in response to visual and auditory stimuli can be successfully used for concealed… [135] (2019)Development of a New Index for Lie Detection using Changes in Pupil Diameter
The Proceedings of Design & Systems Conference Participants showed smaller pupil diameter when presented with critical (crime-relevant) questions compared to non-critical questions, suggesting active cognitive suppression mechanisms during deceptive responses. [136] (2019)A Synergistic Concealed Information Test With Novel Approach for EEG Channel Selection and SVM Parameter Optimization
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security The dual Bat Algorithm approach successfully optimized both EEG channel selection and SVM hyperparameters simultaneously, achieving high classification accuracy while identifying that occipital lobe channels… [137] (2019)Theta Synchronization and ERPs in Deception Detection
2019 12th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI) Theta synchronization effects were strongest at frontal electrode Fz and overlapped temporally with P300 but showed distinct scalp distribution patterns. This effect was specific to… [138] (2019)Defining Deception
Duped The chapter establishes that truth-bias is a universal, adaptive human tendency; that most lies are told by a few prolific liars while most people are… [139] (2019)Application of Registration of Human Vegetative Reactions in the Process of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The study established that MRI-compatible polygraph use during fMRI studies is feasible and that classifying subjects according to their vegetative reaction dynamics enables more focused… [140] (2019)Examining probability distribution of within a set judgment method for Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study analyzed probability distributions of within-set judgment methods to establish statistical foundations for CIT decision-making and threshold setting in field applications. [141] (2019)Familiarity revealed by involuntary eye movements on the fringe of awareness
Scientific Reports Familiar faces presented at the threshold of awareness produced prolonged oculomotor inhibition and earlier inhibition onset compared to unfamiliar faces, demonstrating for the first time… [142] (2019)Effects of emotional arousal at memory encoding on the P300-based Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association High emotional arousal at memory encoding significantly enhanced P300 amplitudes in response to concealed information, with no differences between groups for irrelevant stimuli, supporting the… [143] (2019)Effects of rule applicability on differential responding in the Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study suggests that differential responding in the CIT varies systematically with the rule applicability of tested information, with implications for strategic probe item selection… [144] (2019)Designing good deception: Recursive theory of mind in lying and lie detection
Rational models incorporating recursive theory of mind predicted human lying and lie detection behavior better than non-rational models, demonstrating that humans control the extremeness of… [145] (2019)The intra-individual consistency of the differential physiological responses on the Concealed Information Test: hierarchical Bayesian approach.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Hierarchical Bayesian estimates of effect sizes were more accurate than conventional approaches, revealing that traditional Z-score methods overestimate the magnitude of differential responding. Heart rate… [146] (2019)Item roles explored in a modified P300-based CTP concealed information test
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Familiarity-related inducer items failed to enhance CIT sensitivity, but probe saliency robustly affected detection with higher personal importance items producing larger P300 effects. [147] (2019)Information leakage in the response time-based concealed information test
Applied Cognitive Psychology Information leakage severely reduced traditional RT-CIT accuracy to AUC = .61-.64, but the novel Inducer-CIT maintained substantially higher accuracy of AUC = .73-.80 even when… [148] (2019)Comparison of different functional connectives based on EEG during concealed information test
Biomedical Signal Processing and Control Deception responses showed significantly increased functional connectivity and enhanced small-world network properties compared to truth-telling, with mutual information-based connectivity analysis outperforming other linear and nonlinear… [149] (2019)Eye spy a liar: Detecting concealed familiarity using eye movement strategies
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Fixation duration proved remarkably robust to countermeasures, with the effect size for distinguishing familiar from unfamiliar faces actually larger in the countermeasures condition (d =… [150] (2018)Research of Brain Network on Deception Identification Using Phase Synchrony
2018 5th International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering (ICISCE) The phase synchrony approach achieved 88% classification accuracy in distinguishing deceptive from truthful responses, demonstrating that functional connectivity network analysis can reveal meaningful brain communication… [151] (2018)Is a polygraph a reliable lie detector?
Polygraphs provide only 'slight' confidence in truth-telling with no 100% reliable indicator of deception. The Supreme Court found no consensus on polygraph reliability, noting polygraph… [152] (2018)A concealment-specific frontal negative slow wave is generated from the right prefrontal cortex in the concealed information test
Biological Psychology Right prefrontal activation during the frontal negative slow wave (500-1000 ms) was observed only when participants attempted to conceal memorized items, not when motivated to… [153] (2018)What mechanisms underlie ERP-based concealed information detection?
International Journal of Psychophysiology P3 responses and multivariate brain patterns showed equivalent strength whether participants concealed or revealed information, but were strongly influenced by stimulus salience, demonstrating that brain-based… [154] (2018)Emotional Arousal at Memory Encoding Enhanced P300 in the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychology Emotional arousal at memory encoding significantly enhanced P300 amplitudes in response to concealed information (F(1,19)=10.705, p=0.004), supporting the theory that emotionally intense encoding strengthens CIT… [155] (2018)Do You Know Him? Gaze Dynamics Toward Familiar Faces on a Concealed Information Test
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The study achieved 89% accuracy in detecting concealed face recognition using eye-tracking. Participants showed an orientation-avoidance pattern (initial fixation on familiar faces followed by avoidance)… [156] (2018)Research of Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Revealing of the Information Concealing by the Person
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing High consistency was found between expert scoring and automatic assessment of polygraph data in the MRI environment, with different brain activation patterns observed based on… [157] (2018)Self-initiated versus instructed cheating in the physiological Concealed Information Test
Biological Psychology All three physiological measures detected concealed information equally well in both self-initiated cheaters (37.4% of those given opportunity) and instructed cheaters, with Bayesian statistics supporting… [158] (2018)Detecting Concealed Information with Fused Electroencephalography and Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy
Neuroscience Combined EEG-fNIRS achieved AUC of 0.94 for differentiating guilty from innocent participants, compared to 0.85 for P300 alone and 0.84 for fNIRS alone, demonstrating superior… [159] (2018)A History Note: A Peep at the Peak Of Tension (POT) Test and other Recognition Tests
European Polygraph The study reveals that while Leonarde Keeler was the first to report and describe recognition testing at length, the theoretical foundations were established much earlier… [160] (2018)The effect of countermeasures against the reaction time based concealed information test on the P300 index of knowledge recognition: A combined RT and P300-based test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Countermeasures successfully defeated the RT-based test by reversing the normal probe-irrelevant RT pattern, but paradoxically increased P300 probe-irrelevant differences, leading to improved brain-based detection. This… [161] (2018)A new within set judgement method for concealed information test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Full paper content not accessible for analysis. [162] (2018)Inferior detection of information from collaborative versus individual crimes based on a P300 Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Collaborative crime perpetrators showed significantly reduced P300 probe-irrelevant differences compared to individual criminals, resulting in near-chance discrimination from innocent participants (AUC = .66 vs. .84… [163] (2018)Detecting concealed knowledge from ocular responses
Detecting Concealed Information and Deception: Recent Developments Multiple ocular measures successfully differentiated between individuals with and without concealed knowledge, with familiar stimuli eliciting distinct oculomotor signatures even when recognition was actively concealed. [164] (2018)Within-subjects verbal lie detection measures: A comparison between total detail and proportion of complications
Legal and Criminological Psychology Proportion of complications significantly differentiated truth-tellers from liars in the post-model statement phase, proving more diagnostic than total detail count when combined with the model… [165] (2018)The Act of Answering Questions Elicited Differentiated Responses in a Concealed Information Test
Journal of Forensic Sciences Respiratory and cardiovascular responses differentiated probe from irrelevant items during both question and answer phases, while skin conductance differentiation occurred only during question presentation, suggesting… [166] (2018)Eye movement research: Review of methodology and an update on recent developments
Eye movements reliably reveal concealed recognition, with familiar items eliciting longer fixation durations and fewer total fixations. Studies achieved 65% detection accuracy in some paradigms,… [167] (2018)Alcohol facilitates detection of concealed identity information
Scientific Reports Alcohol facilitated detection of concealed identity information, suggesting that intoxication impairs the cognitive control necessary to effectively conceal recognized information. [168] (2018)Embodied Conversational Agent-Based Deception Detection
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems Electrodermal activity successfully confirmed the presence of arousal during agent-based interviews, demonstrating that automated avatar systems can elicit valid physiological responses for detecting guilty knowledge… [169] (2018)Using the Unconscious to Improve Detection of Managerial Deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Unconscious judgments showed greater activation of deception concepts after deceptive calls, outperformed conscious judgments in detecting deception, and a period of unconscious thought before conscious… [170] (2018)Lying and Psychology
The Oxford Handbook of Lying A meta-analysis of 114 studies (n = 3307) using computerized reaction time paradigms revealed a large standardized RT difference of d = 1.049, representing one… [171] (2017)Cross-domain deception detection using support vector networks
Soft Computing Within-domain accuracy reached 86%, but cross-domain performance dropped dramatically to 52-64%, demonstrating that linguistic deception cues do not transfer reliably across different topics and genres. [172] (2017)Mysteries and Myths in Human Deception and Deception Detection: Insights from Truth-Default Theory
Ewha Journal of Social Sciences Truth-Default Theory explains why deception detection accuracy hovers around 54% through two mechanisms: a few transparent liars and sender demeanor effects. The theory demonstrates that… [173] (2017)Nasal Blood Flow in the Concealed Information Test
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Nasal blood flow significantly differentiated crime-relevant from irrelevant items in CIT examinations and exhibited a different time course compared to peripheral blood flow, suggesting it… [174] (2017)Deception Detection by Hybrid-Pair Wireless fNIRS System
International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics The hybrid-pair system's regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) metric showed sensitivity to deceptive responses, while the dual-distance configuration successfully suppressed superficial physiological noise that plagued conventional… [175] (2017)Unraveling the roles of orienting and inhibition in the Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Skin conductance responses increased similarly in both conceal and reveal conditions, while respiratory line length shortened and heart rate decelerated only in the conceal condition,… [176] (2017)Memory detection: the effects of emotional stimuli
Biological Psychology Emotional stimuli enhanced CIT detection efficiency using skin conductance (ROC 0.84 vs. 0.75 for neutral stimuli), representing a substantial 9-point improvement in discriminative ability. [177] (2017)Using the Model Statement to elicit information and cues to deceit in interpreter-based interviews
Acta Psychologica The Model Statement successfully restored information yield in interpreter-mediated interviews to levels comparable with direct interviews. Verbal deception cues remained diagnostically valid across interpreter conditions,… [178] (2017)Can Magic Deception Be Detected at an Unconscious Level?
Perception The indirect SC-IAT measure of trick detection showed higher accuracy than direct self-report, indicating that while humans cannot consciously detect magic deception, they retain unconscious… [179] (2017)Lie Detection from Single Feature of Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopic (fNIRS) Signals
2017 2nd International Conference on Electrical & Electronic Engineering (ICEEE) The slope of deoxygenated hemoglobin (dHb) concentration from prefrontal cortex channels 1-4 and 9-12 successfully differentiated between deceptive and truthful responses using only a single… [180] (2017)The Concealed Information Test is susceptible to misleading information
Journal of Forensic Sciences Misleading information presented after encoding completely eliminated the CIT effect across all three physiological measures (skin conductance, respiration, heart rate), while control participants showed clear… [181] (2017)Watching children learn how to lie
Children discovered deception within 10 days of competitive gameplay, with three distinct learning patterns (fast, intermediate, slow discovery). Theory of mind and executive function skills… [182] (2017)Familiarity-related fillers improve the validity of reaction time-based memory detection
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Familiarity-related filler items significantly and substantially improved RT-CIT classification accuracy for both single-probe and multiple-probe protocols across two independent preregistered experiments, addressing a critical limitation… [183] (2017)Association-based Concealed Information Test: A novel reaction time-based deception detection method
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The A-CIT achieved AUC values of .857 and .835 across two experiments, with particularly strong performance (96% correct classification, 4% false positives) when innocent participants… [184] (2017)P300 amplitude at Pz and N200/N300 latency at F3 differ between participants simulating suspect versus witness roles in a mock crime: P300 and N200/N300 in a CIT
Psychophysiology Suspects showed significantly larger P300 amplitudes at Pz and delayed N200/N300 latency at F3 compared to witnesses, indicating distinct neural processing patterns despite identical knowledge… [185] (2017)Effects of the number of Items on Physiological Responses on the Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study investigated how varying the number of items per CIT question influences the magnitude and detectability of physiological responses across multiple autonomic measures used… [186] (2017)Psychophysiological Responses of People with Psychopathic Tendencies to the Concealed Information Test
Journal of Forensic Sciences Both high and low psychopathic tendency groups showed significant differentiation between crime-relevant and irrelevant questions for respiration and skin conductance, with no differences between groups,… [187] (2017)Verbal Lie Detection
Psychology and Law in Europe Meta-analyses show CBCA discriminates truth from lies with effect sizes of d = 0.55 (adults) and d = 0.78 (children). The Verifiability Approach achieves approximately… [188] (2017)P300 amplitude at Pz and N200/N300 latency at F3 differ between participants simulating suspect versus witness roles in a mock crime
Psychophysiology Suspects showed significantly larger P300 effects at Pz and delayed N200/N300 latencies at F3 compared to witnesses, with only the suspect group demonstrating frontal inhibitory… [189] (2017)Lying takes time: A meta-analysis on reaction time measures of deception
Psychological Bulletin Lying showed a large standardized reaction time difference compared to truth-telling (d = 1.049) across all paradigms, with effects remaining substantial even when participants were… [190] (2017)High Emotional Arousal Enables Subliminal Detection of Concealed Information
Psychology High emotional arousal enabled subliminal detection of concealed information via enhanced P300 responses. The High Arousal group showed significantly greater P300 amplitudes to probe stimuli… [191] (2016)Is anterior N2 enhancement a reliable electrophysiological index of concealed information?
NeuroImage The largest anterior N2 enhancement effect previously reported in CIT research was due to confounds from lack of stimulus counterbalancing rather than concealed information. When… [192] (2016)ID-Check: Online Concealed Information Test Reveals True Identity
Journal of Forensic Sciences The online ID-Check achieved near-perfect diagnostic accuracy with AUC = 0.98 and overall accuracy ranging from 86-94% in detecting individuals attempting to conceal their true… [193] (2016)DECEPTION DETECTION TECHNIQUES USING POLYGRAPH IN TRIALS: CURRENT STATUS AND SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice The review found that the GKT was more theoretically sound and effective than the CQT, and that juror-eligible individuals varied in their ability to reasonably… [194] (2016)Guilt, Lying, and Attentional Avoidance of Concealed Information
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal Guilty individuals demonstrated a two-stage attentional process: automatic initial orientation toward crime-relevant information followed by strategic attentional avoidance, with longer dwell times on neutral stimuli… [195] (2016)Supplemental Material for The role of motivation to avoid detection in reaction time-based concealed information detection
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Financial incentives to avoid detection, even when verified to increase motivation, did not impact RT-CIT validity in either experiment. Neither the motivational effort hypothesis nor… [196] (2016)Contributions of personality dimensions to spontaneous and deliberate information processing in the guilty actions test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Introversion predicted enhanced skin conductance responses to critical items only during first presentations of early questions, while extraversion was linked to sustained cardiovascular responses, suggesting… [197] (2016)Through the eyes to memory: Fixation durations as an early indirect index of concealed knowledge
Memory & Cognition The early memory effect in second fixation durations appeared consistently across all experiments regardless of stimulus materials, paradigm, or retention interval, with an effect size… [198] (2016 • INDEPENDENT REPLICATION)The First Independent Study on the Complex Trial Protocol Version of the P300-Based Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology First independent replication of Rosenfeld’s Complex Trial Protocol. Corroborated accuracy and countermeasure resistance of the CTP when using probe vs. all-irrelevant comparison, but identified vulnerability… [199] (2016)Extracting critical information from group members' partial knowledge using the searching concealed information test
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied The SCIT achieved 83% accuracy (5 of 6 items) in Experiment 1 and 100% accuracy (all 6 items) in Experiment 2 despite unequal knowledge distributions… [200] (2016)The Amount of Information Remembered by the Perpetrator in the Context of the Application of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in Criminal Investigation – a Pilot Study
European Polygraph The pilot study examined perpetrator memory for crime details, contributing to understanding of how information retention patterns affect GKT applicability. Findings align with established research… [201] (2016)Effectivity of the weighted average method for analysis of respiratory movements in the concealed information test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology The weighted average method showed higher detection efficiency than simple averaging. Respiration speed and rate discriminated groups across 20 seconds with better performance at longer… [202] (2016)Which lie detection tools are ready for use in the criminal justice system?
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Arousal-based techniques (BAI and CQT) fall short on numerous criteria despite widespread use. Cognitive approaches show more promise: Strategic Use of Evidence and encouraging interviewees… [203] (2016)More Than Meets the Eye: How Oculometric Behaviors Evolve Over the Course of Automated Deception Detection Interactions
Journal of Management Information Systems Deceivers initially showed greater pupil dilation than truth-tellers, with deceivers not shown relevant stimuli displaying more rapid pupil dilation decline over time. Deceivers exposed to… [204] (2016)Superiority of visual (verbal) vs. auditory test presentation modality in a P300-based CIT: The complex-trial protocol for concealed autobiographical memory detection
International Journal of Psychophysiology Visual presentation produced significantly larger probe-irrelevant P300 differences (effect sizes 0.19-0.31) and higher detection accuracy than auditory presentation. The study revealed important interactions between probe/irrelevant… [205] (2016)Deception detection with behavioral, autonomic, and neural measures: conceptual and methodological considerations that warrant modesty
Psychophysiology The review identified significant conceptual clarity issues and methodological problems across deception detection paradigms, particularly challenging the oversold promises of neuroimaging-based lie detection technologies. [206] (2016)Polygraphy and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Lie Detection: A Controlled Blind Comparison Using the Concealed Information Test
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry fMRI experts were 24% more likely to detect concealed information than polygraph experts (RR=1.24, p<.001). When both modalities agreed on determinations, accuracy reached 100% across… [207] (2016)Influence of countermeasures on the validity of the Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Electrodermal responses showed significant degradation under countermeasures (particularly physical countermeasures), while combined autonomic scoring and ocular measures (fixations, blinks) maintained validity independent of countermeasure usage.… [208] (2016)Exploring time- and frequency-dependent functional connectivity and brain networks during deception with single-trial event-related potentials
Scientific Reports Deceptive responses showed significantly greater connectivity than truthful responses, particularly in the theta frequency band between prefrontal/frontal and central regions and between prefrontal/frontal and left… [209] (2016)Forensic Polygraph in Crime Investigation: A Case Study
Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences and Forensic Medicine The study demonstrated successful application of IZCT and FAINT protocols in a criminal murder investigation, employing computerized ASIT scoring and coordinating polygraph results with traditional… [210] (2016)Temperature effects on polygraph detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology Among guilty participants, electrodermal and cardiovascular measures were least effective at 10°C, with electrodermal results optimal at 22°C and cardiovascular results optimal at 34°C. Temperature… [211] (2015)A Review of the Polygraph: History, Methodology and Current Status
Crime Psychology Review, 1(1), 59–83 Comprehensive review of both CQT and CIT methods. Analyzed shortcomings and potential of both approaches. Concluded that the CIT appears to be a more promising… [212] (2015)Deception is in the eye of the communicator: Investigating pupil diameter variations in automated deception detection interviews
IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics Pupil diameter changes over time were indicative of deception regardless of whether incriminating target items were shown, with deceivers showing distinct growth trajectories that differentiated… [213] (2015)An experiment of lie detection based EEG-P300 classified by SVM algorithm
2015 International Conference on Automation, Cognitive Science, Optics, Micro Electro-Mechanical System, and Information Technology (ICACOMIT) The SVM classifier achieved 70.83% accuracy in distinguishing deceptive from truthful responses with a computation time of 0.0283 seconds, demonstrating proof-of-concept for automated P300-based lie… [214] (2015)Goal-directed modulation of neural memory patterns: Implications for fMRI-based memory detection
Journal of Neuroscience Cognitive countermeasures reduced fMRI memory decoding from a reliable AUC of 0.67 (63% accuracy) under truthful reporting to chance-level performance (AUC = 0.51), with classifiers… [215] (2015)The usefulness of the Concealed Information Test using an Eye Tracker
Korean Journal of Health Psychology Participants with concealed knowledge actively avoided relevant stimuli and showed overall suppression of eye movements, suggesting both conscious avoidance strategies and cognitive load effects during… [216] (2015)Superiority of pictorial versus verbal presentation and initial exposure in the P300-based, Complex Trial Protocol for concealed memory detection
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Pictorial presentation significantly outperformed verbal presentation across all P300 measurement indices, regardless of initial encoding modality. The largest probe-irrelevant P300 differences were found with congruent… [217] (2015)Lie detection – of what?
Problemy kryminalistyki Polygraph testing does not directly detect lies but rather measures physiological responses associated with emotions, cognitive effort, and recognition of significant stimuli. The concept of… [218] (2015)Thermal Vision as a Method of Detection of Deception: A Review of Experiences
European Polygraph The periorbital and nasal regions showed the highest temperature fluctuations associated with deception, with studies reporting 73.3% accuracy for thermal imaging alone and improved results… [219] (2015)Observations from the Analysis of Searching Peak of Tension Test (SPOT) Charts
European Polygraph The study demonstrates practical applications of SPOT testing in locating evidence and eliciting confessions in serious criminal cases, with analysis of confirmed chart patterns from… [220] (2015)Selecting the Most Optimal Conditions for the Polygraph Examination
European Polygraph The authors developed a stress-response model showing that examinees stressed between certain threshold points may become apathetic to external factors including polygraph examination when fatigued. [221] (2015)Charts of the 'Innocent' Subjects in the Searching Peak of Tension Tests
European Polygraph The study identified four major methodological limitations: extremely small sample size of innocent subjects, inability to repeat non-reactive SPOT tests, reliance on subjective visual assessment… [222] (2015)Suppressing unwanted autobiographical memories reduces their automatic influences: Evidence from electrophysiology and an implicit autobiographical memory test
Psychological Science Memory suppression eliminated the P300 guilty knowledge effect, rendering suppression and innocent groups indistinguishable on this measure, though combined analysis of P300 and late posterior… [223] (2015)RT-Based Memory Detection: Item Saliency Effects in the Single-Probe and the Multiple-Probe Protocol
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The multiple-probe protocol significantly outperformed the single-probe protocol across both settings, and high salient items (e.g., first name) were detected better than low salient items… [224] (2015)Detecting deception through reaction times
Detecting Deception The RT-based Concealed Information Test demonstrates exceptionally low false positive rates and large effect sizes (d = 0.97-1.55) for detecting concealed information. The autobiographical IAT… [225] (2015)Forensic application of event-related brain potentials to detect guilty knowledge
In Granhag, P. A., Vrij, A., & Verschuere, B. (Eds.), Detecting Deception Laboratory studies consistently demonstrate high accuracy for P300-GKT with guilty participants showing significantly larger P300 amplitudes to crime-relevant probes, with estimated false positive rates of… [226] (2015)RT-based memory detection: Item saliency effects in the one probe and multiple probe protocol
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The multiple-probe protocol consistently outperformed the single-probe protocol, and pronounced item saliency differences affected RT-CIT validity in laboratory conditions, though the saliency effect was attenuated… [227] (2015)The comparative advantages of brain-based lie detection
The International Journal of Evidence & Proof P300 CIT could serve as a credible signaling mechanism in pre-trial bargaining, allowing innocent defendants to distinguish themselves from guilty ones through voluntary testing, offering… [228] (2015)Identifying the location of a concealed object through unintentional eye movements
Frontiers in Psychology The entropy-based algorithm successfully identified concealed spatial locations through passive analysis of eye movement patterns, with target cells showing high entropy values and narrow entropy… [229] (2015)RT-Based Memory Detection: Item Saliency Effects in the Single-Probe and Multiple-Probe Protocol
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The multiple-probe protocol outperformed the single-probe protocol in both laboratory and internet studies. High salient items were better detected than low salient items in controlled… [230] (2015)Memory Detection 2.0: The First Web-Based Memory Detection Test
PLoS One Reaction times successfully detected concealed autobiographical information with accuracy well above chance, performing better than error rates. Memory detection was significantly more successful for high… [231] (2015)The “Good Cop, Bad Cop” Effect in the RT-Based Concealed Information Test: Exploring the Effect of Emotional Expressions Displayed by a Virtual Investigator
PLOS ONE Friendly virtual investigator expressions enhanced lie-specific reaction times, making deception more detectable, while hostile expressions reduced the concealed information effect. Higher anxiety levels were associated… [232] (2015)Exploring the Characteristics of the Attentional Blink Paradigm When Used to Discover Concealed Knowledge
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback The attentional blink successfully detected concealed knowledge in most participants, but eight of 21 knowledgeable participants (38%) detected the target on 100% of trials despite… [233] (2015)Psychophysiological detection of deception and Preliminary Process Theory: a comment on Palmatier and Rovner (2015)
International Journal of Psychophysiology The commentary acknowledges common psychophysiological processes underlie CQT and CIT but finds arguments for Preliminary Process Theory unconvincing, calling for demonstrations of effects that differentiate… [234] (2015)Study on Difference of P3 Amplitude between Relevant and Irrelevant Stimulus in Concealed Information Test Using Event Related Potential (ERP): Focused on Informed Innocent Group
Korean Journal of Stress Research Informed innocent participants exhibited measurably elevated P3 amplitudes to crime-relevant stimuli compared to irrelevant stimuli, demonstrating that prior exposure to crime details — rather than… [235] (2015)The cognitive mechanisms underlying deception: An event-related potential study
International Journal of Psychophysiology Lying produced significantly longer reaction times (d = 1.91), higher error rates (d = 1.24), an enhanced N200, and a reduced P300 compared to truth… [236] (2015)The protection of innocent suspects: a comment on Palmatier and Rovner (2015)
International Journal of Psychophysiology The commentary argues that CQT and CIT differ fundamentally in how they protect innocent suspects, with this difference representing a critical gap in attempts to… [237] (2015)Using reality monitoring to improve deception detection in the context of the cognitive interview for suspects.
Law and Human Behavior Combining Reality Monitoring criteria correctly classified 86.6% of statements with excellent sensitivity (.899) and specificity (.833). Truthful and deceptive statements differed significantly on all RM… [238] (2015)Using pretest data to screen low-reactivity individuals in the autonomic-based concealed information test
Psychophysiology Pretest screening significantly improved the diagnostic value of the mock-crime CIT, though it led to a substantial number of undiagnosed participants (33.6%), suggesting a trade-off… [239] (2015)The polygraph: Current practice and new approaches
In Granhag et al. (Eds.), Detecting Deception The review highlighted ongoing debates about polygraph accuracy and identified the Concealed Information Test as a potentially more scientifically sound alternative to traditional Control Question… [240] (2015)Combination of event related potentials and peripheral signals in order to improve the accuracy of the lie detection systems
JSDP The combination of event-related potentials and peripheral cardiovascular signals improved lie detection system accuracy compared to single-modality approaches, validating multimodal physiological measurement in credibility assessment. [241] (2014)Brain Fingerprinting in Egyptians : The Use of P300 in the Detection of Concealed Information = البصمة المخية في المصريين : استخدام موجة بي 300 في اكتشاف المعلومات المخبأة
The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology Known persons and places elicited well-marked P300 responses while unknown stimuli did not generate noticeable responses. P300 amplitude and latency showed significant associations with age… [242] (2014)Detecting Knowledge of Incidentally Acquired, Real-World Memories Using a P300-Based Concealed-Information Test
Psychological Science The study achieved perfect (100%) classification accuracy with zero false positives or false negatives. P300 responses effectively distinguished probe items from irrelevant items at the… [243] (2014)Brain fingerprinting classification concealed information test detects US Navy military medical information with P300
Frontiers in Neuroscience Classification CIT with P300-MERMER achieved 0% error rate and 99.9% median statistical confidence with no indeterminates, while comparison CIT produced 20% error rate and only… [244] (2014)Deception Detection Within and Across Cultures
Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing Cross-cultural deception classifiers achieved 60-70% accuracy using LIWC psycholinguistic features as a semantic bridge, with linguistic categories showing 2-4% improvement over unigrams. Universal deception cues… [245] (2014)Reaction Time
Encyclopedia of Deception Meta-analysis found lying produces a large RT delay (d = 1.049) compared to truth-telling, even after correcting for publication bias. The RT-CIT shows low false… [246] (2014)Detecting concealed information using feedback related event-related brain potentials
Brain and Cognition The study identified two independent feedback-related ERP components (peaking at 219ms and 400ms) that discriminated probes from irrelevants and were uncorrelated with recognition-related P300, suggesting… [247] (2014)Covert Detection of Deception
Detecting Deception Covert methods show promise for overcoming countermeasures in deception detection. Thermal imaging successfully discriminated guilty from innocent participants via periorbital temperature changes, while covert respiration… [248] (2014)Channel Choice, Justification of Deception, and Detection
Journal of Communication Distributors preferentially chose text chat for deceptive offers, but this choice backfired—receivers achieved higher detection accuracy in text chat than face-to-face, likely because the absence… [249] (2014)Personality dimensions predict psychophysiological responses in the Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Introversion predicted enhanced skin conductance responses to critical items only during the first repetition of early questions, explained by orienting sensitivity. Extraversion was linked to… [250] (2014)Detection of concealed information with the P300 potential amplitude analysis
European Polygraph P300 potential recording does not attain significantly higher efficiency than polygraph examinations, though results are promising. Field studies are scarce, with available evidence suggesting P300… [251] (2014)The processes involved with fewer eyeblinks in a concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Fewer eyeblinks and longer first-blink latency occurred for crime-related items in both concealing and non-concealing groups, while heart rate differences appeared only between groups, demonstrating… [252] (2014)A Rigidity Detection System for Automated Credibility Assessment
Journal of Management Information Systems The system successfully detected kinesic rigidity in real-time during concealed information tests, confirming rigidity as a viable automated deception indicator and providing new theoretical insights… [253] (2014)Meta-analysis of mock-crime experimental studies and field studies using the Concealed Information Test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology The meta-analysis demonstrated comparable validity between laboratory mock-crime studies and field CIT examinations, with consistent physiological response patterns and discrimination performance maintained across both experimental… [254] (2014)A Novel Algorithm to Enhance P300 in Single Trials: Application to Lie Detection Using F-Score and SVM
PLoS ONE The F-score_SVM model combining spatial denoising with optimized feature selection achieved over 96% accuracy in classifying guilty versus innocent subjects based on P300 responses to… [255] (2014)A novel dual probe complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology The Dual Probe Complex Trial Protocol achieved 94.7% accuracy (bootstrap criterion .9) and AUC of .92, successfully detecting concealed information even when examinees used mental… [256] (2014)Effects of countermeasures on P300-based concealed information test using a new multiple probe protocol
International Journal of Psychophysiology The study examined countermeasure resistance of a new multiple probe protocol for P300-based CIT, though specific detection rates and statistical results are not available in… [257] (2014)Contingent negative variation using a serial presentation of meaningful word: A study on application to detection of deception
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study examined CNV modulation during concealment of meaningful words presented in sequences, building on prior findings that CNV amplitude decreases significantly when subjects attempt… [258] (2014)A novel classification method based on ICA and ELM: a case study in lie detection
Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering The ICA_ELM method achieved 95.40% classification accuracy with dramatically reduced computational time compared to backpropagation neural networks and support vector machines, demonstrating both high accuracy… [259] (2014)The RT-based Concealed Information Test: An Overview of Current Research and Future Perspectives
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences RT measures reliably indicate guilty knowledge, with slower reaction times for recognized probe items. Increasing executive load through concurrent tasks can enhance detection efficiency. The… [260] (2014)Habituation processes of skin conductance response (SCR) and normalize pulse volume (NPV) in pseudo concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology The study revealed differential habituation patterns between skin conductance and pulse volume measures in the CIT, suggesting that strategic timing and weighting of different physiological… [261] (2014)The Effects of Sweep Numbers Per Average and Protocol Type on the Accuracy of the P300-Based Concealed Information Test
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback All three trial counts (33, 66, and 100 sweeps) produced comparable accuracies of 84–94%, with a trend favoring the lowest trial numbers. Testing with as… [262] (2014)Detecting concealed information using functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Brain Topography fNIRS-based classification achieved approximately 75% accuracy for distinguishing guilty from innocent participants, improving to 83.3% when combined with reaction time measures, demonstrating the promise of… [263] (2014)The impact of prior knowledge from participant instructions in a mock crime P300 Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Prior knowledge of a stolen item conveyed through experimental instructions caused 69% of innocent participants to be misclassified as guilty, and also enhanced detection rates… [264] (2014)Subliminal salience search illustrated: EEG identity and deception detection on the fringe of awareness
PLOS ONE All 15 participants (100%) showed detectable brain responses to their concealed real name at α = 0.05, with 13 of 15 detected via single-electrode analysis… [265] (2013)Detecting Deception through Linguistic Abstraction: The Effects of Temporal Distance on Verbal Construals
PsycEXTRA Dataset The study was part of a research line that ultimately found Construal Level Theory predictions do not reliably distinguish truthful from deceptive statements, with temporal… [266] (2013)Concealed semantic and episodic autobiographical memory electrified
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience A double dissociation between memory types was demonstrated across four ERP components: semantic autobiographical probes produced larger N2, N400, and P3b CIT effects, while episodic… [267] (2013)I want to lie about not knowing you, but my precuneus refuses to cooperate
Scientific Reports Left precuneus BOLD signal activity achieved an 84.6% individual-level classification accuracy (11/13 subjects) in identifying participants who lied about recognizing familiar faces, while traditional executive-process… [268] (2013)A Novel Approach for Lie Detection Based on F-Score and Extreme Learning Machine
PLoS ONE The F-score_ELM method achieved exceptional testing accuracies of 99.27% sensitivity and 98.17% specificity in classifying guilty versus innocent subjects, outperforming traditional PCA-based approaches while requiring… [269] (2013)Reaction time measures in deception research: Comparing the effects of irrelevant and relevant stimulus–response compatibility
Acta Psychologica Relevant SRC tasks yielded substantial compatibility effects for deception detection while irrelevant SRC tasks showed no significant effects, with results replicated across different stimulus features.… [270] (2013)The Effects of Group Factors on Deception Detection Performance
Small Group Research Behavioral familiarity had a positive effect on group success in deception detection but a negative effect on efficiency. Gender diversity negatively affected detection success, while… [271] (2013)Effects of recollection and familiarity on recognition memory in the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Both recollection and familiarity produced characteristic CIT physiological responses (respiration deceleration, increased skin conductance, heart rate changes), but recollection yielded significantly larger effect sizes for… [272] (2013)Deception and the misinformation effect: An event-related potential study
International Journal of Psychophysiology Deception produced strong parietal P3b suppression and a large frontal N400 negativity, while misinformation produced its own P3b suppression plus unique occipital LPC effects —… [273] (2013)An interfering dot-probe task facilitates the detection of mock crime memory in a reaction time (RT)-based concealed information test
Acta Psychologica Adding a within-trial dot-probe interference task boosted detection AUC from .88 to .94 and classification accuracy from 85.7% to 92.1%, with the correct rejection rate… [274] (2013)Detection of concealed information by frontal EEG asymmetry
Neuroscience Letters Concealed critical items produced greater relative right frontal alpha activity (withdrawal motivation signature), and combining this frontal EEG asymmetry score with P300 amplitude significantly improved… [275] (2013)Współczesne standardy badań poligraficznych
The manual documents validated polygraph techniques with specific accuracy metrics (CIT showing 82.3% accuracy, 81.5% sensitivity, 83.2% specificity), establishes quality control procedures modeled on U.S.… [276] (2013)Seeing through Deception: A Computational Approach to Deceit Detection in Spanish Written Communication
Linguistic Evidence in Security, Law and Intelligence The LIWC-based classifier achieved 84.5% F-measure, with linguistic and psychological process dimensions proving most discriminatory. LIWC psycholinguistic features outperformed Bag-of-Words models for detecting deception in… [277] (2013)Employing Polygraph Assessment
The Handbook of Forensic Psychology The CQT has weak theoretical foundations, is biased against innocent examinees, and vulnerability to countermeasures. Field validity studies systematically overestimate accuracy due to confession-verification bias,… [278] (2013)P300-based Concealed Information Test and Inter-Stimulus Intervals (ISIs): A Comparison Among 500ms, 800ms, and 3000ms ISIs
한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 The 800ms ISI preserved P300 amplitude differences between probe and irrelevant stimuli comparable to the standard 3000ms ISI and maintained resistance to countermeasures, while 500ms… [279] (2013)External validity of experiment on Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Skin conductance and heart rate showed no significant differences between laboratory and field CIT contexts, while respiration showed greater suppression in field tests. All three… [280] (2013)Intentional retrieval suppression can conceal guilty knowledge in ERP memory detection tests
Biological Psychology When motivated to suppress crime retrieval, participants' memory-related ERP effects were significantly decreased, allowing guilty individuals to evade detection, challenging the core assumption that neural… [281] (2013)Notion of significance in concealed information test.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Effect sizes (92.4% accuracy) and randomization test p-values (90.6% accuracy) substantially outperformed traditional Lykken's scores (83.2%) and likelihood ratios (74.8%) in discriminating guilty from innocent… [282] (2013)When Interference Helps: Increasing Executive Load to Facilitate Deception Detection in the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychology The concealed information effect was robust across all conditions with accurate signal detection parameters, but cognitive interference tasks did not significantly improve individual classification accuracy… [283] (2013)A Concealed Information Test with Combination of ERP Recording and Autonomic Measurements
Neurophysiology The study demonstrated that multimodal CIT combining ERPs and autonomic measures is feasible using optimized short interstimulus intervals and balanced sequence presentation, addressing a key… [284] (2013)Detecting concealed information from groups using a dynamic questioning approach: Simultaneous skin conductance measurement and immediate feedback
Frontiers in Psychology The dynamic group CIT correctly identified the target country in 19 of 20 groups (95%) with zero false positives and a group-level effect size of… [285] (2013)A comment on Farwell (2012): brain fingerprinting: a comprehensive tutorial review of detection of concealed information with event-related brain potentials
Cognitive Neurodynamics Of the studies cited by Farwell to support brain fingerprinting's perfect accuracy, only one peer-reviewed laboratory study with 20 participants and two small field studies… [286] (2013)Advancing lie detection by inducing cognitive load on liars: A review of relevant theories and techniques guided by lessons from polygraph-based approaches
Frontiers in Psychology Cognitive load-inducing techniques use heightened cognitive load indices rather than physiological arousal as primary deception cues. The proposed taxonomy classifies techniques by cognitive load type… [287] (2013)The autobiographical IAT: a review
Frontiers in Psychology Validation experiments demonstrated over 90% accuracy in detecting true autobiographical memories, with test-retest agreement exceeding 90% and split-half reliability of 88%. The technique successfully detected… [288] (2013)P900: A Putative Novel ERP Component that Indexes Countermeasure Use in the P300-Based Concealed Information Test
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback P900 was observed in all subjects specifically in response to non-countered stimuli, was absent for countered stimuli, and could be elicited without the presence of… [289] (2013)Identifying concealment-related responses in the concealed information test
Psychophysiology N2, P3, heart rate, skin conductance, and cutaneous blood flow reflected recognition in both concealed and disclosed conditions, while late positive potential and respiration differed… [290] (2013)A functional analysis of deception detection of a mock crime using infrared thermal imaging and the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Functional discriminant analysis achieved 98.89% classification accuracy. Guilty participants showed significantly higher periorbital temperatures when responding to crime-relevant vs. irrelevant questions, while innocent participants showed… [291] (2013)Accuracy of concealed information test as a memory detection technique: a laboratory study
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology Visual inspection by expert polygraphers achieved 86.4% sensitivity and 94.5% specificity (excluding 20.4% inconclusive cases); modified Lykken scoring yielded 83% sensitivity and 91% specificity with… [292] (2013)Predicting the sensitivity of the reaction time-based concealed information test
Applied Cognitive Psychology Target-irrelevant response patterns effectively predicted individual CIT sensitivity, improving discrimination accuracy from 86% to 97% hit rate (ROC AUC 0.95) and increasing effect size from… [293] (2013)Non-contact measurement of eye movements in the detection of deception
The Japanese journal of psychology Eye-movement-based deception detection was effective only in the low-similarity condition, where participants showed significantly reduced fixation frequency and duration on critical images compared to non-critical… [294] (2013)Fixations and eye-blinks allow for detecting concealed crime related memories
International Journal of Psychophysiology Guilty participants displayed fewer but longer fixations on central crime details with reduced blink rates. Validity estimates were moderate (AUC ≈ 0.69), with fixations reflecting… [295] (2013)Combining blink, pupil, and response time measures in a concealed knowledge test
Frontiers in Psychology Response time achieved a 0.98 classification rate, and individual ocular measures (pupil-size, pupil-slope, pre-response blink-rate) each produced efficient classifications. Combining pupil and blink measures improved… [296] (2012)The P300-Based, Complex Trial Protocol for Concealed Information Detection Resists Any Number of Sequential Countermeasures Against Up to Five Irrelevant Stimuli
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback The Complex Trial Protocol achieved 92-100% detection of guilty participants across all countermeasure conditions (1-5 countered stimuli) with just one false positive in 13 innocents.… [297] (2012 • SYSTEMATIC REVIEW)Current Research and Potential Applications of the Concealed Information Test: An Overview
Frontiers Journals Comprehensive overview of CIT research highlighting its strong theoretical foundation in orienting response theory. Noted that CIT's false positive rate remains extremely low (~5%) across… [298] (2012)Effects of coping and cooperative instructions on guilty and informed innocents' physiological responses to concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Guilty participants exhibited stronger physiological responses to critical items than informed innocents, and cooperative instructions reduced false positive rates by attenuating skin conductance responses in… [299] (2012)A Comparison of Invasive and Noninvasive Sensors in the Concealed Information Test
2012 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference This was a proposal paper that did not report empirical results. The authors outlined plans to investigate and compare accuracy rates of electrodermal, oculometric, and… [300] (2012)Increasing Irrelevant Stimuli Increases Ability to Detect Countermeasures
Psychophysiology Found that increasing the number of irrelevant stimuli in P300-based CIT improved the ability to detect countermeasure use. Advanced the complex trial protocol methodology for… [301] (2012)Deception Awareness Improves P300-based Deception Detection in Concealed Information Tests
International Journal of Psychophysiology The deception-aware group achieved a 100% individual detection rate (10/10) compared to only 50% (5/10) in the control group, with significantly larger probe-versus-irrelevant P300 amplitude… [302] (2012)Combating automatic autobiographical associations: The effect of instruction and training in strategically concealing information in the autobiographical implicit association test
Psychological Science Explicit instruction and training allowed guilty participants to reverse their aIAT outcomes by strategically speeding up incongruent block responses, and critically, this form of countermeasure… [303] (2012)Algorithms for detecting concealed knowledge among groups when the critical information is unavailable
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Reanalysis of three datasets showed that both averaging and PCA-based algorithms successfully detected critical items and differentiated knowledgeable from unknowledgeable subjects with efficiency approaching standard… [304] (2012)Reaction time-based detection of concealed information in relation to individual differences in executive functioning
Applied Cognitive Psychology The RT-CIT successfully differentiated guilty from innocent participants, with set-shifting and inhibition directly related to deception accuracy and speed; individuals with better working memory engaged… [305] (2012)Applicability of Multivariate Hierarchical Linear Model to Concealed Information Test data.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Hierarchical linear models provide a principled framework for handling the multi-level structure of CIT data (items within questions within individuals), offering more accurate effect size… [306] (2012)Heart Rate Variability in the concealed information test with Lorenz Plot.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The research demonstrated the feasibility of applying Lorenz plot methodology to analyze heart rate patterns in CIT, exploring whether geometric HRV analysis could reveal distinctive… [307] (2012)Changes of response patterns of normalized pulse volume in the Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study documented changes in normalized pulse volume response patterns in the CIT, addressing observations of atypical responses that diverge from the expected vasoconstriction pattern… [308] (2012)Increasing the number of irrelevant stimuli increases ability to detect countermeasures to the P300-based complex trial protocol for concealed information detection
Psychophysiology Increasing irrelevant stimuli from four to eight restored reaction time as an effective countermeasure detector in 50% and 75% countermeasure conditions, while P300-based detection maintained… [309] (2012)The P300-based concealed information test: Simultaneous auditory and visual stimulus presentation
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study found that simultaneous auditory-visual presentation produced detectable P300 CIT effects, with pictorial visual stimuli showing particular effectiveness when paired with auditory presentation. The… [310] (2012)A New Approach for Concealed Information Identification Based on ERP Assessment
Journal of Medical Systems Wavelet coefficient features showed statistically significant differences between concealed and irrelevant information (p < 0.05), with KPCA successfully reducing feature dimensionality while improving SVM classifier… [311] (2012)Lie-detection using Autobiographical Implicit Association Test
PsycEXTRA Dataset Validation research on the aIAT demonstrated over 90% accuracy in detecting true autobiographical memories, with test-retest reliability also exceeding 90%, though subsequent research identified vulnerabilities… [312] (2012)A New Lie Detection Method Based on Small-number of P300 Responses
2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology The method achieved 82.45% balanced accuracy in distinguishing guilty from innocent subjects using reduced stimulus presentations, demonstrating that reliable P300-based lie detection could be implemented… [313] (2012)Decomposing cognitive processes underlying the concealed information test by event-related potentials
International Journal of Biomedical and Soft Computing Principal component analysis revealed three distinct ERP components differentiating crime-relevant from irrelevant items: an N2 component peaking at 180 ms, a P300 component peaking at… [314] (2012)A novel protocol for detection of concealed information
20th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE2012) Multimodal measurement combining ERP and autonomic signals achieved 90.9% classification accuracy using linear discriminant analysis, significantly exceeding single-modality approaches in laboratory CIT testing. [315] (2012)Emotional arousal modulates the encoding of crime-related details and corresponding physiological responses in the Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Emotional arousal during crime encoding modulates both the retention of crime-related details and the corresponding physiological responses measured by the CIT, affecting test validity over… [316] (2012)Concealed Knowledge Identification using facial thermal imaging
Li Creative Technologies The automated thermal imaging system achieved 83.5% accuracy in detecting concealed knowledge, comparable to or better than conventional polygraph testing (72–91% accuracy range). The non-contact… [317] (2012)The revealing glance: eye gaze behavior to concealed information
Memory & Cognition Longer fixation durations on concealed known faces compared to unknown faces revealed memory traces even during active concealment attempts. The second fixation effect (266–678 ms)… [318] (2011)Cognitive Load and EEG Beta Spectrum Analysis for Deception Detection
한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 Guilty participants showed significantly higher beta power activity when providing cognitively demanding deceptive responses to crime-relevant questions compared to simple truth responses, while innocent participants… [319] (2011)Science on the rise: birth and development of the Concealed Information Test
Memory Detection The CIT has achieved 88-100% accuracy in detecting guilt with false positive rates as low as 2%, with 75% of scientists endorsing its scientific basis… [320] (2011)Detecting concealed information in less than a second: Response latency-based measures
In: Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test The oddball task, which manipulates stimulus-response compatibility, produces exceptional effect sizes (d = 1.97 for reaction times), comparable to traditional skin conductance measures (d =… [321] (2011)A Little About Memory Traces
European Polygraph The study discusses theoretical aspects of how memory traces are formed and maintained, with implications for polygraph practice. [322] (2011)An Investigation of the Guilty Knowledge Test Polygraph Examination
Journal of Criminal Psychology Results demonstrated real variations between the physiological measures used, and gender differences were observed in polygraph response patterns, with implications for sensor selection and demographic… [323] (2011)Improved method for calculating the respiratory line length in the concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology The weighted average method successfully removed systematic bias in respiration line length calculations and significantly increased discrimination performance compared to the original method in experimental… [324] (2011)Daily application of the Concealed Information Test: Japan
In B. Verschuere, G. Ben-Shakhar, & E. Meijer (Eds.), Memory detection: Theory and application of the Concealed Information Test Visual inspection accuracy by Japanese polygraphers achieved 86.4% hit rate and 94.5% correct rejection rate (excluding inconclusive cases). Japanese CIT practices emphasize prevention of false… [325] (2011 • REVIEW)Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test (Book)
Book Comprehensive edited volume with contributions from leading CIT researchers worldwide. Covered theoretical foundations, laboratory research, field applications in Japan, countermeasures, and legal issues. [326] (2011)Event-Related Potentials in Deception Detection
Psychology in Russia: State of Art The study successfully identified neurophysiological correlates of deception using ERP analysis, supporting the development of cognitive lie detection technology based on central nervous system indicators… [327] (2011)Effects of Within-individual Standardization on Statistical Test and Effect Size on the Concealed Information Test.
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology The study found that the choice of within-individual standardization method significantly affects both statistical test results and calculated effect sizes in CIT data analysis. [328] (2011)Detecting of deception and concealed information using neuroimaging techniques
Memory Detection A ventral frontoparietal network involved in detecting behaviorally relevant stimuli and matching them with memory representations was recruited in both deception and concealed information paradigms,… [329] (2011)A mock terrorism application of the P300-based concealed information test
Psychophysiology With prior knowledge of probe items, the study detected 12/12 guilty subjects with 0% false positives. Using a searching CIT approach with restricted prior knowledge,… [330] (2011)Mock crime application of the complex-trial protocol (CTP) P300-based Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Overall 92% correct classification rate across all conditions (guilty, innocent, countermeasure groups). The CTP demonstrated high sensitivity (87% overall) and specificity in detecting incidentally acquired… [331] (2011)Effect of stimulus probabilities on physiological responses in the concealed information test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The weighted average method successfully removed bias in respiration line length calculations and significantly increased discrimination performance in experimental CIT data compared to the original… [332] (2011)A novel countermeasure against the reaction time index of countermeasure use in the P300-based complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Detection rates remained high (83-92%) based on P300 for all groups, but simultaneous countermeasure execution made reaction times indistinguishable from controls, defeating the RT-based countermeasure… [333] (2011 • fMRI COUNTERMEASURES)Lying in the Scanner: Covert Countermeasures Disrupt Deception Detection by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
NeuroImage Demonstrated that covert countermeasures significantly reduced fMRI lie detection accuracy. Subjects trained in imperceptible finger movements disrupted brain activation patterns associated with deception. [334] (2011)A Basic Study on Detection of Deception
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Eye tracking successfully detected deception only when stimuli had low visual similarity, with participants showing significantly reduced glancing frequency and duration toward critical images. High… [335] (2011 – ONGOING)P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface Deception Detection
Psychophysiology Development and validation of the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) for P300-based concealed information detection. Demonstrated large effect sizes (d* = 1.59–1.89) for brain-wave-based detection, with… [336] (2011)Effect of self-relevance of a non-critical item on physiological responding on the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Guilty participants showed differential reactivity to critical items despite self-relevant distractors, while innocent participants showed problematic responses to self-relevant items on skin conductance only, suggesting… [337] (2011)Detecting concealed information using autonomic measures
Memory detection: Theory and application of the Concealed Information Test Recognition of concealed information produces consistent autonomic coactivation of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, with skin conductance showing the largest effect size (d = 1.55), and… [338] (2011)Mock crime application of the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) P300-based concealed information test
Psychophysiology Overall classification accuracy reached 92% across all participant groups, with all 12 countermeasure users correctly identified and reaction times serving as a reliable auxiliary index… [339] (2011)Memory instructions, vocalization, mock crimes, and concealed information tests with a polygraph
Perceptual and Motor Skills Guilty participants who incidentally encoded crime details without explicit priming showed significantly lower memory, detection scores, and detection rates compared to those who received explicit… [340] (2011)Practical guidelines for developing a CIT
Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test Central crime details directly related to crime execution are recalled at 90.2% compared to only 65.9% for peripheral details. Guidelines emphasize selecting information present in… [341] (2011)Effects of the emotional value of questions on the physiological responses in the concealed information test.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The full findings are not publicly available, but the research investigated whether emotionally-valued questions produce different physiological response patterns compared to neutral questions in CIT… [342] (2011)Validity of the concealed information test in realistic contexts
In Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test (Eds. Verschuere, B., Ben-Shakhar, G., Meijer, E.) Field studies showed CIT maintains low false-positive rates comparable to laboratory settings (2-5%) but produces higher false-negatives (20-42%) than controlled conditions; combining psychophysiological measures improved… [343] (2011)Leakage of information to innocent suspects
Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test Research demonstrates that mere knowledge of crime details elicits CIT effects regardless of how the information was acquired, creating false-positive risk for informed innocents. However,… [344] (2010)Возможности применения полиграфа и новых альтернативных методов инструментальной детекции лжи для предупреждения террористических угроз
Российский психологический журнал The paper reports that brain-based methods using evoked potentials demonstrate high reliability and accuracy in detecting concealed information about terrorist activities, even during planning stages,… [345] (2010)New P300-based protocol to detect concealed information: resistance to mental countermeasures against only half the irrelevant stimuli and a possible ERP indicator of countermeasures
Psychophysiology The Complex Trial Protocol achieved 100% detection accuracy in both simple guilty and countermeasure groups when comparing probe versus all averaged irrelevants, with 92-100% accuracy… [346] (2010)Countermeasure mechanisms in a P300-based concealed information test
Psychophysiology The study found a greater P300 amplitude to probes in the guilty omit probe condition compared with the guilty no omit and innocent omit irrelevant… [347] (2010)Psychological Set or Differential Salience: A Proposal for Reconciling Theory and Terminology in Polygraph Testing
Polygraph The authors propose replacing 'Psychological Set' with 'Differential Salience' as the theoretical basis of polygraph testing, demonstrating that the new framework accounts for CQT, DLC,… [348] (2010)Advances in the concealed information test: Introductory remarks
International Journal of Psychophysiology The editorial introduced research demonstrating that multimodal measurement combining autonomic responses with event-related potentials enhances CIT validity, and that various presentation modalities and testing parameters… [349] (2010)Does the guilty action test allow for differentiating guilty participants from informed innocents? A re-examination
International Journal of Psychophysiology Neither electrodermal, respiratory, nor heart rate responses differed by guilt status or questioning technique. Both GKT and GAT failed to distinguish guilty participants from informed… [350] (2010 • EXPERIMENTAL)Psychophysiological and Behavioral Measures for Detecting Concealed Information: The Role of Memory for Crime Details
Psychophysiology Examined how memory strength affects CIT detection accuracy. Found that central crime details produced stronger physiological responses than peripheral details, with implications for real-world CIT… [351] (2010)The production and detection of deception in an interactive game
Neuropsychologia Both claiming truthfully and falsely in a competitive game activated fronto-polar cortex (BA10), while false claims showed additional activity in premotor and parietal cortices. Deceptive… [352] (2010)Discrimination performance of event-related potentials in the autonomic-based Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology ERP measures detected participants missed by autonomic measures alone, and combining ERP with autonomic measures significantly improved discrimination performance. The peak amplitude of ERP difference… [353] (2010)Automatic blush detection in “Concealed information” test using visual stimuli
2010 International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition The automated thermal detection system achieved approximately 77% True Positive Rate and 60% True Negative Rate in identifying participants with concealed information, demonstrating proof-of-concept but… [354] (2010)The Polygraph and the Detection of Deception
Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice The CQT detects deception better than chance but with significant error rates, contrasting sharply with industry claims of 98% accuracy. The CIT demonstrates superior validity… [355] (2010)Tonic variation of physiological activities in concealed information test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Normalized pulse volume showed progressive anticipatory changes that peaked at relevant item presentation then released—validating the Peak of Tension concept. Skin conductance declined overall but… [356] (2010)Case study of Increase of Normalized Pulse Volume to the Critical Item in the Field Concealed Information Test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology In contrast to the typical vasoconstriction pattern, NPV increased to the critical item in this field case, demonstrating that peripheral vasodilation can occur in genuine… [357] (2010)Faking of the Implicit Association Test is statistically detectable and partly correctable
Basic and Applied Social Psychology The Combined Task Slowing (CTS) index detected instructed IAT faking with an average 75% accuracy (AUC up to .86) across four studies; CTS-based score adjustment… [358] (2010)Strength of Memory Encoding Affects Physiological Responses in the Guilty Actions Test
Biological Psychology Culprits showed differential forgetting of peripheral (but not central) crime details, maintaining stable GAT validity across a 2-week delay, while informed innocents' false positive errors… [359] (2010)New P300-based protocol to detect concealed information: resistance to mental countermeasures
Psychophysiology The Complex Trial Protocol successfully resisted mental countermeasures applied to half the irrelevant stimuli, maintaining detection accuracy where traditional P300 methods would fail. [360] (2010)Extracting concealed information from groups
Journal of Forensic Sciences All three concealed critical items were successfully detected using group-aggregated and within-person standardized skin conductance responses, achieving a 100% item-detection rate across the three embedded… [361] (2010)Effects of self-relativity of non-critical item on the physiological responding on the concealed information test (2)
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Self-relevant non-critical items did not impair detection of guilty participants, but created false positive risk for innocent participants, particularly when scoring relied solely on skin… [362] (2010)The effect of response type and intention to deceive in a detection of deception test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The research demonstrated that different physiological measures show distinct sensitivity to question presentation versus answering processes, with question perception driving primary detection signals more than… [363] (2010)Gap and connection between laboratory research and field application of the CIT in Japan
International Journal of Psychophysiology Laboratory and field CIT data showed convergent physiological patterns across all major autonomic measures (skin conductance increase, heart rate decrease, respiration suppression, finger pulse volume… [364] (2010)The occurrence of eye blinks during a guilty knowledge test
Psychology, Crime & Law Eye blink suppression during crime-relevant questions successfully distinguished guilty from innocent participants with 76% overall accuracy, supporting the use of cognitive load-based ocular measures in… [365] (2009)Probability Assessment of the Value of Psychophysiological Stimuli
European Polygraph The paper proposes a probability assessment framework for understanding stimulus value in polygraph testing, formalizing the relationship between stimulus psychological significance and physiological response magnitude,… [366] (2009)Portrait of a Lie
Scientific American Mind Lying consistently activates brain regions involved in suppressing information and resolving conflicts, particularly the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal lobes. Combined fMRI and physiological measures… [367] (2009)Problems of Questions in Event Knowledge Tests
European Polygraph The study identified critical problems in EKT question construction and emphasized that EKT tests cannot be used in a template-based way, requiring extensive preparation time… [368] (2009)The contemporary situation of field polygraph tests
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Heart rate showed the highest detection rates among five physiological measures, followed by skin conductance response, respiratory speed, normalized pulse volume, and skin conductance level.… [369] (2009)Forensic examination of memory traces (Part 1)
European Polygraph The paper proposes reconceptualizing polygraph testing as forensic examination of memory traces, arguing this framework provides stronger scientific grounding than traditional lie detection paradigms and… [370] (2009)Differentiating orienting and defensive responses to concealed information: The role of verbalization
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback When CIT participants remained silent rather than giving verbal responses, heart rate showed the deceleration predicted by orienting theory, confirming that verbal responding is responsible… [371] (2009)Detecting concealed information with reaction times: Validity and comparison with the polygraph
Applied Cognitive Psychology Both the RT-based CIT and the polygraph-based CIT successfully discriminated between concealed and control autobiographical information, with similarly high effect sizes, supporting the RT-CIT as… [372] (2009)Eye Movements and Pupil Size Reveal Deception in Computer Administered Questionnaires
Foundations of Augmented Cognition Guilty participants demonstrated larger pupil responses and faster, more efficient reading of crime-relevant statements compared to innocent participants, with oculomotor discriminant functions successfully distinguishing between… [373] (2009)Statistical discrimination methods for the polygraph test
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology The latent class discrimination method (database-based) and hidden Markov discrimination method (within-individual) both demonstrated higher discrimination performance than conventional logistic regression and discriminant analysis methods… [374] (2009)A new approach for EEG feature extraction in P300-based lie detection
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine The study achieved 86% correct classification accuracy for both guilty and innocent subjects using a Genetic Algorithm-optimized multi-domain EEG feature set, surpassing the performance of… [375] (2009)The role of intention to conceal in the P300-based Concealed Information Test
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback P300 amplitude differences between chosen and unchosen cards were significant only when participants had motivation to conceal or transmit, not in the no-secret condition, indicating… [376] (2009 • SUBLIMINAL PRIMING)The Application of Subliminal Priming in Lie Detection: Scenario for Identification of Members of a Terrorist Ring
Psychophysiology Novel application combining subliminal priming with P300 CIT for counterterrorism screening scenarios. Demonstrated potential for detecting concealed associations without overt questioning. [377] (2009 • ERP REVIEW)Review of Recent Studies and Issues Regarding the P300-Based Complex Trial Protocol for Detection of Concealed Information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Comprehensive review summarizing more than a dozen CTP studies. Documented diagnostic accuracy from 75–90%, described enhancements using N200, performance feedback, and auxiliary tests that restored… [378] (2009)Thirty-site P300 scalp distribution, amplitude variance across sites, and amplitude in detection of deceptive concealment of multiple guilty items
Social Neuroscience Amplitude variance across 30 scalp sites and P300 amplitude at multiple nonfrontal sites each correctly identified 71% of guilty subjects, with false positive rates of… [379] (2009)Detecting concealment of intent in transportation screening: A proof of concept
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems The research demonstrated that automated analysis of verbal and nonverbal behavior during interviews could detect concealed intent at above-chance levels, with kinesic tracking revealing differences… [380] (2009)Lying about facial recognition: an fMRI study
Brain and Cognition Deception about facial recognition activated a right-lateralized network including the medial frontal gyrus, red nucleus, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus with ACC,… [381] (2009)Electromyographic Evidence for Response Conflict in the Exclude Recognition Task
Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience Results showed 28% partial errors for probe items compared to only 2% for irrelevant items, providing direct physiological evidence that familiarity and recollection processes activate… [382] (2009)The Functionally Separation of P300 and CNV in Lie Detection
Acta Psychologica Sinica P300 (evoked at ~450ms) remained stable across feedback conditions and reflected stimulus recognition, while CNV (evoked at ~800ms) increased significantly for guilty participants making deceptive… [383] (2009)Deception: Detection of and Brain Imaging
Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science Brain imaging studies identified consistent neural signatures of deception in prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and parietal regions, with accuracy rates typically under 90%. However, the… [384] (2009)Assigned Versus Random, Countermeasure-Like Responses in the P300 Based Complex Trial Protocol for Detection of Deception: Task Demand Effects
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Under low-demand random response conditions, the CTP achieved a guilty hit rate of 11/12 with zero false positives; however, under higher-demand assigned response conditions, the… [385] (2009)The effects of asymmetric vs. symmetric probability of targets following probe and irrelevant stimuli in the complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information with P300
Physiology & Behavior No significant differences in Probe-minus-Irrelevant P300 amplitudes or individual detection rates were found between asymmetric and symmetric target probability conditions, validating the internal integrity of… [386] (2009)Within-individual discrimination on the concealed information test using dynamic mixture modeling
Psychophysiology The hidden Markov discrimination method showed superior performance compared to conventional within-individual scoring approaches in a mock theft experiment with 34 participants, successfully modeling physiological… [387] (2009)Disclosing concealed information on the basis of cortical activations
NeuroImage The study achieved 84.21% accuracy in identifying subjects with concealed information based on right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation, with both sensitivity and specificity at 0.84. [388] (2008)The Event Knowledge Test Alibi Testing Potential in Polygraphic Examination
European Polygraph The EKT successfully bridges the gap between scientifically-supported knowledge testing and practical field application constraints in European criminal investigations. [389] (2008)The Event Knowledge Test (EKT) in Polygraph Examination (common notice of tactics)
European Polygraph The EKT has been successfully implemented in Lithuanian law enforcement to reveal crime-specific knowledge and help investigate important circumstances of crimes. [390] (2008)Successful detection of verbal and visual concealed knowledge using an RT-based paradigm
Applied Cognitive Psychology Both verbal and visual stimulus modalities produced equivalent detection accuracy, with face pictures achieving 91% hit rates and 3% false-alarm rates comparable to verbal phrase… [391] (2008)Enhancing the complex trial protocol (CTP) and detecting concealed information in a mock crime scenario
International Journal of Psychophysiology The CTP achieved greater than 90% detection accuracy across all testing conditions including when participants attempted countermeasures. Countermeasure use was detectable via elevated reaction times,… [392] (2008 • SPATIAL-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS)Detection of Deception About Multiple Concealed Mock Crime Items Based on Spatial-Temporal Analysis of ERP Amplitude
Psychophysiology Extended P300 CIT methods to detect multiple concealed items simultaneously. Achieved detection rates above 80% using spatial-temporal ERP analysis across scalp regions. [393] (2008)Multimodal Detection of Deception using Fusion of Reaction Time and P300 Component
2008 Cairo International Biomedical Engineering Conference The Bootstrapped Analysis of Reaction Time (BART) method achieved 81% accuracy, comparable to 80% for P300 wavelet analysis alone. The multimodal BART-BAD fusion method demonstrated… [394] (2008 • FORENSIC ASSESSMENT)The Role of Psychophysiology in Forensic Assessments: Deception Detection, ERPs, and Virtual Reality Mock Crime Scenarios
Psychophysiology Introduced virtual reality mock crimes to increase ecological validity. Found enhanced realism improved physiological differentiation between guilty and innocent participants in CIT paradigms. [395] (2008)Полиграф в практике расследования преступлений (The polygraph in practice in the investigation of crimes)
Book/Monograph The manual establishes comprehensive procedural standards for Russian forensic polygraph practice, detailing three primary testing methodologies, 16 specific investigative applications, and systematic protocols spanning pre-test… [396] (2008)Limitations to the Detection of Deception: True and False recollections are Poorly Distinguished using an Event-related Potential Procedure
Social Neuroscience Both studies found very high rates of false recognition and little evidence that brain electrical activity could distinguish true from false memories, with false recollections… [397] (2008)Electrodermal and phasic heart rate responses in the Guilty Actions Test: Comparing guilty examinees to informed and uninformed innocents
International Journal of Psychophysiology Informed participants (both guilty and innocent-aware) showed equivalent SCR and heart rate deceleration patterns to crime-relevant items, indicating that the GAT physiological response is driven… [398] (2008)The Event Knowledge Test
European Polygraph P3 responses were obtained only to counted and chosen objects in 7 of 10 valid subjects, demonstrating that recognition memory for crime-relevant items persists despite… [399] (2008)The Event Knowledge Test (EKT) In Polygraph Examination
European Polygraph The EKT examination successfully detected specific knowledge about crime circumstances unknown to investigators at the time of testing, revealing details that proved valuable for directing… [400] (2008)The role of deception in the P300-based concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology P300 memory detection was significant even without deceptive responding, demonstrating recognition is sufficient. However, deception improved detection accuracy, suggesting it plays a modulatory rather than… [401] (2008)The complex-trial protocol (CTP): A new, countermeasure-resistant, accurate P300-based method for detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology The CTP maintained hit rates greater than 90% across all conditions including active countermeasure use, with false positive rates of 0-0.08 and A′ discrimination values… [402] (2008)T06-P-01 A novel lie detection technique in the assessment of testimony of sexual assault
Sexologies The authors proposed a forensic assessment protocol combining credibility evaluation with implicit memory testing using the aIAT for child sexual assault cases, building on laboratory… [403] (2008 • COMPLEX TRIAL PROTOCOL)Development of a Countermeasure-Resistant P300-Based Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Introduced the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) specifically designed to resist countermeasures that defeated earlier P300 methods. Achieved high accuracy even with countermeasure-trained subjects. [404] (2008)Combining P300 and SCR in the detection of concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Both P300 and SCR independently discriminated crime-relevant from irrelevant stimuli in a mock crime CIT, but the two measures were statistically uncorrelated — indicating distinct… [405] (2008)Detecting concealed information using brain-imaging technology
Neurocase Neuroimaging-based deception detection faces substantial challenges including vulnerability to countermeasures, limited ecological validity of laboratory paradigms, and the fundamental limitation that decoding performs pattern recognition… [406] (2008)The Complex Trial Protocol (CTP): a new, countermeasure-resistant, accurate, P300-based method for detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology Detection accuracy exceeded 90% across all conditions including active countermeasure use, and a novel dual-channel detection system using both P300 amplitude and reaction time patterns… [407] (2008)Combining physiological measures in the detection of concealed information
Physiology & Behavior SCR demonstrated significantly higher ROC AUC values than both HR and RLL as standalone measures; a weighted logistic regression combining all three physiological channels produced… [408] (2008)Déjà vu! The effect of previewing test items on the validity of the Concealed Information polygraph Test
Psychology, Crime & Law Previewing CIT test items with examinees prior to the formal examination did not reduce the physiological differentiation between guilty and innocent participants, directly contradicting the… [409] (2008)Polygraph and Polygraph Techniques
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law No specific physiological response uniquely identifies deception; all polygraph methods rely on stimulus control and inference. Two major families of techniques exist—knowledge approaches and deception… [410] (2008)Detecting Lies and Deceit: Pitfalls and Opportunities
Interpersonal Communication Most widely-believed deception cues are unreliable, with 75% of examined cues showing no association with deception. Human lie-truth discrimination averages 54% accuracy, while Control Question… [411] (2007)Effects of arousal level on the physiological responding on the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Evaluative observation successfully elevated participants' overall arousal levels (indicated by higher skin conductance, vasoconstriction, and self-reports), but differential physiological reactivity to critical versus non-critical items… [412] (2007)Startling secrets: Startle eye blink modulation by concealed crime information
Biological Psychology Reduced startle modulation to crime pictures occurred only when participants inhibited physiological responding, suggesting that both orienting and inhibition processes contribute to CIT effects, challenging… [413] (2007)P300 and the Human Brain: Evoked Potentials in Clinical and Basic Research
Psychophysiology The review establishes a dual-component neuropsychological model with distinct neural generators and neurotransmitter systems for P3a (frontal/dopaminergic) and P3b (parietal/norepinephrine), providing the theoretical foundation for… [414] (2007)Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b
Clinical Neurophysiology The paper provides theoretical architecture showing that P300 signals represent specific patterns of attention allocation, memory operations, and neural inhibition rather than simple stimulus recognition,… [415] (2007)The P300 is sensitive to concealed face recognition
International Journal of Psychophysiology P300-based CIT successfully detected concealed face recognition under high-familiarity and deceptive-intent conditions, but mere recognition alone without concealment motivation was insufficient to produce reliable detection. [416] (2007)Single versus multiple probe blocks of P300-based concealed information tests for self-referring versus incidentally obtained information
Biological Psychology The single-probe protocol showed marginally superior detection sensitivity (p<.07) compared to the multiple-probe protocol, attributed to lower cognitive task demand. Self-referring information was better detected… [417] (2007)Legal and practical aspects of using the polygraph in the Republic of Lithuania
European Polygraph Lithuania developed comprehensive legal regulations governing polygraph use, primarily utilizing the Event Knowledge Test (a modification of the Concealed Information Test) in law enforcement and… [418] (2006)P300-based detection of concealed autobiographical versus incidentally acquired information in target and non-target paradigms
International Journal of Psychophysiology Autobiographical probe items generated larger P300 amplitudes and higher detection rates than incidentally acquired information; removal of target stimuli did not improve accuracy, contradicting cognitive… [419] (2006)Psychopathy and Physiological Detection of Concealed Information: A review
Psychologica Belgica Reduced orienting responses in high antisocial individuals threaten CIT validity, with autonomic hyporesponsivity responsible for decreased detection in antisocial personalities, while emotional detachment and antisocial… [420] (2006)Facial Skin Surface Temperature Changes During a Concealed Information Test
Annals of Biomedical Engineering Facial skin surface temperature measured by a focal plane array thermal imaging radiometer significantly differentiated deceptive from non-deceptive participants in both experiments, with combined bilateral… [421] (2006)Wavelet analysis for EEG feature extraction in deception detection
2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Wavelet analysis detected significant differences between deceptive and truthful responses in beta-band activity during the P300 time window, while conventional ERP analysis failed to reveal… [422] (2006)Finger pulse waveform length in the detection of concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology FPWL achieved detection accuracy comparable to established measures (SCR .70–.84, RLL .73–.82), with improved performance when measures were combined. FPWL showed potential resistance to habituation… [423] (2006)Interrogation using polygraph and its scientific basis
Polygraph Task-oriented memory test theory provides the most parsimonious explanation for differential physiological responses in polygraph testing, better accounting for both Comparison Question Test (CQT) and… [424] (2006 • P300 GKT COMPARISON)A Comparison of Methods for ERP Assessment in a P300-Based GKT
International Journal of Psychophysiology Compared three classifiers for P300-based detection achieving 74–80% correct detection rates. Demonstrated potential of ERP methods though accuracy remained below traditional polygraph. [425] (2006)Psychophysiological and vocal measures in the detection of guilty knowledge
International Journal of Psychophysiology The study provided one of the first rigorous laboratory tests comparing traditional psychophysiological measures against commercial VSA technology like TrusterPro. [426] (2006)A new discrimination method for the concealed information test using pretest data and within-individual comparisons
Biological Psychology The latent class discrimination method showed superior discrimination performance compared to conventional statistical methods by incorporating pretest card test data and accounting for individual response… [427] (2005)An Empirical Investigation of Deception Behaviorin Instant Messaging
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication Three types of nonverbal behaviors and three types of verbal behaviors significantly differentiated deceivers from truth tellers, including greater word count, more turn-taking, increased negative… [428] (2005)Behavioral and physiological measures in the detection of concealed information
Journal of Applied Psychology Skin conductance response (SCR) reliably detected concealed information across both paradigms, but reaction time (RT) differentiated relevant from neutral items only when the critical words… [429] (2005)Psychopathic traits and autonomic responding to concealed information in a prison sample
Psychophysiology Prisoners scoring high on the Impulsive Antisociality factor (PPI-II) of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory exhibited reduced electrodermal responding to concealed information, indicating that CIT sensitivity… [430] (2004)Can online behavior unveil deceivers? - an exploratory investigation of deception in instant messaging
37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the Two types of online behavior significantly differentiated deceivers from truth-tellers: deceivers participated more actively with greater message volume and took a dominant communication position, while… [431] (2004)Orienting to guilty knowledge
Cognition & Emotion Probe response times were significantly slower on guilty knowledge trials than neutral trials across all three experiments, demonstrating that crime-relevant stimuli produce a general interruption… [432] (2004)Deception Detection in Forensic Contexts
Cambridge University Press The volume documented that intensive recent research had produced substantial new knowledge about cross-cultural deception, simulated amnesia, false confessions, and lie-detection training. Research reviewed suggested… [433] (2004)Detection of the Cognitive Components of Brain Potentials Using Wavelet Coefficients
Iranian Journal of Biomedical Engineering Discrete wavelet transform successfully decomposed single-trial P300 ERP signals into informative time-frequency features that distinguished guilty from innocent subjects, with subsequent work confirming 86% correct… [434] (2004)The detection of deception in forensic contexts
Cambridge University Press The volume documents that deception detection research had shifted from merely assessing detection ability toward enhancing performance. Polygraph testing shows approximately 90% accuracy in forensic… [435] (2004)The psychophysiological detection of deception
In: The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts (Granhag & Strömwall, Eds.) Research evidence suggested polygraph testing achieves approximately 90% accuracy in forensic settings, representing substantial improvement over unaided human deception detection, though voice stress analysis lacks… [436] (2003)Estimating the validity of the guilty knowledge test from simulated experiments: The external validity of mock crime studies
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Realistic mock crime procedures produced lower recall rates and weaker GKT detection efficiency compared to standard procedures where participants were told crime details in advance.… [437] (2003)Review of: Handbook of Polygraph Testing
Journal of Forensic Sciences The review highlighted the Handbook as a significant scholarly contribution to a field with limited academic literature, noting its balanced coverage of theory and practice… [438] (2003)A Paucity of Operable Case Facts Restricts Applicability of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in FBI Criminal Polygraph Examinations
Forensic Science Communications The guilty knowledge technique was applicable in only 5.0%-8.6% of FBI criminal investigations overall, with significantly higher rates in bank robberies (25.0%) and kidnappings (17.2%),… [439] (2003)CIT and Countermeasures
Journal of Applied Psychology Found that compared with CQT, there is less evidence that individuals tested through CIT could employ countermeasures to alter results. CIT demonstrated greater resistance to… [440] (2003)Concealed knowledge tests employed in field practice
Overall effect size was d = 1.55, with mock-crime studies producing d = 2.09. Under optimal conditions (mock crime, motivation, deceptive responses, ≥5 questions), effect… [441] (2003)A Paucity of Operable Case Facto Restricts Applicability of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in FBI Criminal Polygraph Examination
Forensic Sciences Communication Of 758 FBI criminal examinations, only 6.7% had three or more operable keys available for CIT testing, with 89.2% having zero usable keys—demonstrating that the… [442] (2002)Polygraphic Examinations in Japan: Application of the Guilty Knowledge Test
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 4, 16–27 Documented Japan’s unique use of the CIT as the only polygraph method used in criminal investigations. Japan remains the world leader in field CIT application,… [443] (2002 • FIELD APPLICATION)Practical Use of the Concealed Information Test for Criminal Investigation in Japan
Book Chapters Detailed review of Japan’s routine operational use of the CIT in criminal investigations. Documented standardized procedures used by Japanese police with cases involving murder, arson,… [444] (2002)The role of psychophysiology in clinical assessment: ERPs in the evaluation of memory
Psychophysiology ERP-based memory assessment using P300 can support statistically reliable individual-level memory determinations via bootstrapping and Bayesian methods; application to DID patients demonstrated that ERP evidence… [445] (2002)P300 Scalp Distribution as an Index of Deception: Control for Task Demand
Journal of Credibility Assessment and Witness Psychology Scaled P300 scalp distributions differed significantly between honest and dishonest responses within the lie group (p<.02 for response type × site interaction), with lie responses… [446] (2002)Event-related potentials in the detection of deception, malingering, and false memories
Handbook of Polygraph Testing P300-based methods achieved 92-100% accuracy in detecting malingered amnesia and successfully identified concealed information through involuntary brain responses. P300 latency distinguished real memories from false… [447] (2002)Effects of questions' repetition and variation on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test: A reexamination
Journal of Applied Psychology Electrodermal detection efficiency showed a dramatic monotonic increase with question diversity, achieving ROC areas of 0.68, 0.81, and 0.99 for conditions with 1, 4, and… [448] (2002 • FOUNDATIONAL fMRI)Brain Activity During Simulated Deception: An Event-Related fMRI Study
NeuroImage First major fMRI deception study. Found increased anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex activation during lying, establishing the neural basis for fMRI-based lie detection research. [449] (2002)Peripheral skin blood flow in psychophysiological detection of deception
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Laser Doppler flowmetry successfully detected peripheral blood flow changes differentiating crime-relevant from irrelevant items, with vasoconstriction occurring 3-10 seconds after stimulus presentation as part of… [450] (2002 • MODERN HANDBOOK)Handbook of Polygraph Testing
Book Comprehensive edited volume covering all aspects of modern polygraph science and practice. Included chapters on CQT, CIT, countermeasures, computerized scoring, legal issues, and PCSOT. [451] (2001)A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of CIT Research Using MacLaren’s Data
Psychophysiology Laboratory research meta-analysis on the Concealed Information Test / Guilty Knowledge Test, providing data later incorporated into the APA 2011 meta-analytic review. Confirmed strong discrimination… [452] (2001)Respiratory changes during detection of deception
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Respiratory responses to deception showed inhibitory breathing characterized by decreased expiratory volume and minute ventilation, contrasting sharply with the hyperventilation pattern observed during general stress… [453] (2001)Pz-recorded P300 is highly accurate and sensitive to a memorial manipulation in an objective laboratory Guilty Knowledge Test
Psychophysiology Pz-recorded P300 amplitudes remained highly accurate and sensitive indicators of guilty knowledge even one month after the mock crime, while reaction time measures showed degraded… [454] (2001)The case for peak-to-peak measurement of P300 recorded at .3 hz high pass filter settings in detection of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology The 0.3 Hz high-pass filter combined with peak-to-peak P300 amplitude measurement achieved 100% correct classification (26/26) in a laboratory deception paradigm, yielding on average 20%… [455] (2001)Using brain MERMER testing to detect knowledge despite efforts to conceal
Journal of Forensic Sciences The MERMER technique showed promise in detecting whether specific crime-relevant information was stored in subjects' brains, representing a shift from detecting deception to detecting concealed… [456] (2001)The case for peak-to-peak measurement of P300 recorded at 0.3 Hz high pass filter settings in detection of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology The combination of 0.3 Hz filter settings with peak-to-peak P300 measurement achieved 100% correct classification (26/26 participants) in a laboratory deception paradigm, significantly outperforming all… [457] (2001)Eye blinks: new indices for the detection of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology Blink rate patterns discriminated between relevant and irrelevant stimuli in a card-based guilty knowledge test, with more blinks occurring before responses to relevant cards and… [458] (2000)Orienting Response Reinstatement and Dishabituation: The Effects of Substituting, Adding and Deleting Components of Nonsignificant Stimuli
Psychophysiology Component substitution systematically affected OR reinstatement, with between-category substitutions producing larger responses than within-category changes. Adding and deleting components had equivalent effects, supporting the theory… [459] (2000)Using response time measures to assess guilty knowledge
Journal of Applied Psychology Response times to recognized probe stimuli were approximately 200 ms slower than irrelevant items, enabling reliable discrimination of guilty from innocent participants with 98% hit… [460] (1999)Leakage of relevant information to innocent examinees in the GKT: An attempt to reduce false-positive outcomes by introducing target stimuli
Journal of Applied Psychology Informed innocents showed larger electrodermal responses to critical items than uninformed innocents but smaller than guilty participants. The target stimulus manipulation tended to reduce differences… [461] (1999)Auditory and visual P300 topography from a 3 stimulus paradigm
Clinical Neurophysiology Both target and non-target stimuli produced identical normalized topography across auditory and visual modalities, suggesting both elicited P3b rather than distinct P3a/P3b components. Visual P300s… [462] (1998)Meta-Analysis of CIT Laboratory Studies
Applied Psychology (multiple publications) Found the weighted average false positive rate was only 4.1% and the false negative rate was 19.4%. Established the CIT as having particularly low false… [463] (1998)Influence of Mismatch between Subjects' Representation and Critical Items on the Detection Accuracy of Deception
Japanese journal of science and technology for identification Detection accuracy showed a dose-response relationship with stimulus similarity: identical items yielded highest accuracy, similar items were detectable but less accurate, and highly dissimilar items… [464] (1998)Detection of deception with event-related brain potentials
Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification The P3 (P300) component was identified as the most viable ERP-based detection index due to its large amplitude, ease of recording, and slightly superior correct… [465] (1998)Contingent negative variation (CNV) in the detection of deception task using a serial presentation of pictures
Japanese Journal of Psychology CNV amplitude was significantly reduced immediately before the target stimulus in the guilty (concealment) condition compared to the innocent condition, with the decrease interpreted as… [466] (1997)The Validity of the Lie Detector: Two Surveys of Scientific Opinion
Journal of Applied Psychology The surveys achieved exceptionally high response rates (91% and 74%) and provided an unbiased assessment of scientific consensus on polygraph validity from relevant experts. [467] (1997)A comparison of methods for the analysis of event-related potentials in deception detection
Psychophysiology All three ERP analysis methods achieved extremely high classification accuracy under ROC evaluation, and the bootstrapping procedure's apparent sensitivity to motivational incentive was revealed to… [468] (1997)The Cognitive Interview and Lie Detection: a New Magnifying Glass for Sherlock Holmes?
Applied Cognitive Psychology Truthful narrations contained more contextual and sensorial information than deceptive narrations, with significantly larger differences when participants were interviewed using the Cognitive Interview versus standard… [469] (1997)Effects of items' repetitions and variations on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test
Psychophysiology Similar detection efficiencies were obtained when a single question was repeated 12 times versus when four different questions were each repeated 3 times. Accumulating information… [470] (1997)Polygraph testimony and juror judgments: A comparison of the guilty knowledge test and the control question test
Journal of Applied Social Psychology No differences were found among conditions for either jury or individual verdicts; jurors rated both CQT and GKT polygraph testimony below other forms of evidence… [471] (1997)P300 from a single-stimulus paradigm: Passive versus active tasks and stimulus modality
Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology: Evoked Potentials Under passive ignore conditions, single-stimulus P300 amplitudes exceeded those from the oddball paradigm, while the reverse held for active tasks; for press and count conditions,… [472] (1997)Polygraph Testimony and Juror Judgments: CIT vs. CQT Comparison
Journal of Applied Social Psychology Compared juror responses to CIT and CQT polygraph evidence. Found differential juror reactions depending on the type of polygraph test presented, with implications for how… [473] (1997)Survey of Scientists on CIT/GKT Validity
Various Publications Polled 363 scientists from the American Psychological Association and the Society for Psychophysiological Research. Found that the scientific community was more supportive of CIT than… [474] (1996)Pupillary size in response to a visual guilty knowledge test: New technique for the detection of deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Pupillary responses successfully differentiated target from control items for guilty participants in both experiments, with perfect innocent detection (100%) but modest guilty detection (50-70%), performing… [475] (1996)Mental and Physical Countermeasures Reduce the Accuracy of the Concealed Knowledge Test
Psychophysiology Investigated whether countermeasures can defeat the CIT. Found that both mental and physical countermeasures reduced detection accuracy. However, the CIT was found to be more… [476] (1996)Event-related potentials as indirect measures of recognition memory
International Journal of Psychophysiology ERP signals — particularly the centro-parietal P300 in the 500–1000 ms window — reliably distinguished recognized from unrecognized auditory stimuli independently of overt behavioral responses,… [477] (1996)Testing Interpersonal Deception Theory: The Language of Interpersonal Deception
Communication Theory Senders displayed greater verbal nonimmediacy when deceiving, with expertise having a greater effect than relationship familiarity. Equivocation produced the most verbally nonimmediate language, while suspicion… [478] (1996)Deception and nondeception in guilty knowledge and guilty actions polygraph tests
Journal of Applied Psychology Innocent witnesses tested on the GKT were misclassified as guilty at a rate of 76%, compared to only 24% under the GAT format, with overall… [479] (1996)Is an apple a fruit? Semantic relatedness as reflected by psychophysiological responsivity
Psychophysiology Semantic generalization varied by relationship type: no generalization occurred across coordinate terms (apple/pear), but moderate generalization appeared for superordinates and synonyms, with complete generalization between… [480] (1995)Statistical Classification Procedures for Polygraph Tests of Guilty Knowledge
Behaviormetrika Both within-subject and training-data statistical approaches achieved approximately 80% correct classification accuracy with adequate observations, outperforming human chart interpretation, though the within-subject method deteriorated with… [481] (1995)P300 in response to the subject's own name
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology P300 amplitude was significantly larger in response to subjects' own names compared to control words in passive listening conditions, with an average enhancement index of… [482] (1995)Generalization of the orienting response to significant stimuli: The roles of common and distinctive stimulus components
Psychophysiology Both common and distinctive features independently affected OR generalization, with distinctive components showing a threshold effect—the first novel element produced a large OR decline, but… [483] (1994)Análisis de la credibilidad de recuerdos percibidos e imaginados
Apuntes de Psicología When prepared accounts were compared, subjects classified them at chance levels (~50% accuracy), regardless of evaluator experience. Preparation enriched both perceived and imagined memories with… [484] (1994)An Analysis of Voice Responses for the Detection of Deception
Department of Defense Polygraph Institute Report Pitch/energy analysis achieved only 37% correct decisions compared to 79% for the trained polygraph examiner, with no significant differences found between truthful and deceptive responses… [485] (1994)The Accuracy of Human Decisions and Objective Measurements in Psychophysiological Detection of Knowledge
The Journal of Psychology All three measurements discriminated better than chance, but objectively measured SRR and RLL proved superior to subjective human respiration evaluation (RRE). Skin resistance showed the… [486] (1993)The Role of Guessing and Verbal Response Type in Psychophysiological Detection of Concealed Information
The Journal of Psychology Participants with certain knowledge of the selected card showed significantly stronger physiological responses to the relevant item compared to those who were asked to guess,… [487] (1993)Is the Guilty Knowledge Polygraph Technique Applicable in Criminal Investigations? A Review of FBI Case Records
Crime Laboratory Digest The GKT was deemed applicable in only 13.1% of reviewed FBI criminal cases (95% CI: 4.9%–21.4%), and the majority of remaining cases lacked the operationally… [488] (1993)The possibility of lie detection with visual event-related potentials by using the familier's photographs
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology The study investigated whether photographs of familiar individuals could elicit P300 responses capable of revealing concealed recognition, representing pioneering work in visual stimulus-based ERP deception… [489] (1992)Awareness of crime-relevant information and the Guilty Knowledge Test
Journal of Applied Psychology The study achieved perfect or near-perfect detection rates with a hierarchical physiological response pattern (guilty > informed innocent > uninformed innocent), demonstrating that informed innocent… [490] (1992)Detection Measures in Real-Life Criminal Guilty Knowledge Tests
Journal of Applied Psychology Another critical field study of CIT with real criminal cases. Found detection rates consistent with laboratory predictions, though noted challenges with false negative rates in… [491] (1992 • SEMINAL)The Identification of Concealed Memories Using Event-Related Potentials and Implicit Behavioral Measures
Psychophysiology Reported 90% and above hit rate in detecting concealed thought using P300-based methods. Combined ERP and behavioral measures for improved classification, establishing neural CIT paradigm. [492] (1992)Aware of crime-relevant information and the guilty knowledge test
Journal of Applied Psychology Guilty participants' skin resistance scores were significantly higher than informed innocents', which were higher than uninformed innocents', with perfect classification achieved. The study demonstrated that… [493] (1992)Oddball-evoked P300-based method of deception detection in the laboratory II: Utilization of non-selective activation of relevant knowledge
International Journal of Psychophysiology The study achieved 87% overall accuracy in classifying guilty (n=17) and innocent (n=14) subjects without pre-test selective rehearsal, demonstrating that temporally proximal, non-selective presentation of… [494] (1992)The effect of common versus distinctive stimulus features on electrodermal orientation to significant stimuli
Psychophysiology Distinctive features significantly affected electrodermal responsivity (more distinctive features = decreased responding), but common features had no effect—contradicting additive feature-matching model predictions and suggesting mismatch… [495] (1992)Use of antianxiety drugs as countermeasures in the detection of guilty knowledge
Journal of Applied Psychology Drug status had no influence on GKT outcomes—diazepam, meprobamate, and propranolol all failed as countermeasures. Innocent subjects who coincidentally scored high on recognition memory tests… [496] (1992)The History and Accuracy of Guilty Knowledge and Peak of Tension Tests
Polygraph The review established conceptual clarification by distinguishing peak of tension (POT) tests as specialized variants of guilty knowledge tests (now called Concealed Information Tests), standardizing… [497] (1991)Why (some) Americans believe in the lie detector while others believe in the guilty knowledge test
Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science Lykken argues that real-world CQT accuracy is barely above chance, sustained by confirmation bias and the exam's confession-eliciting function, while the GKT offers a theoretically… [498] (1991 • FOUNDATIONAL)The Truth Will Out: Interrogative Polygraphy with Event-Related Brain Potentials
Psychophysiology Foundational study establishing the P300 “brain fingerprinting” paradigm. Demonstrated that concealed information could be detected using ERP measures with high accuracy in controlled conditions. [499] (1991)The roles of deception, intention to deceive, and motivation to avoid detection in the psychophysiological detection of guilty knowledge
Psychophysiology Deceptive 'no' answers increased skin conductance differentiation, but better-than-chance detection occurred even with truthful answers or silence. Motivation to avoid detection had no significant effect.… [500] (1991)The truth will out: interrogative polygraphy ('lie detection') with event-related brain potentials
Psychophysiology The P300-based Guilty Knowledge Test achieved 100% accuracy in determinate cases (87.5% overall), with no false positives or negatives, though 12.5% of cases were classified… [501] (1991)Science, Lies, and Controversy: An Epitaph for the Lie Detector
American Psychological Association (Address) Polygraph accuracy in real-world applications is little better than chance, with at least half of truthful subjects erroneously classified as deceptive. The technique is biased… [502] (1991)Another Critical Assault on Lie Detection
Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews Iacono's review reinforced critical perspectives on polygraph validity and contributed to academic discourse questioning the scientific foundations of the Comparison Question Test, building on work… [503] (1991)Effects of mental countermeasures on psychophysiological detection in the guilty knowledge test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Item-specific mental countermeasures tended to increase psychophysiological detection, whereas continuous dissociation strategies decreased detection efficiency, with patterns consistent across field and laboratory settings. [504] (1991)The forensic use of the polygraph: A psychophysiological analysis of current trends and future prospects
Advances in Psychophysiology (Vol. 4) The Control Question Technique (CQT) is found to lack construct validity as a measure of deception, because it indexes differential anxiety and fear responses rather… [505] (1990)Detection of Guilty Knowledge in Real-Life Criminal Investigations
Journal of Applied Psychology Rare field study of CIT in actual criminal investigations. Provided real-world validity data for the concealed information approach, addressing the gap between laboratory and field… [506] (1990)Novelty and significance in orientation and habituation: A feature-matching approach
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Experiment 2 supported the feature-matching model, showing that effects of novelty and significance were additive rather than interactive. Electrodermal responsivity reflected the degree of habituation… [507] (1990)Theories and applications in the detection of deception: A psychophysiological and international perspective
Book The authors developed a cognitive theoretical framework for understanding psychophysiological deception detection that would profoundly influence subsequent polygraph research and policy debates for decades. [508] (1990)History and Description
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception The chapter documents the evolution of polygraph instrumentation and identifies six major problems with the Control Question Test, establishing a critical framework that distinguished scientifically… [509] (1990)Reliability and Validity of Polygraph-Based Classification
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception Across 10 GKT laboratory experiments, 84% of guilty examinees and 94% of innocent examinees were correctly classified, with accuracy rates highest when tests included more… [510] (1990)A Critical Comparison of the Major Methods of Polygraph Interrogation
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception The GKT/CIT relies on solid scientific principles and incorporates proper control questions with standardized procedures, while the CQT suffers from questionable scientific status, lack of… [511] (1990)Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception
Springer-Verlag The book establishes that the CQT lacks the scientific foundation necessary for valid testing due to non-equivalent comparison questions, while the GKT offers a scientifically… [512] (1989)Effects of motivation level and verbal response type on psychophysiological detection in the guilty knowledge test
Psychophysiology Highly motivated subjects were detected significantly better than less motivated subjects, and the act of lying enhanced differential responsivity. However, no differences emerged between verbal… [513] (1989)Knowledge, probability, and credibility
Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Credibility is multi-dimensional (sensitivity, objectivity, veracity) and evidence evaluation requires cascaded inference through multiple uncertainty stages. Applying Bayes' rule to this structure provides a systematic… [514] (1989)Event related potential (P3 and CNV) as an index of detection of deception
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Both the P300 and CNV showed differential responses to concealed crime-relevant information, demonstrating that complementary ERP components — one reflecting post-stimulus recognition and one reflecting… [515] (1988)Assessing deception: Polygraph techniques
In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception The authors concluded that polygraph techniques, particularly the widely-used Control Question Test, lack sound theoretical foundations, are vulnerable to countermeasures, and cannot provide reliable error… [516] (1988)A modified, event-related potential-based guilty knowledge test
International Journal of Neuroscience P300 amplitude was selectively enhanced for personally meaningful probe items (the 'stolen' object) and task-relevant targets, while irrelevant items produced no significant P300 responses, yielding… [517] (1988)Choice and the Detection of Deception
Perceptual and Motor Skills The study demonstrated that examinees' voluntary choices regarding cooperation significantly influenced physiological detection patterns, with cooperative choices potentially attenuating electrodermal responses and affecting the validity… [518] (1987)Advances in psychophysiological detection of deception
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Japanese polygraph examinations using the Guilty Knowledge Test achieved approximately 90% accuracy in field applications with high inter-rater reliability, supported by formal examiner training and… [519] (1987)Common and distinctive features of verbal and pictorial stimuli as determinants of psychophysiological responsivity
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Skin conductance responses increased monotonically with the number of matching features between test stimuli and relevant memorized items, supporting an automatic feature-matching model of similarity… [520] (1987)Late vertex positivity in event-related potentials as a guilty knowledge indicator: A new method of lie detection
International Journal of Neuroscience Large positive waves at 400-700 ms latency (P300) were elicited only by the chosen item and not by novel items, demonstrating that P300 can reveal… [521] (1987)Interpreting research on countermeasures and the physiological detection of deception
Journal of Police Science and Administration Test format determines optimal countermeasure strategy: Concealed Information Tests require hyperresponsivity/hyporesponsivity strategies while Control Question Tests require selective augmentation of responses. The framework explains apparently… [522] (1987)What psychologists should know about lie detection
PsycEXTRA Dataset Field and laboratory studies of the Control Question Test produced mixed and inconclusive results, with some studies finding it accurate and others showing it was… [523] (1986)Trial by polygraph: Scientific and juridical issues in lie detection
Behavioral Science and the Law Only the GKT is argued to be well grounded in psychological theory, while CQT validity research is characterized as frequently contaminated by methodological flaws; the… [524] (1985)Behavioral-inhibition and electrodermal activity during deception
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Subjects exhibited significantly fewer eye movements and facial expressions during deceptive responses compared to truthful responses, and this behavioral suppression coincided with increased electrodermal activity,… [525] (1985)Standardization Within Individuals: A Simple Method to Neutralize Individual Differences in Skin Conductance
Psychophysiology Within-subject standardization (z-scores) consistently produced superior discrimination between relevant and neutral stimuli compared to range correction methods across all five data sets examined. The standardization… [526] (1984)Autonomic recognition of names and faces in prosopagnosia: a neuropsychological application of the Guilty Knowledge Test
Neuropsychologia Patient LF showed zero overt face recognition and chance-level performance on forced-choice naming, yet electrodermal responses accurately discriminated correct from incorrect names, demonstrating covert recognition… [527] (1984)Innocence, information, and the guilty knowledge test in the detection of deception
Psychophysiology Guilty subjects showed significantly higher detection scores than all innocent groups. Informed innocent subjects generally did not differ from uninformed subjects, and most did not… [528] (1984)Trial by polygraph
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Lykken documented that the Control Question Technique lacked adequate scientific validity for forensic use, with evidence suggesting high false positive rates potentially approaching 50%. The… [529] (1984)Effects of diazepam and methylphenidate on the electrodermal detection of guilty knowledge
Journal of Applied Psychology Neither diazepam nor methylphenidate impaired the validity of the Guilty Knowledge Test, which achieved an overall classification accuracy of 94% across all drug conditions. Subjects… [530] (1984)On the fallibility of lie detection
American Psychologist The paper concluded that lying does not produce a measurable physiological response, that empirical evidence showed high false positive rates (50% in laboratory studies), and… [531] (1984)Alcohol and the psychophysiological detection of deception
Psychophysiology Alcohol intoxication during the mock crime (encoding phase) significantly reduced detection accuracy on both Control Question Test and Guilty Knowledge Test protocols, whereas alcohol intoxication… [532] (1984)Detecting Deception in 1984
American Behavioral Scientist Lykken concluded that polygraph tests are wrong one-third of the time overall, biased against innocent and conscientious persons, can be beaten by sophisticated liars, and… [533] (1982)Effects of altered outcome experiences stemming from placebo and feedback treatments on the validity of the guilty knowledge test
Journal of Applied Psychology Despite successfully manipulating subjects' expectations about test outcomes through placebo and feedback treatments, detection efficiency remained unaffected, suggesting the GKT is robust against expectancy effects. [534] (1982)Extraversion and the detection of deception: comments on the paper by Bradley and Janisse
Personality and Individual Differences Extraversion showed negative correlation with skin reactivity in males but no relationship with detection accuracy. Overall, no consistent personality trait effects on GKT detection were… [535] (1982)Some psychological determinants of electrodermal responses to deception
Personality and Individual Differences No consistent relationships were found between personality traits (measured by Eysenck Personality Inventory, Gough Socialization Scale, and Arrow-Dot test) and detection accuracy. Instead, detectability related… [536] (1982)The dichotimization theory for differential autonomic responsivity reconsidered
Psychophysiology The reconsidered theory established that stimulus significance is more potent than novelty alone in producing differential electrodermal responses, and that habituation generalizes completely within but… [537] (1982)The dichotomization theory for differential autonomic responsivity reconsidered
Psychophysiology The revised Dichotomization Theory demonstrated that stimulus significance and novelty have additive effects on electrodermal orienting responses in the CIT paradigm, with significance emerging as… [538] (1982)Detection of Deception: Consistency in Responding and Personality
Perceptual and Motor Skills No consistent relationships emerged between personality dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism, socialization, ego control) and detection accuracy. Situational factors like task involvement, countermeasure use, and confidence in… [539] (1982)Interactive effects of stimulus probability and significance on the skin conductance response
Psychophysiology A significant interaction between stimulus significance and relative frequency was identified, whereby the skin conductance response advantage for low-probability stimuli was substantially greater when those… [540] (1982)Analiza przesłanek diagnozowania w badaniach poligraficznych
The monograph articulated the theoretical constructs and diagnostic premises that enable polygraph testing to achieve validity as a forensic tool, clarifying the logical structure of… [541] (1981)Surprise!? Surprise?
Psychophysiology P300 amplitude is controlled multiplicatively by subjective probability and task relevance of events, while latency depends on stimulus evaluation duration. The P300 represents context updating—revision… [542] (1981)Accuracy demonstrations, threat, and the detection of deception: Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and pupillary measures
Psychophysiology Detection accuracy on the Control Question Test increased systematically with demonstrated polygraph effectiveness (dose-response relationship), while the Concealed Information Test showed weaker effects from the… [543] (1981)Meprobamate Reduces Accuracy of Physiological Detection of Deception
Science Only 3 of 11 guilty subjects who took meprobamate were correctly identified as deceptive, compared to statistically significant detection rates in the placebo and no-pill… [544] (1981)Cognitive, Social, and Personality Processes in the Physiological Detection of Deception
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Polygraph detectability is shaped by multiple independent factors — including attentional processing, prior feedback, personality (socialization, electrodermal lability), birth order, and examiner-subject ethnicity — and… [545] (1981)Meprobamate reduces the accuracy of physiological detection of deception
Science A standard 400 mg clinical dose of meprobamate rendered the electrodermal-based Guilty Knowledge Test unable to reliably distinguish deceptive from truthful subjects, while the examiner… [546] (1981 • CLASSIC TEXT)A Tremor in the Blood: Uses and Abuses of the Lie Detector
Book Influential book presenting a comprehensive scientific critique of CQT polygraphy while advocating for the Guilty Knowledge Test. Became the most-cited critical analysis of polygraph practice. [547] (1980)Electrodermal Lability and Concealed Information Detection
Psychophysiology Found that electrodermally labile subjects were more frequently detected in CIT tasks, while electrodermally stabile subjects were less detectable. Individual differences in physiological reactivity can… [548] (1980)Trait Anxiety and Skin Conductance in CIT
Psychophysiology Found that high trait anxiety “guilty” subjects responded more strongly in mock-crime CIT than low-anxiety subjects. Demonstrated that personality variables can moderate CIT detection rates. [549] (1980)Individual differences in electrodermal lability and the detection of information and deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Electrodermal lability systematically influenced polygraph outcomes: guilty stabiles escaped detection more often than guilty labiles, while innocent labiles were falsely identified as deceptive more frequently… [550] (1980)Guilty knowledge versus innocent associations: Effects of trait anxiety and stimulus context on skin conductance
Journal of Research in Personality The GKT achieved 97.5% correct classification accuracy, with high-anxiety guilty participants showing strong differential responses while low-anxiety subjects showed minimal effects regardless of guilt status. [551] (1979)Orienting and defensive reflexes in the detection of deception
The Orienting Reflex in Humans Skin conductance and vasoconstriction were the most effective physiological indicators. Polygraph responses were explained through orienting reflex mechanisms involving differential attention and information processing to… [552] (1979)Psychological stress evaluator--two tests of a vocal measure
Psychophysiology The PSE completely failed to detect deception in a guilty knowledge paradigm (chance-level accuracy) but successfully measured graded cognitive stress during arithmetic tasks, demonstrating that… [553] (1979)The detection of deception
Psychological Bulletin Lykken concluded that the CQT lacks construct validity because it assesses fear rather than deception and fails to create true experimental controls between relevant and… [554] (1979)Effects of Repeated Examinations on the Ability to Detect Guilt with a Polygraphic Examination: A Laboratory Experiment with a Real Crime
Journal of Applied Psychology Electrodermal activity (skin resistance) was the only effective physiological measure; cardiovascular channels failed to detect guilt. Detection accuracy vanished entirely on the second examination, indicating… [555] (1979)The psychological stress evaluator, technical limitations affecting lie detection
Polygraph The PSE failed to identify deceptive responses beyond chance levels on the guilty knowledge test but did show consistency in measuring cognitive stress during mental… [556] (1979)Effects of Level of Socialization on Electrodermal Detection of Deception
Psychophysiology Deceptive subjects who evaded polygraph detection scored significantly lower on the CPI Socialization scale (r = .45, p < .05), with the effect mediated by… [557] (1979 • THEORETICAL CRITIQUE)Detecting Deception: The Polygraph Technique
In Prokasy & Raskin (Eds.), Electrodermal Activity in Psychological Research Lykken’s detailed theoretical critique arguing the CQT lacks a valid scientific foundation while the GKT/CIT has strong theoretical support from orienting response research. [558] (1978)The Peak of Tension Tests Utilized in the Ashmore Kidnapping
Polygraph The multi-stage SPOT examination successfully narrowed the search area from general county-level regions to specific map sectors through systematic testing, with the suspect showing consistent… [559] (1978 • FOUNDATIONAL LAB)Physiological Detection of Deception: A New Approach
Journal of Applied Psychology Early Utah lab study establishing core mock-crime methodology. Achieved significant discrimination between guilty and innocent groups using physiological measures, validating the basic paradigm. [560] (1978)Effects of Attention, as Indexed by Subsequent Memory, on Electrodermal Detection of Deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Deceptive subjects who were correctly detected by their electrodermal responses remembered significantly more control words after the test than undetected deceptive subjects, indicating that broader… [561] (1977)A further study of the dichotomization theory in detection of information
Psychophysiology The study confirmed that critical items elicit larger responses when presented less frequently, and demonstrated 'negative detection' when neutral items became the rare stimulus category,… [562] (1976)The objective Analysis of Physiological Indices in the Field Detection of Deception
Reports of the National Institute of Police Science Skin conductance response emerged as the most discriminating physiological measure in field applications, with objective scoring methods reducing variability in examiner decisions compared to purely… [563] (1975)The Validity of the polygraph technique with children
Journal of Police Science and Administration Children below age 11 demonstrated only 63% GKT polygraph accuracy (near-chance), while those aged 11 and older achieved 91% accuracy comparable to adult performance, revealing… [564] (1975)Detection of Information and GSR Habituation: An Attempt to Derive Detection Efficiency From Two Habituation Curves
Psychophysiology Relevant and neutral stimuli exhibited structurally similar but independently progressing GSR habituation curves, and predictions derived from these two curves successfully anticipated the rank ordering… [565] (1974)Efficiency of GSR detection of information with repeated presentation of series of stimuli in two motivational states
Journal of Applied Psychology Detection errors were reduced by combining GSR responses across 10 repetitions of the same items. Surprisingly, motivation level (high vs. low) produced no noticeable effect… [566] (1973)Information Detection Through Differential GSRs in Bedouins of the Israeli Desert
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology Bedouin participants showed higher baseline skin conductance and attenuated differential GSR reactivity compared to Jewish Israeli samples, and level of formal education emerged as a… [567] (1972)The Diagnosis of Love‐Sickness: Experimental Psychophysiology Without the Polygraph
Psychophysiology Ancient physicians successfully detected concealed emotions using pulse monitoring in ways remarkably similar to modern Concealed Information Test logic, establishing that psychophysiological detection principles have… [568] (1972)On the Detection of Deception: A Method for the Study of the Physiological Effects of Psychological Stimuli
Handbook of Psychophysiology Psychological rather than physiological variables are the primary determinants of differential physiological responsivity in deception detection; the GSR is the most reliable single laboratory discriminator;… [569] (1971)Manipulation of contrast between differential GSRs in very young children
Psychophysiology Very young children demonstrated differential GSR reactivity to significant versus neutral stimuli, and the magnitude of this contrast could be systematically manipulated through procedural task… [570] (1970)Guilty Knowledge Technique: Application of Signal Detection Measures
Journal of Applied Psychology Under a fixed a priori decision rule, 98% of innocent and 42% of guilty subjects were correctly classified; applying an SDT-optimal decision rule improved guilty… [571] (1970)Efficiency of GSR detection of information as a function of stimulus set size
Psychophysiology Detection scores did not significantly decline as stimulus set size increased, and Signal Detection analysis suggested enhanced autonomic discrimination with larger sets, supporting what became… [572] (1969)Manipulation of contrast between differential GSR responses through the use of ordered tasks of information detection
Psychophysiology Sequential ordering of information detection tasks significantly modulates the contrast between differential GSR responses to relevant and neutral stimuli, demonstrating that detection efficiency in the… [573] (1969)Results of Probing Peak of Tension Tests Used in Other Crimes and Its Relation to the Suspected Conditions
Polygraph Reports Of 254 examinees tested with Probing Peak of Tension tests for other crimes, 77.56% displayed physiological reactions and either confessed or had their crimes confirmed,… [574] (1968)The Relation Between Ethnic Origin and GSR Reactivity in Psychophysiological Detection
Journal of Applied Psychology The study found that ethnic origin significantly moderated GSR reactivity in psychophysiological detection, with participants from different ethnic backgrounds — particularly Jewish Israeli and Bedouin… [575] (1968)Validity of the guilty-knowledge technique: the effects of motivation
Journal of Applied Psychology The GKT achieved 92% accuracy for guilty subjects and 100% for innocent subjects, with perfect specificity and no effect of motivational manipulation on detection rates. [576] (1968)A comparison of physiological indices in detection of deception
Psychophysiology GSR and SPR were the only measures to consistently and significantly discriminate deception above chance, and were significantly superior to finger volume; breathing amplitude and… [577] (1968)Effects of the type of stimulus employed and the level of subject awareness on the detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Personally relevant stimuli (name, date of birth) were significantly more detectable via GSR than experimentally assigned code words despite equal motivational consequences, and detection rates… [578] (1967)The Role of 'Lying' in Psychophysiological Detection
Psychophysiology Detection of the concealed item succeeded at well above-chance accuracy even when subjects were truthful on the critical trial and deceptive on all others, demonstrating… [579] (1967)Group GSR technique in the detection of deception
Perceptual and Motor Skills The group GSR averaging technique successfully reduced idiosyncratic noise and enhanced detection of shared concealed information, with the courier paradigm yielding individual detection rates of… [580] (1966)Orienting Reflex as Information Regulator
Psychological Research in the USSR The orienting reflex demonstrates systematic habituation to repeated innocuous stimuli, with electrodermal activity serving as the model physiological measure. Significant stimuli elicit larger responses that… [581] (1966)Effects of realistic stress and procedural interference in experimental lie detection
Journal of Applied Psychology GSR detection remained robust under realistic stress and was far superior to heart rate analysis, but blood pressure cuff inflation at 80 mm Hg reduced… [582] (1966 – 1967)Effects of Realistic Stress and the Role of “Lying” in Psychophysiological Detection
Journal of Applied Psychology Examined how stress and the cognitive act of lying itself affect physiological responses. Found that realistic stress conditions influence detection accuracy differently than laboratory conditions… [583] (1965)Construction and Interviewing of Probing Peak of Tension Tests for Some Other Crime Suspected and Their Results
Polygraph Reports 77.56% of the 254 suspects tested showed physiological reactions indicative of guilty knowledge, and these reactions were subsequently confirmed through confessions or investigative corroboration. [584] (1963)Higher nervous functions; the orienting reflex
Annual Review of Physiology The orienting reflex is a multi-system response involving motor, autonomic, and central activation components that habituates with repeated stimulus presentation. Signal stimuli produce enhanced responses… [585] (1963)Effects of heightened motivation on the detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Subjects motivated to deceive produced significantly larger skin resistance responses to critical items and were detected at rates far exceeding chance, while unmotivated subjects were… [586] (1963)Comparison of Physiological Response of 'Yes', 'No', and 'Mute' Conditions In Peak of Tension Test
Reports of the National Institute of Police Science Silent/mute response conditions produced cleaner physiological recordings with fewer movement artifacts compared to verbal response conditions, suggesting response format significantly influences the quality of physiological… [587] (1960)The validity of the guilty knowledge technique: the effects of faking
Journal of Applied Psychology No subject was able to defeat the objective GSR scoring system, yielding 100% correct classification accuracy — demonstrating that the GKT's memory-detection mechanism is highly… [588] (1960)Neuronal models and the orienting reflex
The orienting reflex occurs when a stimulus mismatches the neuronal model stored from previous presentations, creating a comparator-based detection system for novelty. This mechanism provides… [589] (1932)The Nature of Human Conflicts or Emotion, Conflict and Will: An Objective Study of Disorganisation and Control of Human Behaviour
Emotional conflicts and hidden knowledge produced selective disruption of coordinated motor performance and increased reaction latency in response to emotionally salient or guilt-related stimuli. The… [590] (1907)On Psychophysical Relations of the Associative Experiment
Journal of Abnormal Psychology Galvanometric responses were determined by emotional intensity rather than physical stimulus strength, appearing after a 1-6 second latency period. Words connected to emotional complexes produced… [591] (0)Coalitional Tracker for Deception Detection in Thermal Imagery
Augmented Vision Perception in Infrared The coalitional tracking method achieved 82% deception classification accuracy, a 20% improvement over previous methods, while maintaining pixel-level tracking accuracy even during unrestricted subject movement.… [592] (0)Brain-Based Lie Detection and the Mereological Fallacy: Reasons for Optimism
Neurolaw and Responsibility for Action The mereological fallacy critique has less force when applied to P300-CIT because it primarily detects recognition rather than deception. Brain-based methods should be evaluated by… [593] (0)Psychophysiology and the detection of deception: promises and perils
The Comparison Question Test was found to have weak scientific validity that cannot be remedied by neuroimaging. Question format rather than measurement technology was identified…Related research topics
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