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Accuracy & Validity
This topic encompasses 1281 peer-reviewed studies, primarily in the field of verbal & behavioral deception detection. Research in this area spans from the 0s to the 2020s.
1281Studies
0s–2020sSpan
21Categories
1949Researchers
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Studies tagged “Accuracy & Validity” [1281]
All 1281 peer-reviewed studies in this research area, sorted by year.
[001]
(2026)
Deception Detection: Comparing the Lexicon-Based Approaches and Verifiability Approach
Criminal Justice and Behavior Both lexicon-based (LIWC) and verifiability approaches detected deception at above chance accuracy, with no significant difference in predictive accuracy between the two methods when analyzing… [002] (2026)Enhanced visualisation of concealed target objects by infrared thermography and machine learning
Infrared Physics & Technology The Fuzzy-c clustering approach outperformed K-means clustering in localizing concealed objects and successfully eliminated false signals from residual palm heat, demonstrating the potential of machine… [003] (2026)A novel method based on variational mode decomposition for lie detection
Egyptian Informatics Journal VMD-based signal decomposition significantly enhanced P300 detection clarity and stability during deception compared to classical filtering methods, improving the reliability of EEG-based lie detection through… [004] (2026)Deception Detection: Using Machine Learning to Analyze 911 Calls
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin The random forest model achieved 68.2% overall accuracy with 68.7% sensitivity and 67.7% specificity. Performance varied by context: homicide reports showed 71.2% accuracy with 77.3%… [005] (2026)Influence of Stimulus Layout and Social Presence on Deception-Related Eye Movements and Blinks in the Concealed Information Test
Journal of Eye Movement Research Concealment in multi-object CIT displays produced significantly more fixations (diff = 0.95, p < 0.001) and fewer blinks compared to truthful responses. Deception-related eye movement… [006] (2026)Neural Signatures of Deception: An Explainable Machine LearningApproach Using EEG Signals
The LGBM-based framework achieved 97.7% accuracy in classifying truthful versus deceptive EEG responses, significantly outperforming conventional machine learning classifiers while maintaining model interpretability through feature… [007] (2025)Cognitive Computing Frameworks for Scalable Deception Detection in Textual Data
Big Data and Cognitive Computing CoTAM with sentence decomposition achieved statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) over baseline methods. LLaMA-3-8B reached F1_lie of 0.35 compared to Gemma-3-27B's 0.19 in one-shot… [008] (2025)Lie Detection System using Multimodal Biometric Analysis
Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management The system demonstrated qualitative feasibility of multimodal data fusion, showing that physiological arousal patterns combined with facial expression analysis could be integrated for lie detection,… [009] (2025)Decoding Deception with the P300: A Meta-Analysis of the Concealed Information Test
Biological Psychology / Psychiatry Included 54 experimental studies using mock-crime and personal-item paradigms. Found a large mean effect size (d*) of 1.59 for the P300. Complex trial protocols maximized… [010] (2025)A Lightweight Visual Deception Detection Method Using Dynamic Images and a Customized SmallCNN–BiLSTM Architecture
2025 17th International Conference on Knowledge and System Engineering (KSE) The SmallCNN-BiLSTM architecture with dynamic images achieves competitive deception detection accuracy while offering substantial computational efficiency gains, making it suitable for real-world deployment in resource-constrained… [011] (2025)Neurocognitive Lie Detection Using EEG: Fast-Converging Deep Learning Models for Innocent and Guilty Classification in Neurological Disorders
The framework achieved accuracy above 80% with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 75% while converging faster than conventional classifiers, demonstrating that optimized deep learning can maintain… [012] (2025)Artificial Intelligence in Witness Credibility Assessment: The Role of Biometrics, Voice Analytics and Machine Learning in Judicial Cross-Examination
Journal of Asian Development Studies Neural Networks achieved 97% accuracy and 98% recall in witness credibility assessment, with 98% true positive rate, significantly outperforming voice analytics (92%) and other models,… [013] (2025)Effective faking of verbal deception detection with target-aligned adversarial attacks
Legal and Criminological Psychology Target-aligned adversarial attacks using GPT-4 reduced both human and machine deception detection performance to chance levels (d = -0.07 to -0.04 for humans, 51% accuracy… [014] (2025)Unmasking Deception: Examining Receivers' Emotional Responses with Automated Facial Expression Analysis in Veracity and Valence
Emotional mimicry was significantly lower for deceptive messages (F(1,505) = 32.64, p < .001, η²p = 0.06), with the strongest effect for positively framed deceptions.… [015] (2025)Supplemental Material for High Confidence, Low Accuracy: Younger and Older Adults Overestimate Lie Detection Performance
Psychology and Aging Both younger and older adults significantly overestimated their lie detection performance around chance level. Older adults reported higher confidence in judgments, lower self-reported detection ability,… [016] (2025)Possible Sources of the Difference in the Severity of the Prior Information Effect on Polygraph Scoring Found in Three Published Studies
Psychological Reports Prior information effects on polygraph scoring vary significantly across studies, with real-world impact estimated to adversely affect only 3-5% of polygraph examinations in practice. [017] (2025)Evaluation of sampling rate effect on deception detection performance with audio features
AIP Conference Proceedings The study identifies optimal audio sampling rates for deception detection from speech, quantifying the tradeoffs between acoustic feature quality and computational efficiency to inform practical… [018] (2025)Multi-source Multimodal Progressive Domain Adaption for Audio-Visual Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop & Challenge on Subtle Visual Computing The MMPDA framework achieved 60.43% accuracy and 56.99% F1-score on cross-domain deception detection, surpassing the 1st place team by 5.59% on F1-score and demonstrating effective… [019] (2025)Facial expression-based lie detection: A survey of micro expression analysis, datasets and challenges
AIP Conference Proceedings The survey finds that automated micro-expression analysis shows promise for deception detection, with machine learning methods outperforming human judgments, though accuracy varies widely (63-78%) depending… [020] (2025)Neurophysiological Approaches to Lie Detection: A Systematic Review
Brain Sciences The Concealed Information Test with P300 was the most frequently employed protocol. Bandpass filtering and Discrete Wavelet Transform emerged as preferred preprocessing and feature extraction… [021] (2025)Variance in Veracity: Comparing Two Neuro-Paradigms for CNV Analysis Applied to Deception Detection
2025 2nd Global AI Summit - International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technology (AI Summit) NP2 paradigm achieved highest classification accuracy of 82.2% using Gradient Boosting in visual modality, with stronger CNV responses indicating that embedding deception among familiar stimuli… [022] (2025)Lie Detection in Social VR Using Multimodal Data
2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) Gaze-based features alone achieved 87% accuracy in detecting lies within social VR environments using random forest classification, demonstrating the feasibility of passive deception detection using… [023] (2025)Corpus Linguistics and Deception Detection
Reference Module in Social Sciences Deceptive speakers show distinct linguistic patterns including increased word count, more sense-based words, fewer self-references, more other-references, and avoidance of causal terms, though these patterns… [024] (2025)A Review on Robustness of Deception Detection System Based on Eye Movement Features
2025 11th International HCI and UX Conference in Indonesia (CHIuXiD) Most eye movement-based deception detection systems achieved only low to medium robustness scores. Multimodal approaches demonstrated higher robustness than unimodal approaches, but challenges including limited… [025] (2025)Cognitive mechanisms underlying deception detection in neurodiverse sample of autistic and non-autistic young adults
Research in Autism Increased autism symptoms uniquely predicted better deception detection accuracy in mismatched conditions (where demeanor conflicts with veracity) but not in matched conditions. Executive functioning moderated… [026] (2025)Memory Distortions, Confabulation, and Their Impact on Polygraph Examinations
European Polygraph Confabulated memories can produce autonomic responses similar to genuine memories, creating false-positive polygraph results because traditional methods cannot distinguish between intentional deception and genuinely believed… [027] (2025)Explainable AI for Unraveling the Significance of Visual Cues in High Stakes Deception Detection
IEEE Access Eyebrow movements emerged as the most reliable visual indicator of deception in high-stakes courtroom settings. The Multi-layer Perceptron model achieved 88% accuracy and 92.86% recall… [028] (2025)Comparing OpenFace and Deep Learning Models for Deception Detection in Video Calls
2025 14th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis (ISPA) CNN-based AU detection outperforms OpenFace on challenging Real-life Trial data with lower video quality and unstable head pose, while OpenFace performs better in controlled settings… [029] (2025)Efficient Deception Detection Using Multimodal Facial and Audio Transcript Features
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology The Modified CNN model achieved 91.2% accuracy using multimodal fusion of facial action units, eye gaze, and audio prosodic features with attention-based feature fusion, outperforming… [030] (2025)The (Mis)utilization of Cues During Deception Detection in 911 Homicide Calls
Homicide Studies Judges incorrectly viewed calm callers as deceptive when valid cues indicated deceptive callers were actually more emotional, self-dramatizing, and worried. Of 86 cues examined, 35%… [031] (2025)A Novel Approach for Enhancing Audio Modality in Multimodal Deception Detection Environment Using Liquid Neural Networks
2025 15th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEENG) LNNs achieved 65.33% accuracy on DOLOS dataset and 87.5% on courtroom dataset, representing 5.04% and 8.5% improvements over previous audio-based benchmarks through dynamic adaptation to… [032] (2025)@LM DeceptionNet: A multimodal approach for efficient transfer learning-based deception detection
Knowledge-Based Systems The @LM DeceptionNet framework demonstrated consistent cross-scenario generalization with enhanced accuracy and robustness through adaptive multimodal fusion, achieving better computational efficiency with fewer parameters compared… [033] (2025)Truth Under Pressure: A Deep Learning-Based Lie Detection System for Online Lending Using Voice Stress and Response Latency
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications The lie detection model achieved 70% testing accuracy with 70.9% F1-Score when analyzing voice stress and response latency from court testimony videos, while the Llama… [034] (2025 • DEEP LEARNING)Development of a Deep-Learning-Based Computerized Scoring Algorithm for Polygraph Data
MDPI Journals Developed a Korean polygraph scoring system using deep neural networks. DNN-based algorithm outperformed both PolyScore and OSS-3 on test data by accounting for bio-signal nonlinearity. [035] (2025)AN ENHANCED ALGORITHM TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF LIE DETECTION SYSTEM BASED ON EEG SIGNAL
Kufa Journal of Engineering The enhanced signal processing pipeline achieved 86% accuracy on benchmark data and 78% accuracy on newly collected participant data, with a 23.2% improvement in signal-to-noise… [036] (2025)Multimodal Deception Detection Using Linguistic and Acoustic Features
Machine Learning, Deep Learning and AI for Cybersecurity A single-layer BiLSTM model achieved 93.57% accuracy and 94.48% F1 score on textual data from court testimony transcripts. ResNet50 performed best on audio data, and… [037] (2025)Cognitive Ability, Overconfidence, and Confirmation Bias in Lie Detection
Detection accuracy was only slightly above chance with better performance on truths than lies; females outperformed males who showed greater overconfidence; cognitive ability did not… [038] (2025)Lie Detection Using Audio Classification
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering The CNN-based audio classification model achieved 93.5% accuracy in detecting deception from courtroom audio data, demonstrating the effectiveness of deep learning for automatic feature extraction… [039] (2025)The Ocular Motor Deception Test (ODT): A Critical Review of Scientific Validity, Legal Risk, and Operational Readiness
Invictus Polygraph (White Paper) The review identifies significant concerns about ODT's foundational assumptions, noting that physiological markers like pupil dilation primarily reflect general cognitive processes rather than deception-specific states. [040] (2025)A psycholinguistic NLP framework for forensic text analysis of deception and emotion
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence The researchers successfully identified both guilty parties from 18 suspects using combined entity correlation, deception scoring via Empath, emotion analysis through Hugging Face transformers, and… [041] (2025)A multilayer perceptron neural network prediction approach to polygraph scoring
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS COMMUNICATIONS & CONTROL The MLP neural network achieved 80% correct classification rate predicting deception levels in 400 offender examinations based on four psychophysiological indicators, with performance consistent with… [042] (2025)A Filtering Response Time Concealed Information Test for Searching for Relevant Concealed Items
Applied Cognitive Psychology The filtering RT-CIT protocol reduced testing time by approximately 59% (from 17 to 7 minutes) compared to conventional approaches while maintaining similar probe identification accuracy… [043] (2025)Text Based Lie Detection Using a Combination of BERT and CNN Models
2025 15th International Conference on Information & Communication Technology and System (ICTS) The optimal configuration achieved an F1-score of 0.9154 on the Deceptive Opinion Spam Dataset using BERT Base Uncased with fully unfrozen encoders, kernel sizes [2,3,4],… [044] (2025)Multimodal Deception Detection via Cognitively Guided Inconsistency Modeling
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop & Challenge on Subtle Visual Computing The cognitively-guided framework successfully captured subtle, asymmetric, and ambiguous deceptive patterns by modeling modality leakage through selective channel replacement and aligning prediction confidence with psychological… [045] (2025)Effects of Soft-Domain Transfer and Named Entity Information on Deception Detection
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The study found improvements in accuracy over baseline models, with named entity information augmentation producing notable improvements of up to 11.2%. Jensen-Shannon distance correlated moderately… [046] (2025)Truth in inconsistency? The potential of differential mnemonic consistency in deception detection
Psychology, Crime & Law Differential mnemonic consistency reliably distinguished experience-based from fabricated statements, with repetition consistency proving superior to retention consistency. Truth-tellers showed significantly larger differences in consistency between… [047] (2025)Exploring Audio-Visual Fusion Methods in Foundation Model-Based Deception Detection
2025 Asia Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC) Audio-visual fusion using Q-Former architecture with foundation models consistently outperformed unimodal approaches, with systems aggregating embeddings from all layers achieving 3.78% accuracy improvements over last-layer-only… [048] (2025)A Multimodal Polygraph Framework with Optimized Machine Learning for Robust Deception Detection
MDPI Journals The study addresses critical gaps by providing an open multimodal dataset and demonstrating improved generalization through PSO-enhanced machine learning approaches to physiological data fusion. [049] (2024)Lie Detection Based on Acoustic Analysis
Journal of Voice Voice Onset Time achieved 88.8% accuracy (both sensitivity and specificity) in detecting deception, with 95% confidence intervals of 0.803-0.973, demonstrating that acoustic features can effectively… [050] (2024)Infrared thermal imaging and eye-tracking for deception detection: a laboratory study
Current Psychology Veracity did not significantly modulate facial temperature, but scenario type (prepared vs. spontaneous) did. Eye fixations were significantly affected by both veracity and scenario, with… [051] (2024)EEG-based deception detection using weighted dual perspective visibility graph analysis
Cognitive Neurodynamics The WDPVG method achieved 86.25% accuracy with SVM classification, with frontal and parietal lobe activity showing the strongest discrimination between truth-telling and deception through graph-based… [052] (2024)Deception detection using machine learning and deep learning techniques: A systematic review
Natural Language Processing Journal The review identifies that human deception detection accuracy remains at only 54%, barely better than chance, while modern facial expression-based ML systems offer non-intrusive, cost-effective… [053] (2024)Your lies don't leave me cold: Assessing direct, indirect and physiological measures of lie detection
Acta Psychologica All three deception detection modalities failed: explicit accuracy remained at chance, indirect measures showed no sensitivity to actual veracity, and fingertip temperature did not differentiate… [054] (2024)FTM: The Face Truth Machine—Hand-crafted features from micro-expressions to support lie detection
Computer Vision and Image Understanding FTM achieved satisfying cross-dataset transferability and can analyze facial expressions across a wide range of poses. The use of hand-crafted features enables interpretation of which… [055] (2024)Diagnosing eyewitness identifications with reaction time‑based Concealed Information Test: The effect of viewpoint congruency between test and encoding
Psychological Research The RT-CIT demonstrated strong capacity to diagnose face recognition with effect sizes ranging from d = 0.63 to d = 0.91. Viewpoint congruency between encoding… [056] (2024)The Most Important Features of Lie Detection Using Voice Stress
Al-Iraqia Journal for Scientific Engineering Research The Random Forest classifier achieved 88% accuracy in distinguishing deceptive from truthful courtroom testimony using only acoustic features, with deceptive speech exhibiting higher levels of… [057] (2024)Analysis, Evaluation, and Future Directions on Multimodal Deception Detection
Technologies The review found that 85% of studies used facial features, 50% audio, and 38% textual features; 90% employed model-independent fusion with late fusion being most… [058] (2024)Experimental economics for machine learning—a methodological contribution on lie detection
PLOS ONE Machine learning algorithms trained on video data from an economic dice-rolling experiment achieved 67% lie detection accuracy when ground truth was verified through experimental design,… [059] (2024)Improvement of discrimination method utilizing effect sizes to identify differential physiological responses in the Concealed Information Test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology The weighted effect size method incorporating consistency-based weighting and covariate adjustment outperformed traditional unweighted approaches, providing more accurate and interpretable discrimination between examinees with and… [060] (2024)Does (Biasing) Nonverbal Information Deteriorate the Accuracy of the Take-the-Best Heuristic for Deception Detection?
Applied Cognitive Psychology The detailedness heuristic achieved accuracy rates of 60.9-71.8% compared to 52.6-56.9% for unguided judgments (d = 0.55-0.76), but strongly biasing nonverbal behavior reduced this advantage,… [061] (2024)The Concealed Information Test -- Utilizing P300 data to determine the presence of crime-related information in a suspect's memory
The meta-analysis found a large mean effect size (d* = 1.59) for P300-based CIT, with the complex trial protocol maximizing detection accuracy and reducing countermeasure… [062] (2024)LIE DETECTION USING FACIAL MICRO-EXPRESSION FEATURES WITH MACHINE LEARNING
MINAR International Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology The Sobel filter outperformed Canny edge detection, and mouth/nose regions proved more discriminative than eyes for lie detection, achieving F1-scores of 0.996 (truth) and 0.990… [063] (2024)The Concealed Information Test -- Utilizing P300 data to deter-mine the presence of crime-related information in a suspect's memory
The meta-analysis revealed a large mean effect size of d = 1.59 for P300-based concealed information detection. Moderation analyses showed that complex trial protocols significantly… [064] (2024)Domain-Agnostic Adapter Architecture for Deception Detection: Extensive Evaluations with the DIFrauD Benchmark
Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024) The domain-agnostic adapter architecture achieved state-of-the-art performance on the DIFrauD benchmark across seven fraud domains, consistently outperforming all competing methods and revealing that representation quality… [065] (2024)An Automatic Lie Detection Model Using EEG Signals Based on the Combination of Type 2 Fuzzy Sets and Deep Graph Convolutional Networks
Sensors The proposed model achieved >95% accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity for distinguishing truths from lies, with remarkable robustness maintaining >90% accuracy even in extremely noisy… [066] (2024)Using Pupillometry in the Detection of Deception
In M. Goldsmith & M.H. Papesh (Eds.), Modern Pupillometry: Cognition, Neuroscience, and Practical Applications The ODT correctly classified 85% of participants as guilty or innocent by combining pupil dilation responses and reading behavior patterns. Guilty participants showed increased pupil… [067] (2024)The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: The Role of Ai Quality Disclosure in Lie Detection
When relying on low-quality AI advisors without disclosure, participants' truth-detection rates fell below their unassisted baseline (approximately 36%), recovering only when AI effectiveness was revealed.… [068] (2024)Physiological Reactions Profiling in Polygraph Testing: Insights from Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Analysis
Acta Polytechnica Hungarica Fuzzy clustering identified distinct physiological profiles across 18 parameters with a moderate R² of 0.371 and a low silhouette coefficient of 0.010, indicating that physiological… [069] (2024)Deception Detection Algorithm Based on Global and Local Feature Fusion with Multi-head Attention
2024 3rd International Conference on Image Processing and Media Computing (ICIPMC) The study demonstrates that fusion of local facial features (AU strength and gaze angle) with global temporal patterns through Siamese Transformer architecture and multi-head attention… [070] (2024)Deception Detection from Linguistic and Physiological Data Streams Using Bimodal Convolutional Neural Networks
2024 5th International Conference on Information Science, Parallel and Distributed Systems (ISPDS) The bimodal CNN successfully integrated physiological measurements (heart rate, skin conductance, respiration, skin temperature) with linguistic features from transcripts, demonstrating that neural networks can effectively… [071] (2024)Combining recognition, conflict‐monitoring and feedback‐related ERPs to detect concealed autobiographical information
Psychophysiology Three ERP indicators (N200, recognition P300, and feedback P300) significantly discriminated guilty from innocent participants, with combined classification achieving AUC = 0.91. The FRN did… [072] (2024)Video-Based Deception Detection and Financial Fraud
SSRN Electronic Journal Visual deception scores derived from IPO roadshow videos significantly predict financial fraud. The effect is strongest for deception cues related to financial performance discussions, and… [073] (2024)Dark personality traits and deception, and the short dark tetrad (SD4) as integrity screening instrument
Scientific Reports Liars scored significantly higher on all four dark traits, with psychopathy showing the strongest effect, but overlapping distributions made categorical classification impossible; likelihood ratio analysis… [074] (2024)Verification of using radar vital sign monitors in deception tests (2023)
Applied and Computational Engineering The study produced conclusive findings demonstrating that radar technology can non-invasively extract vital signs during deception tests with validated accuracy, enabling more flexible and less… [075] (2024)Slow Tone: Detecting White Lie Disclosures Using Response Latency
Positive management tone following high response latency predicts immediate positive stock price reactions that reverse over time, with effects most pronounced in firms with lower… [076] (2024 • COMPUTER SCORING FIELD)Comparison of OSS-3 and PolyScore in Multi-Issue and Single-Issue Field Exams
Polygraph Compared computerized scoring algorithms on field data. OSS-3 correctly identified 71% truthful and 96% deceptive with 14% inconclusive rate, outperforming PolyScore on multiple-issue tests. [077] (2024)Assessing the Reliability and Evidentiary Value of Polygraph Tests
International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research The review concludes that polygraph tests lack the scientific reliability necessary for use as definitive legal evidence. While proponents cite 80-90% accuracy under controlled settings,… [078] (2024)Research in the Information Concealment Paradigm: Assessment of fMRI-Data at the Group Level
Experimental Psychology (Russia) Relaxed statistical criteria increased the number of identified active brain regions in frontal, parietal, and subcortical areas, while sample size adequacy emerged as a critical… [079] (2024)Polygraph-based deception detection and Machine Learning: Combining the Worst of Both Worlds?
Forensic Science International: Synergy The study concludes that applying machine learning to inherently problematic polygraph data does not address the fundamental scientific validity issues and may create additional concerns… [080] (2024)Automatic deceit detection through multimodal analysis of High-Stake Court-Trials
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing The proposed architecture improved state-of-the-art performance on the Real-Life Trial dataset, with all classifiers achieving better results than measured human performance for deception detection. [081] (2024)Unveiling the efficacy of the feedback concealed information test in collaborative crime detection
Brain and Cognition Recognition P300 detection efficiency decreased significantly in collaborative crime scenarios, but feedback P300 and feedback-related negativity maintained high detection accuracy, with feedback P300 showing AUC… [082] (2024)Detecting Deception in Natural Environments Using Incremental Transfer Learning
International Conference on Multimodel Interaction Incremental transfer learning with logistic regression achieved 80% deception detection accuracy. Electrodermal activity and skin temperature showed consistent significant differences between deceptive and truthful states… [083] (2024)Lies divorced from context: evidence for Context Embedded Perception (CEP) as a feasible measure for deception detection
Psychology, Crime & Law CEP scores were significantly lower for liars than truth-tellers, with discriminant analysis achieving 92% correct identification of truth-tellers and 66% of liars (79% overall accuracy).… [084] (2024)Subtle gaze and pupil dynamics: Detecting concealed familiar faces with moving serial visual presentation
Pupil dilation rate achieved 55.2% individual-level detection of concealed familiar faces when eye movements were suppressed, substantially exceeding previous RSVP-CIT performance of 22.6%, though eye… [085] (2024)Unmasking Lies: A Literature Review on Facial Expressions and Machine Learning for Deception Detection
Procedia Computer Science Machine learning models achieve superior performance compared to human judges (AI: 72-97% accuracy vs. humans: 57%), with multimodal approaches outperforming single-modality systems. However, significant limitations… [086] (2024)The concealed information test with a continuously moving stimulus
Psychophysiology The continuous-stimulus CIT successfully detected concealed location knowledge with large effect sizes for both skin conductance (d = 0.71-0.77) and respiration (d = 0.62-0.71). [087] (2024)Nothing but lies: improving the validity of neural predictors of deception
Neural predictors trained to detect deception also predicted selfish nondeceptive choices, confirming a century-old validity concern. A novel dual-goal tuning machine learning method successfully removed… [088] (2024)No Practice Effect on the Classification Accuracy of the Response Time Concealed Information Test
Journal of Forensic Sciences Classification accuracy of the RT-CIT remained stable across repeated testing sessions with no significant practice effects, indicating the test maintains diagnostic validity even when examinees… [089] (2024)A Review of Automatic Lie Detection from Facial Features
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Automated facial lie detection systems achieve average accuracy of 61.87% to 72.93% depending on classifier type, based on average datasets of 52 individuals. Most studies… [090] (2024)TrueWatch: Polygraph Examination With Smartwatches
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security Modern wearable smartwatches can detect lies in the Guilty Knowledge Test protocol, though their detection ability is comparatively weaker than conventional polygraph instruments. [091] (2024)Combining recognition, conflict-monitoring and feedback-related ERPs to detect concealed autobiographical information
Three ERP indicators—conflict-monitoring N200, recognition P300, and feedback P300—significantly discriminated guilty from innocent participants, while FRN did not. Combining the three effective indicators achieved an… [092] (2024)Detecting Deception Using MCI in Twitter
International Journal of Forensic Sciences Computer-based linguistic analysis of MCI-derived Twitter statements achieved 79% classification accuracy in distinguishing truthful reports, denials, and false claims—substantially outperforming human judgment at 54%. Speech… [093] (2024)A Tutorial for Deception Detection Analysis or: How I Learned to Stop Aggregating Veracity Judgments and Embraced Signal Detection Theory Mixed Models
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior The SDT-GLMM approach avoids data aggregations that conflate response bias with underlying sensitivity, outperforms traditional factorial methods, and provides distinct estimates for discriminability (d') and… [094] (2024)Automated Comparative Predictive Analysis of Deception Detection in Convicted Offenders Using Polygraph with Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Artificial Neural Network Models
Studies in Informatics and Control Machine learning models successfully predicted deception from polygraph physiological data, with clustering analyses revealing important individual differences in response patterns. The findings demonstrate potential for… [095] (2024)On the Impact of a Simulated Cognitive Augmentation to Detect Deception on Decision-making Confidence
ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction Visualization methods alone did not significantly affect decision-making confidence, but a strong positive correlation existed between users' comfort with cognitive augmentation technologies and their decision-making… [096] (2024)Masking the truth: the impact of face masks on deception detection
The Journal of Social Psychology Face masks did not significantly impair overall deception detection accuracy, but participants were more accurate judging negatively valenced statements when speakers were unmasked. Positively valenced… [097] (2024)How Reliable are Polygraph Examinations in Criminal Investigations? An Empirical Assessment
Criminal Law Bulletin Polygraphs yield unreliable conclusions in approximately 50 to 65 percent of cases involving innocent individuals—worse than a coin flip—when those individuals truthfully denied crimes they… [098] (2023)Deception detection with machine learning: A systematic review and statistical analysis
PLoS ONE Of 81 reviewed studies, detection accuracy ranged from 51% to 100%, with 19 works achieving above 90% accuracy. Monomodal approaches constituted 40.74% of studies, though… [099] (2023)Publishing the Data from “The Effects of Communication Mode and Culture on Deception Detection Accuracy”
Journal of Information Systems Deception detection was significantly worse for video-only (no audio) compared to other media. Surprisingly, veracity judges successfully detected deception across cultures even without understanding the… [100] (2023)The influence of foreign-accented speech on credibility: Evidence from the illusory truth effect
Foreign accent did not reduce the illusory truth effect. Despite negative social biases toward foreign speakers on explicit trait ratings, accent did not diminish the… [101] (2023)The use-the-best heuristic facilitates deception detection
Nature Human Behaviour The use-the-best heuristic focusing solely on statement detailedness significantly outperformed intuitive deception detection, achieving 65-70% accuracy compared to chance-level performance (50-52%) when using multiple cues. [102] (2023)Concealed identity information detection with pupillometry in rapid serial visual presentation
Psychophysiology Pupillometry during RSVP successfully detected concealed identity information at the group level in both an initial and preregistered replication study, with peak effects occurring 600-1200… [103] (2023)Evaluation of the Value of Physiological Cues to Determining the Salience of a Risk Factor in a Situation of Screening Polygraph Test
Psychology and Law The study clarified the contribution of specific physiological cues to detecting topic salience during screening polygraph examinations using a directed-lie format with document forgery as… [104] (2023)Challenges for Deception and Lie Detection Research
An Introduction to the Science of Deception and Lie Detection The field demonstrates lack of consensus on fundamental issues, with weak and declining behavioral cue effect sizes and profound ecological validity limitations stemming from artificial… [105] (2023)Exploring Verbal Cues to Deception: Testing Quantitative Linguistic Methods on English and Spanish
Classification accuracy reached 93% for high-stakes police deception versus 71% for laboratory lies, with LIWC psycholinguistic features achieving 84.5% F-measure on Spanish corpus, demonstrating that… [106] (2023)Determining psycholinguistic features of deception in phishing messages
Information & Computer Security Words conveying certainty (e.g., always, never) and work-related features predicted higher end-user vulnerability to phishing, while achievement and reward language (e.g., earn, win, cash, money)… [107] (2023)Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling of Autonomic Responses during the Concealed Information Test
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology The hierarchical Bayesian state-space model successfully analyzes CIT physiological time-series data in natural measurement units without standardization, revealing typical response magnitudes and individual differences previously… [108] (2023)Effects of Mood on Psychophysiological Detection of Concealed Information and the Relation to Self-Assessed Lying Ability
Brain Sciences Induced happy or sad moods tended to lower relative skin conductance responses to critical items while enhancing relative cardiovascular responses. All physiological measures maintained significant… [109] (2023)EEG Signal Classification for Concealed Information Test using Spider Monkey Candidate Rule Miner
Multimedia Tools and Applications The SM-CRM successfully generated an optimal rule set for binary classification of guilty versus innocent participants based on EEG data, balancing sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity… [110] (2023)Meta Learning Based Deception Detection from Speech
Applied Sciences CHAML with Wav2Vec 2.0 embeddings achieved 61.34% accuracy in person-independent deception detection, outperforming baseline approaches while using only a few labeled samples per test subject. [111] (2023)Review 1: Uncertain Veracity Judgements: Does the Framing of the Question Influence Deception Detection?
No differences in veracity judgments were found between certainty and likelihood framing conditions, with average uncertainty ratings of 42% across both conditions, suggesting that subtle… [112] (2023)An Introduction to the Science of Deception and Lie Detection
Human lie detection accuracy is only 54%, barely above chance. Nonverbal behavioral cues traditionally associated with deception are weak, unreliable, or nonexistent. The truth bias… [113] (2023)Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models for Deception Detection Analyses
The SDT GLMM approach separates true discriminability (d-prime) from response bias (criterion), incorporates individual differences through random effects, and reveals substantially greater uncertainty in effect… [114] (2023)The influence of micro-expressions on deception detection
Multimedia Tools and Applications The custom-trained deep learning model achieved 74.17% accuracy in deception classification by detecting involuntary micro-expression changes, with shifts from neutral to happy expressions reliably indicating… [115] (2023)Is It the Judge, the Sender, or Just the Individual Message? Disentangling Person and Message Effects on Variation in Lie-Detection Judgments
Perspectives on Psychological Science Messages differed dramatically in detectability (21% explained variance), but senders did not—challenging sender demeanor theory. Judges determined variance in confidence (46%) and classifications (12%) but… [116] (2023)Hybrid Machine Learning Model for Lie-Detection
2023 IEEE 8th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT) The hybrid CNN-SVM model achieved approximately 58% accuracy in detecting deception from facial thermal images, demonstrating the technical feasibility of the approach but highlighting the… [117] (2023)A Context-Constrained Sentence Modeling for Deception Detection in Real Interrogation
INTERSPEECH 2023 The context-constrained model achieved 76.38% Unweighted Average Recall (UAR) at the local level and 73.15% UAR at the global level, significantly outperforming baseline methods that… [118] (2023)A simple heuristic for distinguishing lie from truth
Nature Human Behaviour When instructed to judge only the level of detail in statements, participants consistently discriminated lies from truths (d = 0.41-1.73, accuracy 65-70%), significantly outperforming intuitive… [119] (2023)The Sound of Cooperation and Deception in High Stakes Interactions
Machine learning algorithms classified cooperative versus deceptive speech with 58-79% accuracy using only acoustic features, with higher pitch and lower intonation significantly associated with deceptive… [120] (2023)Is the uncertain self good at detecting lies? The influence of personal uncertainty on deception detection
European Journal of Social Psychology Personal uncertainty did not reliably improve lie detection accuracy across contexts. Effect sizes were larger in laboratory studies than online studies, and when effects emerged,… [121] (2023)LieVis: A Visual Interactive Dashboard for Lie Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques
2023 26th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT) BERT deep learning model, along with logistic regression and K-Nearest Neighbors, achieved 84% accuracy in detecting deception from courtroom testimony transcripts, outperforming traditional machine learning… [122] (2023)Counter-Deception Information Fusion Based on Reinforcement Learning Using the Guidance of Belief Entropy and Conflict Management
The reinforcement learning framework successfully detects deceptive evidence that provides little support to correct targets while supporting incorrect ones, outperforming previous conflict-based methods in special… [123] (2023)Verbal Indicators of Deception
Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation The three-variable grammatical structural analysis model (total words, text bridge ratio, spontaneous negation ratio) predicted truthful and deceptive oral narratives at accuracy rates higher than… [124] (2023)A Deep Learning Approach for Multimodal Deception Detection
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The multimodal deep learning approach achieved 96.14% accuracy and 0.98 ROC-AUC, significantly outperforming prior automated methods (77-92% AUC) and human performance (60-81% AUC). [125] (2023)Deep Learning Applications in Brain Computer Interface Based Lie Detection
2023 IEEE 13th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC) Ensemble deep learning models demonstrated the most effective performance among tested architectures. Models showed asymmetric performance, with better accuracy detecting truths than lies. [126] (2023)Response Time Concealed Information Test Using Fillers in Cybercrime and Concealed Identity Scenarios
Memory RT-CIT achieved AUC estimates around .70 for cybercrime details but around .95 for autobiographical items, demonstrating that memory type rather than filler design primarily determines… [127] (2023)Individual differences in self-reported lie detection abilities
PLOS ONE Lower outgroup trust and higher social desirability significantly predicted higher self-reported lie detection abilities, while personality traits (Dark Triad, Big-Six), empathy, emotional intelligence, and cultural… [128] (2023)Choice blindness without deception: failures to notice false-feedbacks persist in explicit detection tasks
Choice blindness persisted even when participants were explicitly instructed to detect manipulations, though explicit warnings reduced the effect. Stimulus discriminability and prior beliefs about feedback… [129] (2023)Enhancing Deception Detection with Exclusive Visual Features using Deep Learning
International Journal of Performability Engineering Deep learning models using CNN architectures successfully identified deceptive behavior from visual features alone, with automated feature extraction eliminating the need for manual annotation of… [130] (2023)Speech Deception Detection Based on EMD and Temporal Neural Network
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience The TCN-LSTM network achieved 86.2% accuracy and 86.0% F1 score on real-life trial dataset when combined with EMD preprocessing. EMD signal decomposition improved average accuracy… [131] (2023)Automated Deception Detection from Videos: Using End-to-End Learning Based High-Level Features and Classification Approaches
arXiv preprint Facial expressions consistently outperformed gaze and head pose modalities, with multimodal fusion achieving AUC scores ranging from 0.65 in low-stakes scenarios to 0.86 in high-stakes… [132] (2023)In their own words: deception detection by victims and near victims of fraud
Frontiers in Psychology 69% of near victims (N=934) cited fraud knowledge as their primary detection strategy, while 27.9% noticed mistakes or inconsistencies. Actual victims (N=222) reported that seeking… [133] (2023)Deception Detection using a Multimodal Stacked Bi-LSTM Model
2023 International Conference on Innovative Data Communication Technologies and Application (ICIDCA) The multimodal stacked Bi-LSTM model achieved significant improvements in deception detection compared to single-modality models, with multimodal approaches showing 10-15% accuracy improvements over unimodal methods. [134] (2023)Effects of Individual Traits on Polygraph Test Results
Criminal Investigation Studies The study analyzed relationships between examinees' demographic traits and polygraph examination outcomes, though specific statistical results require access to the full paper. [135] (2023)Neural network applications in polygraph scoring — A scoping review
MDPI Journals Neural networks, particularly feedforward and convolutional architectures, show promise in improving polygraph accuracy over traditional methods, though further validation research is needed to determine optimal… [136] (2023)Deception Detection in Videos Using Robust Facial Features with Attention Feedback
Handbook of Dynamic Data Driven Applications Systems The Bayesian neural network model achieved 92.36% accuracy detecting deception from facial features alone, with an attention mechanism that identifies key behavioral moments and enables… [137] (2022)Detecting concealed information using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) combined with skin conductance, heart rate, and behavioral measures
Psychophysiology The combination of fNIRS, reaction time, skin conductance, and heart rate achieved an area under the ROC curve of 0.94, compared to individual measures ranging… [138] (2022)Fake Online Reviews: A Unified Detection Model Using Deception Theories
IEEE Access Non-verbal behavioral features outperformed verbal linguistic features in detecting fake reviews, and combining both feature types enhanced model performance. The theory-based model achieved high interpretability… [139] (2022)Ocular-motor deception testing in civilly detained sexually violent persons: An alternative to post-conviction sex offender polygraph testing?
Applied Cognitive Psychology ODT accuracy rates in sexually violent persons were not significantly less than the published benchmark of 80% accuracy, demonstrating potential as an alternative to traditional… [140] (2022)A Comprehensive Review on Features Extraction and Features Matching Techniques for Deception Detection
IEEE Access Review of 88 studies over 30 years reveals deception detection accuracies ranging from 50-85% across modalities, with vocal features outperforming visual cues. Critical limitations include… [141] (2022)Lying trolls: Detecting deception and text-based disinformation using machine learning
Cybersecurity and Cognitive Science Hybrid models combining disinformation training data with other cybercrime text datasets achieved detection accuracies of 60-100%, substantially outperforming singleton models and demonstrating cross-domain transferability of… [142] (2022)Implementation of Machine Learning in BCI Based Lie Detection
2022 IEEE World AI IoT Congress (AIIoT) Machine learning classification of multimodal BCI signals (EEG, fNIRS, HRV) achieved 75-79.4% accuracy in distinguishing truthful from deceptive responses, with truthful responses detected at 81.5%… [143] (2022)RCIT: An RSVP-Based Concealed Information Test Framework Using EEG Signals
IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems The RCIT framework achieved 82.74% accuracy using linear discriminant analysis in subject-dependent testing and 64.07% accuracy in cross-subject testing. PZ and T7 electrode channels were… [144] (2022)Concealed Information Detection Using EEG for Lie Recognition by ERP P300 in Response to Visual Stimuli: a Review
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS The review found that P300-based CIT with EEG achieves accuracies of 81.9% to 91.83% across different methodologies, significantly outperforming traditional autonomic polygraph methods. Discrete Wavelet… [145] (2022)A Deep Learning Model for EEG-Based Lie Detection Test Using Spatial and Temporal Aspects
Computers, Materials & Continua The V-TAM model achieved 98.5% accuracy (p < 0.01) in lie detection, outperforming DL, DL-LSTM, and standard Attention models while requiring only 0.19 seconds per… [146] (2022)Deception Detection And Vulnerability Analysis Using A Multi-Level Clustering Machine Learning Algorithm In Business Transactions
SSRN Electronic Journal The multi-level clustering machine learning technique produced the greatest outcomes for fraud detection, while straightforward anomaly detection methods produced the poorest outcomes when evaluated on… [147] (2022)Verbal Lie Detection: Its Past, Present and Future
Brain Sciences Active interviewing protocols showed superior performance, with Cognitive Credibility Assessment achieving 60% accuracy versus 48% without it, and Reality Interviewing correctly classifying approximately 75% of… [148] (2022)Functional Connectivity Analysis in EEG Source Space During Deception
Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies Deception was associated with significantly greater connectivity between distant brain regions, particularly frontal-occipital and frontal-parietal connections, with the Anterior Cingulate Cortex showing enhanced connectivity with… [149] (2022)Looking for Lies: An Exploratory Analysis for Automated Detection of Deception
Word count-based machine learning models were most accurate at detecting deception (76% accuracy), with similar performance across video and text-based interviews, though significant gender bias… [150] (2022)Complex Paralinguistic Analysis of Speech: Predicting Gender, Emotions and Deception in a Hierarchical Framework
Interspeech 2022 The hierarchical framework achieved 88.4 ± 1.5% accuracy for deception detection, a 2.8% improvement over previous state-of-the-art. Gender-specific models improved emotion recognition by 5.7% UAR,… [151] (2022)The confidence‐accuracy relation – A comparison of metacognition measures in lie detection
Applied Cognitive Psychology Regardless of analytical measure used, none of the 12 studies demonstrated a confidence-accuracy relationship, indicating people lack metacognitive insight into the quality of their veracity… [152] (2022)Building and benchmarking the motivated deception corpus: Improving the quality of deceptive text through gaming
Behavior Research Methods State-of-the-art BERT classifiers that achieved 93.6% accuracy on traditional deception corpora struggled with the motivated deception corpus, achieving only 76% accuracy within statement triplets and… [153] (2022)Verbal vs visual stimulation using the Concealed Information Test
Assessment and Development Matters Visual stimulus presentation produced significantly higher CIT detection rates compared to auditory presentation, with large effect sizes (d=7.35, p<.005) demonstrating robust differentiation between guilty and… [154] (2022)In detecting deception using Decision Tree and SVM across different cues
Nigerian Journal of Technology The fusion of visual and audio features achieved 97.6% accuracy in deception detection, significantly outperforming either verbal-only or nonverbal-only approaches, with non-verbal features proving particularly… [155] (2022)Do people know when they are good at spotting liars? – Metacognitive efficiency in Lie Detection
Metacognitive efficiency in lie detection was only 23% of what would be expected given participants' discrimination performance, indicating people fail to use 77% of available… [156] (2022)No evidence that instructions to ignore nonverbal cues improve deception detection accuracy
Applied Cognitive Psychology Instructions to ignore nonverbal cues produced no improvement in deception detection accuracy across three experiments. Participants continued to rely on visual information even when explicitly… [157] (2022)Belief or disbelief in feedback influences the detection efficiency of the feedback concealed information test
Frontiers in Psychology Belief in feedback significantly influenced detection efficiency of feedback-related brain responses in the fCIT, with higher accuracy in high-belief participants, while recognition P300 remained effective… [158] (2022)Validity of enhanced reaction time-based concealed information test using Japanese fillers and self-relevance stimuli
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study validated an enhanced RT-CIT protocol using Japanese filler items and self-relevance stimuli, contributing to cross-cultural evidence for the generalizability of filler-based RT-CIT enhancements. [159] (2022)A Personal Model of Trumpery: Linguistic Deception Detection in a Real-World High-Stakes Setting
Psychological Science The personalized model achieved 73% accuracy in training data and 74% in out-of-sample testing, with 36 linguistic variables showing significant differences between truthful and deceptive… [160] (2022)Lie Detection: Truth Identification from EEG Signal Using Frequency and Time Features with SVM Classifier
Wasit Journal of Computer and Mathematics Science The system achieved 83% overall accuracy, with specific channels (8 and 12) reaching 100% accuracy when using 16-block segmentation and statistical moment features with SVM… [161] (2022)Multimodal Deception Detection Using Real-Life Trial Data
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing The multimodal system achieved 83.05-84.18% accuracy in detecting deception at the subject level, with the best performance obtained by combining visual and acoustic features, significantly… [162] (2022)Faculty Opinions recommendation of 'Please tell me all you remember': a comparison between British and Arab interviewees' free narrative performance and its implications for lie detection.
Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature British truth tellers reported significantly more details than Arab truth tellers (d = 1.32), while the veracity effect for details was more pronounced in British… [163] (2022)Truth-default theory and the psychology of lying and deception detection
Current Opinion in Psychology The paper advances three moderators that combine to affect acceptance of implausible false information: own belief congruity, social congruence, and message repetition. These factors explain… [164] (2022)The Connection Between Deception Detection and Financial Exploitation of Older (vs. Young) Adults
Journal of Applied Gerontology Older adults exhibited significantly greater truth bias (M = .44) than young adults (M = .12), t(117) = 2.82, p = .006, d = .52,… [165] (2022)The Effect of Training on the Effectiveness of Deception Detection
European Polygraph The study examined whether training improves deception detection effectiveness beyond the typical 10% improvement found in previous research, focusing specifically on future lawyers rather than… [166] (2022)Attempt at Detection of Deception Based on Records of Physiological Reactions Remotely Captured with FaceReader Software: Part 1
European Polygraph The study represents a pioneering attempt to validate automated facial expression analysis for deception detection, though specific diagnostic performance results are not provided in this… [167] (2022)Exploring the implications of item-level data in sex offenders’ maintenance polygraph results
Journal of Sexual Aggression Subjects rarely made serious disclosures during the exam process, and a substantial portion were required to retake exams despite not registering as deceptive on any… [168] (2022)Dataset Bias in Deception Detection
2022 26th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR) A gender-prediction classifier achieved comparable performance (64.6% and 59.3% AUC) to state-of-the-art deception detection systems on the Real-life Trial dataset, while those same techniques performed… [169] (2022)Importance-Related Fillers Improve the Classification Accuracy of the Response Time Concealed Information Test in a Crime Scenario
Legal and Criminological Psychology Importance-related fillers significantly improved RT-CIT classification accuracy in crime scenarios, representing the first validation that filler-based enhancement could be adapted beyond autobiographical details to crime-relevant… [170] (2022)Machine Learning Based Deception Detection System in Online Social Networks
International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Seven supervised ML methods demonstrated varying performance in deception detection across two datasets when evaluated using four different metrics, providing empirical benchmarks for algorithm selection… [171] (2022)An amplitude-independent component of an integral measure in the concealed information test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Skin conductance area obtained by summing the delta signal for 10 seconds after question onset showed the best classification performance and may enable analysis of… [172] (2022)Speed versus accuracy instructions in the response time concealed information test
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Speed versus accuracy instructions had no significant effect on RT-CIT validity, with detection accuracy remaining stable at approximately 96% across all instruction groups. [173] (2022)Effective Connectivity in Cortical Networks During Deception: A Lie Detection Study Based on EEG
IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics High classification accuracy was achieved across delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands. The fronto-parietal network emerged as the most prominent information pathway during deception,… [174] (2022)Did You Just Lie to Me? Deception Detection in Face to Face versus Computer Mediated Communication
The Journal of Social Psychology Communication modality did not influence deception detection accuracy or truth bias. Deceivers experienced equivalent physiological arousal across conditions but reported higher anxiety only during face-to-face… [175] (2022)Can You See Me Lying? Investigating the Role of Deception on Gaze Behavior
SSRN Electronic Journal Judges fixated longer on speakers' mouths and torsos when messages were deceptive and longer on hands when truthful. However, longer fixations on the mouth, torso,… [176] (2022)The perceived credibility of repeated-event witnesses depends upon their veracity
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Repeated experience diminished credibility of truthful witnesses but enhanced credibility of fabricators. Expert testimony improved perceived honesty and cognitive competence of repeated-event speakers, offering a… [177] (2022)The effect of mental countermeasures on a novel brain‐based feedback concealed information test
Human Brain Mapping Mental countermeasures impaired recognition-P300 detection but did not significantly affect feedback-related ERPs, with feedback-P300 maintaining 86% detection accuracy (AUC = 0.86), demonstrating the fCIT's potential… [178] (2022)Supplemental Material for Only True and Fabricated Baseline Statements Combined Might Improve Lie, But Not Truth, Detection
Law and Human Behavior Combined true and fabricated baselines modestly improved lie detection (39% to 61%), but true baselines alone significantly reduced truth detection accuracy (64% to 49%). Overall… [179] (2022)Prolonged Response Time Concealed Information Test Decreases Probe-Control Differences but Increases Classification Accuracy
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Increased test length consistently decreased probe-control response time differences but increased classification accuracy, with approximately 600 total trials emerging as the optimal threshold for maximizing… [180] (2022)Countering information leakage in the Concealed Information Test: The effects of item detailedness
Psychophysiology The study tested whether item detailedness could counter information leakage effects in the CIT, investigating if more specific questions preserve detection accuracy while reducing false… [181] (2022)Attention-Aware Multi-modal RNN for Deception Detection
2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data) The attention-aware multimodal RNN achieved 96% accuracy on the Real-Life Trial dataset, substantially exceeding human performance (50%) and earlier multimodal systems (83%), while providing interpretable… [182] (2022)Intentional-Deception Detection Based on Facial Muscle Movements in an Interactive Social Context
Pattern Recognition Letters Facial EMG achieved 90% accuracy in detecting intentional deception, with the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus muscles playing key roles. Muscles related to lie detection were… [183] (2022)The politics of deceptive borders: 'biomarkers of deceit' and the case of iBorderCtrl
Information, Communication & Society The iBorderCtrl system showed severe limitations including training on only 32 actors with demographic bias, detection accuracy of only 75%, and methodologically invalid validation procedures… [184] (2022)Recurrent Neural Networks for Deception Detection in Videos
Communications in Computer and Information Science The Stacked GRU model achieved exceptional performance with 93.69% accuracy and an AUC of 0.9853, surpassing all other tested architectures and demonstrating that facial landmark… [185] (2022)Diagnostic accuracy of binocular eye tracking in the assessment of paraphilic disorders
Russian Journal of Psychiatry Binocular eye tracking achieved 90.2% sensitivity, 90.8% specificity, 94.3% average accuracy, and 91% efficiency in diagnosing paraphilic disorders, with individuals showing pedophilic disorder exhibiting significantly… [186] (2022)Applying Neural Networks in Polygraph Testing
Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International The voting ensemble neural network approach demonstrated increased efficiency in polygraph testing and decreased erroneous conclusions by combining multiple classifier predictions to analyze standard psychophysiological… [187] (2021 • LANDMARK META-ANALYSIS)A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Polygraph Test
Applied Cognitive Psychology The largest meta-analysis ever conducted on the CQT, analyzing 138 datasets. Found a meta-analytic effect size of 0.69 including inconclusives. Motivation level showed a positive… [188] (2021)Assessing Deception in Questionnaire Surveys With Eye-Tracking
Frontiers in Psychology Pupil dilation and increased fixation count and duration consistently indicated deception in both instructed and spontaneous lying conditions, with a linear SVM classifier achieving 74.09%… [189] (2021)Man versus Machine: Comparing manual with LIWC coding of perceptual and contextual details for verbal lie detection
When set to the same metric, neither manual nor LIWC coding outperformed the other in discriminating truthful from deceptive statements (effect sizes ranged from d… [190] (2021)Discriminating deceptive from truthful statements using the verifiability approach: A meta-analysis
Applied Cognitive Psychology Truth-tellers provided significantly more verifiable details (d = 0.49) and a higher proportion of verifiable details (d = 0.49) than liars across 28 studies, with… [191] (2021)The verifiability approach to deception detection: A preregistered direct replication of the information protocol condition of Nahari, Vrij, and Fisher (2014b)
Applied Cognitive Psychology Truth tellers provided significantly more verifiable details than liars (d = 0.49), confirming the Verifiability Approach prediction, but the effect was less than half the… [192] (2021)How Vulnerable is the Reaction Time Concealed Information Test to Faking?
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Without response deadlines, the RT-CIT was vulnerable to faking (d = 1.06-1.08), but implementation of an 800ms response deadline rendered faking completely ineffective (d =… [193] (2021)Fallacies in the estimation of the validity of the Comparison Question Polygraph Test: A reply to Ginton (2020)
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling The authors dismiss Ginton's defenses and conclude his paired-examination validity estimates are untrustworthy due to confirmation bias, criterion contamination, and violated methodological assumptions that inflate… [194] (2021)Explaining Neural Network Results by Sensitivity Analysis for Deception Detection
Communications in Computer and Information Science Neural networks analyzing observer physiological responses achieved 62% deception detection accuracy, exceeding typical human performance of 54%. Sensitivity analysis combined with genetic algorithms successfully extracted… [195] (2021)Does the cognitive approach to lie detection improve the accuracy of human observers?
Applied Cognitive Psychology Cognitive approaches to lie detection produced 60% accuracy overall, but only 55% after bias correction—barely above chance levels of 50%. [196] (2021)How humans impair automated deception detection performance
Acta Psychologica Machine learning alone achieved 69% accuracy in detecting deception, but human involvement through hybrid decision-making reduced performance to chance level (50%), demonstrating that human judgment… [197] (2021)Credibility and event frequency: Assessing the credibility of adults who recall a repeated event using reality monitoring.
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Reality Monitoring reliably classified single-event truth-tellers and liars but failed to discriminate veracity among repeated-event speakers in both experiments. Repeated experience reduced the sensory and… [198] (2021)Would You Lie For Me? : Alibi Corroboration Between Strangers And Non-Strangers
Participants in friendship and stranger conditions were equally likely to corroborate false alibis, but presence of physical evidence (money) dramatically reduced lying rates compared to… [199] (2021)Deception detection and emotion recognition: Investigating F.A.C.E. software
Psychotherapy Research F.A.C.E. training software was completely ineffective for deception detection but did significantly improve emotion recognition for contempt, anger, and fear. No differences emerged between graduate… [200] (2021)Indirect and Unconscious Deception Detection: Too Soon to Give Up?
Frontiers in Psychology Despite criticisms, the authors conclude it is too soon to abandon indirect and unconscious deception detection methods, as methodological improvements—especially larger and more representative stimulus… [201] (2021)Experience, learning and the detection of deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Increased experience significantly reduced average detection error in judges, with analysis confirming this relationship was driven by learning rather than selection bias. Male judges showed… [202] (2021)Use of Machine Learning for Deception Detection From Spectral and Cepstral Features of Speech Signals
IEEE Access The LSTM classification method with time-difference spectral energy features achieved the highest deception detection accuracy after PCA dimensionality reduction, outperforming traditional MFCC-based approaches and demonstrating… [203] (2021)Hybrid Polygraph and Ocular-Motor Deception Tests for Screening and Specific-Incident Investigations
Psychology Applications & Developments VII The hybrid DLC protocol achieved 88% accuracy for specific-incident testing, while the hybrid MCT protocol achieved 91% accuracy for multi-issue screening, demonstrating that combining eye-tracking… [204] (2021)Affect-Aware Machine Learning Models for Deception Detection
Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence Multimodal models incorporating facial affect achieved 91% AUC for deception detection, while unsupervised approaches using facial valence reached 80% AUC, outperforming human ability and validating… [205] (2021)Directed Lie – The Correct or the Easy Way?
European Polygraph The study found that 28.6% of directed lie questions failed to provoke physiological reactions during stimulation tests, and three examinees refused to lie as directed,… [206] (2021)On the Influence of Sleep Deprivation on the Results of Polygraph Testing
European Polygraph Sleep deprivation of 24 hours did not significantly reduce polygraph detection accuracy in a concealed information test, and energy drink consumption did not alter test… [207] (2021)Literature Review and Analysis of the Multi-facet Hypothesis and the Evaluation of Independent Target Questions
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Grand total scoring achieved 89% accuracy compared to 78% for multi-facet hypothesis scoring—an 11 percentage point difference that challenges the operational utility of assuming independence… [208] (2021)Deception Detection Using Machine Learning
Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Multiple machine learning algorithms successfully detected deception in reviews, news articles, and emails, with SVM and Random Forest showing strong performance. The research identified shared… [209] (2021)Keynote Speech 4: A Conversational AI Approach to Detecting Deception and Tackling Insurance Fraud
2021 Tenth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Information Systems (ICICIS) The underlying Decision Engine achieved 69-72% accuracy detecting deception in conversations using linguistic markers including hedging, pronoun usage, sentiment variation, and proximity-based features, outperforming baseline… [210] (2021)Lie to my face: An electromyography approach to the study of deceptive behavior
Brain and Behavior Machine learning analysis of facial muscle activity achieved 73% accuracy in detecting lies, revealing two distinct groups: those who betrayed lies through cheek muscle activation… [211] (2021)Verbal cues to deceit when lying through omitting information: Examining the effect of a Model Statement interview protocol
Truth tellers consistently reported more complications than lie tellers across omission scenarios, while lie tellers provided more total details than truth tellers—a pattern opposite to… [212] (2021)Dull versus creative liars—Who deceives better? Fantasy proneness and verifiability of genuine and fabricated accounts
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Fantasy proneness did not moderate verifiability patterns, but experts successfully detected fabrications from high fantasy-prone individuals more often than from low or medium groups (p… [213] (2021)A within-statement baseline comparison for detecting lies
Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law Within-statement baseline comparisons did not improve lie detection accuracy, with performance remaining at chance levels regardless of whether participants received baseline instructions. [214] (2021)Affect-Aware Deep Belief Network Representations for Multimodal Unsupervised Deception Detection
2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021) The unsupervised model trained on facial valence and visual features achieved 80% AUC (70% accuracy, 88% precision), substantially exceeding typical human deception detection performance of… [215] (2021)Distrust, False Cues, and Below-Chance Deception Detection Accuracy: Commentary on Stel et al. (2020) and Further Reflections on (Un)Conscious Lie Detection From the Perspective of Truth-Default Theory
Frontiers in Psychology Levine challenges the plausibility of massive below-chance accuracy (d = −2.09) from false cue reliance, arguing meta-analytic evidence shows behavioral cues lack sufficient reverse-diagnostic power.… [216] (2021)Addressing selective attrition in the enhanced response time-based concealed information test: A within-subject replication
Applied Cognitive Psychology The enhanced CIT with filler items significantly outperformed the standard version (d=1.07, p<.001) in a within-subject design that eliminated selective attrition as a confounding factor,… [217] (2021)The mechanism of filler items in the response time concealed information test
Psychological Research Smaller proportions of familiarity-related fillers sharing response keys with targets produce larger probe-irrelevant RT differences, and semantic associations between targets and familiarity-referring fillers enhance detection… [218] (2021)Development of Non-contact Deception Detection using Facial Expression and Analysis of Significant Time Period
The Korean Academy of Scientific Criminal Investigation The facial expression-based system achieved 85.19% accuracy in classifying deceptive versus truthful videos on test data, confirming the viability of non-contact deception detection and identifying… [219] (2021)Development of Spectral Speech Features for Deception Detection Using Neural Networks
2021 IEEE 12th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON) Neural networks achieved 91.67% accuracy using Bark scale spectral energy features on police interrogation recordings, with delta and time-difference energy features proving critical for distinguishing… [220] (2021)Lie Detection in Sex Crime Investigations
Criminal Investigations of Sexual Offenses Modern verbal lie detection protocols show substantial effect sizes, with statement-evidence consistency achieving d = 1.89, and active interviewing techniques that ask unanticipated questions, request… [221] (2021)A Look Into the Power of fNIRS Signals by Using the Welch Power Spectral Estimate for Deception Detection
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Spontaneous deceptive behavior produced significantly higher power than controlled behavior in frontopolar area (BA10) and DLPFC (BA09), with statistical differences (p < 0.05 and p… [222] (2021)Lie Detection by Facial Expressions in Real Time
2021 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Application (DASA) The study demonstrates feasibility of real-time automated lie detection through facial expression analysis, identifying specific facial cues including eye blinking, lip movements, head movement, and… [223] (2021)Mnemonic Techniques and Lie Detection: Accuracy of Truth and Deception Judgments in Repeated Accounts
Psichologija Observers given explicit instruction about diagnostic memory-based cues (detail richness and memory decay patterns) showed no improvement in deception detection accuracy compared to uninformed participants,… [224] (2021)Identity Unbiased Deception Detection by 2D-to-3D Face Reconstruction
2021 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) The identity-unbiased approach achieved 68% accuracy on high-stakes courtroom deception detection with 0.72 recall, demonstrating improved generalization by separating temporal behavioral cues from person-specific facial… [225] (2021)Influence of emoticons on deception detection: An empirical exploration
Telematics and Informatics Reports Adding emotional cues through emoticons or annotations made deception detection easier but increased overall suspicion, with messages containing emotional elements judged as more deceptive than… [226] (2020)Best Practices in Polygraph Examination
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Monte Carlo simulations based on 299 subtotal scores provided the first systematic criterion accuracy estimates and confidence intervals for two-relevant-question multi-issue examinations, confirming that each… [227] (2020)Iacono and Ben-Shakhar's response to Ginton (2020): Validity estimates from paired testing
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling The authors conclude that Ginton's polygraph validity estimates from paired testing cannot be trusted due to unresolved issues with confession contamination, examiner bias, and confirmation… [228] (2020)Novel Lie Speech Classification by using Voice Stress
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence The LSTM-based model achieved 72.5% precision in detecting deceptive speech from voice stress patterns, demonstrating that acoustic features alone can provide discriminative information for lie… [229] (2020)Study of the theory of mind in normal aging: focus on the deception detection and its links with other cognitive functions
Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition Older adults performed significantly worse than young adults on detecting deception, cooperation, and mixed social situations. Frontal abilities decline after age 65 and even more… [230] (2020)The Accuracy of Permutation Test in P300-based Concealed Information Test
Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology Permutation tests maintained nominal Type I error rates while bootstrap methods exceeded significance levels; optimal statistical power achieved with 5 Hz filtering and mean amplitude… [231] (2020)Moth Monarch Optimization-Based Deep Belief Network in Deception Detection System
Sādhanā The MMO-DBN system achieved exceptionally high classification performance with 98.4% accuracy, 98.36% sensitivity, and 93.75% specificity in deception detection. [232] (2020)Unraveling the Misconception About Deception and Nervous Behavior
Frontiers in Psychology Despite universal belief that nervous behaviors indicate deception, lie tellers do not display more gaze aversion, fidgeting, or body movements than truth tellers, with visual-only… [233] (2020)Eye spy a liar: assessing the utility of eye fixations and confidence judgments for detecting concealed recognition of faces, scenes and objects
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Recognition of personally familiar faces was robustly detected across multiple fixation markers (fewer fixations, fewer interest areas viewed, fewer return fixations) during both honest and… [234] (2020)Polygraph lie detector tests: can they really stop criminals reoffending?
Polygraphs show 80-90% accuracy but are far from foolproof. UK pilot data showed polygraphed sex offenders made twice as many disclosures, but the article questions… [235] (2020)The Picture Superiority Effect in Memory Detection: Modality Effects in the Concealed Information Test
Pictorially encoded crime details were easier to detect than verbally encoded details. Items encoded and tested in the same modality showed better detection. Verbally encoded… [236] (2020)Applying the verifiability approach to deception detection in alibi witness situations
Acta Psychologica Truth-telling pairs provided significantly more checkable details demonstrating they were together than lying pairs, while lying pairs provided more uncheckable details. Collective statements enhanced the… [237] (2020)Interview based connectivity analysis of EEG in order to detect deception
Medical Hypotheses Brain connectivity analysis during naturalistic interviews achieved 86.25% accuracy in detecting deception, with guilty subjects showing increased connectivity in the right hemisphere, especially the right… [238] (2020)A model statement does not enhance the verifiability approach
Applied Cognitive Psychology Model statements did not enhance the discriminability of the verifiability approach, as both truth-tellers and liars similarly increased verifiable details without improving diagnostic value. [239] (2020)Electrodermal Responses: When is Bigger Really Better?
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment: A Journal of Science and Field Practice Performance peaked when electrodermal response amplitudes differed by 10-20%, with a subsequent laboratory analysis finding optimal correlation at 30% minimum difference when scoring against the… [240] (2020)Phase synchrony and its application to lie detection
2020 IEEE International Conference on Power, Intelligent Computing and Systems (ICPICS) Pattern recognition analysis of phase synchrony achieved 88% accuracy in lie detection, with deceptive responses showing greater oscillatory synchronization than truthful responses across brain regions… [241] (2020)Application of Machine Learning in Deception Detection
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing The neurofuzzy model achieved 97.1% accuracy with nonverbal cues alone, outperforming verbal-only (84.3%) and combined approaches (92.5%), while decision tree classifiers reached 97.6% accuracy on… [242] (2020)Effects of Pre-trained Word Embeddings on Text-based Deception Detection
2020 IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech) Domain-specific word embeddings outperformed general-purpose pre-trained embeddings for deception detection, challenging the assumption that larger pre-trained models universally improve performance. The combination of embedding technique… [243] (2020)Higher Self-Control, Less Deception: The Effect of Self-Control on Deception Behaviors
Advances in Cognitive Psychology Individuals with low self-control ability exhibited more deceptive behaviors than those with high self-control. High self-control individuals showed larger N2 and smaller P3 amplitudes, while… [244] (2020)Memory‐Based Deception Detection: Extending the Cognitive Signature of Lying From Instructed to Self‐Initiated Cheating
Topics in Cognitive Science Both instructed cheaters (n=107) and self-initiated cheaters (n=142) showed significant RT-slowing on the CIT compared to fair players, proving that the cognitive signature of lying… [245] (2020)Distinguishing true from false confessions using physiological patterns of concealed information recognition – A proof of concept study
Biological Psychology True confessors showed larger physiological responses to correct versus incorrect answers, while false confessors exhibited no differential responding, successfully distinguishing genuine from false admissions of… [246] (2020)Deception detection in repeated interviews: The effects of immediate type of questioning on the delayed accounts
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Differences between truth-tellers and liars were slightly larger when comprehensive 'report everything' instructions were used in the initial interview compared to spatial questioning, suggesting that… [247] (2020)An Audio-Visual based Feature Level Fusion Approach Applied to Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications Feature-level fusion of audio and visual modalities improved deception detection accuracy compared to using either modality in isolation, with systems aggregating features from multiple layers… [248] (2020)Seen this scene? Scene recognition in the reaction-time Concealed Information Test
Memory & Cognition Scene stimuli produced RT-CIT effects equivalent to object stimuli with excellent diagnostic accuracy (AUC = .919, d = 1.93 for autobiographic scenes; AUC = .696-.709… [249] (2020)Leveraging Shared and Divergent Facial Expression Behavior Between Genders in Deception Detection
2020 15th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2020) GAHL outperformed logistic regression, decision trees, and SVM models in small-sample deception detection tasks (N<75), successfully balancing the use of full datasets for shared behavioral… [250] (2020)The analysis of nonverbal communication: the dangers of pseudoscience in security and justice contexts
Anuario de Psicología Jurídica All three examined nonverbal deception detection programs (SPOT, BAI, synergology) lack scientific validity, with human ability to detect deceptive behavior performing at chance levels despite… [251] (2020)Detecting smugglers: Identifying strategies and behaviours in individuals in possession of illicit objects
Applied Cognitive Psychology Observer detection of smugglers was remarkably poor with accuracy rates of 48% and 39.2% in two experiments, despite smugglers actually experiencing significantly more nervousness than… [252] (2020)Is the CIT susceptible to misleading information? A constructive replication
International Journal of Psychophysiology Misleading information reduced explicit memory of mock crime details, but physiological CIT responses (skin conductance and respiration) were only partially attenuated, suggesting crime-relevant information detection… [253] (2020)Electrodermal Response Ratios: Scoring Against the Stronger of Two Comparison Questions in Search of an Optimal Minimum Threshold
European Polygraph The optimal minimum difference for scoring electrodermal responses against the stronger of two comparison questions was 30%, with a point-biserial correlation of 0.680 between scores… [254] (2020)1, 2, 3 crimes you're out: Ocular‐motor methods for detecting deception in a multiple‐issue screening protocol
Journal of Forensic Sciences Classification accuracy ranged from 83.3% to 91.7% across participant groups, with the system also demonstrating strong item-level accuracy in identifying specific deceptive topics (81.1-88.3% accuracy). [255] (2020)The Limits of Conscious Deception Detection: When Reliance on False Deception Cues Contributes to Inaccurate Judgments
Frontiers in Psychology Distrust produced dramatically below-chance accuracy (d = -0.89 to -2.09), with participants judging truth-tellers as more deceptive than liars. Trust conditions produced above-chance accuracy (d… [256] (2020)Complications travel: A cross-cultural comparison of the proportion of complication as a verbal cue to deceit
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Complications emerged as a cross-culturally stable cue to truthfulness across Russian, Hispanic, and Korean samples, with truth-tellers consistently providing more complications than liars. In contrast,… [257] (2020)The effect of retroactive memory interference on the P300-based Complex Trial Protocol (CTP)
International Journal of Psychophysiology Retroactive memory interference did not threaten P300-based CTP accuracy, with significant probe vs. irrelevant amplitude differences maintained across all experimental conditions regardless of interference manipulation… [258] (2020)Do incompatible alternatives in a testimony affect witness credibility?
Applied Cognitive Psychology Witnesses reporting incompatible alternatives were consistently judged as less credible across three experiments. Educating participants that witnesses can legitimately report multiple alternatives reduced, but did… [259] (2020)Video Based Deception Detection Using Deep Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network
Communications in Computer and Information Science The deep recurrent convolutional neural network architecture outperformed four existing state-of-the-art techniques in detecting deception from real-life trial video footage by effectively capturing spatiotemporal behavioral… [260] (2020)Classification of EEG signals using hybrid combination of features for lie detection
Neural Computing and Applications The hybrid combination of EMD-derived features with Support Vector Machine classification achieved 99.44% accuracy in detecting deception, significantly outperforming traditional single-domain feature extraction methods. [261] (2020)Understanding and Explicitly Measuring Linguistic and Stylistic Properties of Deception via Generation and Translation
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Generation When conditioned on topic, deceptive content is shorter, less readable, more biased, and more subjective than credible content. Style transfer from deceptive to credible writing… [262] (2020)Ocular-Motor Deception Testing (ODT) as Alternative to PCSOT
Various Publications Evaluated ODT as a potential alternative to traditional PCSOT. Used measures of cognitive load. Tests of noninferiority found observed accuracy rates were not significantly less… [263] (2020)Effects of concealment on physiological and psychological responses during the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Concealment significantly enhanced physiological differentiation between critical and noncritical items across skin conductance, heart rate, normalized pulse volume, and respiration, while non-concealing participants showed differentiation… [264] (2020)Truth Identification from EEG Signal by using Convolution neural network: Lie Detection
2020 43rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP) The CNN approach achieved 84.44% overall accuracy in EEG-based truth/lie classification, with specific accuracies of 91% for detecting truthful statements and 89% for identifying deceptive… [265] (2020)Response Time Concealed Information Test on smartphones
Collabra: Psychology The RT-CIT performed equivalently on smartphones and desktop computers, with thumb-based responses on touchscreens yielding equally efficient results as conventional index finger responses. [266] (2020)Dispersion matters: Diagnostics and control data computer simulation in Concealed Information Test studies
PLoS One Standard deviation substantially influences classification efficiency to the point that methods with lower mean differences can achieve superior AUC values (.858 vs .813) when dispersion… [267] (2020)Multimodal Deception Detection Using Automatically Extracted Acoustic, Visual, and Lexical Features
Interspeech 2020 The automated multimodal system achieved 73% accuracy on conversational deception detection, significantly outperforming previous manual annotation methods and human performance on the same dataset. [268] (2020)No effect of moderate alcohol intake on the detection of concealed identity information in the laboratory
Scientific Reports Moderate alcohol intake did not significantly affect the detection of concealed identity information in laboratory conditions. [269] (2020)A trifactorial model of detection of deception using thermography
Psychology, Crime & Law The 'at least two of three' thermal regions rule achieved 83% accuracy and 13% false alarm rate, substantially outperforming single-indicator approaches. [270] (2020)Identifying the optimal features in multimodal deception detection
Multimodal Technologies and Interaction Thermal imaging achieved 90.1% accuracy in mock crime scenarios compared to 70.9% for traditional GSR/PPG measures. Perinasal and cheek regions showed superior discriminatory power, and… [271] (2020)RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS OF ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY SIGNAL TO A CONTROL QUESTION TEST: A NEW APPROACH FOR THE DETECTION OF DECEPTION
Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications Lmax and DET parameters decreased significantly for relevant questions in vertical EOG signals, while all RQA parameters except RR decreased significantly in horizontal EOG signals,… [272] (2020)Theoretical Model of Polygraph Testing: Concerns and Prospects for their Solution
Psychology and Law The paper proposes functional systems theory as a superior theoretical framework for polygraph testing, arguing that physiological responses reflect complex systemic organization rather than simple… [273] (2020)A Study on the Differences of Psychophysiological Response of Sexual Crime Victims by Question Conditions in Polygraph Examination
Korea Criminal Intelligence Review Mixing directed lie control questions with standard control questions and using pronouns instead of perpetrator names in relevant questions both produced significant improvements in polygraph… [274] (2019)Current Status of Forensic Lie Detection with the Comparison Question Technique: An Update
Law and Human Behavior Updated review of CQT research, reaffirming conclusions from the NRC (2003). Argued for caution in interpreting CQT accuracy claims, noting potential overestimation in experimental studies.… [275] (2019)Rebuttal: The CQT Has Scientific Support
Various Publications Directly addressed Iacono & Ben-Shakhar (2019) criticisms. Analyzed their arguments point-by-point and found them to lack merit. Corroborated contemporary research reporting high CQT accuracy. [276] (2019)On Human Predictions with Explanations and Predictions of Machine Learning Models: A Case Study on Deception Detection
Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency Explanations alone produced only modest improvements in human deception detection (from 51.1% baseline), while showing ML predicted labels yielded over 20% relative improvement. However, this… [277] (2019)Deleterious effects of probe‐related versus irrelevant targets on the “CIT effect” in the P300‐ and RT‐based three‐stimulus protocol for detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology Probe-related targets that shared contextual features with the crime significantly reduced both P300 and reaction time-based discrimination accuracy compared to standard irrelevant targets, demonstrating that… [278] (2019)Detecting Deception in Political Debates Using Acoustic and Textual Features
2019 IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU) BERT textual features achieved MAE of 0.76, while i-vector acoustic features achieved comparable performance with MAE of 0.77. Multimodal fusion combining acoustic and textual features… [279] (2019)Reaction time-based Concealed Information Test in eyewitness identification is moderated by picture similarity but not eyewitness cooperation
Psychological Research RT-CIT effectiveness was significantly impaired when using closely matched faces (as required for fair lineups) compared to non-matched faces, but eyewitness cooperativeness did not affect… [280] (2019)Methodological improvements of the association-based concealed information test
Both improved versions outperformed the original A-CIT, with the ID-EAST color-based version achieving AUC = 0.89, comparable to the most accurate deception detection methods. Classification… [281] (2019)Testing a potential alternative to traditional identification procedures: Reaction time-based concealed information test does not work for lineups with cooperative witnesses
Applied Cognitive Psychology The RT-CIT demonstrated negligibly small diagnostic validity (d = 0.14, 95% CI 0.08-0.19) across five experiments, failing to effectively identify perpetrators when eyewitnesses were cooperative… [282] (2019)Is it time to kill the detection wizard? Emotional intelligence does not facilitate deception detection
Personality and Individual Differences Emotional intelligence and attention to non-verbal cues do not improve deception detection accuracy. High-EI individuals spend more time observing non-verbal behaviors but perform no better… [283] (2019)Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues
Applied Cognitive Psychology Observers achieve only 52% accuracy when viewing nonverbal behavior alone versus 63% when hearing verbal content. Meta-analyses show that of 50 nonverbal cues examined, only… [284] (2019)A test of the micro-expressions training tool: Does it improve lie detection?
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling METT-trained participants achieved only 46.30% accuracy in lie detection—below chance levels—with no significant difference from bogus-trained (47.30%) or untrained controls. Bayesian analysis strongly supported the… [285] (2019)Emotion recognition and deception detection
Emotion recognition ability and microexpression training did not improve deception detection accuracy. Higher trait empathy was associated with worse performance, suggesting that emotional sensitivity may… [286] (2019)Accuracy, Confidence, and Experiential Criteria for Lie Detection Through a Videotaped Interview
Frontiers in Psychiatry Judges showed moderately accurate detection with better truth than lie detection. Detection accuracy was negatively associated with confidence for lie detection but positively associated for… [287] (2019)Effects of Direct and Indirect Questions on the Ocular-motor Deception Test
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Classification accuracy declined by 23 percentage points when using indirect questions about falsifying answers compared to direct questions about specific behaviors, dropping from 83% to… [288] (2019)Validity of the Reaction Time Concealed Information Test in a Prison Sample
Frontiers in Psychiatry The RT-CIT demonstrated high validity in the prison sample with robust effect sizes. Error rate CIT-effects were elevated in prisoners compared to controls, while reaction… [289] (2019)Study on accuracy of polygraph inspection and GSR(Galvanic Skin Response) evaluation
Korean Association of Criminal Psychology The study verified that GSR channels occupy an important proportion in judging responses to stimuli, and demonstrated that palm placement can produce accurate stimulus responses… [290] (2019)Region of Interest Based Comparative Analysis in Deception Detection using Thermal Images
2019 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT) The study identified which specific facial regions provide superior discriminatory power for deception detection through comparative thermal analysis, contributing to standardization efforts in thermal imaging-based… [291] (2019)Younger and older adults’ lie-detection and credibility judgments of children's coached reports
Psychology, Crime & Law Older adults had significantly lower discrimination scores, a stronger truth bias, and greater confidence compared to younger adults when evaluating children's coached lies. Older adults… [292] (2019)Verify the scene, report the symptoms: Testing the Verifiability Approach and SRSI in the detection of fabricated PTSD claims
Legal and Criminological Psychology The Verifiability Approach achieved 79% accuracy with high specificity for identifying honest claimants, while SRSI achieved 76% accuracy with better sensitivity for detecting fabricators. Combined… [293] (2019)Basic vs. Applied Psychology perspectives lead to different implications from the same data; reevaluating the impact of prior expectations on polygraph outcomes
Social Sciences & Humanities Open Examiner bias impacts only 3% of total polygraph examinations in real-world conditions, occurring only when charts are objectively inconclusive and multiple limiting conditions align. [294] (2019)Mapping of the brain activation associated with deception using fused EEG and fNIRS
Neural Imaging and Sensing 2019 The combined EEG-fNIRS approach achieved 0.94 AUC for distinguishing guilty from innocent participants, significantly outperforming P300 alone (0.85 AUC) or fNIRS alone (0.84 AUC). Guilty… [295] (2019)Detecting Lie-A Practical Approach
Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle The study successfully demonstrated that physiological signals can be measured using accessible biomedical equipment to create a functional personal polygraph, identifying gender-based statistical differences in… [296] (2019)It's a match!? Appropriate item selection in the Concealed Information Test
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications CIT validity was highest when there was a direct match between how information was encoded and tested, with congruent conditions producing effect sizes of d… [297] (2019)Deception Detection and Truth Detection Are Dependent on Different Cognitive and Emotional Traits: An Investigation of Emotional Intelligence, Theory of Mind, and Attention
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Truth detection and deception detection rely on distinct psychological processes: attentional alerting supports truth detection, while cognitive theory of mind and emotion perception support lie… [298] (2019)The Many Faces of Trustworthiness: Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Predicting Deception from Facial Appearance
The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication Accuracy in detecting trustworthiness from facial appearance varies dramatically by behavioral domain (55-65% accuracy overall). Facial trustworthiness judgments reliably influence real-world outcomes even when inaccurate,… [299] (2019)Validity of the Control Question Test in Two Levels of the Severity of Crimes
Anti-Terrorism; Forensic Science; Psychology in Police Investigations The false positive error rate in severe crimes was approximately double that of minor crimes (23.33% for minor crimes using zero cutoff), indicating innocent suspects… [300] (2019)Polygraph Tests - Benefits and Challenges
Academicus International Scientific Journal Polygraph tests measure heart rate/blood pressure, respiration, and skin responses based on the assumption that dishonest individuals exhibit different autonomic responses than truthful individuals. However,… [301] (2019)Use of cardiometry and oculography in concealed information detection
Cardiometry The study demonstrated that combined cardiometric and oculographic assessment of emotional-cognitive states in response to visual and auditory stimuli can be successfully used for concealed… [302] (2019)A Synergistic Concealed Information Test With Novel Approach for EEG Channel Selection and SVM Parameter Optimization
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security The dual Bat Algorithm approach successfully optimized both EEG channel selection and SVM hyperparameters simultaneously, achieving high classification accuracy while identifying that occipital lobe channels… [303] (2019)Reading Lies: Nonverbal Communication and Deception
Annual Review of Psychology Only 14 of 50 nonverbal cues (28%) showed significant relationships with deception, with effect sizes typically small (largest d = -0.55). People achieve only 54%… [304] (2019)Speech Deception Detection Algorithm Based on SVM and Acoustic Features
2019 IEEE 7th International Conference on Computer Science and Network Technology (ICCSNT) The AF-SVM algorithm successfully demonstrated automated deception detection from speech using Support Vector Machine classification of acoustic features, validating the feasibility of machine learning approaches… [305] (2019)Detecting Deception Using Neurofuzzy Approach
International Journal of Intelligent Computing Research The neurofuzzy model achieved 97.1% accuracy detecting deception from nonverbal features alone, significantly outperforming both human judges and chance-level detection. Different algorithms performed optimally with… [306] (2019)Likelihood Ratio in Evidential Evaluation of Polygraph Examination
Internal Security The paper demonstrates that likelihood ratio frameworks can quantify the evidential weight of polygraph results by comparing the probability of observed physiological responses under deception… [307] (2019)Sitting in judgment: How body posture influences deception detection and gazing behavior
Judges adopting an open posture were significantly more accurate at detecting deception (Hedge's g = 0.40, p = 0.036) compared to closed posture, with trait… [308] (2019)Lessons from Pinocchio: Cues to deception may be highly exaggerated
Perspectives on Psychological Science Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the deception cue literature is consistent with there being no real behavioral indicators of deception, with effect sizes potentially inflated… [309] (2019)Familiarity revealed by involuntary eye movements on the fringe of awareness
Scientific Reports Familiar faces presented at the threshold of awareness produced prolonged oculomotor inhibition and earlier inhibition onset compared to unfamiliar faces, demonstrating for the first time… [310] (2019)Effects of emotional arousal at memory encoding on the P300-based Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association High emotional arousal at memory encoding significantly enhanced P300 amplitudes in response to concealed information, with no differences between groups for irrelevant stimuli, supporting the… [311] (2019)Looking guilty: Handcuffing suspects influences judgments of deception
Both laypersons and police officers showed significantly impaired deception detection when judging handcuffed suspects (accuracy M = 0.45) compared to non-handcuffed suspects (M = 0.55),… [312] (2019)Box of Lies: Multimodal deception detection in dialogues
Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies Multimodal machine learning classification achieved 69% accuracy in detecting conversational deception, exceeding both random baseline (50%) and human performance, with dialogue features providing unique predictive… [313] (2019)The intra-individual consistency of the differential physiological responses on the Concealed Information Test: hierarchical Bayesian approach.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Hierarchical Bayesian estimates of effect sizes were more accurate than conventional approaches, revealing that traditional Z-score methods overestimate the magnitude of differential responding. Heart rate… [314] (2019)Improved semi-supervised autoencoder for deception detection
PLOS ONE The SS-ANE model achieved 61.81% and 63.89% accuracy on the Killer corpus with only 100 and 200 labeled examples respectively, outperforming baseline models even when… [315] (2019)Information leakage in the response time-based concealed information test
Applied Cognitive Psychology Information leakage severely reduced traditional RT-CIT accuracy to AUC = .61-.64, but the novel Inducer-CIT maintained substantially higher accuracy of AUC = .73-.80 even when… [316] (2019)Do Not Think Carefully? Re-examining the Effect of Unconscious Thought on Deception Detection
Frontiers in Psychology Unconscious thought showed no advantage for deception detection in either audio/video (Study 1) or video/text conditions (Study 2), with overall accuracy at 47.93% (not different… [317] (2019)The case against the use of polygraph examinations to monitor post-conviction sex offenders
Legal and Criminological Psychology The CQT has no scientific basis for use with sex offenders and suffers from major theoretical and methodological flaws that make it even more problematic… [318] (2019)Why Won’t You Answer the Question? Mass-Mediated Deception Detection After Journalists’ Accusations of Politicians’ Evasion
Journal of Communication Journalist accusations of evasion—even when false—triggered suspicion → perceived dodging → distrust through serial mediation. Absent accusations, voters remained in truth-default. Study 2 replicated results… [319] (2019)Comparison of different functional connectives based on EEG during concealed information test
Biomedical Signal Processing and Control Deception responses showed significantly increased functional connectivity and enhanced small-world network properties compared to truth-telling, with mutual information-based connectivity analysis outperforming other linear and nonlinear… [320] (2019)Detecting Concealed Information in Text and Speech
Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Multi-task learning framework with acoustic, linguistic, and individual features outperformed human detection of concealed information by over 15%. Acoustic-prosodic indicators including pitch, intensity, and speaking… [321] (2019)Robust Algorithm for Multimodal Deception Detection
2019 IEEE Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR) The multimodal system combining audio (cepstral coefficients with SRKDA), text (bag-of-n-grams with SVM), and non-verbal features (AdaBoost classifier) achieved 97% deception detection accuracy through majority… [322] (2019)Being accurate about accuracy in verbal deception detection
PLoS ONE Training set optimization dramatically overestimates accuracy in verbal deception detection, with the effect being most severe in small samples where completely non-diagnostic tools can appear… [323] (2019)Eye spy a liar: Detecting concealed familiarity using eye movement strategies
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications Fixation duration proved remarkably robust to countermeasures, with the effect size for distinguishing familiar from unfamiliar faces actually larger in the countermeasures condition (d =… [324] (2019)Automatic deception detection in RGB videos using facial action units
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras (ICDSC) The automated facial analysis system achieved 76.84% accuracy in deception detection using only facial Action Units, demonstrating the potential of non-invasive video-based deception detection. [325] (2019)Five Reasons Why I Am Skeptical That Indirect or Unconscious Lie Detection Is Superior to Direct Deception Detection
Frontiers in Psychology Levine argues that empirical evidence for unconscious lie detection superiority is unconvincing, with behavioral cues to deception being too ephemeral and variable across persons and… [326] (2019)Event Related Potential (ERP) based Lie Detection using a Wearable EEG headset
2019 16th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST) The study achieved 78.57% classification accuracy for detecting concealed information using a single-channel wearable EEG device, demonstrating feasibility of portable, consumer-grade EEG technology for deception… [327] (2018)Research of Brain Network on Deception Identification Using Phase Synchrony
2018 5th International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering (ICISCE) The phase synchrony approach achieved 88% classification accuracy in distinguishing deceptive from truthful responses, demonstrating that functional connectivity network analysis can reveal meaningful brain communication… [328] (2018)Believing is Seeing: The Influence of Expectations on Blind Scoring of Polygraph Data
Polygraph and Forensic Credibility Assessment Polygraph scores and decisions were systematically shifted in the direction of biasing information provided to examiners, demonstrating that confirmation bias can penetrate standardized numerical scoring… [329] (2018)Reducing Inconclusive Results: A Descriptive Analysis of Decision Rules, Weighted Electrodermal Scores and Multinomial Cut-Scores
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Weighted EDA scores alone reduced inconclusive results by 49%, while combining EDA weighting with multinomial cut-scores achieved a 72% reduction in inconclusive outcomes. [330] (2018)Using the model statement to elicit verbal differences between truth tellers and liars: The benefit of examining core and peripheral details
After exposure to a model statement, liars reported significantly more peripheral details than truth tellers, while both groups provided similar amounts of core details. This… [331] (2018)Human lie-detection performance: Does random assignment vs. self-selection of liars and truth-tellers matter?
Lie-detection accuracy did not vary as a function of whether senders were randomly assigned or self-selected to lie or tell the truth, nor did feeling-focused… [332] (2018)Reducing Bias in Polygraph Scoring: The Effect of Biasing Information on Blind Evaluation of Polygraph Charts
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Polygraph scores and decisions were significantly shifted in the direction of biasing information, with examiners told cases were deceptive scoring more deceptively than those told… [333] (2018)Using Blink Rate to Detect Deception: A Study to Validate an Automatic Blink Detector and a New Dataset of Videos from Liars and Truth-Tellers
Journal of Imaging The automated system achieved 96.15% accuracy in classifying deceptive versus truthful responses based on blink rate patterns, with 99.3% accuracy in detecting individual blinks on… [334] (2018)The utility of post-conviction polygraph (PCSOT) in the treatment and management of sexual offenders
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment PCSOT significantly increased relevant disclosures across all studies but showed no impact on sexual recidivism, with some evidence of reduced violent (non-sexual) reoffending. [335] (2018)Is a polygraph a reliable lie detector?
Polygraphs provide only 'slight' confidence in truth-telling with no 100% reliable indicator of deception. The Supreme Court found no consensus on polygraph reliability, noting polygraph… [336] (2018)Constructing the lie detection system with fuzzy reasoning approach
Granular Computing The fuzzy reasoning approach achieved 89.5% lie detection accuracy and successfully identified specific EEG frequency bands associated with deception, comparing favorably to other data mining… [337] (2018)Lie Detection Using fNIRS Monitoring of Inhibition-Related Brain Regions Discriminates Infrequent but not Frequent Liars
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience fNIRS monitoring of the left middle frontal gyrus achieved 83.3% accuracy in detecting infrequent liars but failed to distinguish frequent liars from innocents. Infrequent liars… [338] (2018)Covert lie detection using keyboard dynamics
Scientific Reports Keystroke analysis distinguished liars from truth-tellers with 95% accuracy, with liars showing significantly longer reaction times, more typing errors, and slower typing speeds, especially when… [339] (2018)Emotional Arousal at Memory Encoding Enhanced P300 in the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychology Emotional arousal at memory encoding significantly enhanced P300 amplitudes in response to concealed information (F(1,19)=10.705, p=0.004), supporting the theory that emotionally intense encoding strengthens CIT… [340] (2018)Increase of Lie Detection Accuracy through Integrated Measurement of Pupil Dilation and Polygraph
International Journal of Psychophysiology The integrated measurement of pupil dilation and polygraph increased lie detection accuracy compared to single-modality approaches, though specific accuracy rates were not available in the… [341] (2018)A Review of Approaches to Detecting Malingering in Forensic Contexts and Promising Cognitive Load-Inducing Lie Detection Techniques
Frontiers in Psychiatry Cognitive load techniques achieved 69% classification accuracy distinguishing truth tellers from liars using response time, answer consistency, eye movements, and pupil dilation, with low false-positive… [342] (2018)The difference between the manual and automatic settings for the electrodermal channel and a potential effect on manual scoring
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment: A Journal of Science and Field Practice Manual and automatic EDA modes produce substantially similar aggregate outcomes but may diverge in individual scoring decisions, with automatic mode retaining approximately 90% of data… [343] (2018)Behavioral genetics of deception detection performance
Journal of Managerial Psychology Deception detection performance was largely determined by shared and non-shared environmental influences rather than genetic factors. Declarative training significantly moderated changes in detection performance, indicating… [344] (2018)Deception Processing by Third-Party Observers: The Role of Speaker Intent
Psychological Reports Reading about intentionally deceptive speakers primed faster processing of deception-related sentences in subsequent stories, demonstrating that observers are sensitive to intent rather than mere falsity. [345] (2018)An Exploration of Deception Detection: Are Groups More Effective Than Individuals?
Communication Research Established groups achieved 53% accuracy detecting lies compared to 37% for individuals and 33% for ad hoc groups (p = .007), demonstrating that group cohesion… [346] (2018)F110. Using brain fingerprinting in the detection of concealed information in Egyptians
Clinical Neurophysiology Photos of known persons or places elicited well-marked P300 responses while unknown stimuli did not generate noticeable responses. P300 parameters showed significant associations with age… [347] (2018 • SYSTEMATIC REVIEW)The Utility of Post-Conviction Polygraph Testing Among Sexual Offenders
Sexual Abuse Systematic review of 19 studies from the US, UK, and Netherlands. All established PCSOT elicits significant increases in risk-relevant disclosures. Impact on reoffending was significant… [348] (2018)Self-initiated versus instructed cheating in the physiological Concealed Information Test
Biological Psychology All three physiological measures detected concealed information equally well in both self-initiated cheaters (37.4% of those given opportunity) and instructed cheaters, with Bayesian statistics supporting… [349] (2018)Detecting deception in insurance claims: How effective are verifiability approach and model statement?
ResearchGate The replication failed to demonstrate that the Verifiability Approach with Information Protocol and Model Statement could effectively discriminate between true and fabricated insurance claims, contradicting… [350] (2018)Credibility Assessment Using Bayesian Credible Intervals: A Replication Study
Polygraph Replicated earlier accuracy findings using Bayesian credible intervals and the ESS-M scoring method. Confirmed high accuracy with event-specific polygraphs using four relevant questions. Demonstrated the… [351] (2018)The Strategic Meaning of CBCA Criteria From the Perspective of Deceivers
Frontiers in Psychology Of 24 criteria examined, 18 showed significant strategic value ratings (effect sizes d = 0.19 to 1.28), with participants recognizing memory-related criteria as strategically useful… [352] (2018)The Effectiveness of fMRI Data when Combined with Polygraph Data
European Polygraph Combining fMRI data with all three polygraph parameters showed the greatest accuracy increase compared to fMRI alone or partial combinations, with fMRI plus cardiovascular measurements… [353] (2018)Detecting Concealed Information with Fused Electroencephalography and Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy
Neuroscience Combined EEG-fNIRS achieved AUC of 0.94 for differentiating guilty from innocent participants, compared to 0.85 for P300 alone and 0.84 for fNIRS alone, demonstrating superior… [354] (2018)Experiments in Using Face Temperature Changes as an Indicator in Instrumental Detection of Deception
European Polygraph Areas near the nose showed full consistency with GSR recordings, with smaller, anatomically focused regions producing clearer thermal signatures than larger facial areas. The study… [355] (2018)Deception Detection and Analysis in Spoken Dialogues based on FastText
2018 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC) The FastText-based deception detector achieved significantly higher accuracy than human judges in distinguishing truthful from deceptive dialogue utterances. Combining acoustic features with the text-based model… [356] (2018)Micro-expressions are not the best way to catch a liar
Frontiers in Psychology Only 25% of high-stakes deceivers displayed partial microexpressions with no complete microexpressions observed. Guilty participants in CIT experiments showed significantly reduced variance in facial emotions… [357] (2018)Automated Verbal Credibility Assessment of Intentions: The Model Statement Technique and Predictive Modeling
Applied Cognitive Psychology Machine learning classification achieved 80% accuracy in initial testing but dropped to 63% in independent validation, with liars paradoxically including more person and location references… [358] (2018)Ocular-motor deception test
Detecting Concealed Information and Deception: Recent Developments (J. P. Rosenfeld, Ed.) ODT accuracy ranged from 78% to 86% based on logistic regression analysis, with over 85% correct classification in laboratory studies and similar performance across different… [359] (2018)Current status of forensic lie detection with the comparison question technique: An update of the 2003 National Academy of Sciences report on polygraph testing
Law and Human Behavior Research quality has not improved in the 15 years since the NAS report, and fundamental problems with CQT validation—weak theoretical foundations, poor study quality, and… [360] (2018)Practical Polygraph: A Survey and Description of Decision Rules
APA Magazine Comprehensive survey of decision rules used in modern polygraph testing. Documented the evolution from subjective to objective decision criteria and their impact on reliability and… [361] (2018)Deep Personality Recognition for Deception Detection
Interspeech 2018 Multi-task learning models that incorporated personality recognition improved deception detection F1 scores from 0.68 to 0.744, representing a 6%+ relative improvement and new state-of-the-art results… [362] (2018)Inferior detection of information from collaborative versus individual crimes based on a P300 Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Collaborative crime perpetrators showed significantly reduced P300 probe-irrelevant differences compared to individual criminals, resulting in near-chance discrimination from innocent participants (AUC = .66 vs. .84… [363] (2018)Comparative Analysis of Classification Methods for Automatic Deception Detection in Speech
Lecture Notes in Computer Science Random Forest achieved the highest performance with 79.3% UAR, while k-Nearest Neighbor combined with ensemble methods reached 76.3% UAR, substantially exceeding chance-level performance. [364] (2018)Eye Movements and Lie Detection
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing Researchers identified robust eye movement markers for deception detection that generalize across different stimulus types and forms of deception, as well as specific markers that… [365] (2018)Supplemental Material for Does Exposure to Psychosocial Adversity Enhance Deception Detection Ability?
Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences Study 1 found no support for the hypothesis that adversity enhances deception detection. Study 2 found weak evidence that harsh parenting predicted greater accuracy, but… [366] (2018)Within-subjects verbal lie detection measures: A comparison between total detail and proportion of complications
Legal and Criminological Psychology Proportion of complications significantly differentiated truth-tellers from liars in the post-model statement phase, proving more diagnostic than total detail count when combined with the model… [367] (2018)The mental nose and the Pinocchio effect: Thermography, planning, anxiety, and lies
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling When lying, participants' nose temperature decreased 0.6-1.2°C while forehead temperature increased 0.6-1.5°C, creating a distinctive thermal signature that achieved 80% detection accuracy with 20% false… [368] (2018)Electrodermal signal processing: a correlation study of auto-centered EDA and manually-centered EDA with the Criterion State of Deception and Truth-telling
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment Optimized auto-centered EDA filters equaled or exceeded the criterion correlation of manually-centered EDA, with a coefficient of determination (r²) of 0.49. Automatic processing retained approximately… [369] (2018)Eye movement research: Review of methodology and an update on recent developments
Eye movements reliably reveal concealed recognition, with familiar items eliciting longer fixation durations and fewer total fixations. Studies achieved 65% detection accuracy in some paradigms,… [370] (2018)Speech Based Deception Detection Using Bispectral Analysis
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Graphics and Signal Processing Deceptive speech was accurately detected using normalized bispectral entropy for envelope (ENV) data and maximum bispectrum for temporal fine structure (TFS) data, with the authors… [371] (2018)Embodied Conversational Agent-Based Deception Detection
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems Electrodermal activity successfully confirmed the presence of arousal during agent-based interviews, demonstrating that automated avatar systems can elicit valid physiological responses for detecting guilty knowledge… [372] (2018)Using the Unconscious to Improve Detection of Managerial Deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Unconscious judgments showed greater activation of deception concepts after deceptive calls, outperformed conscious judgments in detecting deception, and a period of unconscious thought before conscious… [373] (2018)Psycholinguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception
The Oxford Handbook of Lying Lying consistently takes longer than truth-telling due to increased cognitive demands including suppressing truthful responses and constructing plausible alternatives. Reaction time differences are greater for… [374] (2017)Updated numerical distributions for the Empirical Scoring System: An accuracy demonstration with archival datasets with and without the Vasomotor Sensor
Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment The updated ESS-M maintained diagnostic accuracy equal to or exceeding the original ESS while successfully incorporating vasomotor sensor data that was previously excluded from scoring… [375] (2017)Deception detection of EEG-P300 component classified by SVM method
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Software and Computer Applications The SVM classifier achieved 70.83% accuracy in distinguishing deceptive from truthful responses with extremely fast processing time (0.0283 seconds). Deceptive responses showed larger P300 amplitude… [376] (2017)DECEITFULNESS ACCORDING TO THE INDICATORS OF EMOTIONAL MATURITY METHODOLOGY AND POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
Science and Education Integrative deceitfulness parameters correlated strongly with emotional maturity components, with empathic individuals showing the highest probabilistic deceitfulness. Factor analysis revealed that component dominance in emotional… [377] (2017)“You must be lying because I don’t understand you: Language proficiency and lie detection:” Correction to Elliott and Leach (2016).
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Observers showed poorest discrimination when judging beginner English speakers compared to all other proficiency groups, and were less likely to exhibit a truth-bias toward nonnative… [378] (2017)A cognitive approach to lie detection: A meta-analysis
Legal and Criminological Psychology Cognitive lie detection achieved 71% total detection accuracy compared to 56% for traditional methods, representing a 15-percentage point improvement. [379] (2017)Insurance based lie detection: Enhancing the verifiability approach with a model statement component
Acta Psychologica Adding a Model Statement to the Verifiability Approach increased lie detection accuracy from 65% to 90% in insurance claim scenarios. [380] (2017)Can credibility criteria be assessed reliably? A meta-analysis of Criteria-based Content Analysis
Psychological Assessment Most CBCA criteria showed acceptable interrater reliability across different statistical measures, though Cohen's kappa yielded lower reliability estimates than other indices. [381] (2017)Seeing through crocodile tears? Sex-specific associations between the Dark Triad traits and lie detection accuracy
Personality and Individual Differences Machiavellianism significantly predicted higher lie detection accuracy in women, while narcissism significantly predicted lower accuracy in men. These sex-specific associations emerged only in high-stakes emotional… [382] (2017)Using named entities for computer-automated verbal deception detection
Journal of Forensic Sciences Named entities discriminated truthful from deceptive hotel reviews with AUC values of 0.59-0.63, outperforming lexicon-based word counting (LIWC) and sentence specificity measures. Dates, money references,… [383] (2017)Mysteries and Myths in Human Deception and Deception Detection: Insights from Truth-Default Theory
Ewha Journal of Social Sciences Truth-Default Theory explains why deception detection accuracy hovers around 54% through two mechanisms: a few transparent liars and sender demeanor effects. The theory demonstrates that… [384] (2017)Assessing law enforcement performance in behavior-based threat detection tasks involving a concealed weapon or device.
Law and Human Behavior Law enforcement officers showed no detection advantage over untrained students across three experiments, with overall accuracy only slightly better than chance. Counterintuitively, more experienced officers… [385] (2017)Deception detection in Russian texts
Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics The classifier achieved 68.3% accuracy in distinguishing truthful from deceptive Russian texts, with statistically significant differences found across linguistic parameters. Model accuracy was found to… [386] (2017)Deception Detection by Hybrid-Pair Wireless fNIRS System
International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics The hybrid-pair system's regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) metric showed sensitivity to deceptive responses, while the dual-distance configuration successfully suppressed superficial physiological noise that plagued conventional… [387] (2017)Promises and lies: can observers detect deception in written messages
Experimental Economics Observers achieved slightly above-chance accuracy in deception detection by categorizing message types but failed to detect actual lies within categories. Money mentions predicted 25% higher… [388] (2017)Deep learning driven multimodal fusion for automated deception detection
2017 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) The deep learning multimodal fusion approach achieved 96% prediction accuracy compared to 82% in previous literature, with early fusion outperforming late fusion by approximately 5%. [389] (2017)Unraveling the roles of orienting and inhibition in the Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Skin conductance responses increased similarly in both conceal and reveal conditions, while respiratory line length shortened and heart rate decelerated only in the conceal condition,… [390] (2017)Memory detection: the effects of emotional stimuli
Biological Psychology Emotional stimuli enhanced CIT detection efficiency using skin conductance (ROC 0.84 vs. 0.75 for neutral stimuli), representing a substantial 9-point improvement in discriminative ability. [391] (2017)Commentary: Can Ordinary People Detect Deception after All?
Frontiers in Psychology The commentary found that only two cited studies provided unambiguous evidence for unconscious lie detection, both with serious reliability issues, and that the tipping point… [392] (2017)Prison Mental Health Screening tools: choices and sensitivity
Assessment and Development Matters The three validated screening tools produced referral rates ranging from 47.3% to 100% in the same sample, a spread of over 50 percentage points, demonstrating… [393] (2017)Detecting Deception In Spontaneous Versus Rehearsed Statements: Direct Deception Judgments for Rehearsed Truths Fall Short While Affective Character Judgments Endure
During spontaneous statements, observers successfully distinguished liars from truth-tellers, but this ability disappeared with rehearsed statements as rehearsed truths looked like lies. Liars were consistently… [394] (2017)“Lie to me”—Oxytocin impairs lie detection between sexes
Psychoneuroendocrinology Oxytocin decreased both male and female participants' ability to correctly classify other-sex statements as truths or lies compared to placebo, with the effect based on… [395] (2017)The Concealed Information Test is susceptible to misleading information
Journal of Forensic Sciences Misleading information presented after encoding completely eliminated the CIT effect across all three physiological measures (skin conductance, respiration, heart rate), while control participants showed clear… [396] (2017)Supplemental Material for Deception and Decay: Verbal Lie Detection as a Function of Delay and Encoding Quality
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The diagnostic utility of detail-richness as a verbal cue to deception disappeared after a three-week retention interval, with truth tellers showing memory decay while liars… [397] (2017)Familiarity-related fillers improve the validity of reaction time-based memory detection
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Familiarity-related filler items significantly and substantially improved RT-CIT classification accuracy for both single-probe and multiple-probe protocols across two independent preregistered experiments, addressing a critical limitation… [398] (2017)Association-based Concealed Information Test: A novel reaction time-based deception detection method
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The A-CIT achieved AUC values of .857 and .835 across two experiments, with particularly strong performance (96% correct classification, 4% false positives) when innocent participants… [399] (2017)Effects of the number of Items on Physiological Responses on the Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study investigated how varying the number of items per CIT question influences the magnitude and detectability of physiological responses across multiple autonomic measures used… [400] (2017)The Pinocchio effect and the Cold Stress Test: Lies and thermography
Psychophysiology The study achieved 85% accuracy in lie detection with 25% false alarms, with lying producing decreased nose and hand temperatures and impaired thermal recovery after… [401] (2017)Psychophysiological Responses of People with Psychopathic Tendencies to the Concealed Information Test
Journal of Forensic Sciences Both high and low psychopathic tendency groups showed significant differentiation between crime-relevant and irrelevant questions for respiration and skin conductance, with no differences between groups,… [402] (2017)P300 amplitude at Pz and N200/N300 latency at F3 differ between participants simulating suspect versus witness roles in a mock crime
Psychophysiology Suspects showed significantly larger P300 effects at Pz and delayed N200/N300 latencies at F3 compared to witnesses, with only the suspect group demonstrating frontal inhibitory… [403] (2017)Lying takes time: A meta-analysis on reaction time measures of deception
Psychological Bulletin Lying showed a large standardized reaction time difference compared to truth-telling (d = 1.049) across all paradigms, with effects remaining substantial even when participants were… [404] (2017)Detecting deceptive behavior via integration of discriminative features from multiple modalities
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security The combination of thermal and linguistic modalities exceeded 70% accuracy in detecting deception, with forehead thermal features and combined unigram-LIWC linguistic features providing the strongest… [405] (2017)The effects of truth–lie base-rates on deception detection accuracy in Korea
Asian Journal of Communication Detection accuracy is a predictable linear function of truth-lie base rates, with accuracy increasing as honesty becomes more prevalent. This pattern held even in cross-cultural… [406] (2017)Justifications and Questions in Detecting Deception
Group Decision and Negotiation Liars' strategy of providing plausible task details backfired and led to more detection of lies, while truth-tellers' voluntary disclosure of endowment information reduced suspicion. Deceivers… [407] (2017)Tracking the truth: the effect of face familiarity on eye fixations during deception
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Eye tracking successfully detected concealed recognition with large effect sizes for personally known faces (d = 0.9) and moderate effects for celebrities (d = 0.5),… [408] (2017)Credibility assessment in child sexual abuse investigations: A descriptive analysis
Child Abuse & Neglect Of all cases where children disclosed abuse, only 57.9% were judged credible. Older age and absence of cognitive delay were the strongest predictors of credible… [409] (2016)Is anterior N2 enhancement a reliable electrophysiological index of concealed information?
NeuroImage The largest anterior N2 enhancement effect previously reported in CIT research was due to confounds from lack of stimulus counterbalancing rather than concealed information. When… [410] (2016)Seeing the Unseen: Evidence for Indirect Recognition of Brief, Concealed Emotion
SSRN Electronic Journal Participants could not explicitly identify the emotions in microexpressions, yet showed elevated electrodermal (skin conductance) responses specifically to anger and sadness expressions, demonstrating unconscious physiological… [411] (2016)ID-Check: Online Concealed Information Test Reveals True Identity
Journal of Forensic Sciences The online ID-Check achieved near-perfect diagnostic accuracy with AUC = 0.98 and overall accuracy ranging from 86-94% in detecting individuals attempting to conceal their true… [412] (2016)DECEPTION DETECTION TECHNIQUES USING POLYGRAPH IN TRIALS: CURRENT STATUS AND SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice The review found that the GKT was more theoretically sound and effective than the CQT, and that juror-eligible individuals varied in their ability to reasonably… [413] (2016)Guilt, Lying, and Attentional Avoidance of Concealed Information
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal Guilty individuals demonstrated a two-stage attentional process: automatic initial orientation toward crime-relevant information followed by strategic attentional avoidance, with longer dwell times on neutral stimuli… [414] (2016)Estimating the amenibility of new domains for deception detection
Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection The study showed that out-of-rank distance measures on n-grams can predict whether new text domains will support successful deception classification, offering researchers a preliminary assessment… [415] (2016)Does Training Improve the Detection of Deception? A Meta-Analysis
Psychological Bulletin Training improves deception detection with a small-to-medium effect (gu = 0.331), but verbal content cue training is nearly three times more effective (gu = 0.653)… [416] (2016)Supplemental Material for The role of motivation to avoid detection in reaction time-based concealed information detection
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Financial incentives to avoid detection, even when verified to increase motivation, did not impact RT-CIT validity in either experiment. Neither the motivational effort hypothesis nor… [417] (2016)Generalizability of an ocular-motor test for deception to a Mexican population
International Journal of Applied Psychology Classification accuracy based on ocular-motor and behavioral measures exceeded 80% for both truthful and deceptive participants in Mexican and U.S. samples, with no meaningful cultural… [418] (2016)Contributions of personality dimensions to spontaneous and deliberate information processing in the guilty actions test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Introversion predicted enhanced skin conductance responses to critical items only during first presentations of early questions, while extraversion was linked to sustained cardiovascular responses, suggesting… [419] (2016)Through the eyes to memory: Fixation durations as an early indirect index of concealed knowledge
Memory & Cognition The early memory effect in second fixation durations appeared consistently across all experiments regardless of stimulus materials, paradigm, or retention interval, with an effect size… [420] (2016)Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) reality criteria in adults: A meta-analytic review
International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology The Undeutsch Hypothesis was confirmed for adults, with CBCA criteria successfully discriminating between truthful and fabricated memories. However, two criteria (self-deprecation and pardoning the perpetrator)… [421] (2016)Detecting Deception within Small Groups: A Literature Review
Frontiers in Psychology Truth-telling groups are often equal to or less consistent than lying groups when interviewed separately, contradicting the consistency heuristic. However, when interviewed collectively, truthful groups… [422] (2016)You must be lying because I don’t understand you: Language proficiency and lie detection.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Discrimination between liars and truth-tellers was poorest when observers judged beginner English speakers compared to any other proficiency group. Observers exhibited a truth-bias toward native… [423] (2016 • INDEPENDENT REPLICATION)The First Independent Study on the Complex Trial Protocol Version of the P300-Based Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology First independent replication of Rosenfeld’s Complex Trial Protocol. Corroborated accuracy and countermeasure resistance of the CTP when using probe vs. all-irrelevant comparison, but identified vulnerability… [424] (2016)Is Deception Emotional? An Emotion-Driven Predictive Approach
Interspeech 2016 Arousal emerged as the strongest individual emotion dimension for identifying deception, and emotion-related features derived from transfer learning successfully improved upon baseline acoustic features for… [425] (2016)Voice analysis for detection of deception
2016 11th International Conference on Knowledge, Information and Creativity Support Systems (KICSS) Mean fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequencies F1 and F2 showed significant increases under deception-related stress and correlated strongly with stress, while shimmer showed no… [426] (2016)Examiner Approach and its Impact on Polygraph Results
European Polygraph Interrogative examiner approaches aimed at extracting confessions rather than diagnostic truth assessment significantly compromise polygraph validity and can lead to false positives, as demonstrated by… [427] (2016)Extracting critical information from group members' partial knowledge using the searching concealed information test
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied The SCIT achieved 83% accuracy (5 of 6 items) in Experiment 1 and 100% accuracy (all 6 items) in Experiment 2 despite unequal knowledge distributions… [428] (2016)Laboratory and Field Research on the Ocular-motor Deception Test
European Polygraph Cross-validation accuracy averaged 83.1% under standard laboratory conditions and 86.1% in field studies, with accuracy rates ranging from 78% to 86% across diverse populations including… [429] (2016)Training in the Strategic Use of Evidence technique: Improving deception detection accuracy of American law enforcement officers
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology SUE-trained interviewers achieved 65% deception detection accuracy compared to 43% for untrained interviewers, representing a 22 percentage point improvement and a medium-to-large effect size (d=0.72).… [430] (2016)Superiority of visual (verbal) vs. auditory test presentation modality in a P300-based CIT: The complex-trial protocol for concealed autobiographical memory detection
International Journal of Psychophysiology Visual presentation produced significantly larger probe-irrelevant P300 differences (effect sizes 0.19-0.31) and higher detection accuracy than auditory presentation. The study revealed important interactions between probe/irrelevant… [431] (2016 • ESS EXTENDED ANALYSIS)Extended Analysis with ESS and OSS-3 on USAF-MGQT Examination Data
Polygraph Applied ESS and OSS-3 to USAF examination data. Found ESS component weighting achieved superior diagnostic extraction compared to simpler three-position scoring models. [432] (2016)Prosodic Cues and Answer Type Detection for the Deception Sub-Challenge
Interspeech 2016 The system achieved UAR = 74.9% (winning performance), representing 13.0% improvement on development set and 3.8% on test set compared to the 68.3% baseline, by… [433] (2016)Deception detection with behavioral, autonomic, and neural measures: conceptual and methodological considerations that warrant modesty
Psychophysiology The review identified significant conceptual clarity issues and methodological problems across deception detection paradigms, particularly challenging the oversold promises of neuroimaging-based lie detection technologies. [434] (2016)Advances in Lie Detection
Wrongful Allegations of Sexual and Child Abuse Research shows human deception detection accuracy averages only 54%, polygraph false positive rates average 19.1%, and verbal methods like the Verifiability Approach can achieve 90%… [435] (2016)Review of fMRI Studies on Lie Detection (16 Studies)
Various Publications Review of 16 empirical studies using fMRI for deception detection. Found that inconsistency between findings and absence of replications make fMRI not yet scientifically reliable… [436] (2016)Polygraphy and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Lie Detection: A Controlled Blind Comparison Using the Concealed Information Test
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry fMRI experts were 24% more likely to detect concealed information than polygraph experts (RR=1.24, p<.001). When both modalities agreed on determinations, accuracy reached 100% across… [437] (2016)Influence of countermeasures on the validity of the Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Electrodermal responses showed significant degradation under countermeasures (particularly physical countermeasures), while combined autonomic scoring and ocular measures (fixations, blinks) maintained validity independent of countermeasure usage.… [438] (2016)Examining Sender and Judge Variability in Honesty Assessments and Deception Detection Accuracy: Evidence for a Transparent Liar but No Evidence of Deception-General Ability
Communication Research Reports More variance was observed in senders than judges; data suggested the existence of an unusually transparent liar but found no evidence for deception-general ability. Judges… [439] (2016)Thermal signatures of voluntary deception in ecological conditions
Scientific Reports The nose region showed a rise in temperature (parasympathetic activation) for self-gain lies in reputation-risk conditions throughout decision-making, response, and post-response phases, with this nasal… [440] (2016)Индивидуальные особенности стрессорного реагирования во время психофизиологического исследования с применением полиграфа
Российский психологический журнал Contrary to the hypothesis, trait anxiety and stress resistance showed no significant correlation with polygraph test results, suggesting that properly conducted comparison question tests may… [441] (2016)Strong, but wrong: lay people's and police officers' beliefs about verbal and nonverbal cues to deception
PLoS ONE Both police officers and lay people endorsed stereotypical but non-diagnostic nonverbal cues (gaze aversion, movement) as deception indicators, with no significant professional advantage. Beliefs about… [442] (2016)Exploring time- and frequency-dependent functional connectivity and brain networks during deception with single-trial event-related potentials
Scientific Reports Deceptive responses showed significantly greater connectivity than truthful responses, particularly in the theta frequency band between prefrontal/frontal and central regions and between prefrontal/frontal and left… [443] (2016)Untangling a Web of Lies: Exploring Automated Detection of Deception in Computer-Mediated Communication
Journal of Management Information Systems The automated detection algorithm achieved 70% accuracy in identifying deception, substantially outperforming the 54% accuracy of human judges. Deceivers minimized referencing and self-deprecation, included more… [444] (2016)Temperature effects on polygraph detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology Among guilty participants, electrodermal and cardiovascular measures were least effective at 10°C, with electrodermal results optimal at 22°C and cardiovascular results optimal at 34°C. Temperature… [445] (2015)2015 Update to the APA 2011 Meta-Analytic Survey of Validated Polygraph Techniques
Polygraph Updated the 2011 APA meta-analysis with new studies and data. Confirmed mean accuracy of .89 for event-specific diagnostic polygraphs (95% CI: .83–.95) and .85 for… [446] (2015)Head movement analysis in lie detection
2015 Conference Grid, Cloud & High Performance Computing in Science (ROLCG) Head movement patterns showed measurable correlations with deception, but results were not conclusive and cannot be used without additional information from other channels. [447] (2015 • META-ANALYTIC UPDATE)Updated Meta-Analytic Survey of Validated Polygraph Techniques
Polygraph Extension of the 2011 APA meta-analytic survey with additional validated techniques. Confirmed mean accuracy rates of approximately 89% for event-specific tests and documented ESS/OSS scoring… [448] (2015)Deception is in the eye of the communicator: Investigating pupil diameter variations in automated deception detection interviews
IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics Pupil diameter changes over time were indicative of deception regardless of whether incriminating target items were shown, with deceivers showing distinct growth trajectories that differentiated… [449] (2015)Saccadic eye movement rate as a cue to deceit
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Participants displayed significantly fewer saccades when telling the truth than when lying (F(2,28) = 80.55, p < .001, η² = .85), with a difference in… [450] (2015)An experiment of lie detection based EEG-P300 classified by SVM algorithm
2015 International Conference on Automation, Cognitive Science, Optics, Micro Electro-Mechanical System, and Information Technology (ICACOMIT) The SVM classifier achieved 70.83% accuracy in distinguishing deceptive from truthful responses with a computation time of 0.0283 seconds, demonstrating proof-of-concept for automated P300-based lie… [451] (2015)Base Rates, Deception Detection, and Deception Theory: A Reply to Burgoon (2015)
Human Communication Research Data consistently show people are insensitive to others' veracity across interactive and non-interactive contexts, with base rate manipulations producing large linear effects on accuracy (r… [452] (2015)Effects of Veracity, Modality, and Sanctioning on Credibility Assessment During Mediated and Unmediated Interviews
Communication Research Professional interviewers achieved 45-67% detection accuracy and were more accurate in face-to-face than video conference interviews. Deceptive participants appeared more dominant, relaxed, and credible via… [453] (2015)Unobtrusive Deception Detection
The Oxford Handbook of Affective Computing Multimodal sensor fusion combining laser Doppler vibrometry with human judgment achieved 90% true positive rate with minimal false positives. An embodied conversational agent (AVATAR) system… [454] (2015)Monte Carlo Estimates of the Validity of Polygraph Testing
Various Publications Used Monte Carlo simulation methods to estimate polygraph validity across different conditions. Statistical modeling confirmed high accuracy estimates consistent with empirical findings from field and… [455] (2015)You cannot hide your telephone lies: Providing a model statement as an aid to detect deception in insurance telephone calls
Legal and Criminological Psychology The model statement technique enabled successful discrimination between truth tellers and liars through CBCA quality scores and plausibility ratings, while baseline detection accuracy was only… [456] (2015 • EXPERIMENTAL)The Comparison Question Polygraph Test: A Contrast of Methods and Scoring
Physiology & Behavior Mock crime experiment with 250 paid participants contrasting probable-lie and directed-lie CQT variants. Found substantial main effects of guilt in both OSS2 computer and human… [457] (2015)Superiority of pictorial versus verbal presentation and initial exposure in the P300-based, Complex Trial Protocol for concealed memory detection
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Pictorial presentation significantly outperformed verbal presentation across all P300 measurement indices, regardless of initial encoding modality. The largest probe-irrelevant P300 differences were found with congruent… [458] (2015)The Vasomotor Response in the Comparison Question Test
Polygraph Vasomotor responses were found to be highly useful in discriminating deception, with large main effects of guilt detected by both the OSS2 algorithm (η²p =… [459] (2015)Are computers effective lie detectors? A meta-analysis of linguistic cues to deception
Personality and Social Psychology Review Relative to truth-tellers, liars showed greater cognitive load, expressed more negative emotions, distanced themselves more from events, used fewer sensory-perceptual words, and referred less to… [460] (2015)Decision Accuracy for the Relevant-Irrelevant Screening Test: Influence of an Algorithm on Human Decision-Making
European Polygraph The study addressed the poor interrater reliability problem that has plagued RI screening tests, investigating whether algorithmic support could resolve fundamental reliability issues that undermine… [461] (2015)Victim Credibility Interview
PsycTESTS Dataset In the absence of corroborating evidence, victim credibility was the most critical factor in arrest and prosecution decisions, with extralegal characteristics like victim behavior and… [462] (2015)RT-Based Memory Detection: Item Saliency Effects in the Single-Probe and the Multiple-Probe Protocol
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The multiple-probe protocol significantly outperformed the single-probe protocol across both settings, and high salient items (e.g., first name) were detected better than low salient items… [463] (2015)The strategic use of evidence technique: A conceptual overview
Deception Detection: Current Challenges and New Directions The SUE technique, grounded in the psychology of instrumental mind reading and counter-interrogation strategies, has demonstrated substantially improved deception detection accuracy (85.4% for trained vs.… [464] (2015)Trimodal Analysis of Deceptive Behavior
Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on Workshop on Multimodal Deception Detection Forehead thermal features provided the best single-region performance for deception detection. Multimodal fusion of thermal and linguistic features exceeded 70% accuracy, outperforming individual modalities and… [465] (2015)Deception Detection using Real-life Trial Data
Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction Multimodal fusion of linguistic and gesture features achieved 60-75% accuracy in detecting deception from real courtroom footage, outperforming human judgment which showed only slight inter-rater… [466] (2015)Verbal and Nonverbal Clues for Real-life Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing Multimodal machine learning models achieved 77-82% accuracy on real-world deception detection, significantly exceeding human performance (near chance-level), with SVM classifiers reaching 82% when combining linguistic… [467] (2015)Detecting deception through reaction times
Detecting Deception The RT-based Concealed Information Test demonstrates exceptionally low false positive rates and large effect sizes (d = 0.97-1.55) for detecting concealed information. The autobiographical IAT… [468] (2015)RT-based memory detection: Item saliency effects in the one probe and multiple probe protocol
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The multiple-probe protocol consistently outperformed the single-probe protocol, and pronounced item saliency differences affected RT-CIT validity in laboratory conditions, though the saliency effect was attenuated… [469] (2015)Should Police Use ACID? Training and Credibility Assessment Using Transcripts Versus Recordings
Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice Trained officers achieved 89% accuracy in credibility assessment versus 53% for untrained officers, with equivalent performance using transcripts or audio recordings, eliminating the transcription barrier… [470] (2015)Polygraphs and 280 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations
ResearchGate Across 281 wrongful conviction exoneration cases, polygraphs correctly pointed toward the truth in approximately 80% of completed examinations; 100% of exoneree polygraph failures occurred before… [471] (2015)RT-Based Memory Detection: Item Saliency Effects in the Single-Probe and Multiple-Probe Protocol
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The multiple-probe protocol outperformed the single-probe protocol in both laboratory and internet studies. High salient items were better detected than low salient items in controlled… [472] (2015)Memory Detection 2.0: The First Web-Based Memory Detection Test
PLoS One Reaction times successfully detected concealed autobiographical information with accuracy well above chance, performing better than error rates. Memory detection was significantly more successful for high… [473] (2015)Using conditioning to elicit skin conductance responses to deception
Learning and Motivation Conditioning deceptive responses with mild electric shock significantly increased discriminative skin conductance responses to deception, and this effect occurred regardless of shock probability, demonstrating that… [474] (2015 • 250-PARTICIPANT STUDY)Countermeasure Attempts in the Directed-Lie vs. Probable-Lie CQT
Physiology & Behavior In their 250-participant study, found no differences between DL and PL test types in spontaneous countermeasure attempts, suggesting directed-lie format is not more vulnerable. [475] (2015)Scientific basis for polygraph testing
Polygraph The review demonstrates that modern polygraph practice is based on sophisticated models involving differential salience and signal detection theory rather than older fear-based explanations, establishing… [476] (2015)Exploring the Characteristics of the Attentional Blink Paradigm When Used to Discover Concealed Knowledge
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback The attentional blink successfully detected concealed knowledge in most participants, but eight of 21 knowledgeable participants (38%) detected the target on 100% of trials despite… [477] (2015)The Effect of Multiple Auditors on Deception Detection in a Client Inquiry Setting
SSRN Electronic Journal Mediation analysis revealed that two-auditor teams successfully detected deception through behavioral cues (nervousness and discussion level), while single auditors failed to effectively utilize these same… [478] (2015)Single-trial Lie Detection Using a Combined fNIRS-Polygraph System
Frontiers in Psychology The combined fNIRS-polygraph system achieved 86.5% classification accuracy, significantly outperforming fNIRS alone (71.6%) or polygraph alone (74.5%), demonstrating that multimodal measurement captures complementary deception-related processes… [479] (2015)Study on Difference of P3 Amplitude between Relevant and Irrelevant Stimulus in Concealed Information Test Using Event Related Potential (ERP): Focused on Informed Innocent Group
Korean Journal of Stress Research Informed innocent participants exhibited measurably elevated P3 amplitudes to crime-relevant stimuli compared to irrelevant stimuli, demonstrating that prior exposure to crime details — rather than… [480] (2015)Translating theory into practice: Evaluating a cognitive lie detection training workshop.
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Training resulted in modest improvements in distinguishing truths from lies and significantly increased the percentage of appropriate questions asked. When detectives successfully implemented the taught… [481] (2015)The cognitive mechanisms underlying deception: An event-related potential study
International Journal of Psychophysiology Lying produced significantly longer reaction times (d = 1.91), higher error rates (d = 1.24), an enhanced N200, and a reduced P300 compared to truth… [482] (2015)Using reality monitoring to improve deception detection in the context of the cognitive interview for suspects.
Law and Human Behavior Combining Reality Monitoring criteria correctly classified 86.6% of statements with excellent sensitivity (.899) and specificity (.833). Truthful and deceptive statements differed significantly on all RM… [483] (2015)Problems in expert deception detection and the risk of false confessions: no proof to the contrary in Levine et al. (2014)
Psychology, Crime & Law The paper concludes that Levine et al.'s findings do not demonstrate genuine expertise in deception detection, as the experimental design made the task unrealistically easy… [484] (2015)Using pretest data to screen low-reactivity individuals in the autonomic-based concealed information test
Psychophysiology Pretest screening significantly improved the diagnostic value of the mock-crime CIT, though it led to a substantial number of undiagnosed participants (33.6%), suggesting a trade-off… [485] (2015)Neuro signal based lie detection
2015 IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors (IRIS) The study achieved approximately 90% average accuracy in classifying lie versus truth responses, with individual participant accuracy ranging from 46% to 99% across testing rounds,… [486] (2015)The polygraph: Current practice and new approaches
In Granhag et al. (Eds.), Detecting Deception The review highlighted ongoing debates about polygraph accuracy and identified the Concealed Information Test as a potentially more scientifically sound alternative to traditional Control Question… [487] (2015)Combination of event related potentials and peripheral signals in order to improve the accuracy of the lie detection systems
JSDP The combination of event-related potentials and peripheral cardiovascular signals improved lie detection system accuracy compared to single-modality approaches, validating multimodal physiological measurement in credibility assessment. [488] (2015)Reading Between the Lies
Social Psychological and Personality Science Naive perceivers who were not warned about potential deception demonstrated higher empathic accuracy than informed perceivers who were told to anticipate lies, with the highest… [489] (2015)Analysis of emotional stress in voice for deception detection
2015 4th International Work Conference on Bioinspired Intelligence (IWOBI) The study developed a biomechanical approach to estimate alterations in speech caused by stress as an indicator of deceptive speech, examining vocal fold tension, tremor… [490] (2015)Catching the liar as a matter of justice: Effects of belief in a just world on deception detection accuracy and the moderating role of mortality salience
Personality and Individual Differences Participants with strong belief in a just world showed worse deception detection accuracy under normal conditions, but this deficit disappeared when mortality was made salient,… [491] (2014)Detection of verbal lie cues in written and oral communication
Psichologija Verbal lie detection cues varied significantly based on communication modality: truthful oral stories contained more visual and temporal details, while deceptive written accounts showed more… [492] (2014)Exploratory Study of Relationships among Statement Credibility, Context, and Semantic Similarity
2014 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT) The study demonstrated that semantic similarity measures could be systematically applied to sentence-level credibility assessment using a probabilistic framework, providing preliminary evidence that semantically related… [493] (2014)Detecting Knowledge of Incidentally Acquired, Real-World Memories Using a P300-Based Concealed-Information Test
Psychological Science The study achieved perfect (100%) classification accuracy with zero false positives or false negatives. P300 responses effectively distinguished probe items from irrelevant items at the… [494] (2014)Brain fingerprinting classification concealed information test detects US Navy military medical information with P300
Frontiers in Neuroscience Classification CIT with P300-MERMER achieved 0% error rate and 99.9% median statistical confidence with no indeterminates, while comparison CIT produced 20% error rate and only… [495] (2014)Theorizing About Deception
Journal of Language and Social Psychology The theories shift focus from deception cues to communication content, arguing that truth-default is adaptive and that theory-data consistency should be paramount in evaluating deception… [496] (2014)14. Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities in nonverbal and verbal lie detection
Interpersonal Communication Human lie detection accuracy averages only 54% correct, with 75% of 158 examined cues showing no association with deception. Police and other professionals over-rely on… [497] (2014)Sender Ethnicity Differences in Lie Detection Accuracy and Confidence
GSTF Journal of Law and Social Sciences (JLSS) Asian senders were judged more accurately than European American senders, contradicting ingroup advantage predictions. European American receivers showed higher confidence when judging same-ethnicity senders, but… [498] (2014)Deception Detection Accuracy
Encyclopedia of Deception Meta-analyses consistently show humans accurately classify truths 61% of the time and lies 47% of the time, yielding 54% overall accuracy. Professional lie-catchers perform no… [499] (2014)The Effect of Co-Offender Planning on Verbal Deception
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Co-offenders who had time to plan together showed significantly greater statement immediacy, plausibility, and within-pair consistency compared to those without planning time. However, planning did… [500] (2014)Facial Behavioral Analysis: A Case Study in Deception Detection
British Journal of Applied Science & Technology The human examiner achieved 56.25% accuracy while Logistic Regression achieved 47.9% sensitivity and 71.2% specificity, with machine learning showing bias toward predicting truthfulness. [501] (2014)Detecting Deception with fMRI
Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice The best individual-level classification accuracy achieved via fMRI was 71% using the medial prefrontal cortex at a conservative statistical threshold, with no single brain region… [502] (2014)Reaction Time
Encyclopedia of Deception Meta-analysis found lying produces a large RT delay (d = 1.049) compared to truth-telling, even after correcting for publication bias. The RT-CIT shows low false… [503] (2014)Truth-Default Theory (TDT): A theory of human deception and deception detection
Journal of Language and Social Psychology TDT establishes that honesty is normative with most people lying rarely while a few prolific liars account for most deception, and that truth-bias is universal… [504] (2014)The verifiability approach: Countermeasures facilitate its ability to discriminate between truths and lies
Applied Cognitive Psychology When forewarned about verifiability checking, truth-tellers provided significantly more verifiable details than liars (d = 1.14), demonstrating that the Verifiability Approach is resistant to countermeasures… [505] (2014)Detecting concealed information using feedback related event-related brain potentials
Brain and Cognition The study identified two independent feedback-related ERP components (peaking at 219ms and 400ms) that discriminated probes from irrelevants and were uncorrelated with recognition-related P300, suggesting… [506] (2014)Lie detection from multiple cues: A meta-analysis
Applied Cognitive Psychology Multiple behavioral cues combined yield 67.9% accuracy in lie detection (R = .52), substantially exceeding the 54% accuracy of single-cue human judgment. Critically, detection accuracy… [507] (2014)Eye Contact
Encyclopedia of Deception Research across multiple studies demonstrates that eye contact is not a reliable indicator of deception, with over 80% of experts agreeing that liars and truth-tellers… [508] (2014)Channel Choice, Justification of Deception, and Detection
Journal of Communication Distributors preferentially chose text chat for deceptive offers, but this choice backfired—receivers achieved higher detection accuracy in text chat than face-to-face, likely because the absence… [509] (2014)Exploiting liars' verbal strategies by examining the verifiability of details
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars included fewer verifiable details than truth tellers but an equal number of unverifiable details, and classifying participants by verifiable detail frequency alone achieved 79%… [510] (2014)Wizards of Lie Detection
Encyclopedia of Deception Encyclopedia entries are summary articles, not original research with empirical findings. [511] (2014)Detecting deception using ocular metrics during reading
In D.C. Raskin, C.R. Honts, & J.C. Kircher (Eds.), Credibility assessment: Scientific research and applications Combined ocular-motor measures (pupil dilation and reading behavior) correctly classified over 85% of participants as guilty or innocent in laboratory studies and 86.1% in a… [512] (2014)Active Deception Detection
Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences Active deception detection methods significantly outperform passive observation, with content-in-context approaches achieving 69-75% accuracy compared to 54% baseline. Evidence-based strategies and confession solicitation prove more… [513] (2014)Detecting Deception in Non‐Native English Speakers
Applied Cognitive Psychology Observers showed a systematic lie bias toward non-native English speakers, judging them as deceptive more often than native speakers, with asymmetric effects where ability to… [514] (2014)Personality dimensions predict psychophysiological responses in the Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Introversion predicted enhanced skin conductance responses to critical items only during the first repetition of early questions, explained by orienting sensitivity. Extraversion was linked to… [515] (2014)Value of Content-Based Deception Detection Methods
European Polygraph The review identified that accuracy rates can vary significantly based on calculation methods and that subjective weighting of criteria by coders impacts reliability more than… [516] (2014)Polygraph testing of 'low risk' offenders arrested for downloading indecent images of children
Sexual Offender Treatment Polygraph testing identified hidden risk factors in 74% of 'low risk' offenders, with 35% showing deception and 35% making previously unknown disclosures, while full computer… [517] (2014)Truth Bias
Encyclopedia of Deception People demonstrate a robust truth bias, correctly identifying truths 61% of the time but lies only 47% of the time. Truth bias is strongly positively… [518] (2014)Scientific Content Analysis
Encyclopedia of Deception Multiple validation studies found SCAN performed at chance level accuracy (around 50%), showed poor inter-rater reliability, lacks theoretical foundation, and has been characterized by scientific… [519] (2014)Content analysis algorithms: an innovative and accurate approach to statement veracity assessment
European Polygraph MASAM with decision algorithms achieved 96.87% accuracy for truthful statements and 69.23% for false statements, dramatically outperforming traditional SVA, RM, and SCAN techniques which performed… [520] (2014)Detection of concealed information with the P300 potential amplitude analysis
European Polygraph P300 potential recording does not attain significantly higher efficiency than polygraph examinations, though results are promising. Field studies are scarce, with available evidence suggesting P300… [521] (2014)Development of Vermont Assessment of Sex Offender Risk-2 (VASOR-2) Reoffense Risk Scale
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment The VASOR-2 Reoffense Risk Scale achieved an AUC of .74 for predicting sexual recidivism at 5-year follow-up across a combined sample of 1,581 adult male… [522] (2014)The processes involved with fewer eyeblinks in a concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Fewer eyeblinks and longer first-blink latency occurred for crime-related items in both concealing and non-concealing groups, while heart rate differences appeared only between groups, demonstrating… [523] (2014)Cognitive and Emotional Reactions to Questions in the Comparison Question Test
Perceptual and Motor Skills Innocent participants did not rate comparison questions as more emotionally concerning than relevant questions when using generic questions, directly challenging the CQT rationale. When participants… [524] (2014)CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS SUCCESSFUL IN LIE DETECTION THROUGH NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR OBSERVATION
SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings The research contributed to understanding individual differences in deception detection ability, revealing that certain personal characteristics may predict success at identifying lies from nonverbal behavior,… [525] (2014)Strategic use of evidence during investigative interviews: The state of the science
Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications Statement-evidence inconsistencies represent one of the strongest cues to deception in the literature (effect size d = 1.83), and trained interviewers using SUE achieved 65%… [526] (2014)Meta-analysis of mock-crime experimental studies and field studies using the Concealed Information Test
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology The meta-analysis demonstrated comparable validity between laboratory mock-crime studies and field CIT examinations, with consistent physiological response patterns and discrimination performance maintained across both experimental… [527] (2014)Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications
Elsevier Academic Press Polygraph test accuracy is estimated at approximately 89% for specific-incident criminal investigations and 85% for screening applications. Electrodermal reactions are the most diagnostic psychophysiological measure,… [528] (2014)Expertise in Deception Detection Involves Actively Prompting Diagnostic Information Rather Than Passive Behavioral Observation
Human Communication Research Expert interviewers using flexible, active questioning strategies achieved near-perfect accuracy (97.8% to 100%) in detecting deception, and even untrained observers viewing expert interviews obtained 79-94%… [529] (2014)A Novel Algorithm to Enhance P300 in Single Trials: Application to Lie Detection Using F-Score and SVM
PLoS ONE The F-score_SVM model combining spatial denoising with optimized feature selection achieved over 96% accuracy in classifying guilty versus innocent subjects based on P300 responses to… [530] (2014)Different Questions – Different Accuracy? The Accuracy of Various Indirect Question Types in Deception Detection
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Only three of six indirect questions (thinking hard, confidence of opinion, and mixed emotions) outperformed or matched direct veracity judgments, and combining direct and indirect… [531] (2014)It takes one to know one: Psychopathy and deception detection
Personality and Individual Differences Men with higher primary psychopathy showed enhanced lie detection ability, while women with higher primary psychopathy showed reduced detection accuracy. Overall, participants performed above chance… [532] (2014)How awareness of possible evidence induces forthcoming counter-interrogation strategies
Applied Cognitive Psychology When alerted to possible evidence from surveillance cameras, guilty suspects polarized into extremely withholding or extremely forthcoming verbal strategies, while innocent suspects remained consistently forthcoming… [533] (2014)Cognitive Load
Encyclopedia of Deception Meta-analytic evidence showed cognitive load approaches achieved 67-71% detection accuracy compared to 47-57% for standard approaches. Reverse order recall, unanticipated questions, and eye contact maintenance… [534] (2014)Detecting deception via eyeblink frequency modulation
PeerJ Discriminant function analysis achieved 81.3% overall classification accuracy with 88.2% sensitivity for detecting liars and 73.3% specificity for identifying truth-tellers. Liars exhibited blink suppression during… [535] (2014)Sender credibility and deception detection
Computers in Human Behavior Perceived sender credibility significantly affected both detection success and false alarms—less credible senders were detected better but generated more false positives. Training, motivation, and email… [536] (2014)A novel dual probe complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information
Psychophysiology The Dual Probe Complex Trial Protocol achieved 94.7% accuracy (bootstrap criterion .9) and AUC of .92, successfully detecting concealed information even when examinees used mental… [537] (2014)Gender differences of sensitivity and response bias in lie detection
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study identified gender differences in both sensitivity and response bias when detecting lies, demonstrating that signal detection theory can reveal whether apparent gender effects… [538] (2014)Contingent negative variation using a serial presentation of meaningful word: A study on application to detection of deception
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The study examined CNV modulation during concealment of meaningful words presented in sequences, building on prior findings that CNV amplitude decreases significantly when subjects attempt… [539] (2014)A novel classification method based on ICA and ELM: a case study in lie detection
Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering The ICA_ELM method achieved 95.40% classification accuracy with dramatically reduced computational time compared to backpropagation neural networks and support vector machines, demonstrating both high accuracy… [540] (2014)Using an Example Statement Increases Information but Does Not Increase Accuracy of CBCA, RM, and SCAN
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling CBCA and RM showed discriminative validity between truth and lies, but SCAN did not. Providing a detailed example statement increased statement length but failed to… [541] (2014)'I'd know a false confession if I saw one': a constructive replication with juveniles
Psychology, Crime & Law Overall accuracy averaged just 52.8% correct across both experiments, with transcript-only evaluation producing below-chance accuracy (48.9%) and audio/video presentation yielding modest but statistically significant discrimination… [542] (2014)Relevant-Irrelevant Screening Format Accuracy
Polygraph Concluded that the decision accuracy of the RIR screening format is substantially poorer than other validated screening formats. Provided evidence-based justification for agencies to adopt… [543] (2014)Ranking of States by Frequency of Wrongful Convictions and Exonerations with spreadsheets
ResearchGate The District of Columbia ranked worst overall with 15.5 wrongful convictions per million population and an average of 20.9 years to exoneration, followed by Louisiana… [544] (2014)The Effects of Sweep Numbers Per Average and Protocol Type on the Accuracy of the P300-Based Concealed Information Test
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback All three trial counts (33, 66, and 100 sweeps) produced comparable accuracies of 84–94%, with a trend favoring the lowest trial numbers. Testing with as… [545] (2014)Detecting concealed information using functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Brain Topography fNIRS-based classification achieved approximately 75% accuracy for distinguishing guilty from innocent participants, improving to 83.3% when combined with reaction time measures, demonstrating the promise of… [546] (2014)Erratum: Functional MRI-based lie detection: scientific and societal challenges
Nature Reviews Neuroscience The meta-analysis revealed no brain region consistently associated with deception across studies, accuracy rates varying from 69-100%, and countermeasures reducing detection from 100% to 33%.… [547] (2014)An exploratory study of using polygraph to detect deception in patients with traumatic brain injury
NeuroReport Polygraph accuracy dropped from 76.7% in controls to 56.7% in TBI patients (P=0.020), with manual scoring yielding 86.7% vs 61.7% respectively. Within the TBI group,… [548] (2014 • CQT COUNTERMEASURES CHAPTER)Countermeasures and Credibility Assessment
In Raskin, Honts & Kircher (Eds.), Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications, Academic Press Updated review of countermeasure research including developments since the 2003 NRC report. Discussed cognitive load as a factor in countermeasure resistance. [549] (2014)Did somebody see it? Applying the verifiability approach to insurance claims interviews
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Liars were significantly more likely than truth tellers to report unwitnessed incidents (86% vs. 54%), but no significant difference in the count of verifiable details… [550] (2014)Can I borrow your alibi? The applicability of the verifiability approach to the case of an alibi witness
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition The Verifiability Approach correctly classified 88% of truth-telling and lying pairs, with truth-tellers providing significantly more verifiable details and liars preferentially generating non-verifiable, unfalsifiable accounts. [551] (2014)Deception detection using a multimodal approach
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction The combination of thermal and linguistic features exceeded 70% detection accuracy for both deceptive and truthful classes, significantly outperforming single-modality approaches and demonstrating the viability… [552] (2014 • NATURE REVIEW)Functional MRI-Based Lie Detection: Scientific and Societal Challenges
Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 123–131 Major Nature review including meta-analysis of published fMRI deception studies. Concluded fMRI lie detection shows promise but faces critical scientific, legal, and ethical challenges before… [553] (2014)Registered report: measuring unconscious deception detection by skin temperature
Frontiers in Psychology Finger skin temperature declined when observing liars regardless of awareness condition, though patterns varied by phase. Participants consistently judged liars as less trustworthy and likeable… [554] (2014 • THERMAL ANALYSIS)Thermal Facial Analysis for Deception Detection
IEEE Journals Thermal imaging analysis of 492 responses from 25 participants. Achieved 87% prediction accuracy using within-person methodology, but between-person models did not generalize well. [555] (2014 • OCULAR-MOTOR)Lyin’ Eyes: Ocular-Motor Measures of Reading Reveal Deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology Evaluated eye-tracking as deception detection. Guilty subjects showed increased pupil responses but less reading time on deceptive statements. Combined measures correctly classified 85% of participants. [556] (2014)Some Evidence for Unconscious Lie Detection
Psychological Science Indirect measures of lie detection were significantly more accurate than direct conscious judgments across two experiments, with unconscious processes appearing to automatically activate deception-related concepts… [557] (2014)The impact of prior knowledge from participant instructions in a mock crime P300 Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Prior knowledge of a stolen item conveyed through experimental instructions caused 69% of innocent participants to be misclassified as guilty, and also enhanced detection rates… [558] (2014)Can Groups Catch a Liar? Group Discussion Outperforms the Majority Rule in Lie Detection, But Not in Truth Detection
PsycEXTRA Dataset Groups achieved 60-62% accuracy in detecting low-stakes lies compared to 53-54% for individuals, and 53.2% vs. 48.7% for high-stakes lies (d = 0.34). The advantage… [559] (2014)Underreporting of Bestiality Among Juvenile Sex Offenders: Polygraph Versus Self‐Report
Journal of Forensic Sciences Juvenile sex offenders showed extensive underreporting of bestiality on self-report measures (37.5% MSI-II) compared to polygraph examination (81.25%), representing a 2.17-fold increase in disclosure and… [560] (2014)Validity of polygraph techniques and decision methods
In Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications (Eds. Raskin, D.C., Honts, C.R., Kircher, J.C.) The review reports approximately 89% accuracy for specific-incident criminal investigations and 85% for screening applications, with laboratory studies showing 91% accuracy for guilty and 89%… [561] (2014)Deception detection, transmission, and modality in age and sex
Frontiers in Psychology Raters detected lies best in audiovisual modality and worst in visual-only modality. College students were better detectors than older adults, with detection ability declining with… [562] (2014)Situational Familiarity
Encyclopedia of Deception Across four experiments, participants with high situational familiarity achieved 21-49 percentage point improvements in deception detection accuracy, with this enhancement mediated by increased reliance on… [563] (2014)Subliminal salience search illustrated: EEG identity and deception detection on the fringe of awareness
PLOS ONE All 15 participants (100%) showed detectable brain responses to their concealed real name at α = 0.05, with 13 of 15 detected via single-electrode analysis… [564] (2014)Letter to the Editor: Calculating Polygraph Decision Accuracy
European Polygraph Specific findings cannot be determined without access to the full text of this brief editorial communication. [565] (2014)The Impact of Genetics and Training on Deception Detection Performance
SSRN Electronic Journal Deception detection ability showed minimal genetic heritability, with variability largely determined by shared and non-shared environmental factors, indicating the skill is highly trainable rather than… [566] (2014)Cues to Deception in Social Media Communications
2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Machine learning classifiers achieved 90% average accuracy in detecting deception using linguistic features including sentence complexity, sentiment, emoticon usage, and informality markers, with mean precision… [567] (2013)Unconscious processes improve lie detection.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Unconscious thought participants achieved detection accuracy approximately 20% higher than conscious deliberation or immediate decision groups across experiments, with effect sizes ranging from d =… [568] (2013)A novel approach for detection of deception using Smoothed Pseudo Wigner-Ville Distribution (SPWVD)
Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering The SPWVD approach achieved 89.73% accuracy in P300-based deception detection, surpassing earlier methods by providing enhanced time-frequency resolution while suppressing cross-term interference in EEG signal… [569] (2013)Lying through the eyes: detecting lies through eye movements
Proceedings of the 6th workshop on Eye gaze in intelligent human machine interaction Significant differences in saccade amplitudes were observed between truth-telling and lying, with longer saccades during truthful responses. Results supported cognitive load theory but revealed substantial… [570] (2013)A Novel Approach for Lie Detection Based on F-Score and Extreme Learning Machine
PLoS ONE The F-score_ELM method achieved exceptional testing accuracies of 99.27% sensitivity and 98.17% specificity in classifying guilty versus innocent subjects, outperforming traditional PCA-based approaches while requiring… [571] (2013)A Case Study of the Validity of the Arther Examination
Polygraph Among 9 DNA-confirmed innocent suspects, the Arther technique produced a 44.4% false positive rate (4 of 9 errors), with results statistically matching the only prior… [572] (2013)Reaction time measures in deception research: Comparing the effects of irrelevant and relevant stimulus–response compatibility
Acta Psychologica Relevant SRC tasks yielded substantial compatibility effects for deception detection while irrelevant SRC tasks showed no significant effects, with results replicated across different stimulus features.… [573] (2013)Polygraph and 215 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations
Polygraph Examined the relationship between polygraph testing and wrongful convictions across 215 exoneration cases. Analyzed how polygraph evidence was used or misused, providing critical insights into… [574] (2013)Exploring liars' strategies for creating deceptive reports
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars overwhelmingly chose to base their deceptive reports on previously experienced events — 67% in Study 1 and 86% in Study 2 — with reported… [575] (2013)Cognitive load or emotional arousal? The accuracy of indirect methods of deception detection in different lie scenarios
PsycEXTRA Dataset Behavioral indicators of deception varied systematically by lie topic. Six cues (arm/head movements, facial intensity, eye contact, contradictions, pauses) showed main effects for topic type.… [576] (2013)The Connection between Score Threshold, Rate of Inconclusives and Minimum Number of Charts Required for Decision of Truth or Deception
European Polygraph Higher scoring thresholds increase accuracy while maintaining manageable inconclusive rates, with +3 and +1 score thresholds demonstrating equivalent 0.0 error rates. [577] (2013)Comparative Review of Polygraph and Other Diagnostic Tools and Methods
European Polygraph Polygraph diagnostic accuracy (.88) was comparable to established medical imaging technologies including MRI, CT scan, and ultrasound. Inter-rater reliability among polygraph examiners (.77) exceeded physicians… [578] (2013)The Integrated Zone Comparison Technique: a Field Utility Study in a Deceptive Population
European Polygraph The IZCT achieved 95% overall accuracy including inconclusives and 98% accuracy excluding inconclusives, with zero false negatives, six inconclusive results (4%), and two false positives… [579] (2013)The Effects of Group Factors on Deception Detection Performance
Small Group Research Behavioral familiarity had a positive effect on group success in deception detection but a negative effect on efficiency. Gender diversity negatively affected detection success, while… [580] (2013)Effects of recollection and familiarity on recognition memory in the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Both recollection and familiarity produced characteristic CIT physiological responses (respiration deceleration, increased skin conductance, heart rate changes), but recollection yielded significantly larger effect sizes for… [581] (2013)Exploring the movement dynamics of deception
Frontiers in Psychology Upper face movements during deception showed significantly less determinism (B=0.126, p<0.05) and greater complexity (t(41)=1.976, p<0.05) than during truth-telling, with similar patterns marginally significant for… [582] (2013)Deception and the misinformation effect: An event-related potential study
International Journal of Psychophysiology Deception produced strong parietal P3b suppression and a large frontal N400 negativity, while misinformation produced its own P3b suppression plus unique occipital LPC effects —… [583] (2013)An interfering dot-probe task facilitates the detection of mock crime memory in a reaction time (RT)-based concealed information test
Acta Psychologica Adding a within-trial dot-probe interference task boosted detection AUC from .88 to .94 and classification accuracy from 85.7% to 92.1%, with the correct rejection rate… [584] (2013)Previous Exposure to the Sender's Behaviour and Accuracy at Judging Credibility
Psychology in the Courts Baseline familiarity with truthful behavior improves deception detection accuracy by approximately 4 percentage points (from 52% to 56%), but exposure to deceptive baselines provides no… [585] (2013)Information gain of the directed lie screening test
Polygraph DLST/ESS provided meaningful information gain (>5%) across nearly all plausible base rates, substantially exceeding the performance of unassisted professional veracity assessment in both security screening… [586] (2013)Współczesne standardy badań poligraficznych
The manual documents validated polygraph techniques with specific accuracy metrics (CIT showing 82.3% accuracy, 81.5% sensitivity, 83.2% specificity), establishes quality control procedures modeled on U.S.… [587] (2013)Catching liars: Training mental health and legal professionals to detect high-stakes lies
The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology Overall detection accuracy increased significantly from M = 46.4% to 80.9% following a single comprehensive, empirically based full-day training workshop — a gain of more… [588] (2013)Employing Polygraph Assessment
The Handbook of Forensic Psychology The CQT has weak theoretical foundations, is biased against innocent examinees, and vulnerability to countermeasures. Field validity studies systematically overestimate accuracy due to confession-verification bias,… [589] (2013)The forensic confirmation bias: Problems, perspectives, and proposed solutions
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Confessions and contextual information trigger confirmation bias that corrupts both lay witness perceptions and expert judgments across all major forensic domains, including polygraph interpretation. Studies… [590] (2013)P300-based Concealed Information Test and Inter-Stimulus Intervals (ISIs): A Comparison Among 500ms, 800ms, and 3000ms ISIs
한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 The 800ms ISI preserved P300 amplitude differences between probe and irrelevant stimuli comparable to the standard 3000ms ISI and maintained resistance to countermeasures, while 500ms… [591] (2013)A Case Study of the Validity of the Arther Examination Procedures in a Criminal Case with DNA Confirmation
Polygraph The AEP produced a 44% false positive error rate among DNA-exonerated innocent suspects, with statistical analysis showing these outcomes are almost impossible for a highly… [592] (2013)Interviewing to elicit cues to deception: Improving strategic use of evidence with general-to-specific framing of evidence
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology General-to-specific evidence framing effectively discriminated between guilty and innocent suspects through differential patterns of statement-evidence inconsistency, though results only partially supported the hypotheses. Gradual disclosure… [593] (2013)External validity of experiment on Concealed Information Test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Skin conductance and heart rate showed no significant differences between laboratory and field CIT contexts, while respiration showed greater suppression in field tests. All three… [594] (2013)Vocal Pitch Production during Lying: Beliefs about Deception Matter
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Participants' pitch increased when they lied, and importantly, participants who believed that pitch increases during deception produced significantly higher pitch in their lying compared to… [595] (2013)Notion of significance in concealed information test.
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Effect sizes (92.4% accuracy) and randomization test p-values (90.6% accuracy) substantially outperformed traditional Lykken's scores (83.2%) and likelihood ratios (74.8%) in discriminating guilty from innocent… [596] (2013 • COGNITIVE LOAD)Imposing Cognitive Load to Detect Deception: A Meta-Analysis
Legal and Criminological Psychology Meta-analysis finding that imposing cognitive load increased accuracy of deception detection from 56% to 71%. Supported theoretical models underlying both polygraph and behavioral detection approaches. [597] (2013)Polygraphs and 183 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations
ResearchGate Across 215 exoneration cases, polygraphs supported exoneree innocence in 62.9% of cases outright and reached results inconsistent with guilt in 85.7% of cases overall, with… [598] (2013)Is Le Mot Juste? The Contexualization of Words by Expert Lie Detectors
Applied Issues in Investigative Interviewing, Eyewitness Memory, and Credibility Assessment Expert lie detectors pay extraordinary attention to word choice contextualized within broader narratives, emotional states, and situational demands. They notice odd phrasing, inconsistencies in delivery,… [599] (2013)The effect of cognitive load during deception on eye movements
한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 Liars exhibited shorter saccade duration than truth-tellers across both statement conditions, and showed reduced eye blink frequency specifically during chronological-order recall. However, the high cognitive… [600] (2013)Sorting the liars from the truth tellers: The benefits of asking unanticipated questions
Applied Cognitive Psychology Liars' verbal responses showed a greater decline in details across three of four question pairs when shifting from anticipated to unanticipated questions, and liars sorted… [601] (2013)Deceptively simple … The “deception-general” ability and the need to put the liar under the spotlight
Frontiers in Neuroscience A significant correlation (r = −0.348, p = 0.006) between lie detection accuracy and lie production ability provided first evidence for a deception-general ability that… [602] (2013)When Interference Helps: Increasing Executive Load to Facilitate Deception Detection in the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Psychology The concealed information effect was robust across all conditions with accurate signal detection parameters, but cognitive interference tasks did not significantly improve individual classification accuracy… [603] (2013)A Concealed Information Test with Combination of ERP Recording and Autonomic Measurements
Neurophysiology The study demonstrated that multimodal CIT combining ERPs and autonomic measures is feasible using optimized short interstimulus intervals and balanced sequence presentation, addressing a key… [604] (2013)Primacy effect in credibility judgments: The vulnerability of verbal cues to biased interpretations
Applied Cognitive Psychology A robust primacy effect was found: participants judged the same narrator as more credible when the detail-rich account came first, and in a single-story paradigm,… [605] (2013)Current FBI Polygraph/Interrogation Practices Puts the Actually Innocent at Risk of False Confession
PsycEXTRA Dataset Under FBI polygraph policies, only 17% of actually innocent people avoid interrogation, meaning 83% of the innocent are subjected to interrogation and false confession risk… [606] (2013)A comment on Farwell (2012): brain fingerprinting: a comprehensive tutorial review of detection of concealed information with event-related brain potentials
Cognitive Neurodynamics Of the studies cited by Farwell to support brain fingerprinting's perfect accuracy, only one peer-reviewed laboratory study with 20 participants and two small field studies… [607] (2013)Promises and Lies: Can Observers Detect Deception
SSRN Electronic Journal Observers achieved 63% accuracy in detecting deception, 12% above chance. While evaluators successfully distinguished promises from empty talk, they failed to identify which promises would… [608] (2013)The autobiographical IAT: a review
Frontiers in Psychology Validation experiments demonstrated over 90% accuracy in detecting true autobiographical memories, with test-retest agreement exceeding 90% and split-half reliability of 88%. The technique successfully detected… [609] (2013)A functional analysis of deception detection of a mock crime using infrared thermal imaging and the Concealed Information Test
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Functional discriminant analysis achieved 98.89% classification accuracy. Guilty participants showed significantly higher periorbital temperatures when responding to crime-relevant vs. irrelevant questions, while innocent participants showed… [610] (2013)Smiling Behaviors and Credibility in Actual Trials: Naturalistic Observations of Witnesses
PsycEXTRA Dataset Smiling enhanced perceived likeability, with smiling female witnesses rated as more likeable than smiling males or non-smiling females. Male witnesses were seen as more trustworthy… [611] (2013)Accuracy of concealed information test as a memory detection technique: a laboratory study
Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology Visual inspection by expert polygraphers achieved 86.4% sensitivity and 94.5% specificity (excluding 20.4% inconclusive cases); modified Lykken scoring yielded 83% sensitivity and 91% specificity with… [612] (2013)Two heads are better than one? How to effectively use two interviewers to elicit cues to deception
Legal and Criminological Psychology Truth tellers provided significantly more detail than liars only in the supportive second interviewer condition, despite participants looking at the second interviewer less than 10%… [613] (2013)Predicting the sensitivity of the reaction time-based concealed information test
Applied Cognitive Psychology Target-irrelevant response patterns effectively predicted individual CIT sensitivity, improving discrimination accuracy from 86% to 97% hit rate (ROC AUC 0.95) and increasing effect size from… [614] (2013)Non-contact measurement of eye movements in the detection of deception
The Japanese journal of psychology Eye-movement-based deception detection was effective only in the low-similarity condition, where participants showed significantly reduced fixation frequency and duration on critical images compared to non-critical… [615] (2013)Fixations and eye-blinks allow for detecting concealed crime related memories
International Journal of Psychophysiology Guilty participants displayed fewer but longer fixations on central crime details with reduced blink rates. Validity estimates were moderate (AUC ≈ 0.69), with fixations reflecting… [616] (2013)Validity of the psychophysiological diagnosis of paraphylia
Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova Verbal psychophysiological stimulation correctly identified paraphilia in 80% of cases and visual stimulation in 69.6% of cases, with an overall validity coefficient of 0.63, indicating… [617] (2013)Combining blink, pupil, and response time measures in a concealed knowledge test
Frontiers in Psychology Response time achieved a 0.98 classification rate, and individual ocular measures (pupil-size, pupil-slope, pre-response blink-rate) each produced efficient classifications. Combining pupil and blink measures improved… [618] (2013)Detecting false intent using eye blink measures
Frontiers in Psychology Participants with false intent showed suppressed blinking during relevant questions, fewer total blinks, and shorter maximum blink duration compared to truthful participants. Discriminant analysis achieved… [619] (2013)The (F)utility of post-conviction polygraph testing
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment Despite widespread adoption in sex offender treatment programs, post-conviction polygraph testing lacks adequate evidence supporting its accuracy, efficacy, or effectiveness as a deterrent, with research… [620] (2012)The P300-Based, Complex Trial Protocol for Concealed Information Detection Resists Any Number of Sequential Countermeasures Against Up to Five Irrelevant Stimuli
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback The Complex Trial Protocol achieved 92-100% detection of guilty participants across all countermeasure conditions (1-5 countered stimuli) with just one false positive in 13 innocents.… [621] (2012 • SYSTEMATIC REVIEW)Current Research and Potential Applications of the Concealed Information Test: An Overview
Frontiers Journals Comprehensive overview of CIT research highlighting its strong theoretical foundation in orienting response theory. Noted that CIT's false positive rate remains extremely low (~5%) across… [622] (2012)Windows of the Soul? Deliberate Eye Contact and Deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Liars displayed significantly more deliberate eye contact than truth tellers, whereas the amount of gaze aversion did not differ between truthful and deceptive participants, suggesting… [623] (2012)A non-standard method for estimating the accuracy of lie detection techniques demonstrated on a self-validating set of field polygraph examinations
Psychology, Crime & Law The study found 94% accuracy for detecting guilty examinees and 83.5% for truthful examinees when excluding 20% inconclusive outcomes. When inconclusives were forced to decisions,… [624] (2012)The Empirical Basis for the Use of Directed Lie Comparison Questions in Diagnostic and Screening Polygraphs
APA Magazine The review found little to no meaningful difference in effect size or detection accuracy between directed lie and probable lie comparison questions, supporting the scientific… [625] (2012)Effectiveness of the Integrated Zone Comparison Technique (IZCT) with Various Scoring Systems in a Mock Crime Experiment by Students
European Polygraph The study systematically compared three scoring approaches for the IZCT in a controlled environment where ground truth was known, addressing an important gap in polygraph… [626] (2012)Critique of Meta-Analytic Survey of Criterion Accuracy of Validated Polygraph Techniques
European Polygraph The critique identified significant methodological flaws and biases in the APA meta-analysis, particularly in the evaluation and exclusion of certain zone comparison techniques from validation… [627] (2012)An experimental comparison of real and artificial deception using a deception generation model
Decision Support Systems The Application Deception Model successfully generated artificial deception with characteristics similar to real deception, providing evidence that artificially generated data can reduce training data collection… [628] (2012)Effects of coping and cooperative instructions on guilty and informed innocents' physiological responses to concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Guilty participants exhibited stronger physiological responses to critical items than informed innocents, and cooperative instructions reduced false positive rates by attenuating skin conductance responses in… [629] (2012)Imposing cognitive load to elicit cues to deceit: Inducing the reverse order technique naturally
Psychology, Crime & Law Reverse-order recall produced more prominent verbal cues to deception than chronological recall, and human observers achieved higher deception detection accuracy when evaluating reverse-order accounts —… [630] (2012)Does the Truth Come Out in the Writing? SCAN as a Lie Detection Tool
Law and Human Behavior SCAN showed no statistically significant ability to discriminate truth-tellers from outright liars or concealment liars, while Reality Monitoring successfully detected both types of deception in… [631] (2012)Study regarding psychophysiological reactivity values depending on subject's gender in polygraph testing
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences Women showed significantly higher electrodermal amplitude (d = 0.50) and line length scoring (d = 0.58), while men exhibited greater respiration line length (d =… [632] (2012)Review of Research on Detecting Deception Through Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
European Polygraph Laboratory studies demonstrated 76-90% accuracy in distinguishing lies from truth under controlled conditions, with consistent activation of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices during deception, though… [633] (2012)Credibility assessment and inference for fusion of hard and soft information
Advances in Design for Cross-Cultural Activities Part I The research introduces an analytical framework enabling automatic and efficient processing of both physics-based sensor data and human-generated information for enhanced decision-making, with applications including… [634] (2012)The Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS): Psychometric Properties and Incremental Predictive Validity With Static-99R
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment Combined SOTIPS and Static-99R scores predicted all recidivism types with AUCs of .67 to .89, outperforming either instrument alone, with Net Reclassification Improvements of 20–43%… [635] (2012)The possible role of an error detection mechanism in brain processing of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology Both deceptive and honest manipulative actions activated overlapping brain networks including the bilateral prefrontal cortex, right anterior cingulate cortex, and right parietal regions. ACC activation… [636] (2012)Deception Awareness Improves P300-based Deception Detection in Concealed Information Tests
International Journal of Psychophysiology The deception-aware group achieved a 100% individual detection rate (10/10) compared to only 50% (5/10) in the control group, with significantly larger probe-versus-irrelevant P300 amplitude… [637] (2012)Reaction time-based detection of concealed information in relation to individual differences in executive functioning
Applied Cognitive Psychology The RT-CIT successfully differentiated guilty from innocent participants, with set-shifting and inhibition directly related to deception accuracy and speed; individuals with better working memory engaged… [638] (2012)Cry Me a River: Identifying the Behavioral Consequences of Extremely High-Stakes Interpersonal Deception
Law and Human Behavior A multi-cue behavioral model combining emotional facial leakage (upper face surprise, lower face happiness), reduced word count, and elevated tentative language correctly classified 92.3% of… [639] (2012)Secrets and Lies: Involuntary Leakage in Deceptive Facial Expressions as a Function of Emotional Intensity
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Emotional leakage occurred in 98.3% of participants attempting to mask their feelings, was significantly more prolonged and frequent during high-intensity versus low-intensity emotions, and was… [640] (2012)Deception detection for the tangled web
ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society The review identified substantial inconsistencies in deception cue measurements, contradictions across studies, and significant context-dependency in detection effectiveness, revealing that the field lacked sufficient consistency… [641] (2012)Age-related differences in deception.
Psychology and Aging Older adults were significantly worse at detecting rehearsed lies than younger adults, and older adults' lies were more transparent. Critically, worse emotion recognition in older… [642] (2012)“You can't kid a kidder”: association between production and detection of deception in an interactive deception task
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Results revealed a significant correlation (r = -0.348, p = 0.006) between lie production and detection abilities, providing the first empirical evidence for a 'deception-general'… [643] (2012)Human and computer decision-making in the psychophysiological detection of deception
Polygraph Only electrodermal response amplitude, cardiograph baseline increase, and respiration line length proved valid and reliable indicators of deception across all independent samples. Examiners showed systematic… [644] (2012)Using ACID to help police detect deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Police officers trained in ACID significantly outperformed untrained officers and their own pre-training performance at detecting deception from verbal content. Officers who relied on intuition… [645] (2012 • MONTE CARLO)Monte Carlo Study of Criterion Validity for Two-Question Zone Comparison Tests with the ESS
Polygraph Used Monte Carlo simulation methods to establish statistical confidence intervals for ESS scoring across various test formats and decision rules. Provided robust normative data. [646] (2012)A New Approach for Concealed Information Identification Based on ERP Assessment
Journal of Medical Systems Wavelet coefficient features showed statistically significant differences between concealed and irrelevant information (p < 0.05), with KPCA successfully reducing feature dimensionality while improving SVM classifier… [647] (2012)How do teachers perceive cheating students? Beliefs about cues to deception and detection accuracy in the educational field
European Journal of Psychology of Education Teacher trainees performed no better than chance in detecting true versus fabricated stories about cheating. Participants predominantly relied on stereotypical invalid cues like gaze aversion,… [648] (2012)The Eyes Don’t Have It: Lie Detection and Neuro-Linguistic Programming
PLoS ONE All three studies failed to find support for NLP's eye movement-deception hypothesis. Eye movement patterns did not differ between lying and truth-telling, NLP training did… [649] (2012)Lie-detection using Autobiographical Implicit Association Test
PsycEXTRA Dataset Validation research on the aIAT demonstrated over 90% accuracy in detecting true autobiographical memories, with test-retest reliability also exceeding 90%, though subsequent research identified vulnerabilities… [650] (2012)Linguistic Cues to Deception Assessed by Computer Programs: A Meta-Analysis
PsycEXTRA Dataset Computer-analyzed linguistic cues reliably differentiate lies from truths, with liars showing increased cognitive load, more negative emotion, greater psychological distancing, fewer sensory details, and reduced… [651] (2012)A New Lie Detection Method Based on Small-number of P300 Responses
2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology The method achieved 82.45% balanced accuracy in distinguishing guilty from innocent subjects using reduced stimulus presentations, demonstrating that reliable P300-based lie detection could be implemented… [652] (2012)Windows to the Soul? Deliberate Eye Contact as a Cue to Deceit
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Liars displayed significantly more deliberate eye contact than truth tellers as an impression management strategy, whereas gaze aversion showed no difference between groups. This finding… [653] (2012)A novel protocol for detection of concealed information
20th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE2012) Multimodal measurement combining ERP and autonomic signals achieved 90.9% classification accuracy using linear discriminant analysis, significantly exceeding single-modality approaches in laboratory CIT testing. [654] (2012)Emotional arousal modulates the encoding of crime-related details and corresponding physiological responses in the Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Emotional arousal during crime encoding modulates both the retention of crime-related details and the corresponding physiological responses measured by the CIT, affecting test validity over… [655] (2012)Lies worth catching involve both emotion and cognition
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition High-motivation deception studies show substantially larger effect sizes for emotional cues (nervousness d=.35, voice pitch d=.59) compared to low-motivation conditions, while cognitive load techniques achieve… [656] (2012)Concealed Knowledge Identification using facial thermal imaging
Li Creative Technologies The automated thermal imaging system achieved 83.5% accuracy in detecting concealed knowledge, comparable to or better than conventional polygraph testing (72–91% accuracy range). The non-contact… [657] (2012)The revealing glance: eye gaze behavior to concealed information
Memory & Cognition Longer fixation durations on concealed known faces compared to unknown faces revealed memory traces even during active concealment attempts. The second fixation effect (266–678 ms)… [658] (2012)Using perception shifts to create unanticipated questions and to elicit cues to deception
PsycEXTRA Dataset Liars' verbal responses showed a greater decline in details across three out of four question pairs when comparing anticipated to unanticipated questions, and liars sorted… [659] (2011 • APA COMMISSIONED REVIEW)Meta-Analytic Survey of Criterion Accuracy of Validated Polygraph Techniques
Polygraph 38 studies met inclusion criteria, involving 32 different samples, 45 experiments, 295 scorers, and 11,737 scored results from 3,723 examinations. Event-specific diagnostic tests: 89% accuracy… [660] (2011)The Relation Between Knowledge of Cues to Deception and the Ability to Detect Deceit
Problems of Forensic Sciences Observers performed at chance level in detecting lies and truths and showed a truth bias. However, those with more accurate knowledge of deception cues achieved… [661] (2011)Evidence for training the ability to read microexpressions
Motivation and Emotion Training group participants showed significantly higher microexpression recognition accuracy than comparison groups immediately after training and demonstrated better third-party ratings of social and communicative workplace… [662] (2011)Detecting concealed information in less than a second: Response latency-based measures
In: Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test The oddball task, which manipulates stimulus-response compatibility, produces exceptional effect sizes (d = 1.97 for reaction times), comparable to traditional skin conductance measures (d =… [663] (2011)How the Brain Shapes Deception
Neuroscientist The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction play crucial and dissociable roles in deception, with deception consistently recruiting more prefrontal executive resources than truth-telling; no… [664] (2011)Which helps detect lies, eagerness or vigilance? The impact of regulatory focus on lie detection
PsycEXTRA Dataset Prevention focus consistently enhanced lie detection accuracy across all four studies, while promotion focus was associated with lower accuracy. The vigilance associated with prevention focus… [665] (2011)An Investigation of the Guilty Knowledge Test Polygraph Examination
Journal of Criminal Psychology Results demonstrated real variations between the physiological measures used, and gender differences were observed in polygraph response patterns, with implications for sensor selection and demographic… [666] (2011)Using the Empirical Scoring System
Polygraph Validation data across 13 dimensions of criterion accuracy from 5,192 scored results of 732 confirmed ZCT examinations demonstrated strong performance by both experienced and inexperienced… [667] (2011)The Use of Physiological Measures to Detect Deception in Juveniles
Polygraph Examined CQT application with juvenile populations. Found that physiological measures can effectively detect deception in younger examinees, expanding the evidence base beyond adult populations. [668] (2011)Improved method for calculating the respiratory line length in the concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology The weighted average method successfully removed systematic bias in respiration line length calculations and significantly increased discrimination performance compared to the original method in experimental… [669] (2011)Why do lie-catchers fail? A lens model meta-analysis of human lie judgments
Psychological Bulletin People rarely rely on wrong cues—they strongly associate deception with impressions of incompetence (r = .59) and ambivalence (r = .49), and these intuitive judgments… [670] (2011)Visual Cues for Facial Behaviour in Deception Detection
IEEE International Conference on Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics (ICCAIE) The pilot study demonstrated statistically supported potential for facial behaviour cues — including micro-expressions, facial asymmetry, lip biting, and blink rate changes — to discriminate… [671] (2011)Visual Cues of Facial Behaviour in Deception Detection
IEEE International Conference on Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics (ICCAIE) Human examiners achieved only 56.25% accuracy in detecting deception from facial cues — barely above chance — while a logistic regression classifier applied to the… [672] (2011)A mock terrorism application of the P300-based concealed information test
Psychophysiology With prior knowledge of probe items, the study detected 12/12 guilty subjects with 0% false positives. Using a searching CIT approach with restricted prior knowledge,… [673] (2011)An investigation of data and text mining methods for real world deception detection
Expert Systems with Applications Information fusion ensemble models achieved >74% classification accuracy in detecting deception in authentic criminal investigation statements, outperforming artificial neural networks (73.46%) and decision trees (71.60%),… [674] (2011)Criterion validity of the Empirical Scoring System and the Objective Scoring System, version 3 with the USAF Modified General Question Technique
Polygraph Manual ESS achieved 88.2% unweighted accuracy, automated ESS achieved 89.7%, and the OSS-3 computer algorithm reached 90.2% correct decisions, with Pearson correlations between scoring models… [675] (2011)Reliability of the Empirical Scoring System with expert examiners
Polygraph Fleiss kappa of .61 (95% CI: .54–.68) indicated substantial inter-rater agreement on numerical scores, while mean decision agreement reached 95.4% excluding inconclusive results, significantly exceeding… [676] (2011)Mock crime application of the complex-trial protocol (CTP) P300-based Concealed Information Test
Psychophysiology Overall 92% correct classification rate across all conditions (guilty, innocent, countermeasure groups). The CTP demonstrated high sensitivity (87% overall) and specificity in detecting incidentally acquired… [677] (2011)Using sketch drawing to induce inconsistency in liars
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars showed significantly lower consistency between sketches and verbal reports than truth-tellers, with classification accuracy of 80-100% for truth-tellers and 70-77% for liars across two… [678] (2011)Effect of stimulus probabilities on physiological responses in the concealed information test
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association The weighted average method successfully removed bias in respiration line length calculations and significantly increased discrimination performance in experimental CIT data compared to the original… [679] (2011)Detecting deception from emotional faces: Is that really how you feel?
PsycEXTRA Dataset Direct deception judgments yielded at-or-below-chance accuracy with negative effect sizes, while indirect emotion inference successfully distinguished liars from truth tellers for negative emotional expressions (Hedges's… [680] (2011 • CROSS-CULTURAL ESS)Empirical Scoring System: A Cross-Cultural Replication and Extension Study
Polygraph International validation with 19 trainees scoring 100 confirmed cases. Achieved mean accuracy of 90.1% (95% CI: 83.8–95.8%), demonstrating ESS validity across cultures. [681] (2011)Using sketch-drawing to induce inconsistency in liars
Legal and Criminological Psychology Liars demonstrated significantly lower consistency between sketch drawings and verbal reports compared to truth-tellers, with correct classification rates of 70-100% across two experiments, substantially exceeding… [682] (2011)Sender Demeanor: Individual Differences in Sender Believability Have a Powerful Impact on Deception Detection Judgments
Human Communication Research Sender demeanor explained up to 98% of variance in detection accuracy across five experiments, with accuracy swings of 36-80% between matched and mismatched conditions. Eleven… [683] (2011)A novel countermeasure against the reaction time index of countermeasure use in the P300-based complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Detection rates remained high (83-92%) based on P300 for all groups, but simultaneous countermeasure execution made reaction times indistinguishable from controls, defeating the RT-based countermeasure… [684] (2011)A Basic Study on Detection of Deception
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Eye tracking successfully detected deception only when stimuli had low visual similarity, with participants showing significantly reduced glancing frequency and duration toward critical images. High… [685] (2011)Criterion Validity of the Empirical Scoring System with experienced examiners: Comparison with the seven-position evidentiary model Using the Federal Zone Comparison Technique
Polygraph No statistically significant differences were found between the ESS and seven-position evidentiary model across 13 dimensions of criterion accuracy when scored by experienced examiners. More… [686] (2011)Effect of self-relevance of a non-critical item on physiological responding on the Concealed Information Test
The Japanese journal of psychology Guilty participants showed differential reactivity to critical items despite self-relevant distractors, while innocent participants showed problematic responses to self-relevant items on skin conductance only, suggesting… [687] (2011)Detecting concealed information using autonomic measures
Memory detection: Theory and application of the Concealed Information Test Recognition of concealed information produces consistent autonomic coactivation of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, with skin conductance showing the largest effect size (d = 1.55), and… [688] (2011)Lie detection from non-verbal behavior in Czech Republic
PsycEXTRA Dataset The research contributed to the broader understanding that non-verbal lie detection is an intuitive rather than systematic process with limited reliability across cultural contexts, consistent… [689] (2011)Mock crime application of the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) P300-based concealed information test
Psychophysiology Overall classification accuracy reached 92% across all participant groups, with all 12 countermeasure users correctly identified and reaction times serving as a reliable auxiliary index… [690] (2011)Memory instructions, vocalization, mock crimes, and concealed information tests with a polygraph
Perceptual and Motor Skills Guilty participants who incidentally encoded crime details without explicit priming showed significantly lower memory, detection scores, and detection rates compared to those who received explicit… [691] (2011)Practical guidelines for developing a CIT
Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test Central crime details directly related to crime execution are recalled at 90.2% compared to only 65.9% for peripheral details. Guidelines emphasize selecting information present in… [692] (2011)Validity of the concealed information test in realistic contexts
In Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test (Eds. Verschuere, B., Ben-Shakhar, G., Meijer, E.) Field studies showed CIT maintains low false-positive rates comparable to laboratory settings (2-5%) but produces higher false-negatives (20-42%) than controlled conditions; combining psychophysiological measures improved… [693] (2011)Leakage of information to innocent suspects
Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test Research demonstrates that mere knowledge of crime details elicits CIT effects regardless of how the information was acquired, creating false-positive risk for informed innocents. However,… [694] (2010)Truth Bias and Regression toward the Mean Phenomenon in Detecting Deception
Psychological Reports Elaad proposed that the decrease in truth bias over time reported by Masip et al. could reflect regression toward the mean rather than cognitive change,… [695] (2010)Evaluation of the effectiveness of a brief deception detection training program
Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology Brief three-hour training improved healthcare professionals' deception detection accuracy from 51.2% to 60.7%, with gains primarily in correctly identifying deceptive statements rather than truthful ones. [696] (2010)Lying about the valence of affective pictures: an fMRI study
PLoS ONE Neural activity during deception is significantly modulated by the emotional valence of the concealed information, with lying about positive pictures producing more extensive brain activation… [697] (2010)A Field Study of the Backster Zone Comparison Technique's Either-Or Rule and Scoring System Versus Two Other Scoring Systems When Relevant Question Elicits Strong Response
European Polygraph The study analyzed the comparative effectiveness of the Backster Either-Or Rule versus the federal scoring system and Matte Quadri-Track system in handling strong relevant question… [698] (2010)The Integrated Zone Comparison Technique and ASIT PolySuite Algorithm: A Field Validity Study
European Polygraph IZCT with ASIT PolySuite achieved 98.73% accuracy excluding inconclusives (92.9% including them), while manual 3-point scoring achieved 98.71% accuracy excluding inconclusives (91.7% including them), demonstrating… [699] (2010)An Assessment of the Backster Either-Or Rule in Polygraph 240 Scoring
Polygraph Application of the Either-Or Rule increased correct decisions from 70% to 80% and reduced inconclusives from 27% to 17%, with all improvements attributable to better… [700] (2010 – 2013)Polygraph Testing in Colombia (Two-Part Study)
Polygraph Documented polygraph testing practices and outcomes in Colombia. Provided international field data on CQT applications outside North America, demonstrating cross-cultural applicability. [701] (2010)Detecting true and false opinions: The Devil's advocate approach as a lie detection aid
Acta Psychologica Truth tellers produced more words and had shorter latency times when arguing for their actual opinion, while liars showed the reverse pattern and their Devil's… [702] (2010)Advances in the concealed information test: Introductory remarks
International Journal of Psychophysiology The editorial introduced research demonstrating that multimodal measurement combining autonomic responses with event-related potentials enhances CIT validity, and that various presentation modalities and testing parameters… [703] (2010)Facial image processing for facial analysis
Conference proceedings Color-space pre-processing of visible images via Chrominance and Hue segmentation increased face detection rates and reduced false positives compared to standard Haar Classifiers, and enabled… [704] (2010)Does the guilty action test allow for differentiating guilty participants from informed innocents? A re-examination
International Journal of Psychophysiology Neither electrodermal, respiratory, nor heart rate responses differed by guilt status or questioning technique. Both GKT and GAT failed to distinguish guilty participants from informed… [705] (2010 • EXPERIMENTAL)Psychophysiological and Behavioral Measures for Detecting Concealed Information: The Role of Memory for Crime Details
Psychophysiology Examined how memory strength affects CIT detection accuracy. Found that central crime details produced stronger physiological responses than peripheral details, with implications for real-world CIT… [706] (2010)The production and detection of deception in an interactive game
Neuropsychologia Both claiming truthfully and falsely in a competitive game activated fronto-polar cortex (BA10), while false claims showed additional activity in premotor and parietal cortices. Deceptive… [707] (2010)Discrimination performance of event-related potentials in the autonomic-based Concealed Information Test
International Journal of Psychophysiology ERP measures detected participants missed by autonomic measures alone, and combining ERP with autonomic measures significantly improved discrimination performance. The peak amplitude of ERP difference… [708] (2010)Automatic blush detection in “Concealed information” test using visual stimuli
2010 International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition The automated thermal detection system achieved approximately 77% True Positive Rate and 60% True Negative Rate in identifying participants with concealed information, demonstrating proof-of-concept but… [709] (2010)Dangerous decisions: The impact of first impressions of trustworthiness on the evaluation of legal evidence and defendant culpability
Psychology, Crime & Law Untrustworthy-looking defendants were convicted of serious crimes based on less evidence and with greater confidence than comparably trustworthy-looking defendants facing identical scenarios, with the effect… [710] (2010)The Polygraph and the Detection of Deception
Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice The CQT detects deception better than chance but with significant error rates, contrasting sharply with industry claims of 98% accuracy. The CIT demonstrates superior validity… [711] (2010)Content in context improves deception detection accuracy
Human Communication Research Across six studies with 340 participants, average accuracy was 75% when judges had contextual information compared with 57% in control conditions—an 18 percentage point improvement… [712] (2010)In defence of gullibility: the epistemology of testimony and the psychology of deception detection
Synthese Meta-analytic data show human deception detection achieves only 54% accuracy, with real-world lie detection relying primarily on contextual evidence rather than behavioral cues, placing monitoring… [713] (2010)The Validity of the Scientific Content Analysis(SCAN)-Based on the Accuracy of Detecting the Areas of Deception in Statements
한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 SCAN criteria showed statistically significant differences between truthful and deceptive Korean witness statements, though brief statement length and cultural-linguistic factors affected criterion expression and diagnostic… [714] (2010)Faking of the Implicit Association Test is statistically detectable and partly correctable
Basic and Applied Social Psychology The Combined Task Slowing (CTS) index detected instructed IAT faking with an average 75% accuracy (AUC up to .86) across four studies; CTS-based score adjustment… [715] (2010 • SHORT REPORT)A Test of the ESS with Two-Question Field Cases
Polygraph Validated ESS for two-question test formats. Found accuracy remained robust even with reduced question count, supporting ESS utility for shorter examinations. [716] (2010)Strength of Memory Encoding Affects Physiological Responses in the Guilty Actions Test
Biological Psychology Culprits showed differential forgetting of peripheral (but not central) crime details, maintaining stable GAT validity across a 2-week delay, while informed innocents' false positive errors… [717] (2010)Not Pollyannas
Social Psychological and Personality Science High-trust individuals were significantly better at detecting lies than low-trust individuals (R² = .24), challenging the stereotype that cynical, suspicious people make better lie detectors.… [718] (2010)Empirical Scoring System: NPC Quick Reference
Inexperienced examiners using ESS achieved mean accuracy of 90.1% (95% CI = 83.8% to 95.8%) with only 3.3% inconclusives, and demonstrated 85% inter-rater agreement, indicating… [719] (2010)Effects of self-relativity of non-critical item on the physiological responding on the concealed information test (2)
The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Self-relevant non-critical items did not impair detection of guilty participants, but created false positive risk for innocent participants, particularly when scoring relied solely on skin… [720] (2010)Need for Cognition and the process of lie detection
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology High Need for Cognition individuals achieved higher accuracy at classifying truthful and deceptive messages by focusing on diagnostic verbal content cues, while low NFC individuals… [721] (2010)Polygraph countermeasures cannot be detected from respiratory signatures: Government policy puts the innocent at risk
Polygraph examiners could not reliably detect countermeasures from respiratory patterns, contradicting policy assumptions and creating significant false positive risks for innocent examinees showing normal stress-related… [722] (2010)Motion Profiles for Deception Detection Using Visual Cues
Lecture Notes in Computer Science The motion profile Nearest Neighbor models achieved 81.6% accuracy in detecting deception using only visual behavioral cues. Subject-specific models significantly outperformed general models, indicating that… [723] (2010)Detection of deception in structured interviews using sensors and algorithms
SPIE Proceedings Automated algorithms successfully detected deception from physiological features extracted during honest and deceptive interview intervals, with detection performance varying by interview style and reported through… [724] (2010)The occurrence of eye blinks during a guilty knowledge test
Psychology, Crime & Law Eye blink suppression during crime-relevant questions successfully distinguished guilty from innocent participants with 76% overall accuracy, supporting the use of cognitive load-based ocular measures in… [725] (2010)Technology Dominance in Complex Decision Making: The Case of Aided Credibility Assessment
Journal of Management Information Systems Both novices and professionals improved credibility assessment accuracy using the automated decision aid, but professionals showed no greater benefit than novices. Both groups frequently ignored… [726] (2009)Polygraph Testing Internet Offenders
The Use of the Polygraph in Assessing, Treating and Supervising Sex Offenders Among 38 Dutch child pornography offenders who denied contact offending in self-reports, 21 (55%) disclosed contact sexual offenses including penetration, masturbation, and fondling during polygraph… [727] (2009)Knowledge of Cues to Deception – Looking for its Determinants
Problems of Forensic Sciences Beliefs about deception cues were generally stereotypical and inadequate across groups, but criminals and Internal Security Agency officers demonstrated significantly higher accuracy than students and… [728] (2009)A Field Study on the Validity of the Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique
European Polygraph The study provided real-world validation data for the Quadri-Track ZCT technique, representing the third published field research validation of this methodology originally developed in 1977. [729] (2009)A Renaissance in Voice Analysers as Tools for Detection of Deception?
European Polygraph Research revealed that voice stress analyzers were disqualified by US regulatory bodies and military research found no validity exceeding chance levels, with courts rejecting results… [730] (2009)Neural processes underlying self- and other-related lies: An individual difference approach using fMRI
Social Neuroscience Both hypotheses were confirmed: self-related and other-related lies rely on partially distinct rate-limiting brain regions, and a cingulate–insular–prefrontal network is critically involved in both types… [731] (2009)Portrait of a Lie
Scientific American Mind Lying consistently activates brain regions involved in suppressing information and resolving conflicts, particularly the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal lobes. Combined fMRI and physiological measures… [732] (2009)Can simultaneously acquired electrodermal activity improve accuracy of fMRI detection of deception?
Social Neuroscience Adding simultaneously acquired electrodermal activity to an established fMRI deception-detection paradigm did not improve classification accuracy beyond what fMRI alone achieved, suggesting substantial informational redundancy… [733] (2009)Are errors differentiable from deceptive responses when feigning memory impairment? An fMRI study
Brain and Cognition Intentional feigning of memory impairment uniquely activated the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus, whereas unintentional errors produced no significant activation in these… [734] (2009)Differentiating orienting and defensive responses to concealed information: The role of verbalization
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback When CIT participants remained silent rather than giving verbal responses, heart rate showed the deceleration predicted by orienting theory, confirming that verbal responding is responsible… [735] (2009)Detecting concealed information with reaction times: Validity and comparison with the polygraph
Applied Cognitive Psychology Both the RT-based CIT and the polygraph-based CIT successfully discriminated between concealed and control autobiographical information, with similarly high effect sizes, supporting the RT-CIT as… [736] (2009)The neurobiology of deception: evidence from neuroimaging and loss-of-function studies
Current Opinion in Neurology Converging evidence from fMRI and loss-of-function studies identifies the prefrontal cortex as the dominant neural substrate of deception, organizing the inhibition of true responses and… [737] (2009)Statistical discrimination methods for the polygraph test
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology The latent class discrimination method (database-based) and hidden Markov discrimination method (within-individual) both demonstrated higher discrimination performance than conventional logistic regression and discriminant analysis methods… [738] (2009)Outsmarting the liars: The benefit of asking unanticipated questions
Law and Human Behavior Unanticipated questions — especially requests to draw the restaurant layout — enabled correct classification of up to 80% of liar and truth-teller pairs, compared to… [739] (2009)A new approach for EEG feature extraction in P300-based lie detection
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine The study achieved 86% correct classification accuracy for both guilty and innocent subjects using a Genetic Algorithm-optimized multi-domain EEG feature set, surpassing the performance of… [740] (2009)Replication of Functional MRI Detection of Deception
The Open Forensic Science Journal Twenty-five of twenty-nine participants (86%) were correctly identified as deceptive, and a Chi-Squared test (χ²=0.246, p=0.6197) confirmed no significant difference from the prior study's accuracy,… [741] (2009)Detection of deception using functional magnetic resonance imaging: well above chance, though well below perfection
Social Neuroscience No brain region could correctly detect deception across all individuals; medial prefrontal cortex showed the best performance at 71% accuracy with zero false positives, demonstrating… [742] (2009)Can intuition improve deception detection performance?
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Intuitive processing produced 10-15% improvements in deception detection accuracy across two experiments, with participants viewing brief 15-second clips or performing concurrent tasks outperforming those who… [743] (2009 • ERP REVIEW)Review of Recent Studies and Issues Regarding the P300-Based Complex Trial Protocol for Detection of Concealed Information
International Journal of Psychophysiology Comprehensive review summarizing more than a dozen CTP studies. Documented diagnostic accuracy from 75–90%, described enhancements using N200, performance feedback, and auxiliary tests that restored… [744] (2009)Imaging facial signs of neurophysiological responses
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering Thermal imaging of facial regions achieved detection performance comparable to galvanic skin response (GSR), the gold standard for peripheral neurophysiological measurement, while being completely non-contact.… [745] (2009)4. Why Most People Parse Palters, Fibs, Lies, Whoppers, and Other Deceptions Poorly
Deception Most people achieve only 50-54% accuracy in lie detection due to truth bias, reliance on incorrect behavioral cues, accusatory reluctance, and lack of feedback. Exceptional… [746] (2009)Thirty-site P300 scalp distribution, amplitude variance across sites, and amplitude in detection of deceptive concealment of multiple guilty items
Social Neuroscience Amplitude variance across 30 scalp sites and P300 amplitude at multiple nonfrontal sites each correctly identified 71% of guilty subjects, with false positive rates of… [747] (2009)Can Dogs Detect Human Deception?
PsycEXTRA Dataset Dogs learned to approach cooperators more than deceivers but showed no evidence of understanding human intentions. Performance was similar whether cues came from humans or… [748] (2009)Is Prison Sexual Offending Indicative of Community Risk?
Criminal Justice and Behavior Prison-only sex offenders showed a one-year violent arrest rate of 26.3% versus 9.5% for convicted sex offenders, and a five-year overall failure rate of 74.1%,… [749] (2009)Criteria-Based Content Analysis of true and suggested accounts of events
Applied Cognitive Psychology CBCA successfully discriminated true from suggested events overall, but discriminative power collapsed for participants with full false memories, where CBCA scores for true and false… [750] (2009)Stress and Deception in Speech: Evaluating Layered Voice Analysis
Journal of Forensic Sciences LVA produced hit rates no better than chance (42–56%) and false positive rates of 40–65% across all detection conditions, with sensitivity statistics confirming the system… [751] (2009)Deception and dating: Knowledge of tactics may improve detection accuracy.
Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology Knowledge of opposite-gender deception tactics significantly improved female detection accuracy, with women aware of common male deceptive strategies demonstrating superior lie detection compared to those… [752] (2009 • HONTS-SCHWEINLE)Information Gain of the CQT Over Interpersonal Deception Detection
Polygraph Used Information Gain analysis to demonstrate CQT provides significant improvement over human deception detection across nearly the complete range of base rates. [753] (2009)Effectiveness of pupil diameter in a probable-lie comparison question test for deception
Legal and Criminal Psychology Pupil diameter demonstrated significant predictive validity for deception (r = 0.61), performed comparably to traditional skin conductance measures, and showed potential as a replacement for… [754] (2009 • ESS REPLICATION)A Replication and Validation Study on an Empirically Based Manual Scoring System
Polygraph Replicated ESS validation with independent sample of confirmed cases. Results consistent with original validation studies, supporting reliability of the scoring method. [755] (2009)Electromyographic Evidence for Response Conflict in the Exclude Recognition Task
Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience Results showed 28% partial errors for probe items compared to only 2% for irrelevant items, providing direct physiological evidence that familiarity and recollection processes activate… [756] (2009)Comparison of the Objective Scoring System and Probability Analysis
NCJRS (US Government) Both the Objective Scoring System and Probability Analysis demonstrated equivalent accuracy with no significant differences in area under the ROC curve for either Zone Comparison… [757] (2009)The Functionally Separation of P300 and CNV in Lie Detection
Acta Psychologica Sinica P300 (evoked at ~450ms) remained stable across feedback conditions and reflected stimulus recognition, while CNV (evoked at ~800ms) increased significantly for guilty participants making deceptive… [758] (2009 • REPLICATION FAILURE)Functional MRI Detection of Deception After Committing a Mock Sabotage Crime
Journal of Forensic Sciences Used two mock crime paradigms sequentially. Found accuracy dropped from first to second scenario, raising concerns about reliability across different deception contexts. [759] (2009)Deception: Detection of and Brain Imaging
Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science Brain imaging studies identified consistent neural signatures of deception in prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and parietal regions, with accuracy rates typically under 90%. However, the… [760] (2009)Information gain of psychophysiological detection of deception in forensic and screening settings
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Polygraph tests demonstrated substantial improvements in information gain over unassisted laypersons across nearly the complete range of base rates of guilt in forensic settings, based… [761] (2009)The effects of asymmetric vs. symmetric probability of targets following probe and irrelevant stimuli in the complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information with P300
Physiology & Behavior No significant differences in Probe-minus-Irrelevant P300 amplitudes or individual detection rates were found between asymmetric and symmetric target probability conditions, validating the internal integrity of… [762] (2009)Cognitive lie detection: Response time and consistency of answers as cues to deception
Journal of Business and Psychology Classification accuracy reached 89% using response time and answer consistency to distinguish liars from truth-tellers after controlling for individual differences, with liars showing longer response… [763] (2009)Within-individual discrimination on the concealed information test using dynamic mixture modeling
Psychophysiology The hidden Markov discrimination method showed superior performance compared to conventional within-individual scoring approaches in a mock theft experiment with 34 participants, successfully modeling physiological… [764] (2009)Disclosing concealed information on the basis of cortical activations
NeuroImage The study achieved 84.21% accuracy in identifying subjects with concealed information based on right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation, with both sensitivity and specificity at 0.84. [765] (2008)The Validity of Polygraph Examination of an Innocent Person and a Perpetrator Administered Several Years after a Murder
European Polygraph The study assessed polygraph validity in a real murder case with examinations conducted years after the crime occurred, comparing results between innocent and guilty subjects. [766] (2008)The Behavioral Analysis Interview: Clarifying the Practice, Theory and Understanding of its Use and Effectiveness
European Polygraph The landmark 1994 field study demonstrated 91% accuracy on truthful suspects and 80% accuracy on deceptive suspects when trained evaluators used the BAI with actual… [767] (2008 • META-ANALYSIS)A Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Polygraph Test: Moderator Effects
In Psychology and Law: Bridging the Gap, 219–237 Reviewed the CQT research literature and found overall accuracy estimates above 85% across studies. Identified important moderator variables including examiner training, question format, and testing… [768] (2008)Successful detection of verbal and visual concealed knowledge using an RT-based paradigm
Applied Cognitive Psychology Both verbal and visual stimulus modalities produced equivalent detection accuracy, with face pictures achieving 91% hit rates and 3% false-alarm rates comparable to verbal phrase… [769] (2008)How to accurately detect autobiographical events
Psychological Science The aIAT achieved 91% correct classification rates at both group and individual levels, with test-retest reliability exceeding 90% and split-half reliability showing 88% agreement. The… [770] (2008)Neural correlates of true memory, false memory, and deception
Cerebral Cortex fMRI successfully differentiated deliberate deception from false memory at a group level: the left middle frontal gyrus (dorsolateral PFC) reliably indexed intentional response manipulation, while… [771] (2008)Detection of Deception by Detection “Wizards”
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Only 47 of 15,000+ tested individuals (0.3%) achieved wizard status (80%+ accuracy on 2+ tests). Wizards rely on social-emotional cognition and attention to microexpressions, body… [772] (2008)A cognitive load approach to lie detection
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling Actively imposing cognitive load through interview interventions — such as instructing interviewees to recall events in reverse chronological order — substantially increased behavioral cues to… [773] (2008)Deception Detection Expertise
Law and Human Behavior Two experts achieved 80-90% accuracy detecting deception from paroled felons' statements, showed high discrimination without response bias in signal detection analyses, and relied on nonverbal… [774] (2008)Periorbital Thermal Signal Extraction and Applications
30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference The fuzzy-based periorbital segmentation algorithm achieved an 82% deception classification success rate across four experimental runs, consistently outperforming the previous 10% hottest-pixels heuristic method by… [775] (2008)Effective Policing
Criminal Justice and Behavior The CQT cannot be considered scientifically valid due to weak theoretical foundations, bias against the innocent, and countermeasure vulnerability. Only 30-36% of surveyed scientists consider… [776] (2008)Detection of Deception in Adults
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Humans detect deception at only 54% accuracy (barely above chance), with no reliable expertise advantage for law enforcement professionals, judges, or other presumed experts compared… [777] (2008)Brute-force comparison: A Monte Carlo study of the Objective Scoring System version 3 (OSS-3) and human polygraph scorers
Polygraph OSS-3 exceeded the decision accuracy of 10 human scorers and 9 out of 10 individual scorers across six accuracy dimensions. The algorithm demonstrated perfect reliability… [778] (2008)Detection of Deception: Cognitive Load
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law The cognitive load approach is based on the premise that lying is more cognitively demanding than truth telling. By introducing mentally taxing interview techniques such… [779] (2008)Detecting Deception in Police Investigations: Implications for False Confessions
Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Most people, including trained police officers, cannot detect deception at rates significantly better than chance (approximately 54% accuracy), and officer overconfidence in their deception detection… [780] (2008)Enhancing the complex trial protocol (CTP) and detecting concealed information in a mock crime scenario
International Journal of Psychophysiology The CTP achieved greater than 90% detection accuracy across all testing conditions including when participants attempted countermeasures. Countermeasure use was detectable via elevated reaction times,… [781] (2008 • SPATIAL-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS)Detection of Deception About Multiple Concealed Mock Crime Items Based on Spatial-Temporal Analysis of ERP Amplitude
Psychophysiology Extended P300 CIT methods to detect multiple concealed items simultaneously. Achieved detection rates above 80% using spatial-temporal ERP analysis across scalp regions. [782] (2008)Multimodal Detection of Deception using Fusion of Reaction Time and P300 Component
2008 Cairo International Biomedical Engineering Conference The Bootstrapped Analysis of Reaction Time (BART) method achieved 81% accuracy, comparable to 80% for P300 wavelet analysis alone. The multimodal BART-BAD fusion method demonstrated… [783] (2008)Detection of Deception: Use of Evidence in
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Late disclosure of evidence produced 61.7% detection accuracy compared to 42.9% for early disclosure. Police trainees trained in SUE achieved 85% accuracy versus 56% for… [784] (2008)Sex Offender Management Using the Polygraph: A Critical Review
International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31(5), 423–429 Critical evaluation of PCSOT effectiveness. Acknowledged that PCSOT reliably elicits increased disclosures but questioned whether increased disclosure translates to reduced recidivism. Called the polygraph an… [785] (2008)The Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique: it's just not science. A critique to Mangan, Armitage, and Adams (2008)
Physiology & Behavior The critique identified fundamental methodological flaws including confession-based ground truth creating sampling bias, untested theoretical foundations (psychological set), bias against innocent examinees in scoring rules,… [786] (2008)Limitations to the Detection of Deception: True and False recollections are Poorly Distinguished using an Event-related Potential Procedure
Social Neuroscience Both studies found very high rates of false recognition and little evidence that brain electrical activity could distinguish true from false memories, with false recollections… [787] (2008)Detection of Deception in High-Stakes Liars
Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law High-stakes liars displayed decreased blink frequency, longer pauses, and reduced movement during deception, contradicting stereotypes about nervous fidgeting and gaze aversion. No single cue consistently… [788] (2008)On being happy and gullible: Mood effects on skepticism and the detection of deception
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Negative mood increased skepticism and significantly improved accuracy in detecting deceptive communications (F(1,38) = 11.34, p < .01 for guilty vs. innocent discrimination), while positive… [789] (2008)Electrodermal and phasic heart rate responses in the Guilty Actions Test: Comparing guilty examinees to informed and uninformed innocents
International Journal of Psychophysiology Informed participants (both guilty and innocent-aware) showed equivalent SCR and heart rate deceleration patterns to crime-relevant items, indicating that the GAT physiological response is driven… [790] (2008)Effect of two types of control questions and two question formats on the outcomes of polygraph examinations
Journal of Forensic Sciences Nonexclusive control questions achieved significantly higher accuracy rates (85% for guilty, 91% for innocent) compared to exclusive time-bar control questions (χ² = 11.46, p =… [791] (2008)Reading Between the Lies: Identifying Concealed and Falsified Emotions in Universal Facial Expressions
Psychological Science Inconsistent emotional leakage occurred in 100% of participants attempting deception, yet true microexpressions appeared in only 21.95% of participants and just 2% of all expressions… [792] (2008)The Event Knowledge Test
European Polygraph P3 responses were obtained only to counted and chosen objects in 7 of 10 valid subjects, demonstrating that recognition memory for crime-relevant items persists despite… [793] (2008)Is the Face a Window to the Soul? Investigation of the Accuracy of Intuitive Judgments of the Trustworthiness of Human Faces
Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science Intuitive trustworthiness judgments of criminal faces were at chance level (M = 48.8%), while judgments of humanitarian faces were modestly above chance (M = 62.7%);… [794] (2008)Effective Policing: Understanding How Polygraph Tests Work and Are Used
Criminal Justice and Behavior Examined how polygraph tests function in real law enforcement contexts and their practical effectiveness as investigative tools. Found that polygraph’s primary value may be in… [795] (2008)The role of deception in the P300-based concealed information test
International Journal of Psychophysiology P300 memory detection was significant even without deceptive responding, demonstrating recognition is sufficient. However, deception improved detection accuracy, suggesting it plays a modulatory rather than… [796] (2008)Evaluation of the CVSA voice stress analyzer
Journal of Forensic Sciences The CVSA's true positive rates ranged from only approximately 50–65% across all conditions while false positive rates were equally high or higher, with sensitivity statistics… [797] (2008)Evaluation of two voice stress analyzers
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Both voice stress analyzers evaluated — the CVSA and LVA — failed to detect deception or stress at rates meaningfully above chance, with sensitivity statistics… [798] (2008)Scientific status: The case for polygraph tests
In D.L. Faigman, M.J. Saks, J. Sanders, & E. Cheng (Eds.), Modern scientific evidence: The law and science of expert testimony (Vol. 5) Laboratory studies showed approximately 90% mean CQT accuracy, field studies with independent scoring showed 90.5% accuracy, and studies with original examiner scoring showed 97.5% accuracy.… [799] (2008)Does the polygraph lead to better risk prediction for sexual offenders?
Aggression and Violent Behavior The review concluded there is reasonable evidence for polygraph use in some risk assessment areas, particularly for eliciting disclosures of historical and acute-dynamic risk factors,… [800] (2008 • USAF STUDY)Effectiveness of the Air Force Modified General Question Test Format
Polygraph Validated the USAF-MGQT format with total accuracy of 83.8% and definitive accuracy of 84.9%. Demonstrated effectiveness of the military’s standard examination format. [801] (2008)Development and validation of the Objective Scoring System version 3
Polygraph OSS-3 achieved 88% average decision accuracy with balanced sensitivity and specificity, with computer algorithms providing perfect interrater reliability compared to human scorers (κ = .58–.61)… [802] (2008 • DECEPTION DETECTION)Training to Detect Deception: No Improvement with Training or Feedback
Applied Cognitive Psychology Showed that neither training nor feedback improved human deception detection significantly. Individual differences in detection ability were minimal, further supporting technological approaches. [803] (2008)Feedback-related Negativity in Outcome Evaluation with a Deception Task
Acta Psychologica Sinica Deception motivation significantly enhanced FRN amplitude and shortened latency in response to monetary losses, with dorsal ACC generating FRN and rostral ACC generating P300, suggesting… [804] (2008)The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation
Psychophysiology Pupillary changes were significantly larger when viewing emotionally arousing pictures (both pleasant and unpleasant) compared to neutral pictures, regardless of valence, indicating that pupil dilation… [805] (2008 • OSS-3 DEVELOPMENT)Objective Scoring System, Version 3 (OSS-3): Development and Validation
Polygraph Described the OSS-3 algorithm and used brute-force methods to compare accuracy against previous versions and human examiners. OSS-3 demonstrated balanced sensitivity/specificity and outperformed 10 human… [806] (2008 • ESS DEVELOPMENT)An Empirically Based Normative System for Test Data Analysis
Polygraph Introduced the Empirical Scoring System based on normative physiological data. Provided validation across 732 confirmed examinations scored by 140 examiners in 16 cohorts. [807] (2008 • TWO-STAGE APPROACH)Exploration of a Two-Stage Approach for PDD Data Analysis
Polygraph Developed two-stage scoring approach combining Grand Total and Spot Score rules. Reduced inconclusive rates while maintaining decision accuracy, adopted widely in federal practice. [808] (2008)T06-P-01 A novel lie detection technique in the assessment of testimony of sexual assault
Sexologies The authors proposed a forensic assessment protocol combining credibility evaluation with implicit memory testing using the aIAT for child sexual assault cases, building on laboratory… [809] (2008 • MEIRON ASSESSMENT)An Assessment of the Backster ‘Either-Or’ Rule in Polygraph Scoring
Polygraph Empirically tested Backster’s long-standing “Either-Or” scoring rule. Found the rule did not improve accuracy and recommended against its routine use, updating decades of practice. [810] (2008)Air Force Modified General Question Test Validation Study
Polygraph The AFMGQT produced total and definitive accuracy rates that significantly exceeded chance levels for both truthful and deceptive participants in controlled laboratory conditions, providing empirical… [811] (2008)Exploration of Feature Selection and Advanced Classification Models for High-Stakes Deception Detection
Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008) The study achieved 76% accuracy in distinguishing truthful from deceptive statements, demonstrating that careful feature selection could improve classification performance while preventing model overfitting. [812] (2008 • NEAR-CHANCE)Detection of Deception Using fMRI: Better than Chance, but Well Below Perfection
Social Neuroscience, 2(1), 1–10 Honestly titled study finding fMRI detection was significantly better than chance but far from reliable enough for forensic use. Highlighted the gap between statistical significance… [813] (2008)Playing devil's advocate: The case against fMRI lie detection
Legal and Criminological Psychology Analysis revealed great variation between study findings and crucially, an absence of replication by investigators of their own findings, indicating basic reliability issues needed resolution… [814] (2008)Improving the detection of physical countermeasures with chair sensors
Polygraph The addition of countermeasure sensors significantly improved examiners' performance in detecting physical countermeasures, while sensor information did not affect scores for examinees who were not… [815] (2008)New measures improve the accuracy of the directed-lie test when detecting deception using a mock crime
Physiology & Behavior New physiological measures improved the accuracy of directed-lie tests when detecting deception in mock crime scenarios. The study addressed previous limitations showing that respiration measures… [816] (2008)Video-Based Deception Detection
Studies in Computational Intelligence The automated system extracted behavioral features from video that performed comparably to human-coded perceptions in detecting deception, identifying behavioral profiles including agitated, over-controlled, and relaxed… [817] (2008)Combining physiological measures in the detection of concealed information
Physiology & Behavior SCR demonstrated significantly higher ROC AUC values than both HR and RLL as standalone measures; a weighted logistic regression combining all three physiological channels produced… [818] (2008)Déjà vu! The effect of previewing test items on the validity of the Concealed Information polygraph Test
Psychology, Crime & Law Previewing CIT test items with examinees prior to the formal examination did not reduce the physiological differentiation between guilty and innocent participants, directly contradicting the… [819] (2008)See no lies, hear no lies: Differences in discrimination accuracy and response bias when watching or listening to police suspect interviews
Applied Cognitive Psychology Officers listening to audio-only interviews achieved significantly higher accuracy (60%) than those watching audio-visual presentations (47%). Exposure to visual cues alone led to systematic lie… [820] (2008)Computer Mediated Negotiations and Deception
Handbook of Research on Computer Mediated Communication Individuals negotiating via instant messaging used more forcing tactics, experienced higher tension, and had significantly lower deception detection accuracy compared to face-to-face negotiators. Unexpectedly, instant… [821] (2008)Accuracy of polygraph techniques: Problems using confessions to determine ground truth
Physiology & Behavior Confession-based field studies produce invalid accuracy estimates because the criterion (confession) and test outcome are not independent, with the method virtually guaranteeing matching results and… [822] (2008)Detecting Lies and Deceit: Pitfalls and Opportunities
Interpersonal Communication Most widely-believed deception cues are unreliable, with 75% of examined cues showing no association with deception. Human lie-truth discrimination averages 54% accuracy, while Control Question… [823] (2008)Increasing cognitive load to facilitate lie detection: The benefit of recalling an event in reverse order
Law and Human Behavior Liars interviewed in reverse chronological order were detected with 60% accuracy compared to 42% in forward order—a 42% improvement. Reverse order interviews produced amplified diagnostic… [824] (2007)Cues to deception and ability to detect lies as a function of police interview styles
Law and Human Behavior Accusatory interviews produced the fewest verbal cues to deceit and resulted in significantly more false accusations of innocent suspects compared to information-gathering interviews. Reality Monitoring… [825] (2007)The Comparison Question Test: Does It Work and If So How?
Law and Human Behavior Investigated the theoretical mechanisms underlying CQT effectiveness. Examined the role of comparison questions in calibrating physiological responses. Provided experimental evidence for the psychological processes driving… [826] (2007)Imaging Facial Physiology for the Detection of Deceit
International Journal of Computer Vision The automated periorbital thermal imaging system achieved 87.2% overall deception classification accuracy across 39 subjects in a realistic mock-crime scenario, with detection rates of 87.5%… [827] (2007)Forehead Thermal Signature Extraction in Lie Detection
Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS The forehead thermal channel achieved a 76.3% success rate in classifying deceptive states in a 38-subject mock-crime sample, confirming the corrugator muscle's supraorbital vasculature as… [828] (2007)Startling secrets: Startle eye blink modulation by concealed crime information
Biological Psychology Reduced startle modulation to crime pictures occurred only when participants inhibited physiological responding, suggesting that both orienting and inhibition processes contribute to CIT effects, challenging… [829] (2007 • RECIDIVISM COMPARISON)Outcomes in a Community Sex Offender Treatment Program: Polygraphed vs. Non-Polygraphed Offenders
Sexual Abuse Compared recidivism outcomes between polygraphed and matched non-polygraphed sex offenders. Polygraphed offenders showed significantly lower violent recidivism rates, though sexual recidivism differences were not significant. [830] (2007)An Investigation of Heuristics of Human Judgment in Detecting Deception and Potential Implications in Countering Social Engineering
2007 IEEE Intelligence and Security Informatics An automated system using discriminant analysis significantly outperformed human judges in detecting deception, validating the potential of computational tools to overcome inherent human cognitive biases… [831] (2007)Polygraph Testing
Beyond Common Sense Field research shows the CQT correctly identifies only 55-57% of innocent suspects, meaning 43-45% are falsely classified as deceptive. Scientific surveys reveal that fewer than… [832] (2007)Assessment Criteria Indicative of Deception (ACID): An integrated system of investigative interviewing and detecting deception
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling The ACID system achieved 86.8% classification accuracy. Honest respondents provided longer, more detailed statements and benefited from recall mnemonics, while deceptive respondents gave shorter, more… [833] (2007)Lie detection - recovery of the periorbital signal through tandem tracking and noise suppression in thermal facial video
International Journal of Computer Vision The tandem CONDENSATION tracker-based system achieved 87.2% accuracy in classifying deceptive versus truthful subjects, matching the performance of highly trained polygraph experts while operating in… [834] (2007)On lie detection "Wizards."
Law and Human Behavior Statistical modeling revealed that 29 'wizards' performing at 80%+ accuracy could emerge by chance alone from large-scale sequential testing of 12,000 individuals, challenging claims of… [835] (2007 – 2011)Development of the Objective Scoring System (OSS) and Empirical Scoring System (ESS)
Polygraph Developed and validated the OSS and ESS computerized scoring methods, resulting in more objective and stable analysis of psychophysiological outcomes. These systems replaced subjective hand-scoring… [836] (2007)Unicorns or Tiger Woods: Are lie detection experts myths or rarities? A response to On lie detection "Wizards' by Bond and Uysal.
Law and Human Behavior O'Sullivan rebutted claims that wizard-level performance was due to chance, demonstrating that profession-specific patterns of expertise (therapists excelling at emotion detection, law enforcement at crime… [837] (2007)The P300 is sensitive to concealed face recognition
International Journal of Psychophysiology P300-based CIT successfully detected concealed face recognition under high-familiarity and deceptive-intent conditions, but mere recognition alone without concealment motivation was insufficient to produce reliable detection. [838] (2007)Single versus multiple probe blocks of P300-based concealed information tests for self-referring versus incidentally obtained information
Biological Psychology The single-probe protocol showed marginally superior detection sensitivity (p<.07) compared to the multiple-probe protocol, attributed to lower cognitive task demand. Self-referring information was better detected… [839] (2007)Moderators of nonverbal indicators of deception: a meta-analytic synthesis
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Only nodding, hand/finger movements, and leg/foot movements showed reliable associations with deception, all decreasing during lies (effect sizes: d = -0.18, -0.38, -0.14 respectively). No… [840] (2007)Assessing the Validity of Voice Stress Analysis Tools in a Jail Setting
NCJRS (US Government) This was the first field study to evaluate VSA technology with objective ground truth verification in a high-stakes environment where subjects had genuine motivation to… [841] (2007)Selected aspects of uncertainty in polygraph examination
European Polygraph The study identifies multiple sources of uncertainty in polygraph examinations that can impact test reliability and accuracy. [842] (2006)Challenging interviewees during interviews: The potential effects on lie detection
Psychology, Crime & Law The most significant behavioral differences between liars and truth tellers emerged in Phase 3 after returning to information-gathering style (η² = 0.49, p<0.01), supporting the… [843] (2006)Comparison of evidentiary and investigative decision rules: A replication
Polygraph Evidentiary Decision Rules outperformed Investigative Decision Rules on accuracy, inconclusive rate reduction, and error balance, replicating and confirming the findings of the prior Krapohl (2005)… [844] (2006)P300-based detection of concealed autobiographical versus incidentally acquired information in target and non-target paradigms
International Journal of Psychophysiology Autobiographical probe items generated larger P300 amplitudes and higher detection rates than incidentally acquired information; removal of target stimuli did not improve accuracy, contradicting cognitive… [845] (2006)Facial Skin Surface Temperature Changes During a Concealed Information Test
Annals of Biomedical Engineering Facial skin surface temperature measured by a focal plane array thermal imaging radiometer significantly differentiated deceptive from non-deceptive participants in both experiments, with combined bilateral… [846] (2006)Wavelet analysis for EEG feature extraction in deception detection
2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Wavelet analysis detected significant differences between deceptive and truthful responses in beta-band activity during the P300 time window, while conventional ERP analysis failed to reveal… [847] (2006)Finger pulse waveform length in the detection of concealed information
International Journal of Psychophysiology FPWL achieved detection accuracy comparable to established measures (SCR .70–.84, RLL .73–.82), with improved performance when measures were combined. FPWL showed potential resistance to habituation… [848] (2006)Silent talker: a new computer-based system for the analysis of facial cues to deception
Applied Cognitive Psychology The Silent Talker system achieved 74% accuracy (p < 0.001) classifying individual deceptive responses and 80% accuracy (p = 0.035) for overall interview classifications in… [849] (2006)Accuracy and Utility of Post-Conviction Polygraph Testing of Sex Offenders
British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 479–483 Examined both accuracy and clinical utility of PCSOT in the British context. Found that polygraph testing produces actionable information for risk management regardless of the… [850] (2006)Polygraph Pilot Study: Final Report
Polygraph offenders had 14 times greater odds of making clinically significant disclosures compared to comparison offenders, with the majority of disclosures occurring during polygraph sessions… [851] (2006)Nonverbal Communication and Deception
The SAGE Handbook of Nonverbal Communication Only 28% of nonverbal cues showed any significant relationship with deception, with small average effect sizes (d = .25). People's lie detection accuracy averages just… [852] (2006)To act truthfully: Nonverbal behaviour and strategies during a police interrogation
Psychology, Crime & Law No differences in nonverbal behaviors distinguished liars from truth tellers during lengthy, high-stakes police interrogations, despite liars experiencing greater internal stress. Both groups adopted similar… [853] (2006)The use of voice in security evaluations
Journal of Credibility Assessment and Witness Psychology Commercial voice stress analyzer technologies, including the PSE, CVSA, and LVA systems, consistently performed at chance levels in detecting both deception and stress, with professional… [854] (2006)Accuracy of deception judgements
Personality and Social Psychology Review Humans detect lies at only 54% accuracy (barely above chance), with better performance on truths (61%) than lies (47%). Accuracy varies more by sender characteristics… [855] (2006 • MOTIVATION STUDY)The Effects of Motivation on the Detection of Deception in CQT
Psychophysiology Examined how participant motivation levels affect CQT accuracy. Found higher motivation produced larger physiological differences between truth and deception, supporting real-world generalizability. [856] (2006)Deception Detection Accuracy is a Predictable Linear Function of Message Veracity Base-Rate: A Formal Test of Park and Levine's Probability Model
Communication Monographs The Park-Levine model successfully predicted detection accuracy across all eight base-rate conditions, explaining 24% of variance. In the 50-50 condition, participants showed 67% accuracy for… [857] (2006)Surface features of utterances, credibility judgments, and memory
Memory & Cognition Intonation of utterances continues to influence delayed credibility assessments and these effects depend on listening strategies, while people have difficulty using pause length for delayed… [858] (2006)The court of public opinion: Lay perceptions of polygraph testing
Law and Human Behavior Jury-eligible adults did not find polygraph evidence persuasive and showed no significant differences in guilt judgments between conditions with passed polygraph evidence, failed polygraph evidence,… [859] (2006)Validated polygraph techniques
Polygraph The paper identified which polygraph techniques met validation standards circa 2006, but sparked controversy by including techniques with low accuracy for truthful examinees while excluding… [860] (2006)Validation Studies for the Preliminary Credibility Assessment Screening System (PCASS)
DoDPI Research Reports The research provided initial empirical validation of PCASS as a portable credibility assessment tool designed for minimal training requirements and field deployment in military contexts. [861] (2006)Personality factors in human deception detection: comparing human to machine performance
Interspeech 2006 Human judges performed worse than chance and worse than automated machine learning systems when detecting deception from audio interviews. Personality factors measured by the NEO… [862] (2006 • P300 GKT COMPARISON)A Comparison of Methods for ERP Assessment in a P300-Based GKT
International Journal of Psychophysiology Compared three classifiers for P300-based detection achieving 74–80% correct detection rates. Demonstrated potential of ERP methods though accuracy remained below traditional polygraph. [863] (2006)Paraverbal indicators of deception: a meta-analytic synthesis
Applied Cognitive Psychology Only 2 of 9 paraverbal speech behaviors showed reliable associations with deception in weighted analyses. Small effect sizes and substantial heterogeneity across contexts indicate limited… [864] (2006)Integrated zone comparison polygraph technique accuracy with scoring algorithms
Physiology & Behavior All three algorithms achieved 100% accuracy when inconclusive results were excluded. When inconclusives were counted as errors, ASIT Poly Suite achieved 90% accuracy while PolyScore… [865] (2006)Psychophysiological and vocal measures in the detection of guilty knowledge
International Journal of Psychophysiology The study provided one of the first rigorous laboratory tests comparing traditional psychophysiological measures against commercial VSA technology like TrusterPro. [866] (2006)Lie Detection Assessments as Evidence in Criminal Courts
Law and PsychologyCurrent Legal Issues Volume 9 The chapter concludes that neither the Control Question Test nor Statement Validity Analysis fully satisfy Daubert criteria for routine courtroom admissibility. While both detect deception… [867] (2006)Voice Stress Analysis Instrument Evaluation
University of Florida / CIFA Both CVSA and LVA voice stress analyzers demonstrated chance-level accuracy in detecting deception and stress, with false positive rates of 40-65%, indicating no scientific validity… [868] (2005)The Impact of Averaging Assigned Scores on Polygraph Decision Accuracy
Polygraph Averaging assigned scores from multiple evaluators prior to the decision stage did not consistently or significantly improve ZCT decision accuracy compared to the traditional individual… [869] (2005)The detection of deception with the reality monitoring approach: A review of the empirical evidence
Psychology, Crime & Law Individual RM criteria showed inconsistent performance across studies, with temporal and spatial details demonstrating stronger discriminative power than criteria such as cognitive operations and clarity/vividness.… [870] (2005)Language of lies in prison: Linguistic classification of inmates' truthful and deceptive natural language
Applied Cognitive Psychology Automated linguistic analysis achieved 69.7-71.1% accuracy in classifying prisoner statements, with software showing unbiased criteria while human judges (especially younger prisoners) exhibited decision bias. Spatial… [871] (2005)Distinguishing Deceptive from Non-Deceptive Speech
Interspeech 2005 - Eurospeech Machine learning classifiers achieved approximately 70% accuracy in distinguishing truthful from deceptive speech, outperforming human judges by 12 percentage points. Contrary to conventional wisdom, filled… [872] (2005)Detecting deception via strategic disclosure of evidence
Law and Human Behavior Late disclosure of evidence improved overall detection accuracy to 61.7% compared to 42.9% for early disclosure. Deceptive statements were identified with 67.6% accuracy in the… [873] (2005)'I'd know a false confession if I saw one': A comparative study of college students and police investigators
Law and Human Behavior Neither students nor police could reliably detect false confessions, achieving only 54% accuracy (chance level). Police were more confident but also more biased toward presuming… [874] (2005)On the psychology of confessions: Does innocence put innocents at risk?
American Psychologist Innocent suspects waive Miranda rights at 81% compared to 36% for guilty suspects, and interrogators exert significantly more pressure on innocent suspects due to confirmation… [875] (2005)Behavioral and physiological measures in the detection of concealed information
Journal of Applied Psychology Skin conductance response (SCR) reliably detected concealed information across both paradigms, but reaction time (RT) differentiated relevant from neutral items only when the critical words… [876] (2005)Psychopathic traits and autonomic responding to concealed information in a prison sample
Psychophysiology Prisoners scoring high on the Impulsive Antisociality factor (PPI-II) of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory exhibited reduced electrodermal responding to concealed information, indicating that CIT sensitivity… [877] (2005)Deception: The Role of Consequences
American Economic Review Lying rates varied systematically with payoff structures: 17% when sender gained minimally and harmed receiver substantially, 36% at moderate stakes, and 52% when both parties… [878] (2005)Functional MRI Could Become Lie Detector
Clinical Psychiatry News fMRI and polygraph both accurately identified deceptive responses in all cases. Deception activated 14 brain areas while truth-telling activated only 7, suggesting lying is a… [879] (2005 • EVIDENTIARY RULES)Polygraph Decision Rules for Evidentiary and Paired Testing (Marin Protocol)
Polygraph Established decision rules specifically for evidentiary-quality polygraph examinations, with more conservative cutscores to minimize errors in legal contexts. [880] (2005)Effects of prior demonstrations of polygraph accuracy on outcomes of probable-lie and directed-lie polygraph tests
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The stimulation test with effective feedback increased probable-lie test accuracy to 90% and directed-lie test accuracy to 83%. Probable-lie tests benefited from the demonstration alone,… [881] (2005 • INDIVIDUAL DETECTION)Telling Truth from Lie in Individual Subjects with Fast Event-Related fMRI
Human Brain Mapping First quantitative estimate of fMRI deception detection in individuals. Achieved 78% accuracy at single-event level and 85% AUC using receiver operating characteristic analysis. [882] (2005 • MOCK CRIME fMRI)Detecting Deception Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Biological Psychology / Psychiatry Mock crime fMRI study achieving 90% accuracy in identifying deceptive subjects at the individual level. Demonstrated potential for real-world forensic application of brain imaging. [883] (2005 • MACHINE LEARNING)Classifying Spatial Patterns of Brain Activity with Machine Learning Methods: Application to Lie Detection
NeuroImage Applied machine learning to fMRI data achieving up to 100% within-subject and 88% cross-subject classification. Demonstrated potential of multivariate pattern analysis for deception detection. [884] (2004)A Review of the Current Scientific Status and Fields of Application of Polygraphic Deception Detection
BPS Report (26/05/04) Official UK scientific assessment by the British Psychological Society. Reviewed the evidence base across multiple polygraph applications and provided recommendations for potential UK adoption, laying… [885] (2004)Musical mood induction and its effects on lie detection accuracy
PsycEXTRA Dataset Specific quantitative findings are unavailable as the original conference presentation could not be located for review. The study likely examined how different mood states influenced… [886] (2004)Orienting to guilty knowledge
Cognition & Emotion Probe response times were significantly slower on guilty knowledge trials than neutral trials across all three experiments, demonstrating that crime-relevant stimuli produce a general interruption… [887] (2004)Effects of outside issues on the control question test
Journal of General Psychology Outside issues had a strong differential impact on innocent participants, dramatically moving their scores toward deception by more than one standard deviation, while guilty participants… [888] (2004)Deception detection: Psychologists try to learn how to spot a liar
Science News Across hundreds of laboratory studies, humans distinguish truths from lies at only 55% accuracy—barely better than chance. Common stereotypes like gaze aversion show no correlation… [889] (2004)Female deception detection as a function of commitment and self-awareness
Personality and Individual Differences Females not in committed relationships were significantly better at detecting males 'faking good' compared to committed females. Private self-awareness correlated significantly with deception detection ability,… [890] (2004)A Pilot Study of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Correlates of Deception in Healthy Young Men
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Group-level fMRI analysis revealed consistent deception-related activation in the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, with EDA changes correlated to BOLD signal in these regions;… [891] (2004)Deception detection under varying electronic media and warning conditions
37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the People were extremely successful at deceiving others regardless of medium used, and only receivers who were warned beforehand had a realistic chance of detecting lies.… [892] (2004)A comparison of polygraph data obtained from individuals involved in mock crimes and actual criminal investigations
Journal of Applied Psychology While laboratory and field examinees exhibited salient differences in electrodermal, cardiovascular, and respiratory response magnitudes, logistic regression classification accuracy did not significantly differ between settings,… [893] (2004)True or false: ‘I'd know a false confession if I saw one’
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts Neither college students nor police investigators could reliably distinguish true from false confessions at levels above chance. Police were more confident and showed a guilty… [894] (2004)Discerning lies from truths: Behavioural cues to deception and the indirect pathway of intuition
In: Granhag, P.A., Strömwall, L. (Eds.), The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts Behavioral cues to deception are generally weak and unreliable, with many behaviors showing no discernible links to deceit. Human accuracy in detecting lies from behavior… [895] (2004)Children report suggested events even when interviewed in a non‐suggestive manner: what are its implications for credibility assessment?
Applied Cognitive Psychology CBCA criteria showed few significant differences between true and fictitious statements after repeated suggestive interviews, with experts unable to reliably discriminate between genuine and suggested… [896] (2004)Police Officers’ Lie Detection Accuracy: Interrogating Freely Versus Observing Video
Police Quarterly Police officers failed to detect deception better than chance in both conditions, with no accuracy advantage for active interrogation over passive observation. Interrogators showed a… [897] (2004)Reality monitoring and the detection of deception
In Granhag, P.A., & Strömwall, L.A. (Eds.), Deception detection in forensic contexts Knowledge of RM criteria improved detection accuracy to 69% versus 53-59% for intuitive judgments. Clarity, temporal information, and realism emerged as the most effective discrimination… [898] (2004)Positions of truthfully answered controls on control question tests with the polygraph
Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science Control questions answered truthfully could effectively differentiate guilty from innocent participants, but only when presented before relevant questions. When relevant questions came first, most participants… [899] (2004)Nonverbal Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts
Handbook of Forensic Psychology Only 0.25% of people tested (50 out of 20,000) qualified as Truth Wizards achieving 80% deception detection accuracy versus 50% average. The ability to detect… [900] (2004)Efficacy of Detecting Deception in Psychopaths Using a Polygraph
Polygraph The review addressed a critical gap in understanding psychopaths' susceptibility to polygraph testing despite theoretical concerns about their reduced emotional reactivity and lack of anxiety. [901] (2004)The psychophysiological detection of deception
In: The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts (Granhag & Strömwall, Eds.) Research evidence suggested polygraph testing achieves approximately 90% accuracy in forensic settings, representing substantial improvement over unaided human deception detection, though voice stress analysis lacks… [902] (2004 • REPLICATION)A Replication Study of the Neural Correlates of Deception
Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 852–856 Successfully replicated earlier fMRI deception findings. Confirmed anterior cingulate and prefrontal activation during deception is a robust and replicable finding. [903] (2004)Estimation of blood flow speed and vessel location from thermal video
IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition The study successfully demonstrated that blood flow speed and subsurface vessel location could be quantitatively estimated from thermal video using inverse bioheat modeling, with potential… [904] (2004)Response-Specific Scalp Distributions in Deception Detection and ERP Correlates of Psychopathic Personality Traits
Journal of Psychophysiology P300-based detection using bootstrapped peak-to-peak amplitudes correctly identified 100% of low psychopathic trait and 92% of high psychopathic trait participants, with both groups showing malingering-related… [905] (2004)"Intuitive" Lie Detection of Children's Deception by Law Enforcement Officials and University Students.
Law and Human Behavior Police officers, customs officers, and university students all performed at or below chance levels (44-51% accuracy) detecting children's deception in standard interviews. Accuracy improved to… [906] (2004)A Comparison of Polygraph Data Evaluation Conventions Used at the University of Utah and the Department of Defense Polygraph Institute
Polygraph All scorers achieved highest accuracy using University of Utah chart evaluation rules regardless of training institution, demonstrating that scoring conventions rather than examiner skill accounted… [907] (2004)The Relationship Between Facial Skin Surface Temperature Reactivity and Traditional Polygraph Measures Used in the Psychophysiological Detection of Deception: A Preliminary Investigation
Polygraph Combined polygraph and thermal imaging achieved 92% accuracy compared to 88% for polygraph alone and 70% for thermal imaging alone, with periorbital and nasal regions… [908] (2003 • LANDMARK GOVERNMENT REVIEW)The Polygraph and Lie Detection
Government & Policy Documents The most comprehensive government review ever conducted. Examined approximately 80 research studies. Concluded that specific-incident polygraph tests “can discriminate lying from truth telling at rates… [909] (2003)Relative efficacy of the Utah, Backster, and federal scoring rules: A preliminary investigation
Polygraph The Backster scoring system produced larger negative values and an imbalance in conclusive scores compared to Utah and Federal systems, but no meaningful difference in… [910] (2003)Estimating the validity of the guilty knowledge test from simulated experiments: The external validity of mock crime studies
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Realistic mock crime procedures produced lower recall rates and weaker GKT detection efficiency compared to standard procedures where participants were told crime details in advance.… [911] (2003)Cues to deception
Psychological Bulletin Only 14 of 50 frequently examined cues (28%) showed significant relationships with deception, with small average effect sizes (d = .25). Liars appeared less forthcoming,… [912] (2003)Book Section: Essay and Review: The Polygraph and Lie Detection
The Journal of Psychiatry & Law The NRC concluded that specific-incident polygraph tests perform above chance but well below perfection, with accuracy for security screening insufficient to justify reliance in federal… [913] (2003)Automated Scoring of Polygraph Data
Statistical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery With a simplified logistic regression approach using carefully selected features from electrodermal, cardiovascular, and respiratory channels, the study achieved classification accuracy rates comparable to more… [914] (2003)Misrepresentation of pain and facial expressi
Malingering and illness deception Human observers showed poor accuracy (approximately 49%) at discriminating genuine from faked pain expressions, while objective FACS coding revealed that faked pain displays more facial… [915] (2003)The Concealed Information Test as a Tool for Investigating Hidden Knowledge of Crime-Relevant Information
Journal of Applied Psychology Police interrogators' judgments supported the CQT inference rule that guilty suspects show greater concern about relevant questions while innocent suspects are more concerned about control… [916] (2003)Partners in crime: How liars in collusion betray themselves
Journal of Applied Social Psychology Lying pair members were more consistent between themselves than truth-telling pair members, while individual liars and truth tellers showed equal within-person consistency over time. Truth… [917] (2003)To Catch a Liar: Challenges for Research in Lie Detection Training
Journal of Applied Communication Research Training significantly raised lie detection accuracy rates with a mean effect size of r = .20, improving accuracy from baseline 54% to approximately 58%. However,… [918] (2003)CIT and Countermeasures
Journal of Applied Psychology Found that compared with CQT, there is less evidence that individuals tested through CIT could employ countermeasures to alter results. CIT demonstrated greater resistance to… [919] (2003 • NRC ASSESSMENT)Countermeasures Assessment (NRC Chapter 6)
The Polygraph and Lie Detection, National Academies Press, Ch. 6 NRC concluded “countermeasures pose a serious threat” because all physiological indicators can be altered by conscious effort. However, noted limited evidence on countermeasure effectiveness in… [920] (2003)Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic styles
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin The LIWC classification model achieved 67% accuracy when topic was constant and 61% overall accuracy across all studies—significantly better than chance (50%) and untrained human… [921] (2003)Positive and Negative Predictive Values of Polygraphs: Results from published field studies
Sandia National Laboratories Analysis of field study data reveals limitations in polygraph predictive values when applied to populations with low base rates of deception. [922] (2003)Is the inference rule of the control question polygraph technique plausible?
Psychology, Crime & Law Police interrogators' judgments supported the CQT inference rule, and field data showed truthful outcomes were more common than critics predicted, suggesting lower false positive rates… [923] (2003)MY RIGHT I: DECEPTION DETECTION AND HEMISPHERIC DIFFERENCES IN SELF-AWARENESS
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal A significant left ear/right hemisphere advantage (p < .004) was found for detecting whether statements were true or false, supporting the hypothesis that deception detection… [924] (2003)Concealed knowledge tests employed in field practice
Overall effect size was d = 1.55, with mock-crime studies producing d = 2.09. Under optimal conditions (mock crime, motivation, deceptive responses, ≥5 questions), effect… [925] (2002)Polygraph Fails Scientific Review in the USA
The Lancet The NRC report concluded that polygraph screening equates to voodooism, is scientifically weak, easily defeated by countermeasures, and may undermine security through false confidence, though… [926] (2002)Polygraph Testing Too Flawed for Security Screening
PsycEXTRA Dataset The report concluded that while specific-incident polygraph tests perform above chance, polygraph accuracy for screening is insufficient to justify reliance on it in federal security… [927] (2002)Seeing through the face of deception
Nature The thermal imaging system correctly categorized 83% of 20 subjects (75% sensitivity for guilty, 90% specificity for innocent), compared to 70% overall accuracy for traditional… [928] (2002)Erratum: Seeing through the face of deception
Nature The erratum clarified that the false-positive rate in the small thermal imaging study might preclude large-scale security screening applications, tempering the original study's optimistic claims… [929] (2002)Does the Confession Criterion in Case Selection Inflate Polygraph Accuracy Estimates?
Forensic Science Communications The study found no statistically significant differences in polygraph detectability between confession-verified and non-confession-verified guilty subjects, indicating that the confession criterion does not inflate polygraph… [930] (2002)The role of psychophysiology in clinical assessment: ERPs in the evaluation of memory
Psychophysiology ERP-based memory assessment using P300 can support statistically reliable individual-level memory determinations via bootstrapping and Bayesian methods; application to DID patients demonstrated that ERP evidence… [931] (2002)Voice Stress Devices and the Detection of Lies
Policy Review (IACP National Law Enforcement Policy Center) Independent scientific research consistently found voice stress devices to be unreliable for deception detection, with the CVSA achieving only 38.7% accuracy compared to 62.5% for… [932] (2002)Will the truth come out? The effect of deception, age, status, coaching, and social skills on CBCA scores
Law and Human Behavior CBCA scores discriminated truth from lies across age groups and roles, but only when liars were uninformed about CBCA criteria. When coached about the criteria,… [933] (2002)Supplement 2002–2012 – Forensic Psychophysiology Using The Polygraph: Scientific Truth Verification – Lie Detection
Choice Reviews Online Field validation studies consolidated in the supplement showed the Quadri-Track ZCT achieved 96.5-100% accuracy with inconclusives reduced from 34.5% to as low as 1.4%, including… [934] (2002)What is the current truth about polygraph lie detection?
Basic and Applied Social Psychology The CQT meets only one of five core validity criteria (coding objectivity). Published evidence does not allow item analysis, the decision model remains unspecified, predictive… [935] (2002)The Effects of Augmented Physiological Feedback on Detection of Deception
Augmented physiological feedback decreased habituation rates and improved discrimination between innocent and guilty participants, with effects persisting across multiple test charts, suggesting feedback manipulation can… [936] (2002)Human behaviour: Seeing through the face of deception
Nature Thermal imaging of the periorbital region achieved 84% classification accuracy in detecting deception during mock crime interrogations, with performance comparable to traditional polygraph examination, though… [937] (2002)Computerized Polygraph System
Journal of Forensic Sciences The CPS algorithm demonstrated accuracy rates of 95-96% on confirmed truthful cases and 85-95% on deceptive cases in field validation studies, performing comparably to or… [938] (2002)washington Polygraph fails scientific review in the USA
The Lancet The NAS report equated polygraph screening with voodooism, finding it worthless for security screening and easily defeated by countermeasures, while acknowledging above-chance accuracy only for… [939] (2002 • IMPLICIT MEASURES)Detecting Deception with Implicit Behavioral Measures
Psychophysiology Explored implicit measures (reaction times, IAT) as supplements to physiological deception detection. Found promising but modest detection rates, suggesting potential as auxiliary measures. [940] (2002)Event-related potentials in the detection of deception, malingering, and false memories
Handbook of Polygraph Testing P300-based methods achieved 92-100% accuracy in detecting malingered amnesia and successfully identified concealed information through involuntary brain responses. P300 latency distinguished real memories from false… [941] (2002)Suspects, lies and videotape: An analysis of authentic high-stakes liars
Law and Human Behavior Suspects blinked less frequently and made longer pauses during deceptive statements compared to truthful statements, while maintaining equal eye contact in both conditions. These findings… [942] (2002 • COUNTERMEASURE DETECTION)Detection of Subjects Employing Directed Countermeasures on the Comparison Question Test
Legal and Criminological Psychology Investigated whether countermeasure use could itself be detected. Found that some countermeasure behaviors produced distinctive physiological patterns detectable by experienced examiners. [943] (2002)Effects of questions' repetition and variation on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test: A reexamination
Journal of Applied Psychology Electrodermal detection efficiency showed a dramatic monotonic increase with question diversity, achieving ROC areas of 0.68, 0.81, and 0.99 for conditions with 1, 4, and… [944] (2002)Group and individual accuracy in deception detection
Communication Research Reports Small group judgments were more accurate than individual judgments when detecting lies but not when identifying truths, indicating an asymmetric benefit of collaborative decision-making in… [945] (2002 • THERMOGRAPHY)Thermal Image Analysis for Polygraph Testing
IEEE Journals Seminal thermal imaging study finding periorbital warming during deception detectable by infrared cameras. Proposed non-contact alternative to traditional polygraph. [946] (2002)The Development of Deception Detection Skill: A Longitudinal Study of Same-Sex Friends
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Deception detection accuracy improved only for emotionally close friend pairs over a 5-month period; less close pairs became more suspicious without gaining accuracy. Indirect measures… [947] (2002)Investigation and Evaluation of Voice Stress Analysis Technology
NCJRS (US Government) This represented one of the first rigorous government assessments of commercial VSA systems, addressing a critical gap in scientific literature regarding voice analysis for deception… [948] (2002)A critical review of the control questions test (CQT)
The CQT was found to lack adequate scientific validation, failing to satisfy major Daubert criteria. Key problems included absence of proper theoretical foundation, inadequate control… [949] (2001)The Rank Order Scoring System: Replication and Extension with Field Data
Polygraph ROSS achieved 80.3% accuracy with inconclusives and 91.6% without them in a 300-case field sample, showing no statistically significant difference in accuracy compared to traditional… [950] (2001)A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of CIT Research Using MacLaren’s Data
Psychophysiology Laboratory research meta-analysis on the Concealed Information Test / Guilty Knowledge Test, providing data later incorporated into the APA 2011 meta-analytic review. Confirmed strong discrimination… [951] (2001)The Effects of Varying Stake and Cognitive Complexity on Beliefs About the Cues to Deception
International Journal of Police Science and Management Police officers and students showed remarkably similar deception beliefs with no expertise advantage. While stake level influenced expected verbal behaviors in high-stakes scenarios, cognitive complexity… [952] (2001)Respiratory changes during detection of deception
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Respiratory responses to deception showed inhibitory breathing characterized by decreased expiratory volume and minute ventilation, contrasting sharply with the hyperventilation pattern observed during general stress… [953] (2001)New Decision Rule Development: Exploration of a Two-Stage Approach
DoDPI Research Reports The Two-Stage Rule (TSR) successfully reduced the proportion of inconclusive polygraph test results while maintaining classification accuracy equivalent to the Grand Total Rule alone, with… [954] (2001)The face of fear
The Lancet Acute fear produced a consistent, measurable increase in periorbital facial temperature detectable by thermal camera, with subsequent work confirming the technique's accuracy is comparable to… [955] (2001)Pz-recorded P300 is highly accurate and sensitive to a memorial manipulation in an objective laboratory Guilty Knowledge Test
Psychophysiology Pz-recorded P300 amplitudes remained highly accurate and sensitive indicators of guilty knowledge even one month after the mock crime, while reaction time measures showed degraded… [956] (2001)Psycho-legal scholars report positive attitudes towards polygraph validity
Paper presented at the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association, Reno, NV Psycho-legal scholars reported positive attitudes toward polygraph validity, providing evidence that the most legally relevant scientific community — those working at the intersection of psychology… [957] (2001)Nonlinear Feature Based Classification of Speech under Stress
IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing The TEO-CB-Auto-Env feature substantially outperformed traditional pitch and MFCC features, achieving consistent classification rates of 73.9%–85.2% across different stress styles and maintaining performance in both… [958] (2001)Deception Detection: Interrogators' and Observers' Decoding of Consecutive Statements
The Journal of Psychology Consistency over time was by far the most commonly used cue for veracity judgments, yet deceptive statements were at least equally consistent as truthful statements.… [959] (2001)Psychophysiological differentiation of deception: The effects of electrodermal lability and mode of responding on skin conductance and heart rate
International Journal of Psychophysiology The psychophysiological deception differentiation effect was robustly replicated under low emotional-stakes conditions, and was extended beyond skin conductance to phasic heart rate; electrodermal lability and… [960] (2001)The case for peak-to-peak measurement of P300 recorded at .3 hz high pass filter settings in detection of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology The 0.3 Hz high-pass filter combined with peak-to-peak P300 amplitude measurement achieved 100% correct classification (26/26) in a laboratory deception paradigm, yielding on average 20%… [961] (2001)Comparison of Skin Conductance and Skin Resistance Measures for the Detection of Deception
The research demonstrated that stimulation pretests can contribute to increased polygraph test accuracy. The study also provided comparative data on skin conductance versus skin resistance… [962] (2001)Voice stress analysis and evaluation
Proceedings of SPIE 4232, Enabling Technologies for Law Enforcement and Security The Air Force Research Laboratory evaluation found that commercial VSA systems could detect physiological stress in the voice with high accuracy, but failed to prove… [963] (2001)Telling and detecting lies in a high-stake situation: the case of a convicted murderer
Applied Cognitive Psychology Police officers showed 70% accuracy detecting truthful statements but only 57% accuracy detecting lies in authentic high-stakes scenarios, and officers relying on stereotypical deception cues… [964] (2001)Who's Telling Lies: Detecting Deception in Interview Situations
Security Journal Experienced professionals detect deception at rates barely above chance (approximately 54-56% accuracy), show no improvement with experience, and display unwarranted confidence in their judgments despite… [965] (2001 • BEHAVIORAL CUES)Cues to Deception: A Meta-Analysis of Behavioral Indicators
Psychological Bulletin Massive meta-analysis of 116 studies examining behavioral deception cues. Found most behavioral cues are weak or unreliable, explaining why human deception detection is near chance… [966] (2001)A comparative analysis of polygraph with other screening and diagnostic tools
Department of Defense Polygraph Institute, Research Support Service For field screening, polygraph demonstrated sensitivity of .59 and specificity of .92, with inter-rater reliability (kappa = .77) exceeding physicians (.56) and nearly matching psychologists… [967] (2001)Deception detection based on repeated interrogations
Legal and Criminological Psychology Lie-catchers given access to multiple statements did not outperform those with single statements, yet repeated interrogations inflated confidence in judgments. Consistency over time was the… [968] (2001)Who killed my relative? Police officers' ability to detect real-life high-stake lies
Psychology, Crime & Law Police officers performed no better than chance at detecting the high-stakes lies. Accuracy was unrelated to confidence, age, or professional experience, though experienced interviewers showed… [969] (2001)Differentiation of deception using pupillary responses as an index of cognitive processing
Psychophysiology Task-evoked pupil dilation was significantly greater when participants confabulated responses compared to truthful responses for both episodic and semantic memory questions, indicating that deception imposes… [970] (2001)The case for peak-to-peak measurement of P300 recorded at 0.3 Hz high pass filter settings in detection of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology The combination of 0.3 Hz filter settings with peak-to-peak P300 measurement achieved 100% correct classification (26/26 participants) in a laboratory deception paradigm, significantly outperforming all… [971] (2001)Effects of spontaneous countermeasures used against the comparison question test
Polygraph Spontaneous countermeasures were attempted by 67.7% of participants but did not affect outcomes for guilty examinees while significantly shifting innocent subjects' scores; expert examiners could… [972] (2001)Forensic 'Lie Detection': Procedures Without Scientific Basis
Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice Studies published in top scientific journals indicated that approximately 43% of innocent subjects fail the CQT polygraph test. Surveys of relevant scientific experts found that… [973] (2001)Eye blinks: new indices for the detection of deception
International Journal of Psychophysiology Blink rate patterns discriminated between relevant and irrelevant stimuli in a card-based guilty knowledge test, with more blinks occurring before responses to relevant cards and… [974] (2000)Orienting Response Reinstatement and Dishabituation: The Effects of Substituting, Adding and Deleting Components of Nonsignificant Stimuli
Psychophysiology Component substitution systematically affected OR reinstatement, with between-category substitutions producing larger responses than within-category changes. Adding and deleting components had equivalent effects, supporting the theory… [975] (2000)A Field Study of the Integrated Zone Comparison Technique
Polygraph The IZCT achieved near-perfect accuracy in real-world criminal investigations with zero false positives among truthful examinees and only 1.5 errors among approximately 300 deceptive subjects… [976] (2000)Using response time measures to assess guilty knowledge
Journal of Applied Psychology Response times to recognized probe stimuli were approximately 200 ms slower than irrelevant items, enabling reliable discrimination of guilty from innocent participants with 98% hit… [977] (2000)A comparison of 3- and 7-position scoring scales with field examinations
Polygraph The 3-position scoring scale demonstrated criterion accuracy significantly greater than chance with no significant differences in test sensitivity to deception compared to the 7-position model… [978] (2000)Comparison of Utah and DoDPI Scoring Accuracy: Equating Veracity Decision Rule, Chart Rule, and Number of Data Channels Used
DoDPI Research Reports When veracity decision rules, chart number, and data channels were equated, DoDPI and Utah scorers showed no significant differences in accuracy; however, the University of… [979] (2000)Polygraph testing and behavioral change with sex offenders in an outpatient setting: an exploratory study
Polygraph The study provided preliminary field evidence that polygraph testing was associated with behavioral changes and increased compliance among sex offenders under community supervision, supporting the… [980] (2000)Considering organizations as a unique interpersonal context for deception detection: A meta‐analytic review
Communication Research Reports Organizational members demonstrated substantial ability to differentiate honest from dishonest communicators (r = .472), with an effect size of d = 1.07 standard deviations—markedly higher… [981] (2000)Polygraph Validity in the New Millennium
Polygraph The 7-position scale with +/-6 cutoff achieved highest accuracy with elevated inconclusive rates; accuracy was higher for truthful than deceptive subjects (reversing prior findings); electrodermal… [982] (2000)CBCA criteria in statement validity assessment: assessment of child witness statements using criteria-based content analysis
Psychology, Crime & Law The study achieved 66% classification accuracy but found that age, verbal ability, and interviewer style significantly affected CBCA scores independent of statement veracity, revealing that… [983] (2000)Detecting Deceit via Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Nonverbal behavior alone correctly classified 78% of lies and truths. Even higher accuracy was achieved when all three detection techniques (nonverbal behavior, CBCA, and Reality… [984] (2000)Detection of deception: Statement Validity Analysis as a means of determining truthfulness or falsity of rape allegations
Legal and Criminological Psychology SVA correctly classified 100% of true allegations and 91.7% of false allegations, outperforming police officer judgments, though subsequent methodological critiques regarding lack of rater blinding… [985] (2000)Truth, lies, and videotape: An investigation of the ability of federal parole officers to detect deception
Law and Human Behavior Federal parole officers improved from a below-chance baseline accuracy of 40.4% to 76.7% following structured lie detection training, significantly outperforming untrained controls (62.5%), demonstrating that… [986] (2000)International deception
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Lies can be detected across cultures at above-chance levels, including between cultures that do not share a language. Contrary to expectations, perceivers often judged foreigners… [987] (2000)Lie detection and language comprehension
Nature Left-hemisphere aphasics significantly outperformed all control groups at detecting emotional deception (61% vs. 44-47%), with accuracy reaching 73% when judging facial expressions alone, providing first… [988] (2000)Comparison of computerized polygraph scoring algorithms
Journal of Forensic Sciences All five algorithms demonstrated comparable accuracy (88-91% correct decisions excluding inconclusives) but exhibited false positive rates of 31-46% when inconclusives were treated as errors, with… [989] (2000 • SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY)Accuracy of Deception Judgments
Personality and Social Psychology Review Review confirming that human accuracy at detecting deception averages only 54%, barely above chance. Even trained professionals (police, judges) showed minimal improvement, underscoring need for… [990] (2000)Can we trust counterintelligence polygraph tests?
Polygraph Laboratory studies found TES correctly identified 83.3% of guilty and 90.7% of innocent participants; a mathematical model demonstrated that requiring two consecutive failures reduces the… [991] (2000)An exploratory study of traditional and objective scoring systems with MGQT field cases
Polygraph Human scorers demonstrated better sensitivity to deception while the OSS model outperformed human scorers in specificity to truthfulness, revealing that applying cumulative scoring models to… [992] (2000)Detecting lies and deceit: The psychology of lying and implications for professional practice
John Wiley & Sons Certain verbal characteristics (shorter responses, fewer self-references, indirect replies) are more consistently present in lies than honest accounts, but popular beliefs about how liars behave… [993] (1999)A Comparison of Computer Programs Designed to Evaluate Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Examinations: Bakeoff 1
Department of Defense Polygraph Institute Report All five computer scoring programs achieved statistically equivalent accuracy rates of 88–91% on definitive decisions, with no single program significantly outperforming the others; four of… [994] (1999)Update: The scientific status of research on polygraph techniques: The case against polygraph tests
Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony Approximately 40–43% of innocent individuals fail the CQT in high-quality real-world field studies, and the only methodologically unbiased field study found CQT accuracy for innocent… [995] (1999)The Control Question Technique: A search for improved decision
Asymmetric cutoff scores partially remedied imbalanced error rates in field CQT examinations, with optimal decision boundaries depending on the relative costs assigned to false positive… [996] (1999 • TECHNIQUE STUDY)The Discussion of Comparison Questions Between List Repetitions Is Associated with Increased Test Accuracy
Polygraph Demonstrated that between-chart discussion of comparison questions significantly improved CQT accuracy. This procedural refinement became standard practice in modern CQT administration. [997] (1999)Leakage of relevant information to innocent examinees in the GKT: An attempt to reduce false-positive outcomes by introducing target stimuli
Journal of Applied Psychology Informed innocents showed larger electrodermal responses to critical items than uninformed innocents but smaller than guilty participants. The target stimulus manipulation tended to reduce differences… [998] (1999)PolyScore 3.3 and psychophysiological detection of deception examiner rates of accuracy when scoring examinations from actual criminal investigations
Polygraph PolyScore 3.3 achieved 90.9% accuracy on ZCT examinations but lower accuracy on MGQT examinations, while human PDD examiners achieved 82.3% accuracy on MGQT using the… [999] (1999)The willingness of children to lie and the assessment of credibility in an ecologically relevant laboratory setting
Applied Developmental Science Expert application of CBCA achieved 89% overall accuracy (75% for truths, 100% for lies) in classifying children's statements, significantly outperforming lay evaluators. Approximately 56-69% of… [1000] (1999 • INTERNATIONAL FIELD)Exclusive or Nonexclusive Comparison Questions: A Comparative Field Study
Polygraph Israeli field study comparing exclusive vs. non-exclusive comparison question formats. Found both formats produced comparable accuracy rates in real criminal investigations. [1001] (1999)A few can catch a liar
Psychological Science Federal officers achieved 73% overall accuracy (80% for lies, 66% for truths), the highest published lie detection accuracy rate at the time. All three professional… [1002] (1999 • NUMERICAL SCORING)The Utah Numerical Scoring System
Polygraph Formalized the Utah-CQT numerical scoring system resulting from 30+ years of scientific research. Provided standardized procedures achieving highest rates of criterion accuracy and inter-rater reliability. [1003] (1999 • SPONTANEOUS CM)Spontaneous Countermeasures in Naive Subjects During Polygraph Testing
Polygraph Investigated whether untrained subjects spontaneously employ countermeasure-like behaviors. Found that some naive subjects did make deliberate efforts to alter their responses, but with limited success. [1004] (1999 • SCIENTIFIC STANDARDS)Admissibility of Polygraph Tests: The Application of Scientific Standards Post-Daubert
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Applied behavioral science concepts of reliability and validity to polygraph admissibility. Argued that accuracy rates are unpredictable and called for mutual language between scientists and… [1005] (1999)Polygraph (lie detector) testing: The state of the art
Approximately 43% of innocent subjects fail polygraph examinations, there is no distinctive physiological lie response that polygraphs can detect, and the Comparison Question Test has… [1006] (1998)Meta-Analysis of CIT Laboratory Studies
Applied Psychology (multiple publications) Found the weighted average false positive rate was only 4.1% and the false negative rate was 19.4%. Established the CIT as having particularly low false… [1007] (1998)Influence of Mismatch between Subjects' Representation and Critical Items on the Detection Accuracy of Deception
Japanese journal of science and technology for identification Detection accuracy showed a dose-response relationship with stimulus similarity: identical items yielded highest accuracy, similar items were detectable but less accurate, and highly dissimilar items… [1008] (1998)The role of prior expectations in polygraph examiners decisions
Psychology, Crime and Law Prior expectations produced no discernible effect on polygraph test outcomes when examiners conducted complete examinations including pre-test interviews, suggesting that behavioral information from direct examiner-examinee… [1009] (1998)Can criteria-based content analysis distinguish between true and false statements of African-American speakers?
Law and Human Behavior CBCA achieved 69% accuracy for White speakers and 67% for African-American speakers, with specific criteria showing differential validity across ethnic groups. Total CBCA criteria counts… [1010] (1998)Deception and Deception Detection: The Role of Cross‐Modal Inconsistency
Journal of Personality Lying resulted in cross-modal discrepancies in impressions of Agreeableness, which were related to dishonesty judgments. Deception detection was substantial when judges had acoustic information and… [1011] (1998)Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Sex Offenders: A Treatment Comparison and Long-Term Follow-Up Study
Criminal Justice and Behavior The cognitive-behavioral treatment group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in recidivism compared to less-specialized treatment and no-treatment groups, with treatment benefits particularly evident for non-sexual… [1012] (1997)The Accuracy-Confidence Correlation in the Detection of Deception
Personality and Social Psychology Review Confidence and accuracy are independent in deception detection (r = .04). Paradoxically, confidence was associated with truth bias, judging truths, male gender, and relationship closeness—none… [1013] (1997)The Validity of the Lie Detector: Two Surveys of Scientific Opinion
Journal of Applied Psychology The surveys achieved exceptionally high response rates (91% and 74%) and provided an unbiased assessment of scientific consensus on polygraph validity from relevant experts. [1014] (1997)Review of Polygraph Accuracy Research
Various Publications Reported accuracy of polygraph studies as exceeding .90, consistent with findings by Raskin (2002) and Raskin & Podlesny (1979). Helped establish the scientific consensus that… [1015] (1997 • APA COMMISSIONED REVIEW)Review of 12 Field Validity Studies of CQT
American Polygraph Association APA-commissioned review of 12 field validity studies conducted since 1980, concluding that CQT accuracy in real-life applications ranged from 92%–98%. This review was later cited… [1016] (1997 • EXPERIMENTAL)The Role of Comparison Questions in Physiological Detection of Deception
Psychophysiology Mock crime study with 120 participants examining comparison question mechanisms. Found comparison questions produced different physiological patterns for innocent vs. guilty subjects, providing empirical support… [1017] (1997)A Comparison of Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Accuracy Rates
Polygraph The TES format achieved 83.3% guilty detection accuracy compared to 55.6% for CSP-PLC and 58.6% for CSP-DLC formats, representing a 50% improvement over traditional approaches. [1018] (1997)A comparison of methods for the analysis of event-related potentials in deception detection
Psychophysiology All three ERP analysis methods achieved extremely high classification accuracy under ROC evaluation, and the bootstrapping procedure's apparent sensitivity to motivational incentive was revealed to… [1019] (1997)The Cognitive Interview and Lie Detection: a New Magnifying Glass for Sherlock Holmes?
Applied Cognitive Psychology Truthful narrations contained more contextual and sensorial information than deceptive narrations, with significantly larger differences when participants were interviewed using the Cognitive Interview versus standard… [1020] (1997)Effects of items' repetitions and variations on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test
Psychophysiology Similar detection efficiencies were obtained when a single question was repeated 12 times versus when four different questions were each repeated 3 times. Accumulating information… [1021] (1997 • FIELD REVIEW)Review of Field Studies of CQT Since 1988
Book Chapters Review of all field studies published since 1988 producing an overall accuracy of 90.5%. Documented consistent improvement in field accuracy with adoption of numerical scoring… [1022] (1997)Brief of the Committee of Concerned Social Scientists as Amicus Curiae
United States v. Scheffer The brief reported polygraph accuracy exceeding 90% based on laboratory and field studies, though the Supreme Court ultimately ruled 8-1 that categorical exclusion of polygraph… [1023] (1997)Vocal and visual cue training in behavioral lie detection
Communication Research Reports Observers trained to use either visual cues alone or combined visual and vocal cues were significantly more accurate at detecting deception than untrained naive observers,… [1024] (1997)The ability to detect deceit generalizes across different types of high-stake lies
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Deception detection ability generalizes across different types of high-stake lies, with observers accurate at detecting one type of lie also showing accuracy at detecting others.… [1025] (1997)P300 from a single-stimulus paradigm: Passive versus active tasks and stimulus modality
Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology: Evoked Potentials Under passive ignore conditions, single-stimulus P300 amplitudes exceeded those from the oddball paradigm, while the reverse held for active tasks; for press and count conditions,… [1026] (1997)Effects of Situational Variables on Judgments About Deception and Detection Accuracy
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Participants made significantly more deceptive judgments when situational contexts indicated high gain for the communicator, low probability of detection, and low cost of deception, demonstrating… [1027] (1996)Pupillary size in response to a visual guilty knowledge test: New technique for the detection of deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Pupillary responses successfully differentiated target from control items for guilty participants in both experiments, with perfect innocent detection (100%) but modest guilty detection (50-70%), performing… [1028] (1996)Detection of simulated malingering using forced choice recognition enhanced with event-related potential recording
The Clinical Neuropsychologist The P300-enhanced procedure correctly identified approximately 70% of simulators based on neurophysiological evidence alone, with more than 70% showing significantly larger P300 amplitudes to recognized… [1029] (1996)Mental and Physical Countermeasures Reduce the Accuracy of the Concealed Knowledge Test
Psychophysiology Investigated whether countermeasures can defeat the CIT. Found that both mental and physical countermeasures reduced detection accuracy. However, the CIT was found to be more… [1030] (1996)Event-related potentials as indirect measures of recognition memory
International Journal of Psychophysiology ERP signals — particularly the centro-parietal P300 in the 500–1000 ms window — reliably distinguished recognized from unrecognized auditory stimuli independently of overt behavioral responses,… [1031] (1996)The language of deceit: An investigation of the verbal clues to deception in the interrogation context
Law and Human Behavior Only 16.7% (3 out of 18) of tested verbal deception clues significantly differentiated truthful from deceptive accounts, with all effective indicators derived exclusively from Statement… [1032] (1996 • FIELD STUDY)A Field Study of the Validity of the Utah CQT
University of Utah Department of Psychology (NIJ Grant) Large-scale NIJ-funded field study of actual criminal cases. Found overall accuracy exceeding 90% with experienced examiners using numerical scoring. Included 160+ confirmed criminal cases. [1033] (1996)Criterion development and validity of the CQT in field application
Journal of General Psychology Original field examiners achieved 96% accuracy and independent blind evaluations achieved 93% accuracy (excluding inconclusives) on CQT decisions in actual criminal cases, with inter-rater reliability… [1034] (1996)A comparison of accuracy rates between detection of deception examinations using the polygraph and the computer voice stress analyzer in a mock crime scenario
Neither polygraph nor CVSA blind scorers achieved overall accuracy rates better than chance levels in this mock crime scenario, with CVSA producing approximately 52% accuracy—statistically… [1035] (1996)Lay persons' and police officers' beliefs regarding deceptive behaviour
Applied Cognitive Psychology Police officers and lay people held equally inaccurate beliefs about deceptive behavior, with both groups overestimating the reliability of eye contact aversion, hand/arm gestures, and… [1036] (1996)Deception and nondeception in guilty knowledge and guilty actions polygraph tests
Journal of Applied Psychology Innocent witnesses tested on the GKT were misclassified as guilty at a rate of 76%, compared to only 24% under the GAT format, with overall… [1037] (1996)The Control Question Test in Polygraphic Examinations with Actual Controls for Truth
Perceptual and Motor Skills The modified CQT with truthfully answered control questions correctly identified 86% of guilty subjects and 83–89% of innocent subjects, demonstrating that the test's diagnostic accuracy… [1038] (1996 • BIOFEEDBACK)Effects of Biofeedback Training on Polygraph Outcomes
Psychophysiology Tested whether biofeedback training in physiological self-regulation could enable subjects to defeat polygraph. Found modest effects, primarily on cardiovascular measures. [1039] (1995)Baseline familiarity in lie detection
Communication Research Reports Detection accuracy increased linearly with baseline exposure frequency, improving from 56% with no exposure to 72% with four baseline exposures, demonstrating that familiarity with individual… [1040] (1995)Anchoring, Familiarity, and Confidence in the Detection of Deception
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Results showed partial support for anchoring predictions: judgment order did not significantly affect truthfulness bias or accuracy, but accuracy declined over time and confidence was… [1041] (1995)Detecting Deception is Not as Easy as it Looks
Teaching of Psychology Consistent with the broader deception detection literature, participants performed only slightly better than random chance at identifying lies, demonstrating the difficulty of detecting deception based… [1042] (1995)Response to Cross and Saxe's A critique of the validity of polygraph testing in child sexual abuse cases
Journal of Child Sexual Abuse Williams claimed field polygraph testing demonstrated 98% overall accuracy across 2,174 examinations, though this figure has since been discredited due to methodological flaws including circular… [1043] (1995)Global cue usage in behavioral lie detection
Communication Quarterly Participants judging truthful communicators achieved 70% accuracy versus 54% for deceptive communicators. Observers relied primarily on global heuristics (verbal plausibility, nervousness, nonverbal expectancy violation) rather… [1044] (1995)Statistical Classification Procedures for Polygraph Tests of Guilty Knowledge
Behaviormetrika Both within-subject and training-data statistical approaches achieved approximately 80% correct classification accuracy with adequate observations, outperforming human chart interpretation, though the within-subject method deteriorated with… [1045] (1995)Generalization of the orienting response to significant stimuli: The roles of common and distinctive stimulus components
Psychophysiology Both common and distinctive features independently affected OR generalization, with distinctive components showing a threshold effect—the first novel element produced a large OR decline, but… [1046] (1994)Análisis de la credibilidad de recuerdos percibidos e imaginados
Apuntes de Psicología When prepared accounts were compared, subjects classified them at chance levels (~50% accuracy), regardless of evaluator experience. Preparation enriched both perceived and imagined memories with… [1047] (1994)Detection of Deception: Polygraph and Integrity Tests
Current Directions in Psychological Science Saxe concludes that polygraph tests do not assess deceptiveness but rather measure fear, with no way to determine the cause of anxiety, making validation impossible.… [1048] (1994)Effects of countermeasures on the control-question polygraph test
Journal of Applied Psychology Both mental and physical countermeasures enabled approximately 50% of guilty subjects to defeat the CQT, with strongest effects observed in cardiovascular measures. Countermeasures were difficult… [1049] (1994)An Analysis of Voice Responses for the Detection of Deception
Department of Defense Polygraph Institute Report Pitch/energy analysis achieved only 37% correct decisions compared to 79% for the trained polygraph examiner, with no significant differences found between truthful and deceptive responses… [1050] (1994)Differentiation of truthful and deceptive criminal suspects in Behavior Analysis Interviews
Journal of Forensic Sciences Trained BAI evaluators achieved 91% accuracy on truthful suspects and 80% accuracy on deceptive suspects (excluding inconclusives), with deceptive suspects manifesting theoretically predicted behavioral cues… [1051] (1994)Interpersonal deception: V. Accuracy in deception detection
Communication Monographs Accuracy was much higher for truth than deception; novices outperformed trained experts; suspicion impaired accuracy for experts; truth-biases intensified with familiar others, especially when suspicious;… [1052] (1994)Mental and Physical Countermeasures in CQT Polygraph Testing
Journal of Applied Psychology Landmark study on countermeasures. Found that trained countermeasure use could affect CQT accuracy, but untrained subjects remained highly detectable. One of the most-cited countermeasure studies… [1053] (1994)The Accuracy of Human Decisions and Objective Measurements in Psychophysiological Detection of Knowledge
The Journal of Psychology All three measurements discriminated better than chance, but objectively measured SRR and RLL proved superior to subjective human respiration evaluation (RRE). Skin resistance showed the… [1054] (1994 • LANDMARK STUDY)Countermeasures and CQT Accuracy
Journal of Applied Psychology Definitive study on countermeasures in CQT. Found that trained countermeasure users could reduce detection rates, but detection of countermeasure use itself is possible. Untrained subjects… [1055] (1994)Analysis of variance versus bootstrap procedures for analyzing dependent observation in small group research
Small Group Research Bootstrap procedures substantially outperformed ANOVA in maintaining appropriate Type I error rates under conditions of observational dependency, while ANOVA showed dramatically inflated error rates as… [1056] (1994)The impact of information and setting on detection of deception by police detectives
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior The study systematically examined whether providing information about valid deception indicators, outcome feedback, spontaneous interview contexts, or baseline behavioral comparisons could improve police detectives' lie… [1057] (1993)The Role of Guessing and Verbal Response Type in Psychophysiological Detection of Concealed Information
The Journal of Psychology Participants with certain knowledge of the selected card showed significantly stronger physiological responses to the relevant item compared to those who were asked to guess,… [1058] (1993)Development of scales to assess specific deception strategies in the Psychological Screening Inventory.
Psychological Assessment Four strategy-specific validity scales successfully differentiated distinct deception approaches on the PSI, demonstrating effectiveness similar to MMPI-2 validity scales and showing expected patterns across 15… [1059] (1993)Is the Guilty Knowledge Polygraph Technique Applicable in Criminal Investigations? A Review of FBI Case Records
Crime Laboratory Digest The GKT was deemed applicable in only 13.1% of reviewed FBI criminal cases (95% CI: 4.9%–21.4%), and the majority of remaining cases lacked the operationally… [1060] (1993)Validity of an Expanded-Issue (Modified General Question) Polygraph Technique in a Simulated Distributed-Crime-Roles Context
Journal of Applied Psychology The expanded-issue MGQT successfully differentiated guilty participants (thieves and accomplices) from innocent participants at above-chance accuracy levels, while confidants with foreknowledge but no direct criminal… [1061] (1993 • INFORMATION STUDY)Effect of Prior Knowledge and Training on CQT Performance
Polygraph Examined whether subjects with prior knowledge of polygraph procedures showed different accuracy rates. Found minimal impact of knowledge alone without countermeasure training. [1062] (1993)Multivariate classifiers perform as well as experts in the detection of deception
Statistical multivariate classifiers — including discriminant analysis and a bootstrap approach — achieved accuracy statistically equivalent to expert human evaluators on polygraph CQT data, with… [1063] (1993)Effects of two methods of comparing relevant and control questions on the accuracy of psychophysiological detection of deception
DoDPI Research Reports The study found differences between two methods of comparing relevant and control question responses, though specific accuracy outcomes are not detailed in available materials. [1064] (1992 • EXPERIMENTAL)Effectiveness of Control Questions Answered ‘Yes’: Dispelling a Polygraph Myth
Forensic Reports, 5, 265–272 Challenged the assumption that “yes” answers to control questions reduce test accuracy. Found no significant accuracy difference between yes and no answers, dispelling a widely… [1065] (1992)Bootstrap Decision Making for Polygraph Examinations,
Bootstrap resampling outperformed both human numerical evaluation and discriminant analysis in absolute terms. However, the expert human scorers likely overestimated typical field examiner accuracy, making… [1066] (1992)Awareness of crime-relevant information and the Guilty Knowledge Test
Journal of Applied Psychology The study achieved perfect or near-perfect detection rates with a hierarchical physiological response pattern (guilty > informed innocent > uninformed innocent), demonstrating that informed innocent… [1067] (1992)Detection Measures in Real-Life Criminal Guilty Knowledge Tests
Journal of Applied Psychology Another critical field study of CIT with real criminal cases. Found detection rates consistent with laboratory predictions, though noted challenges with false negative rates in… [1068] (1992 • SEMINAL)The Identification of Concealed Memories Using Event-Related Potentials and Implicit Behavioral Measures
Psychophysiology Reported 90% and above hit rate in detecting concealed thought using P300-based methods. Combined ERP and behavioral measures for improved classification, establishing neural CIT paradigm. [1069] (1992)Aware of crime-relevant information and the guilty knowledge test
Journal of Applied Psychology Guilty participants' skin resistance scores were significantly higher than informed innocents', which were higher than uninformed innocents', with perfect classification achieved. The study demonstrated that… [1070] (1992)A Study of the Relative Effectiveness of Physiological Data in Field Polygraph Examinations
Polygraph The lower pneumograph was the most productive respiratory measure overall (51% of cases) and particularly effective for male examinees, while females showed more balanced upper/lower… [1071] (1992)Oddball-evoked P300-based method of deception detection in the laboratory II: Utilization of non-selective activation of relevant knowledge
International Journal of Psychophysiology The study achieved 87% overall accuracy in classifying guilty (n=17) and innocent (n=14) subjects without pre-test selective rehearsal, demonstrating that temporally proximal, non-selective presentation of… [1072] (1992)Neural network classifiers and the detection of deception revisited: Depth of learning and overfitting
Psychophysiology Neural network classifiers applied to polygraph data were found to be highly susceptible to overfitting, with deeper training producing inflated apparent accuracy that sharply deteriorated… [1073] (1992)The effects of polygraphy and eyewitness testimony on the beliefs and decisions of mock jurors
Imagination, Cognition, and Personality Eyewitness testimony significantly increased guilty verdicts and beliefs in defendant guilt, while polygraph expert testimony had no significant effect on mock juror decisions at either… [1074] (1992)Analysis of federal polygraph charts by spot and chart total
Polygraph Examiners achieved 82.0% overall accuracy in blind chart reviews, with significantly higher accuracy for deceptive cases (89.3%) compared to truthful cases (72.2%), revealing important asymmetries… [1075] (1992)Numerical scoring of polygraph charts: What examiners really do
Polygraph Examiners achieved 82% overall accuracy (361/440 decisions) in blind chart review, with 72.2% accuracy for truthful cases and 89.3% for deceptive cases. Respiratory suppression was… [1076] (1992)The effect of common versus distinctive stimulus features on electrodermal orientation to significant stimuli
Psychophysiology Distinctive features significantly affected electrodermal responsivity (more distinctive features = decreased responding), but common features had no effect—contradicting additive feature-matching model predictions and suggesting mismatch… [1077] (1992)Use of antianxiety drugs as countermeasures in the detection of guilty knowledge
Journal of Applied Psychology Drug status had no influence on GKT outcomes—diazepam, meprobamate, and propranolol all failed as countermeasures. Innocent subjects who coincidentally scored high on recognition memory tests… [1078] (1992)A Critique of the Validity of Polygraph Testing in Child Sexual Abuse Cases
Journal of Child Sexual Abuse Cross and Saxe conclude that there is insufficient scientific evidence to support polygraph testing in child sexual abuse cases, identifying offender perception and memory, emotional… [1079] (1992)Comment on Application of Decision Science
Psychological Science Applying decision science principles — including Bayesian analysis and base rate reasoning — to polygraph testing reveals that even nominally accurate instruments can produce misleading… [1080] (1992)The History and Accuracy of Guilty Knowledge and Peak of Tension Tests
Polygraph The review established conceptual clarification by distinguishing peak of tension (POT) tests as specialized variants of guilty knowledge tests (now called Concealed Information Tests), standardizing… [1081] (1991)The Directed Lie Control Question
Polygraph Directed-lie and probable-lie methods showed no significant differences in accuracy across validation studies, while the directed-lie approach offered improved standardization and reduced examiner-to-examiner variability. The… [1082] (1991)The effectiveness of the disclosure test with sex abusers of children
Polygraph The disclosure polygraph examination produced substantially more self-reported victims and paraphilic behaviors from convicted child sex abusers than were available from official records alone, demonstrating… [1083] (1991)Polygraphy: A new beginning
Polygraph Abrams argues that polygraph validity is scientifically supportable but contingent on examiner competence and standardized methodology, and identifies sex offender management as a promising emerging… [1084] (1991 • FOUNDATIONAL)The Truth Will Out: Interrogative Polygraphy with Event-Related Brain Potentials
Psychophysiology Foundational study establishing the P300 “brain fingerprinting” paradigm. Demonstrated that concealed information could be detected using ERP measures with high accuracy in controlled conditions. [1085] (1991)Learning Disabled Students' Detection of Deception
Learning Disabilities Research & Practice Learning disabled students showed significantly reduced ability to determine deceptive statements compared to non-disabled peers, suggesting heightened vulnerability to manipulation and exploitation in peer relationships. [1086] (1991)An ERP-based, control-question lie detector analog: Algorithms for discriminating effects within individuals' average waveforms
Psychophysiology Experiment 1 achieved 92.3% accuracy for guilty subjects and 86.7% for innocent subjects. However, a 7-14 day delay without additional rehearsal reduced guilty detection to… [1087] (1991)Interpersonal deception: II. The inferiority of conversational participants as deception detectors
Communication Monographs Conversational participants did not differentiate between truthful and deceptive messages but observers did, demonstrating that interactive engagement creates truth-bias and impairs detection accuracy. [1088] (1991)The truth will out: interrogative polygraphy ('lie detection') with event-related brain potentials
Psychophysiology The P300-based Guilty Knowledge Test achieved 100% accuracy in determinate cases (87.5% overall), with no false positives or negatives, though 12.5% of cases were classified… [1089] (1991)Science, Lies, and Controversy: An Epitaph for the Lie Detector
American Psychological Association (Address) Polygraph accuracy in real-world applications is little better than chance, with at least half of truthful subjects erroneously classified as deceptive. The technique is biased… [1090] (1991)Validity of the control question polygraph test: The problem of sampling bias
Journal of Applied Psychology The study found 55% accuracy for innocent subjects but could not establish a valid accuracy estimate for guilty subjects due to near-total dependence on confessions… [1091] (1991)Electrodermal differentiation of deception: Perceived accuracy and perceived memorial content manipulations
International Journal of Psychophysiology Skin conductance responses to deceptive answers exceeded honest responses regardless of participants' beliefs about polygraph accuracy or the complexity of question content, demonstrating that electrodermal… [1092] (1991)The emperor's new clothes: Application of polygraph tests in the American workplace
Forensic Reports Analysis of DoD security screening polygraph data revealed CSP examinations correctly identified only 2% of guilty subjects, with sensitivity of 43.2% for programmed guilty examinees,… [1093] (1991)A comparison of field and laboratory polygraphs in the detection of deception
Psychophysiology Overall hit rates were essentially the same for laboratory polygraph quantitative measures (73%) and field polygraph numerical scores (79%), with electrodermal activity and respiration suppression… [1094] (1991)Science and the CQT polygraph: A theoretical critique
Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science The CQT lacks construct validity and does not assess deceptiveness but rather measures fear and anxiety. Validation is impossible because the source of physiological arousal… [1095] (1991)Effects of mental countermeasures on psychophysiological detection in the guilty knowledge test
International Journal of Psychophysiology Item-specific mental countermeasures tended to increase psychophysiological detection, whereas continuous dissociation strategies decreased detection efficiency, with patterns consistent across field and laboratory settings. [1096] (1991)The forensic use of the polygraph: A psychophysiological analysis of current trends and future prospects
Advances in Psychophysiology (Vol. 4) The Control Question Technique (CQT) is found to lack construct validity as a measure of deception, because it indexes differential anxiety and fear responses rather… [1097] (1990)Detection of Guilty Knowledge in Real-Life Criminal Investigations
Journal of Applied Psychology Rare field study of CIT in actual criminal investigations. Provided real-world validity data for the concealed information approach, addressing the gap between laboratory and field… [1098] (1990)Resurrecting polygraph validation of self‐reported crime data: A note on research method and ethics using the deer poacher∗
Deviant Behavior Strong support for learning theory in explaining poaching behavior, with nearly all subjects socialized at an early age by friends and family. All but two… [1099] (1990)Novelty and significance in orientation and habituation: A feature-matching approach
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Experiment 2 supported the feature-matching model, showing that effects of novelty and significance were additive rather than interactive. Electrodermal responsivity reflected the degree of habituation… [1100] (1990)Heart rate as an index of psychophysiological detection of deception in the guilty person paradigm using the paired control question technique in a field population
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Tonic (baseline) heart rate was significantly elevated in deceptive versus truthful examinees, providing effective discrimination. Phasic heart rate changes to relevant questions showed no apparent… [1101] (1990)Reliability and Validity of Polygraph-Based Classification
Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception Across 10 GKT laboratory experiments, 84% of guilty examinees and 94% of innocent examinees were correctly classified, with accuracy rates highest when tests included more… [1102] (1990)Vocal Stress/Lie Detectors
The Acoustics of Crime Voice stress evaluators demonstrated only chance-level accuracy in detecting both stress and deception. Research found no empirical support for the existence of laryngeal microtremors, the… [1103] (1990)DoDPI Racial Bias Study: Polygraph Results by Race
DoDPI Research Reports Innocent Black examinees had substantially lower pass rates (23.5%) compared to innocent white examinees (36.9%), indicating potential racial bias in polygraph testing outcomes. [1104] (1990)DoDPI Racial Bias Study: Polygraph examination results by race
DoDPI Research Reports Truthful African American examinees had a 76.5% false positive rate compared to 63.1% for truthful Caucasian examinees—a statistically significant disparity indicating that innocent African Americans… [1105] (1989)Survey of Published Polygraph Literature on Accuracy
Polygraph Comprehensive survey of published literature reported an overall accuracy level of .89. Built upon Abrams’ earlier (1973) review which found laboratory accuracy of 83% and… [1106] (1989)Psychopathy, threat, and polygraph test accuracy
Journal of Applied Psychology Psychopathy did not confer any advantage in defeating the CQT — guilty psychopaths were detected just as easily as guilty non-psychopaths at 87% accuracy —… [1107] (1989)The Perceived Credibility of Child Eyewitnesses: What Happens When They Use Their Own Words?
Perspectives on Children’s Testimony The same factors that drive credibility judgments of adult eyewitness testimony, such as confidence and response patterns, also drive credibility judgments of child testimony. When… [1108] (1989)Why lies fail and what behaviors betray a lie
Credibility Assessment Combined facial and vocal behavioral measures achieved 86% accuracy in lie detection using case-by-case analysis. Most people rely on the least diagnostic behavioral cues rather… [1109] (1989)Effects of motivation level and verbal response type on psychophysiological detection in the guilty knowledge test
Psychophysiology Highly motivated subjects were detected significantly better than less motivated subjects, and the act of lying enhanced differential responsivity. However, no differences emerged between verbal… [1110] (1989)Knowledge, probability, and credibility
Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Credibility is multi-dimensional (sensitivity, objectivity, veracity) and evidence evaluation requires cascaded inference through multiple uncertainty stages. Applying Bayes' rule to this structure provides a systematic… [1111] (1989)Studies of the accuracy of security screening polygraph examinations
DoDPI Research Reports Security screening polygraphs showed disturbing asymmetry with 94.9% accuracy for innocent examinees but only 43.2% accuracy for guilty examinees, creating more false negatives than false… [1112] (1989)The validity of detection of deception for multiple issues
Guilty subjects were identified as deceptive to at least one crime 67% of the time (93% excluding inconclusives), but the study revealed examiners could not… [1113] (1988)Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Test
Unpublished manuscript / Later in Raskin (1989) The first meta-analysis of the CQT. Found significant moderator effects for subject type, incentives, and decision policy. All three variables predicted accuracy but showed high… [1114] (1988)Assessing deception: Polygraph techniques
In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception The authors concluded that polygraph techniques, particularly the widely-used Control Question Test, lack sound theoretical foundations, are vulnerable to countermeasures, and cannot provide reliable error… [1115] (1988 • FIELD STUDY)A Field Study of the Validity of the Directed Lie Control Question
Journal of Police Science and Administration First field validation of the directed-lie comparison question format. Results showed DLC was at least as accurate as the probable-lie CQT with fewer false positive… [1116] (1988 • COMPUTERIZED SCORING)Human Versus Computerized Evaluations of Polygraph Data in a Laboratory Setting
Journal of Applied Psychology Compared human examiner scoring with computerized analysis. Found computerized evaluations achieved accuracy of at least 90%, equaling or exceeding human scorers. Demonstrated feasibility of automated… [1117] (1988 • LANDMARK FIELD STUDY)A Study of the Validity of Polygraph Examinations in Criminal Investigation
National Institute of Justice, Grant No. 85-IJ-CX-0040 Major NIJ-funded field study demonstrating that CQT accuracy exceeded 90% when properly employed by skilled examiners. Established benchmark for forensic polygraph validity in actual criminal… [1118] (1988 • META-ANALYSIS)Meta-Analysis of Mock Crime Studies of the Control Question Polygraph Technique
Law and Human Behavior Early meta-analysis of 14 CQT laboratory studies. Found significant moderator effects including student vs. community participants and motivation levels. Accuracy exceeded 85% across studies. [1119] (1988)Evaluating Polygraphy from a Psychophysiological Perspective: A Specific-Effects Analysis
Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 22, 145–152 Evaluated polygraph testing from a psychophysiological perspective. Analyzed whether polygraph responses represent specific deception-related effects or general arousal. Contributed to the theoretical understanding of what… [1120] (1988)Validity of the Lie Detector: A Psychophysiological Perspective
Criminal Justice and Behavior Provided a psychophysiological perspective on polygraph validity. Examined construct and criterion validity from a basic science standpoint. Influenced subsequent research on the theoretical foundations of… [1121] (1988)Decoding deception: A look at the process
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior No sex differences in deception detection accuracy were found, but males showed greater confidence and faster response times while females demonstrated more cue awareness and… [1122] (1988 • CROSS-VALIDATION)Replication and Cross-Validation of Utah Mock Crime Study
University of Utah (Grant Report) Cross-validation study confirming earlier findings. Demonstrated replicability of CQT accuracy across multiple independent experiments with different examiners and participant pools. [1123] (1988)Effects of spontaneous countermeasures on the physiological detection of deception
Journal of Police Science and Administration Sixty percent of guilty subjects spontaneously attempted countermeasures (primarily relaxation and breathing control), but these untrained tactics had no effect on test outcomes, with evaluators… [1124] (1988)Does science support polygraph testing?
The Polygraph test: Lies, truth and science Raskin presented field evidence showing CQT accuracy could exceed 90% with skilled examiners, with 100% accuracy on guilty subjects and 92% on innocent subjects in… [1125] (1987)Training police officers to detect deceptive eyewitness statements. Does it work?
Social Behaviour Police officers achieved only 47% accuracy in detecting deception—below the 50% chance threshold—with marked asymmetry favoring truthful statement identification (63%) over deceptive ones (36%). Training… [1126] (1987)Machiavellianism and CIT Accuracy
Psychophysiology Found that subjects high in Machiavellianism showed different response patterns during CIT. Demonstrated that personality characteristics can influence detection accuracy, informing examination interpretation. [1127] (1987)Voice stress evaluators and lie detection
Journal of Forensic Sciences Voice stress analyzers produced correct stress/non-stress identifications only at chance levels, failing to demonstrate validity as either stress detectors or lie detection instruments across multiple… [1128] (1987 • FIELD STUDY)Polygraph Field Test Accuracy of CQT in Criminal Cases
Law and Human Behavior Field validation using confirmed criminal case outcomes. Achieved accuracy rates above 90% for both truthful and deceptive classifications, consistent with laboratory findings. [1129] (1987 • ANALOG STUDY)Directed Lie Comparison Questions in Polygraph Testing
Psychophysiology Laboratory comparison of directed lie vs. probable lie formats. Found DLC produced fewer false positives while maintaining detection of deception, supporting its adoption as standard… [1130] (1987)Detecting infrequent deception.
Journal of Applied Psychology When base rates are .10 or lower, false positive rates must be equally low regardless of decision threshold. Improving detection of true deception from .85… [1131] (1987)Anchoring in lie detection revisited
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Judgment order influenced how receivers anchored to verbal message content, confirming that anchoring mechanisms moderate both truthfulness bias and over-attribution in lie detection contexts. [1132] (1987)Comparison of P300 from a passive tone sequence paradigm and an active discrimination task
Psychophysiology The passive tone sequence paradigm yielded P3 waveforms with central-parietal maximum scalp distributions and virtually identical peak latencies to active discrimination tasks, with the first… [1133] (1987)The effects of selective inattention upon the electrodermal orienting reflex: A test of information-processing theory
Biological Psychology Despite clear differences in long-term memory between attended and unattended stimuli, there was no corresponding difference in skin conductance response magnitude or habituation rate, suggesting… [1134] (1987)The Predictive Power of the Polygraph: The Lies Lie Detectors Tell
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association The letter argued that in screening situations with low base rates of deception, most positive polygraph results would be false positives, meaning truthful persons would… [1135] (1987)What psychologists should know about lie detection
PsycEXTRA Dataset Field and laboratory studies of the Control Question Test produced mixed and inconclusive results, with some studies finding it accurate and others showing it was… [1136] (1986)On the job experience and skill at detecting deception
Journal of Applied Social Psychology Experienced federal law enforcement officers were significantly more confident in their deception judgments than students or recruits, but showed no greater accuracy. None of the… [1137] (1986)PREDICTIVE POWER OF THE POLYGRAPH: CAN THE "LIE DETECTOR" REALLY DETECT LIARS?
The Lancet In many screening or investigative situations, the positive predictive value of the polygraph would be poor, with most positive results being false positives. Truthful persons… [1138] (1986)Polygraph Surveillance of Probationers
Polygraph One of the earliest studies on using polygraph for monitoring probationers. Established the foundational evidence for polygraph as a supervision tool that would later evolve… [1139] (1986 • SCIENTIFIC STATUS)The Scientific Status of Research on Polygraph Techniques: The Case for Polygraph Tests
In Faigman et al. (Eds.), Modern Scientific Evidence Major chapter presenting the scientific case for polygraph validity. Reviewed controlled studies showing accuracy above 90% and argued polygraph meets evidentiary standards. [1140] (1985)Detection of Conscious Deception Using the Child Abuse Potential Inventory Lie Scale
Journal of Personality Assessment All tested scales successfully discriminated between honest and faking good conditions. Only the Marlowe-Crowne scale detected faking bad through low scores, indicating the CAP Lie… [1141] (1985)Effects of segmentation patterns on the perception of deception
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Segmentation pattern systematically affected both truthfulness perception and detection accuracy. When speech was available, medium-unit segmentation produced highest accuracy; when speech was unavailable, small-unit segmentation… [1142] (1985)Testing the Polygraph
PsycEXTRA Dataset The review identified fundamental problems with polygraph validity, finding that while claimed to be highly accurate, the evidence was unclear particularly for screening applications. Control… [1143] (1985)Detection of Deception of Planned and Spontaneous Communications
The Journal of Social Psychology Planned lies were detected less accurately than spontaneous lies by untrained observers, suggesting that preparation time makes deception harder to detect. Planning did not systematically… [1144] (1985 • MILITARY FIELD STUDY)A Validation and Reliability Study of Counterintelligence Screening Tests
Security Support Battalion, 902nd Military Intelligence Group, Fort Meade, MD US military study of polygraph screening test validity. Found significantly better than chance detection rates for counterintelligence screening, though with higher inconclusive rates than specific-issue… [1145] (1985 • ESTIMATION METHOD)A Method of Estimating the Accuracy of Individual Control Question Polygraph Tests
Proceedings of IDENTA, 1985, 142–147 Proposed an innovative method for estimating individual test accuracy from physiological response magnitudes. Laid groundwork for confidence-based polygraph decision reporting. [1146] (1985 • FIELD STUDY)Psychopathy and Polygraph Detection of Deception in a Prison Population
Psychophysiology Tested 48 inmates (half high psychopathy). Overall 88% accurate, 4% wrong, 8% inconclusive. No significant differences between psychopaths and nonpsychopaths, suggesting CQT works equally for… [1147] (1985)The Use of Countermeasures: Categorical Decisions Based on Three Interpretations
Psychophysiology Early countermeasure study showing that physical countermeasures could be trained in laboratory settings. Provided the first systematic data on countermeasure effectiveness that would influence decades… [1148] (1985)Learning to detect deception from three communication channels
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Feedback-based learning improved deception detection for speech and combined channels, with progressive accuracy gains over time, but no improvement occurred for face-only presentations despite feedback,… [1149] (1985)The Validity of Polygraph Testing: Scientific Analysis and Public Controversy
American Psychologist The review found serious problems with both the theoretical basis and evidentiary quality supporting polygraph validity, and concluded that reported high accuracy rates were not… [1150] (1984)The effect of propranolol on polygraphic detection of deception
Unpublished manuscript Propranolol administration resulted in a 32.2% inconclusive rate during polygraph examinations, primarily by reducing the physiological differentiation between control and relevant questions rather than producing… [1151] (1984)Effects of actual deception and suspiciousness of deception on interpersonal perceptions.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Suspicion did not improve deception detection accuracy or ability to discern true dispositions. However, primed interviewers were less confident and judged all applicants as more… [1152] (1984)Innocence, information, and the guilty knowledge test in the detection of deception
Psychophysiology Guilty subjects showed significantly higher detection scores than all innocent groups. Informed innocent subjects generally did not differ from uninformed subjects, and most did not… [1153] (1984)Confidence, Accuracy, and Utility of Polygraph Decisions
Journal of Applied Psychology Examined the relationship between examiner confidence and decision accuracy. Field study included in the OTA analysis. Highlighted that structural improvements to testing protocols can reduce… [1154] (1984)Trial by polygraph
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Lykken documented that the Control Question Technique lacked adequate scientific validity for forensic use, with evidence suggesting high false positive rates potentially approaching 50%. The… [1155] (1984)Lie detector lies
Nature The Bayesian analysis revealed that conventional polygraph accuracy statistics are misleading when base rates are not considered, showing that screening applications in low-prevalence populations will… [1156] (1984)Anchoring in the detection of deception and leakage.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Judgment order significantly affected deception detection: subjects who judged attitude first became anchored to verbal message content and showed greater truthfulness bias and over-attribution. Both… [1157] (1984)Effects of diazepam and methylphenidate on the electrodermal detection of guilty knowledge
Journal of Applied Psychology Neither diazepam nor methylphenidate impaired the validity of the Guilty Knowledge Test, which achieved an overall classification accuracy of 94% across all drug conditions. Subjects… [1158] (1984)"P300" and memory: Individual differences in the von Restorff effect
Cognitive Psychology P300 amplitude predicted memory only for subjects using rote rehearsal strategies, not for those using elaborative encoding. Subjects using complex strategies showed excellent overall memory… [1159] (1984)On the fallibility of lie detection
American Psychologist The paper concluded that lying does not produce a measurable physiological response, that empirical evidence showed high false positive rates (50% in laboratory studies), and… [1160] (1984)Alcohol and the psychophysiological detection of deception
Psychophysiology Alcohol intoxication during the mock crime (encoding phase) significantly reduced detection accuracy on both Control Question Test and Guilty Knowledge Test protocols, whereas alcohol intoxication… [1161] (1984)Detecting Deception in 1984
American Behavioral Scientist Lykken concluded that polygraph tests are wrong one-third of the time overall, biased against innocent and conscientious persons, can be beaten by sophisticated liars, and… [1162] (1983)Detection of deception: Effectiveness of physical countermeasures under high motivation conditions
Psychophysiology With enhanced training, countermeasure subjects produced 47% false negative outcomes compared to 0% for guilty controls, demonstrating that simple physical countermeasures could effectively defeat the… [1163] (1983 • CONGRESSIONAL REVIEW)Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation
Government & Policy Documents Systematic review for Congress. Analyzed 10 field studies and 14 analog studies using the CQT. Found laboratory studies had an average unweighted accuracy of .83… [1164] (1983)Relationship between Nonverbal Sensitivities and Detection of Deception
Perceptual and Motor Skills The study found evidence that general nonverbal sensitivity relates to deception detection ability, though the relationship appears modest, contributing to broader understanding that individual differences… [1165] (IDENTIFIED BY OTA (1983) • 10 KEY FIELD STUDIES)OTA-Qualifying Field Studies of CQT Validity
Various journals (1960s–1980s) The 10 field studies identified by the Office of Technology Assessment as meeting minimum scientific standards. Together, they showed: false positive rates ranging from 0–75%… [1166] (1983)The detection of physical countermeasures
Polygraph Polygraph examiners detected only 12% of participants using physical countermeasures, with trained countermeasures proving difficult to detect through either physiological chart analysis or behavioral observation. [1167] (1983)The scientific validity of polygraph testing
Office of Technology Assessment Report Field studies showed average guilty detection of 86.3% but innocent detection of only 76%, with false positive rates averaging 19.1%. No scientific validity was established… [1168] (1982)Nonverbal strategies for decoding deception
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Judges who expected more deception discounted facial cues when evaluating discrepant messages, but this strategy reduced their accuracy when decoding truthful, consistent communications. Even without… [1169] (1982)Field Validity Study of CQT
Journal of Applied Psychology One of ten field studies meeting OTA minimum scientific standards. Provided accuracy data from real criminal investigations that contributed to the overall evidence base for… [1170] (1982)Extraversion and the detection of deception: comments on the paper by Bradley and Janisse
Personality and Individual Differences Extraversion showed negative correlation with skin reactivity in males but no relationship with detection accuracy. Overall, no consistent personality trait effects on GKT detection were… [1171] (1982)Detecting Deception: The Promise and the Reality of Voice Stress Analysis
Journal of Forensic Sciences Without exception, scientific evidence showed voice stress analyzers were not effective in detecting deception, with none achieving detection rates above chance levels in controlled situations.… [1172] (1982)The dichotimization theory for differential autonomic responsivity reconsidered
Psychophysiology The reconsidered theory established that stimulus significance is more potent than novelty alone in producing differential electrodermal responses, and that habituation generalizes completely within but… [1173] (1982)An evaluation of polygraphers' judgments: A review from a decision theoretic perspective
Journal of Applied Psychology Polygraphers systematically weighted detection of guilty suspects far more heavily than protection of innocent examinees, and formal decision-theoretic analysis showed the CQT is unlikely to… [1174] (1982)Detection of Deception: Consistency in Responding and Personality
Perceptual and Motor Skills No consistent relationships emerged between personality dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism, socialization, ego control) and detection accuracy. Situational factors like task involvement, countermeasure use, and confidence in… [1175] (1982 • MOCK CRIME/FIELD)A Method for Evaluating the Use of the Polygraph in a Real-Life Situation
Journal of Applied Psychology Innovative Israeli study using real crime scenario with unknown ground truth to evaluate polygraph accuracy. Demonstrated CQT effectiveness in a naturalistic military context. [1176] (1982 • MOCK CRIME)CQT Lab Accuracy with Community Participants
Journal of Applied Psychology Used community rather than student volunteers for increased ecological validity. Found accuracy rates comparable to field studies, supporting generalizability of lab results. [1177] (1982)Discrepancy as a cue to actual and perceived deception
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Communications involving concealment or deception showed greater face-speech discrepancy than truthful communications, especially with full speech. Senders appearing more discrepant were more likely to be… [1178] (1982)The Physiological Detection of Deception
American Scientist Electrodermal response was the most accurate of the three standard polygraph measures, and subjects with lower socialization scores were significantly less detectable due to reduced… [1179] (1982)Actual and perceived cues to deception: A closer look at speech
Basic and Applied Social Psychology Laypeople's intuitions about verbal deception cues demonstrated significant correspondence with actual deception markers, including reduced positivity, increased neutrality, and elevated nonfluencies in deceptive speech. However,… [1180] (1982)The effects of multiple physical countermeasures on the detection of deception
Psychophysiology Enhanced countermeasure training enabled 47% of guilty subjects to produce false negative outcomes by augmenting physiological responses to control questions, with cardiovascular measures most affected… [1181] (1981)Detection of deception from clients' eye contact patterns.
Journal of Counseling Psychology The study found opposite results from the common stereotype: liars did not avoid eye contact more than truth-tellers, contributing to evidence that eye gaze patterns… [1182] (1981)Statistical versus clinical lie detection
American Psychologist Clinical interpretation achieved 71% detection of guilty subjects but misclassified 50% of innocent participants as deceptive, while statistical analysis achieved 80% overall accuracy, suggesting examiners… [1183] (1981)Extraversion and the detection of deception
Personality and Individual Differences Extraverts demonstrated selective physiological responding to crime-relevant questions and were more accurately detected, while introverts showed diffuse responding to both critical and non-critical questions that… [1184] (1981)Accuracy demonstrations, threat, and the detection of deception: Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and pupillary measures
Psychophysiology Detection accuracy on the Control Question Test increased systematically with demonstrated polygraph effectiveness (dose-response relationship), while the Concealed Information Test showed weaker effects from the… [1185] (1981)Physiological detection of deception: Measurement of responses to questions and answers during countermeasure maneuvers
Psychophysiology Professional actors' mental countermeasures proved completely ineffective, with 100% of guilty subjects correctly detected and no false negatives. However, innocent subjects experienced false positive rates… [1186] (1981)Meprobamate Reduces Accuracy of Physiological Detection of Deception
Science Only 3 of 11 guilty subjects who took meprobamate were correctly identified as deceptive, compared to statistically significant detection rates in the placebo and no-pill… [1187] (1981)Cross-Modal Physiological Effects of Electrodermal Lability in the Detection of Deception
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Electrodermal lability produced cross-modal distortion of polygraph outcomes: high-lability truthful subjects were more often falsely detected as deceptive, while low-lability deceptive subjects escaped detection more… [1188] (1981)Meprobamate reduces the accuracy of physiological detection of deception
Science A standard 400 mg clinical dose of meprobamate rendered the electrodermal-based Guilty Knowledge Test unable to reliably distinguish deceptive from truthful subjects, while the examiner… [1189] (1981)A Validation and Reliability Study of the Counterintelligence Screening Test
902nd Military Intelligence Group The study provided the first scientific validation of directed lie control questions and the CIST format under controlled conditions. [1190] (1980)The responding of normals, alcoholics, and psychopaths in a laboratory lie detection experiment
Dissertation Abstracts International No differences in detectability of deception were found among normal individuals, alcoholics, and psychopaths, challenging assumptions that psychopaths could evade polygraph detection. [1191] (1980)Electrodermal Lability and Concealed Information Detection
Psychophysiology Found that electrodermally labile subjects were more frequently detected in CIT tasks, while electrodermally stabile subjects were less detectable. Individual differences in physiological reactivity can… [1192] (1980)Trait Anxiety and Skin Conductance in CIT
Psychophysiology Found that high trait anxiety “guilty” subjects responded more strongly in mock-crime CIT than low-anxiety subjects. Demonstrated that personality variables can moderate CIT detection rates. [1193] (1980)Individual differences in electrodermal lability and the detection of information and deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Electrodermal lability systematically influenced polygraph outcomes: guilty stabiles escaped detection more often than guilty labiles, while innocent labiles were falsely identified as deceptive more frequently… [1194] (1980)Guilty knowledge versus innocent associations: Effects of trait anxiety and stimulus context on skin conductance
Journal of Research in Personality The GKT achieved 97.5% correct classification accuracy, with high-anxiety guilty participants showing strong differential responses while low-anxiety subjects showed minimal effects regardless of guilt status. [1195] (1980)Humans as Lie Detectors
Journal of Communication Human lie detectors achieved only 57% accuracy across reviewed studies, marginally above the 50% chance level, establishing that unaided human judgment provides minimal advantage in… [1196] (1980)Nonverbal indicators of deception: A new theoretical perspective
Communication Monographs Contrary to earlier theories, liars showed fewer easily controlled gestures than truth-tellers, supporting a monitoring-and-control framework where behavioral suppression rather than increased nervous activity characterizes… [1197] (1980)Effects of self‐monitoring and familiarity on deception detection1
Communication Quarterly Observers with prior baseline exposure to communicators' behavior were significantly better at detecting deception compared to strangers, with a positive linear relationship between familiarity level… [1198] (1980)Vocal Indicators of Psychological Stress
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Voice stress indicators showed inconsistent effects, high individual variability, and validation studies demonstrated poor accuracy rates often near chance levels. The microtremor claims of devices… [1199] (1979)Accuracy of Polygraph Techniques
Various Publications Reported polygraph accuracy exceeding .90 using the CQT format. This early quantification helped establish the scientific foundation for modern polygraph testing standards. [1200] (1979)Psychological stress evaluator--two tests of a vocal measure
Psychophysiology The PSE completely failed to detect deception in a guilty knowledge paradigm (chance-level accuracy) but successfully measured graded cognitive stress during arithmetic tasks, demonstrating that… [1201] (1979 • EXPERIMENTAL)Validity of CQT in Laboratory Mock Crime Study
Psychophysiology One of the Utah group’s foundational mock crime experiments with 72 volunteers. Established the Federal Zone of Comparison technique validity using numerical scoring, with accuracy… [1202] (1979)The detection of deception
Psychological Bulletin Lykken concluded that the CQT lacks construct validity because it assesses fear rather than deception and fails to create true experimental controls between relevant and… [1203] (1979 • FOUNDATIONAL)CQT Mock Crime Laboratory Study
Psychophysiology One of the earliest CQT mock crime studies from the Utah group. 72 student volunteers randomly assigned to guilty/innocent conditions with financial motivation bonus. [1204] (1979)Effects of information and practice on detection of deception
Psychophysiology Detection accuracy remained robust across all experimental conditions, with detailed information about the CQT and practice having minimal impact on the ability to differentiate guilty… [1205] (1979)Effects of Repeated Examinations on the Ability to Detect Guilt with a Polygraphic Examination: A Laboratory Experiment with a Real Crime
Journal of Applied Psychology Electrodermal activity (skin resistance) was the only effective physiological measure; cardiovascular channels failed to detect guilt. Detection accuracy vanished entirely on the second examination, indicating… [1206] (1979)Truth and Deception: A Reply to Lykken
Psychological Bulletin Raskin and Podlesny asserted that the CQT achieves approximately 90% accuracy in real-world applications when properly administered by skilled examiners, with errors tending toward false… [1207] (1979)The psychological stress evaluator, technical limitations affecting lie detection
Polygraph The PSE failed to identify deceptive responses beyond chance levels on the guilty knowledge test but did show consistency in measuring cognitive stress during mental… [1208] (1979)Effects of Level of Socialization on Electrodermal Detection of Deception
Psychophysiology Deceptive subjects who evaded polygraph detection scored significantly lower on the CPI Socialization scale (r = .45, p < .05), with the effect mediated by… [1209] (1979)Socialization, awareness, and the electrodermal response to deception and self-disclosure
Journal of Abnormal Psychology Level of socialization significantly predicted polygraph detectability: poorly socialized deceptive subjects were less likely to be caught by their skin conductance responses, while highly socialized… [1210] (1979)A validity study of the psychological stress evaluator
Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science The PSE could not reliably distinguish truthful from deceptive statements in controlled conditions, performing at chance levels and failing to exceed random guessing accuracy. [1211] (1978)Verbal and nonverbal cues in the perception of lying
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Observers achieved moderate deception detection accuracy using multiple cues. Liars produced less plausible, shorter answers with longer response latencies. Response hesitation interacted with content: it… [1212] (1978)The Psychopath and the Lie Detector
Psychophysiology Lykken concluded that Raskin and Hare's mock crime experiment lacked the real-world motivational stakes necessary to genuinely test the CQT's theoretical mechanisms, and that their… [1213] (1978)An Experimental Investigation of the Relative Validity and Utility of the Polygraph Technique and Three Other Common Methods of Criminal Identification
Journal of Forensic Sciences Polygraph testing achieved the highest accuracy with 18 of 20 correct decisions (90%), 1 incorrect decision (5%), and 1 inconclusive (5%), outperforming eyewitness identification, fingerprints,… [1214] (1978)Effects of Physiological Variables on the Detection of Deception
Psychosomatic Medicine The research demonstrated that electrodermal measures provided superior deception detection compared to cardiovascular and pupillary responses, and that accuracy demonstrations and threat manipulations significantly enhanced… [1215] (1978)Validity and Reliability of Detection of Deception
U.S. Government Report Polygraph examinations using control-question or guilty-knowledge tests achieved approximately 90% overall accuracy when properly conducted and numerically scored; examiners employing numerical scoring reached 99% accuracy… [1216] (1978 • FOUNDATIONAL LAB)Physiological Detection of Deception: A New Approach
Journal of Applied Psychology Early Utah lab study establishing core mock-crime methodology. Achieved significant discrimination between guilty and innocent groups using physiological measures, validating the basic paradigm. [1217] (1978)Psychopathy and detection of deception in a prison population
Psychophysiology 100% of guilty subjects (both psychopaths and nonpsychopaths) were correctly identified using the CQT, with 91% accuracy for innocent subjects. Psychopaths showed equivalent physiological responsivity… [1218] (1978)An experimental comparison of the Psychological Stress Evaluator and the galvanic skin response in detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology The PSE showed detection accuracy at chance levels with interrater reliability of only .38, while GSR achieved .92 reliability and exceeded chance-level accuracy. The PSE… [1219] (1978)Effects of Attention, as Indexed by Subsequent Memory, on Electrodermal Detection of Deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Deceptive subjects who were correctly detected by their electrodermal responses remembered significantly more control words after the test than undetected deceptive subjects, indicating that broader… [1220] (1977)The effects of selected variables on interpretation of polygraph records
Journal of Applied Psychology Blind chart evaluators achieved only 63.3% accuracy on police cases when denied access to special charts available to original examiners, significantly below accuracy rates reported… [1221] (1977 • CLASSIC)The Effect of Selected Variables on Interpretation of Polygraph Records
Journal of Applied Psychology Examined factors affecting polygraph chart interpretation including examiner experience. Found that trained examiners achieved significantly higher accuracy than untrained raters, emphasizing the importance of professional… [1222] (1977)Physiological Measures and the Detection of Deception
Psychological Bulletin The review concluded that cardiovascular and electrodermal measures showed consistent effectiveness in discriminating between deceptive and truthful subjects, while also identifying the absence of inferential… [1223] (1977)Wartość diagnostyczna badania poligraficznego i jej znaczenie kryminalistyczne
Polygraph examination produced 18 correct identifications out of 20 cases (90% accuracy rate), tied with graphological analysis for the fewest incorrect diagnoses and achieving the… [1224] (1976)Validity and Reliability of Polygraph Examinations of Criminal Suspects
Report No. 76-1, U.S. Department of Justice (LEAA) One of the earliest rigorous field studies of the CQT with criminal suspects. Established baseline accuracy data that would be referenced in every subsequent government… [1225] (1976)Deception and pupil size
Journal of Clinical Psychology Mean pupil diameter was statistically larger during deceptive responses (5.74 mm) versus truthful responses (5.15 mm), demonstrating that pupillary dilation can differentiate between truth-telling and… [1226] (1976)Deception and role playing: On telling the good guys from the bad guys.
American Psychologist Cooper argued that laboratory mock-crime studies lacked the realistic stakes and consequences of field polygraph examinations, leading to overestimates of accuracy. The paper highlighted fundamental… [1227] (1976 • FOUNDATIONAL ANALOG)Polygraph Validity and Reliability: A Review
Book Chapters Major review of laboratory and field studies establishing empirical support for polygraph validity. Identified key factors affecting accuracy and proposed standards for practice. [1228] (1975)The Influence of Auxiliary Sources of Information in Polygraph Diagnoses
Journal of Police Science and Administration Auxiliary case information demonstrably biased polygraph diagnostic outcomes, with examiners given incriminating background showing a systematic shift toward deceptive verdicts relative to blind chart-only evaluators. [1229] (1975)The Validity of the polygraph technique with children
Journal of Police Science and Administration Children below age 11 demonstrated only 63% GKT polygraph accuracy (near-chance), while those aged 11 and older achieved 91% accuracy comparable to adult performance, revealing… [1230] (1975)An Evaluation of Field Techniques in Detection of Deception
Psychophysiology The study achieved 81% correct classification excluding inconclusives. Electrodermal (skin resistance) measures proved most discriminating, followed by cardiovascular and respiration. Blind evaluations by five examiners… [1231] (1975)Detection of Information and GSR Habituation: An Attempt to Derive Detection Efficiency From Two Habituation Curves
Psychophysiology Relevant and neutral stimuli exhibited structurally similar but independently progressing GSR habituation curves, and predictions derived from these two curves successfully anticipated the rank ordering… [1232] (1975 • FIELD STUDY)Relative Accuracy of Polygraph Examiner Diagnosis of Respiration, Blood Pressure, and GSR Recordings
Journal of Police Science and Administration Field study comparing diagnostic value of individual physiological channels. Found electrodermal (GSR) measures provided the most diagnostic information, followed by cardiovascular and respiratory channels. [1233] (1974)The validity of the polygraph with schizophrenics
Polygraph The study found that polygraph examinations are generally valid with schizophrenic patients in stable states, but that agitated or acutely psychotic individuals produce unreliable results… [1234] (1974)The validity of the polygraph with retardates
Journal of Police Science and Administration The polygraph produced physiologically interpretable and diagnostically valid results with individuals with intellectual disabilities, suggesting that cognitive limitations do not suppress the autonomic arousal mechanisms… [1235] (1973 • FIELD STUDY)The Accuracy and Consistency of Polygraph Examiners’ Diagnoses
Journal of Police Science and Administration Examined real criminal cases with confirmed outcomes. Found examiner accuracy of 92.4% for deceptive subjects and 95.5% for truthful subjects when using structured scoring methods. [1236] (1972)The objective use of multiple physiological indices in the detection of deception
Psychophysiology All nine physiological variables were statistically significant indicators of deception (p < .01 or p < .05), and a combined six-variable index provided an advantage… [1237] (1972)Detection of deception as a function of galvanic skin response recording methodology
The Journal of Psychology The study compared constant voltage and constant current GSR recording techniques in a laboratory deception detection paradigm, contributing methodological evidence that informed subsequent standardization of… [1238] (1972)An experimental study of field techniques in lie detection
Department of Psychology, University of Utah The zone comparison control question technique successfully differentiated guilty from innocent subjects, with electrodermal (skin conductance) measures proving to be the most accurate indicator of… [1239] (1971 • CLASSIC)The Reliability of Polygraph Examiner Diagnosis of Truth and Deception
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Seminal reliability study examining agreement among polygraph examiners interpreting the same charts. Found high inter-rater reliability for experienced examiners using structured scoring methods. [1240] (1970)Guilty Knowledge Technique: Application of Signal Detection Measures
Journal of Applied Psychology Under a fixed a priori decision rule, 98% of innocent and 42% of guilty subjects were correctly classified; applying an SDT-optimal decision rule improved guilty… [1241] (1970)Efficiency of GSR detection of information as a function of stimulus set size
Psychophysiology Detection scores did not significantly decline as stimulus set size increased, and Signal Detection analysis suggested enhanced autonomic discrimination with larger sets, supporting what became… [1242] (1969)Skin conductance changes and word recall
British Journal of Psychology Larger phasic skin conductance responses to items during encoding positively predicted later recall, and this predictive relationship strengthened with increasing retention delay, supporting arousal-mediated consolidation… [1243] (1969 • CLASSIC FIELD STUDY)A Validation Study of Polygraph Examiner Judgments
Journal of Applied Psychology Pioneering field validity study using panel of attorneys to establish ground truth. Found 92% agreement between polygraph results and panel verdicts. One of the earliest… [1244] (1969)Subjective report and credibility: An inquiry involving hypnotic hallucinations.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology The study demonstrated that high behavioral performance on hypnotic suggestions did not necessarily indicate genuine subjective experience, establishing that experienced involuntariness is central to authentic… [1245] (1969)Results of Probing Peak of Tension Tests Used in Other Crimes and Its Relation to the Suspected Conditions
Polygraph Reports Of 254 examinees tested with Probing Peak of Tension tests for other crimes, 77.56% displayed physiological reactions and either confessed or had their crimes confirmed,… [1246] (1968)The Relation Between Ethnic Origin and GSR Reactivity in Psychophysiological Detection
Journal of Applied Psychology The study found that ethnic origin significantly moderated GSR reactivity in psychophysiological detection, with participants from different ethnic backgrounds — particularly Jewish Israeli and Bedouin… [1247] (1968)Experimental Evaluation of Galvanic Skin Response and Blood Pressure Change Indices During Criminal Interrogation
Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science The study found that physiological response patterns during real criminal interrogations differed meaningfully from those predicted by laboratory research, confirming that the translation of laboratory-derived… [1248] (1968)Validity of the guilty-knowledge technique: the effects of motivation
Journal of Applied Psychology The GKT achieved 92% accuracy for guilty subjects and 100% for innocent subjects, with perfect specificity and no effect of motivational manipulation on detection rates. [1249] (1968)A comparison of physiological indices in detection of deception
Psychophysiology GSR and SPR were the only measures to consistently and significantly discriminate deception above chance, and were significantly superior to finger volume; breathing amplitude and… [1250] (1968)Effects of the type of stimulus employed and the level of subject awareness on the detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Personally relevant stimuli (name, date of birth) were significantly more detectable via GSR than experimentally assigned code words despite equal motivational consequences, and detection rates… [1251] (1966)Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics
The work empirically validated that discrimination performance can be separated into sensitivity (d') and decision criterion (β) components, with the area under the ROC curve… [1252] (1966 – 1967)Effects of Realistic Stress and the Role of “Lying” in Psychophysiological Detection
Journal of Applied Psychology Examined how stress and the cognitive act of lying itself affect physiological responses. Found that realistic stress conditions influence detection accuracy differently than laboratory conditions… [1253] (1966)Polygraph and Interview Validation of Self-Reported Deviant Behavior
American Sociological Review Overall questionnaire accuracy was high, but delinquency scale items showed significant underreporting. Despite individual response inaccuracies, questionnaires successfully maintained valid rank-ordering of respondents by delinquency… [1254] (1966)THE SMALL SCALE GAP TEST: CALIBRATION AND COMPARISON WITH THE LARGE SCALE GAP TEST
The SSGT showed quantitative correlation with the Large Scale Gap Test for explosives at porosity ≥ 104, validating the small-scale test as a reliable predictor… [1255] (1965)Effects of perceived role and role success on the detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Detectability on a second polygraph trial was determined not by feedback content alone but by whether that feedback matched the subject's perceived role, with all… [1256] (1965)The effects of verbal responses on the laboratory detection of deception
Psychophysiology Subjects instructed to say 'no' to each question were most frequently detected via GSR, while those required to produce word associations were least frequently detected… [1257] (1965)Construction and Interviewing of Probing Peak of Tension Tests for Some Other Crime Suspected and Their Results
Polygraph Reports 77.56% of the 254 suspects tested showed physiological reactions indicative of guilty knowledge, and these reactions were subsequently confirmed through confessions or investigative corroboration. [1258] (1963)Vittnespsykologins Arbetsmetoder
Liber Trankell demonstrated that unstructured production, logical coherence, and admission of memory gaps serve as valid indicators of statement credibility, while artificially structured presentations typically indicate… [1259] (1963)Effects of heightened motivation on the detection of deception
Journal of Applied Psychology Subjects motivated to deceive produced significantly larger skin resistance responses to critical items and were detected at rates far exceeding chance, while unmotivated subjects were… [1260] (1960)The validity of the guilty knowledge technique: the effects of faking
Journal of Applied Psychology No subject was able to defeat the objective GSR scoring system, yielding 100% correct classification accuracy — demonstrating that the GKT's memory-detection mechanism is highly… [1261] (1955)Blood Pressure Rises on Relevant Questions in Lie Detection: Sometimes an Indication of Innocence Not Guilt
The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science Innocent examinees demonstrated significant blood pressure elevations on relevant questions driven by anxiety about false accusation rather than fear of detection, with distinct physiological patterns… [1262] (1938)The lie-detector. Its history and development
Journal of Michigan State Medical Society Nine trained psychologists showed profound disagreement when interpreting identical polygraph charts from truthful suspects, with deception classifications ranging from 5 to 33 of 61 truthful… [1263] (1938)The truth about lie-detector
Journal of Applied Psychology Ruckmick demonstrated that the so-called psychogalvanic reflex was neither a true reflex nor uniquely indicative of deception, and that electrodermal responses could be triggered by… [1264] (1938 • EARLY HISTORY)Lie Detection: Its History, Methods and Techniques
New York: Published Works (1938) Early comprehensive account of lie detection history and methods. Documented the transition from ancient ordeals to scientific instruments and the development of questioning techniques. [1265] (1937)A new psychogalvanometric technique in criminal investigation
Psychological Bulletin Summers reported 98-100% accuracy with the Pathometer in detecting deception, and his work directly led to Leonarde Keeler's addition of the galvanic skin response (GSR)… [1266] (1936)A comparison of the cardio-pneumo-psychograph and association methods in the detection of lying in cases of theft among college students
Journal of Applied Psychology The cardio-pneumo-psychograph showed higher diagnostic accuracy than word association testing for detecting deception in theft cases, while respiratory measurements were found to have minimal discriminative… [1267] (1932)Lying and its detection: A study of deception and deception tests
University of Chicago Press (Behavior Research Fund Monographs) The monograph established that coordinated multi-channel physiological recording — integrating blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity — could provide a scientifically grounded basis for… [1268] (1930)A Method For Detecting Deception
American Journal of Police Science Laboratory experiments achieved 93% accuracy in identifying deception regarding hidden objects, while field data from 8,000+ suspects showed 80% confirmation rates in personnel screening and… [1269] (1930)A method for detection deception
American Journal of Police Science Laboratory experiments achieved 93% accuracy in detecting deception, with field validation showing 80% confirmation rates in personnel screening and 62% in criminal investigations. Over 8,000… [1270] (1925)Negative Type Reaction-Time Symptoms of Deception
Psychological Review Marston demonstrated that deception produces two distinct classes of reaction-time deviation — positive (prolonged) and negative (inhibited/shortened) — showing that a complete diagnostic framework must… [1271] (1924)Studies in Testimony
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Expert blind reading of blood pressure charts by Marston achieved a reported 97.1% accuracy across 35 cases, compared to 74.3% accuracy when non-specialist officers conducted… [1272] (1923)Sex Characteristics of Systolic Blood Pressure Behavior
Journal of Experimental Psychology Female participants were reported to exhibit stronger and more consistent systolic blood pressure elevations during deception than male participants, with Marston interpreting this as evidence… [1273] (1920)Reaction time symptoms of deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology Deceptive responses produced consistently longer reaction times than truthful ones in word-association tests, with Marston reporting accuracy rates as high as 96–100% in laboratory and… [1274] (1915 – 1917)Systolic Blood Pressure and Deception Detection
Various Publications William Moulton Marston (who later created Wonder Woman) developed the discontinuous systolic blood pressure test for deception. His wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston suggested the blood… [1275] (1915 • FOUNDATIONAL)Systolic Blood Pressure Symptoms of Deception
Journal of Experimental Psychology Marston’s detailed experimental work establishing systolic blood pressure as an indicator of deception. Reported 96% accuracy, though later criticized for methodological limitations. [1276] (0)The Relationship of Conversational Sensitivity and Employment Interview Experience to Deception Detection in Employment Interviews.
Neither professional interviewing experience nor conversational sensitivity substantially improved deception detection accuracy. Judges across all groups demonstrated a truth bias and frequently relied on invalid… [1277] (0)Coalitional Tracker for Deception Detection in Thermal Imagery
Augmented Vision Perception in Infrared The coalitional tracking method achieved 82% deception classification accuracy, a 20% improvement over previous methods, while maintaining pixel-level tracking accuracy even during unrestricted subject movement.… [1278] (0)Polygraphs and 250 Wrongful Conviction Exonerations
Across 215 documented wrongful conviction exonerations, polygraph examinations correctly indicated exoneree innocence in approximately 80% of cases with clear results (a 4:1 ratio of passes… [1279] (0)The Effect of Embedded Lies on the Verbal Quality of Statements and Implications for Credibility Assessment
Embedded lies are not qualitatively different from lies in fully fabricated statements (supported by Bayesian analysis), and lies embedded in truthful statements can still be… [1280] (0)Modality Effects in Deception Detection and Applications in Automatic-Deception-Detection
Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Differences between deception and truth were generally consistent across the three modalities, with only specificity showing significant modality-by-condition interaction effects. Modality had strong main effects… [1281] (0)Personality Traits and Deception Detection Ability Among College Students with Primary Psychopathic Traits
Both primary hypotheses were not supported: sex did not moderate the relationship between primary psychopathic traits and deception detection accuracy, and Big Five personality traits…Related research topics
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