Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods
Research Landscape
All 66 Studies
A Filtering Response Time Concealed Information Test for Searching for Relevant Concealed Items
Gáspár Lukács · Applied Cognitive Psychology
The filtering RT-CIT protocol reduced testing time by approximately 59% (from 17 to 7 minutes) compared to conventional approaches while…
Assessing partial errors via analog gaming keyboards in response conflict tasks: A proof-of-concept study with the concealed information test
Bruno J. Verschuere · Behavior Research Methods
Probe trials showed 2.93% partial errors versus 0.46% for irrelevant items, with strong statistical evidence (Bayes Factor = 275) supporting…
Diagnosing eyewitness identifications with reaction time‑based Concealed Information Test: The effect of viewpoint congruency between test and encoding
Bruno J. Verschuere · Psychological Research
The RT-CIT demonstrated strong capacity to diagnose face recognition with effect sizes ranging from d = 0.63 to d =…
No Practice Effect on the Classification Accuracy of the Response Time Concealed Information Test
Gáspár Lukács · Journal of Forensic Sciences
Classification accuracy of the RT-CIT remained stable across repeated testing sessions with no significant practice effects, indicating the test maintains…
Slow Tone: Detecting White Lie Disclosures Using Response Latency
John C. Heater, Doron Reichmann ·
Positive management tone following high response latency predicts immediate positive stock price reactions that reverse over time, with effects most…
Response Time Concealed Information Test Using Fillers in Cybercrime and Concealed Identity Scenarios
Gáspár Lukács · Memory
RT-CIT achieved AUC estimates around .70 for cybercrime details but around .95 for autobiographical items, demonstrating that memory type rather…
Importance-Related Fillers Improve the Classification Accuracy of the Response Time Concealed Information Test in a Crime Scenario
Wojciechowski, J., Lukács, G. · Legal and Criminological Psychology
Importance-related fillers significantly improved RT-CIT classification accuracy in crime scenarios, representing the first validation that filler-based enhancement could be adapted…
Prolonged Response Time Concealed Information Test Decreases Probe-Control Differences but Increases Classification Accuracy
Gáspár Lukács · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
Increased test length consistently decreased probe-control response time differences but increased classification accuracy, with approximately 600 total trials emerging as…
Speed versus accuracy instructions in the response time concealed information test
Lubczyk, T., Lukács, G., Ansorge,… · Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
Speed versus accuracy instructions had no significant effect on RT-CIT validity, with detection accuracy remaining stable at approximately 96% across…
The Feasibility of the Reaction Time-based Concealed Information Test via Online
Hazuki Mizushi, Isato Furumitsu · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The study demonstrated the feasibility of online RT-CIT administration, suggesting that web-based platforms can produce valid results for detecting concealed…
Validity of enhanced reaction time-based concealed information test using Japanese fillers and self-relevance stimuli
Amou Fujimura, Akemi Osugi · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The study validated an enhanced RT-CIT protocol using Japanese filler items and self-relevance stimuli, contributing to cross-cultural evidence for the…
Addressing selective attrition in the enhanced response time-based concealed information test: A within-subject replication
Gáspár Lukács · Applied Cognitive Psychology
The enhanced CIT with filler items significantly outperformed the standard version (d=1.07, p<.001) in a within-subject design that eliminated selective…
How Vulnerable is the Reaction Time Concealed Information Test to Faking?
Bruno J. Verschuere · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
Without response deadlines, the RT-CIT was vulnerable to faking (d = 1.06-1.08), but implementation of an 800ms response deadline rendered…
The mechanism of filler items in the response time concealed information test
Gáspár Lukács · Psychological Research
Smaller proportions of familiarity-related fillers sharing response keys with targets produce larger probe-irrelevant RT differences, and semantic associations between targets…
Memory‐Based Deception Detection: Extending the Cognitive Signature of Lying From Instructed to Self‐Initiated Cheating
Linda Marjoleine Geven · Topics in Cognitive Science
Both instructed cheaters (n=107) and self-initiated cheaters (n=142) showed significant RT-slowing on the CIT compared to fair players, proving that…
No effect of moderate alcohol intake on the detection of concealed identity information in the laboratory
Kristina Suchotzki; Henrike May; Matthias… · Scientific Reports
Moderate alcohol intake did not significantly affect the detection of concealed identity information in laboratory conditions.
Response Time Concealed Information Test on smartphones
Gáspár Lukács · Collabra: Psychology
The RT-CIT performed equivalently on smartphones and desktop computers, with thumb-based responses on touchscreens yielding equally efficient results as conventional…
Information leakage in the response time-based concealed information test
Gáspár Lukács · Applied Cognitive Psychology
Information leakage severely reduced traditional RT-CIT accuracy to AUC = .61-.64, but the novel Inducer-CIT maintained substantially higher accuracy of…
Reaction time-based Concealed Information Test in eyewitness identification is moderated by picture similarity but not eyewitness cooperation
Georgiadou, K., Chronos, A., Verschuere,… · Psychological Research
RT-CIT effectiveness was significantly impaired when using closely matched faces (as required for fair lineups) compared to non-matched faces, but…
Testing a potential alternative to traditional identification procedures: Reaction time-based concealed information test does not work for lineups with cooperative witnesses
Sauerland, M., Wolfs, E., Crans,… · Applied Cognitive Psychology
The RT-CIT demonstrated negligibly small diagnostic validity (d = 0.14, 95% CI 0.08-0.19) across five experiments, failing to effectively identify…
Validity of the Reaction Time Concealed Information Test in a Prison Sample
Kristina Suchotzki, Aileen Kakavand, Matthias… · Frontiers in Psychiatry
The RT-CIT demonstrated high validity in the prison sample with robust effect sizes. Error rate CIT-effects were elevated in prisoners…
Alcohol facilitates detection of concealed identity information
Kristina Suchotzki; Matthias Gamer · Scientific Reports
Alcohol facilitated detection of concealed identity information, suggesting that intoxication impairs the cognitive control necessary to effectively conceal recognized information.
Deception Processing by Third-Party Observers: The Role of Speaker Intent
Michelle C. Phillips · Psychological Reports
Reading about intentionally deceptive speakers primed faster processing of deception-related sentences in subsequent stories, demonstrating that observers are sensitive to…
Association-based Concealed Information Test: A novel reaction time-based deception detection method
Gáspár Lukács · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
The A-CIT achieved AUC values of .857 and .835 across two experiments, with particularly strong performance (96% correct classification, 4%…
Familiarity-related fillers improve the validity of reaction time-based memory detection
Gáspár Lukács · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
Familiarity-related filler items significantly and substantially improved RT-CIT classification accuracy for both single-probe and multiple-probe protocols across two independent preregistered…
Lying takes time: A meta-analysis on reaction time measures of deception
Geert Crombez · Psychological Bulletin
Lying showed a large standardized reaction time difference compared to truth-telling (d = 1.049) across all paradigms, with effects remaining…
ID-Check: Online Concealed Information Test Reveals True Identity
Bruno J. Verschuere · Journal of Forensic Sciences
The online ID-Check achieved near-perfect diagnostic accuracy with AUC = 0.98 and overall accuracy ranging from 86-94% in detecting individuals…
Supplemental Material for The role of motivation to avoid detection in reaction time-based concealed information detection
· Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
Financial incentives to avoid detection, even when verified to increase motivation, did not impact RT-CIT validity in either experiment. Neither…
Deception Task--Adapted Version
Henry Otgaar, Bruno Verschuere, Ewout… · PsycTESTS Dataset
Children with implanted false memories were faster to confirm than deny statements about false events, providing evidence that implanted false…
Detecting deception through reaction times
Verschuere, B., Suchotzki, K., Debey,… · Detecting Deception
The RT-based Concealed Information Test demonstrates exceptionally low false positive rates and large effect sizes (d = 0.97-1.55) for detecting…
Lie, truth, lie: the role of task switching in a deception context
Evelyne Debey, Baptist Liefooghe, Jan… · Psychological Research
Error and reaction time switch costs were equally large for switching from truth-telling to lying and from lying to truth-telling,…
Memory Detection 2.0: The First Web-Based Memory Detection Test
Kleinberg, B., Verschuere, B. · PLoS One
Reaction times successfully detected concealed autobiographical information with accuracy well above chance, performing better than error rates. Memory detection was…
RT-based memory detection: Item saliency effects in the one probe and multiple probe protocol
Verschuere, B., Kleinberg, B., Theocharidou,… · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
The multiple-probe protocol consistently outperformed the single-probe protocol, and pronounced item saliency differences affected RT-CIT validity in laboratory conditions, though…
RT-Based Memory Detection: Item Saliency Effects in the Single-Probe and Multiple-Probe Protocol
Verschuere, B., Kleinberg, B., Theocharidou,… · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
The multiple-probe protocol outperformed the single-probe protocol in both laboratory and internet studies. High salient items were better detected than…
RT-Based Memory Detection: Item Saliency Effects in the Single-Probe and the Multiple-Probe Protocol
Verschuere, B., Kleinberg, B., Theocharidou,… · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
The multiple-probe protocol significantly outperformed the single-probe protocol across both settings, and high salient items (e.g., first name) were detected…
Reaction Time
· Encyclopedia of Deception
Meta-analysis found lying produces a large RT delay (d = 1.049) compared to truth-telling, even after correcting for publication bias.…
Some Evidence for Unconscious Lie Detection
ten Brinke, L., Stimson, D.,… · Psychological Science
Indirect measures of lie detection were significantly more accurate than direct conscious judgments across two experiments, with unconscious processes appearing…
The RT-based Concealed Information Test: An Overview of Current Research and Future Perspectives
Mihai Varga, George Visu-Petra, Mircea… · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
RT measures reliably indicate guilty knowledge, with slower reaction times for recognized probe items. Increasing executive load through concurrent tasks…
An interfering dot-probe task facilitates the detection of mock crime memory in a reaction time (RT)-based concealed information test
Xiaoqing Hu · Acta Psychologica
Adding a within-trial dot-probe interference task boosted detection AUC from .88 to .94 and classification accuracy from 85.7% to 92.1%,…
Predicting the sensitivity of the reaction time-based concealed information test
Noordraven, E., Verschuere, B. · Applied Cognitive Psychology
Target-irrelevant response patterns effectively predicted individual CIT sensitivity, improving discrimination accuracy from 86% to 97% hit rate (ROC AUC 0.95)…
Reaction time measures in deception research: Comparing the effects of irrelevant and relevant stimulus–response compatibility
Suchotzki, K., Verschuere, B., Crombez,… · Acta Psychologica
Relevant SRC tasks yielded substantial compatibility effects for deception detection while irrelevant SRC tasks showed no significant effects, with results…
The autobiographical IAT: a review
Agosta, S., Sartori, G. · Frontiers in Psychology
Validation experiments demonstrated over 90% accuracy in detecting true autobiographical memories, with test-retest agreement exceeding 90% and split-half reliability of…
When Interference Helps: Increasing Executive Load to Facilitate Deception Detection in the Concealed Information Test
Visu-Petra, G., Varga, M., Miclea,… · Frontiers in Psychology
The concealed information effect was robust across all conditions with accurate signal detection parameters, but cognitive interference tasks did not…
A repeated lie becomes a truth? The effect of intentional control and training on deception
Xiaoqing Hu · Frontiers in Psychology
Training with intentional practice (360 additional deceptive-response trials) fully erased the reaction-time gap between lying and truth-telling (108.67 ms reduced…
Imposing cognitive load to elicit cues to deceit: Inducing the reverse order technique naturally
Ronald Philip Fisher · Psychology, Crime & Law
Reverse-order recall produced more prominent verbal cues to deception than chronological recall, and human observers achieved higher deception detection accuracy…
Learning to lie: Effects of practice on the cognitive cost of lying
Van Bockstaele, B., Verschuere, B.,… · Frontiers in Psychology
Frequent liars showed a 53 ms lie-effect during training, compared to 239 ms for frequent truth-tellers, but training effects did…
Lie-detection using Autobiographical Implicit Association Test
Kiho Kim, Jang-Han Lee · PsycEXTRA Dataset
Validation research on the aIAT demonstrated over 90% accuracy in detecting true autobiographical memories, with test-retest reliability also exceeding 90%,…
Lying and executive control: An experimental investigation using ego depletion and goal neglect
Debey, E., Verschuere, B., Crombez,… · Acta Psychologica
Goal neglect induced by long RSI (5-8 seconds) significantly increased the cognitive cost of lying compared to short RSI (0.2…
Reaction time-based detection of concealed information in relation to individual differences in executive functioning
Visu-Petra, G., Miclea, M., Visu-Petra,… · Applied Cognitive Psychology
The RT-CIT successfully differentiated guilty from innocent participants, with set-shifting and inhibition directly related to deception accuracy and speed; individuals…
Tests with Numbers
Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko; Vladimir… · European Polygraph
Mental arithmetic tasks produced observable EDA responses that increased systematically with problem difficulty, demonstrating that cognitive processing alone can generate…
Can the affect misattribution procedure detect deception?
Valerie Russell, Winford Gordon · PsycEXTRA Dataset
Specific findings are not available; the work appears to be a conference presentation that was not subsequently published in peer-reviewed…
Detecting concealed information in less than a second: Response latency-based measures
Verschuere, B., De Houwer, J. · In: Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test
The oddball task, which manipulates stimulus-response compatibility, produces exceptional effect sizes (d = 1.97 for reaction times), comparable to traditional…
Faking of the Implicit Association Test is statistically detectable and partly correctable
Dario Cvencek · Basic and Applied Social Psychology
The Combined Task Slowing (CTS) index detected instructed IAT faking with an average 75% accuracy (AUC up to .86) across…
Cognitive lie detection: Response time and consistency of answers as cues to deception
Walczyk, J. J., Mahoney, K.… · Journal of Business and Psychology
Classification accuracy reached 89% using response time and answer consistency to distinguish liars from truth-tellers after controlling for individual differences,…
Detecting concealed information with reaction times: Validity and comparison with the polygraph
Bruno J. Verschuere · Applied Cognitive Psychology
Both the RT-based CIT and the polygraph-based CIT successfully discriminated between concealed and control autobiographical information, with similarly high effect…
Electromyographic Evidence for Response Conflict in the Exclude Recognition Task
Seymour, T. L., Schumacher, E.… · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
Results showed 28% partial errors for probe items compared to only 2% for irrelevant items, providing direct physiological evidence that…
Outsmarting the liars: The benefit of asking unanticipated questions
Ronald Philip Fisher · Law and Human Behavior
Unanticipated questions — especially requests to draw the restaurant layout — enabled correct classification of up to 80% of liar…
A cognitive load approach to lie detection
Ronald Philip Fisher · Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling
Actively imposing cognitive load through interview interventions — such as instructing interviewees to recall events in reverse chronological order —…
How to accurately detect autobiographical events
Sartori, G., Agosta, S., Zogmaister,… · Psychological Science
The aIAT achieved 91% correct classification rates at both group and individual levels, with test-retest reliability exceeding 90% and split-half…
Increasing cognitive load to facilitate lie detection: The benefit of recalling an event in reverse order
Vrij, A., Mann, S., Fisher,… · Law and Human Behavior
Liars interviewed in reverse chronological order were detected with 60% accuracy compared to 42% in forward order—a 42% improvement. Reverse…
Successful detection of verbal and visual concealed knowledge using an RT-based paradigm
Seymour, T. L., Kerlin, J.… · Applied Cognitive Psychology
Both verbal and visual stimulus modalities produced equivalent detection accuracy, with face pictures achieving 91% hit rates and 3% false-alarm…
Detecting deception by manipulating cognitive load
Ronald Philip Fisher · Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Deliberately increasing cognitive load during interviews disproportionately impairs liars relative to truth tellers, producing more observable and reliable behavioral cues…
Behavioral and physiological measures in the detection of concealed information
Gronau, N., Ben-Shakhar, G., Cohen,… · Journal of Applied Psychology
Skin conductance response (SCR) reliably detected concealed information across both paradigms, but reaction time (RT) differentiated relevant from neutral items…
Practice Effects, Workload, and Reaction Time in Deception
Jennifer M. C. Vendemia, Robert… · The American Journal of Psychology
Deceptive responding generated longer reaction times than truthful responding, and this relationship remained constant across three practice sessions, suggesting the…
Detecting Deception with Implicit Behavioral Measures
Bruno J. Verschuere; V. Prati;… · Psychophysiology
Explored implicit measures (reaction times, IAT) as supplements to physiological deception detection. Found promising but modest detection rates, suggesting potential…
Using response time measures to assess guilty knowledge
Seymour, T. L., Seifert, C.… · Journal of Applied Psychology
Response times to recognized probe stimuli were approximately 200 ms slower than irrelevant items, enabling reliable discrimination of guilty from…