Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews
Overview
Meta-analyses and systematic reviews represent the highest level of evidence in polygraph science. By statistically combining results from multiple independent studies, they provide the most reliable estimates of polygraph accuracy and identify which techniques perform best under various conditions. These studies are frequently cited in court proceedings, government policy decisions, and professional standards development.
The landmark 2011 APA meta-analysis by the Ad Hoc Committee on Validated Techniques established the evidence base for currently approved polygraph methods. Government bodies including the U.S. National Research Council (2003) and the Office of Technology Assessment (1983) have conducted their own systematic reviews, often reaching different conclusions than the polygraph profession — making this category central to the ongoing scientific debate.
When reading meta-analyses, pay attention to the inclusion criteria (which studies were eligible), the effect size metric used (Cohen's d, accuracy percentage, or area under the curve), and whether inconclusive results were included or excluded. The treatment of inconclusives can shift reported accuracy by 5-15 percentage points.
Research Landscape
All 100 Studies
A Comprehensive Review and Future Prospects of Lie Detection Using Machine Learning
Debanil Chanda, R. K. Mandal · Communications in Computer and Information Science
Full text not accessible; unable to extract specific findings from the review.
Decoding Deception with the P300: A Meta-Analysis of the Concealed Information Test
Julia Knappe; Markus Ullsperger; Hans… · Biological Psychology / Psychiatry
Included 54 experimental studies using mock-crime and personal-item paradigms. Found a large mean effect size (d*) of 1.59 for the…
Memory Distortions, Confabulation, and Their Impact on Polygraph Examinations
Michał Widacki; John J. Palmatier · European Polygraph
Confabulated memories can produce autonomic responses similar to genuine memories, creating false-positive polygraph results because traditional methods cannot distinguish between…
Neurophysiological Approaches to Lie Detection: A Systematic Review
Bewar Neamat Taha, Muhammet Baykara,… · Brain Sciences
The Concealed Information Test with P300 was the most frequently employed protocol. Bandpass filtering and Discrete Wavelet Transform emerged as…
Neuroscientific and Biometric Methodologies in Forensic Contexts: A Critical Review
Giuseppe Manuel Festa; Iginio Sisto… · Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
The review provides evidence-based evaluation of cutting-edge forensic tools including fMRI, ERP, brain fingerprinting, and machine learning techniques that may…
Analysis, Evaluation, and Future Directions on Multimodal Deception Detection
Arianna D’Ulizia, Alessia D’Andrea, Patrizia… · Technologies
The review found that 85% of studies used facial features, 50% audio, and 38% textual features; 90% employed model-independent fusion…
Psychology and the Lie Detector Industry: A Fifty-Year Perspective
William George Iacono · Psychophysiology
Comprehensive 50-year retrospective on polygraph science since Lykken (1974). Reviews the evolution of CQT, CIT, and screening tests. Notes that…
The Concealed Information Test -- Utilizing P300 data to determine the presence of crime-related information in a suspect's memory
Julia Knappe, Markus Ullsperger, Hans… ·
The meta-analysis found a large mean effect size (d* = 1.59) for P300-based CIT, with the complex trial protocol maximizing…
Intelligent Eye-Tracker-Based Methods for Detection of Deception: A Survey
Wasiq Khan; Keeley Crockett; Abir… · MDPI Journals
Eye-tracking methods show promise as a contactless, non-invasive alternative to conventional polygraph examinations, with potential applications in mass-screening scenarios like…
To Use or Not to Use? Revisiting And Rethinking the Use of Polygraph and Psychophysiological Assessments in the Law Enforcement Setting
Rebecca Wing-Man Lau · Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal
The review highlights the continued tension between law enforcement needs for integrity assessment tools and persistent scientific skepticism about polygraph…
A Comprehensive Review on Features Extraction and Features Matching Techniques for Deception Detection
Sinead V. Fernandes, Muhammad Sana… · IEEE Access
Review of 88 studies over 30 years reveals deception detection accuracies ranging from 50-85% across modalities, with vocal features outperforming…
LDM: A Systematic Review on Lie detection Methodologies
Rupinder Saini, Pooja Rani ·
The review identified a clear evolution from traditional contact-based polygraph methods to machine learning-driven contactless approaches utilizing facial micro-expressions, thermal…
Verbal Lie Detection: Its Past, Present and Future
Ronald Philip Fisher · Brain Sciences
Active interviewing protocols showed superior performance, with Cognitive Credibility Assessment achieving 60% accuracy versus 48% without it, and Reality Interviewing…
A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Polygraph Test
Charles Robert Honts; Mark Handler;… · Applied Cognitive Psychology
The largest meta-analysis ever conducted on the CQT, analyzing 138 datasets. Found a meta-analytic effect size of 0.69 including inconclusives.…
Discriminating deceptive from truthful statements using the verifiability approach: A meta-analysis
Bruno J. Verschuere · Applied Cognitive Psychology
Truth-tellers provided significantly more verifiable details (d = 0.49) and a higher proportion of verifiable details (d = 0.49) than…
Does the cognitive approach to lie detection improve the accuracy of human observers?
Mac Giolla, E., Luke, T.J. · Applied Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive approaches to lie detection produced 60% accuracy overall, but only 55% after bias correction—barely above chance levels of 50%.
Literature Review and Analysis of the Multi-facet Hypothesis and the Evaluation of Independent Target Questions
Nelson, R., Handler, M., Raskin,… · Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment
Grand total scoring achieved 89% accuracy compared to 78% for multi-facet hypothesis scoring—an 11 percentage point difference that challenges the…
Analysis of Knowledge Graph of Polygraph Research at Home and Abroad Based on CiteSpace
Wang Li, Zhou Aibao · Criminal Justice Science & Governance
The study reveals growth in polygraph research output, identification of major research hotspots including CIT and countermeasures, divergent research priorities…
Dispersion matters: Diagnostics and control data computer simulation in Concealed Information Test studies
Gáspár Lukács · PLoS One
Standard deviation substantially influences classification efficiency to the point that methods with lower mean differences can achieve superior AUC values…
Current Status of Forensic Lie Detection with the Comparison Question Technique: An Update
William George Iacono; Gershon Ben-Shakhar · Law and Human Behavior
Updated review of CQT research, reaffirming conclusions from the NRC (2003). Argued for caution in interpreting CQT accuracy claims, noting…
Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues
Vrij, A. · Applied Cognitive Psychology
Observers achieve only 52% accuracy when viewing nonverbal behavior alone versus 63% when hearing verbal content. Meta-analyses show that of…
Lessons from Pinocchio: Cues to deception may be highly exaggerated
Luke, T.J. · Perspectives on Psychological Science
Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the deception cue literature is consistent with there being no real behavioral indicators of deception,…
Literature Survey of Structural Weighting of Polygraph Signals
Donnie W. Dutton · Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment
EDA contributes over 60% of diagnostic information in polygraph testing, with cardiovascular responses accounting for approximately 34% and respiration contributing…
Reading Lies: Nonverbal Communication and Deception
Vrij, A., Hartwig, M., Granhag,… · Annual Review of Psychology
Only 14 of 50 nonverbal cues (28%) showed significant relationships with deception, with effect sizes typically small (largest d =…
A systematic review of polygraph testing in post-conviction sex offender management
Elizabeth Elliott; Birgit Angela Völlm · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health
The review found fragmented and largely anecdotal empirical support for PCSOT, with no randomized controlled trials identified among the studies…
A systematic review of the effectiveness of the polygraph in post-conviction sex offender testing and monitoring
Elizabeth Elliott; Birgit Angela Völlm · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health
The review found fragmented and methodologically inconsistent evidence for polygraph effectiveness in sex offender management, with no randomized controlled trials…
Current status of forensic lie detection with the comparison question technique: An update of the 2003 National Academy of Sciences report on polygraph testing
Iacono, W. G., Ben-Shakhar, G. · Law and Human Behavior
Research quality has not improved in the 15 years since the NAS report, and fundamental problems with CQT validation—weak theoretical…
Detecting concealed knowledge from ocular responses
Gamer, M., Pertzov, Y. · Detecting Concealed Information and Deception: Recent Developments
Multiple ocular measures successfully differentiated between individuals with and without concealed knowledge, with familiar stimuli eliciting distinct oculomotor signatures even…
Lying and Psychology
Suchotzki, K., Gamer, M. · The Oxford Handbook of Lying
A meta-analysis of 114 studies (n = 3307) using computerized reaction time paradigms revealed a large standardized RT difference of…
The utility of post-conviction polygraph (PCSOT) in the treatment and management of sexual offenders
Elliott, E., Vollm, B. · Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment
PCSOT significantly increased relevant disclosures across all studies but showed no impact on sexual recidivism, with some evidence of reduced…
The Utility of Post-Conviction Polygraph Testing Among Sexual Offenders
Elizabeth Elliott; Birgit Angela Völlm · Sexual Abuse
Systematic review of 19 studies from the US, UK, and Netherlands. All established PCSOT elicits significant increases in risk-relevant disclosures.…
Why do we lie? A practical guide to the dishonesty literature
Jacobsen, C., Fosgaard, T.R., Pascual-Ezama,… · Journal of Economic Surveys
Dishonesty is highly malleable and context-dependent rather than a stable trait, with most people cheating "just a little" to maintain…
A cognitive approach to lie detection: A meta-analysis
Ronald Philip Fisher · Legal and Criminological Psychology
Cognitive lie detection achieved 71% total detection accuracy compared to 56% for traditional methods, representing a 15-percentage point improvement.
Can credibility criteria be assessed reliably? A meta-analysis of Criteria-based Content Analysis
Hauch, V., Sporer, S.L., Masip,… · Psychological Assessment
Most CBCA criteria showed acceptable interrater reliability across different statistical measures, though Cohen's kappa yielded lower reliability estimates than other…
Detecting deception in children: A meta-analysis.
Jennifer Gongola, Nicholas Scurich, Jodi… · Law and Human Behavior
Adults accurately discriminated children's truths from lies at only 54%, barely above chance. A strong truth bias emerged: adults correctly…
Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) reality criteria in adults: A meta-analytic review
Amado, B.G., Arce, R., Farina,… · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology
The Undeutsch Hypothesis was confirmed for adults, with CBCA criteria successfully discriminating between truthful and fabricated memories. However, two criteria…
Deception detection with behavioral, autonomic, and neural measures: conceptual and methodological considerations that warrant modesty
Ewout H. Meijer; Bruno J.… · Psychophysiology
The review identified significant conceptual clarity issues and methodological problems across deception detection paradigms, particularly challenging the oversold promises of…
Does Training Improve the Detection of Deception? A Meta-Analysis
Hauch, V., Sporer, S.L., Michael,… · Psychological Bulletin
Training improves deception detection with a small-to-medium effect (gu = 0.331), but verbal content cue training is nearly three times…
Review of fMRI Studies on Lie Detection (16 Studies)
Daniel D. Langleben · Various Publications
Review of 16 empirical studies using fMRI for deception detection. Found that inconsistency between findings and absence of replications make…
2015 Update to the APA 2011 Meta-Analytic Survey of Validated Polygraph Techniques
Raymond Nelson · Polygraph
Updated the 2011 APA meta-analysis with new studies and data. Confirmed mean accuracy of .89 for event-specific diagnostic polygraphs (95%…
A Review of the Polygraph: History, Methodology and Current Status
John Synnott; David Dietzel; Maria… · Crime Psychology Review, 1(1), 59–83
Comprehensive review of both CQT and CIT methods. Analyzed shortcomings and potential of both approaches. Concluded that the CIT appears…
Are computers effective lie detectors? A meta-analysis of linguistic cues to deception
Hauch, V., Blandon-Gitlin, I., Masip,… · Personality and Social Psychology Review
Relative to truth-tellers, liars showed greater cognitive load, expressed more negative emotions, distanced themselves more from events, used fewer sensory-perceptual…
Scientific basis for polygraph testing
Raymond Nelson · Polygraph
The review demonstrates that modern polygraph practice is based on sophisticated models involving differential salience and signal detection theory rather…
The polygraph: Current practice and new approaches
Ewout H. Meijer; Bruno J.… · In Granhag et al. (Eds.), Detecting Deception
The review highlighted ongoing debates about polygraph accuracy and identified the Concealed Information Test as a potentially more scientifically sound…
Thermal Vision as a Method of Detection of Deception: A Review of Experiences
Marcin Gołaszewski; Paweł Zając; Jan… · European Polygraph
The periorbital and nasal regions showed the highest temperature fluctuations associated with deception, with studies reporting 73.3% accuracy for thermal…
Updated Meta-Analytic Survey of Validated Polygraph Techniques
Raymond Nelson · Polygraph
Extension of the 2011 APA meta-analytic survey with additional validated techniques. Confirmed mean accuracy rates of approximately 89% for event-specific…
Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications
Raskin, D.C., Honts, C.R., Kircher,… · Elsevier Academic Press
Polygraph test accuracy is estimated at approximately 89% for specific-incident criminal investigations and 85% for screening applications. Electrodermal reactions are…
Detection of concealed information with the P300 potential amplitude analysis
Jerzy Wojciechowski · European Polygraph
P300 potential recording does not attain significantly higher efficiency than polygraph examinations, though results are promising. Field studies are scarce,…
Functional MRI-Based Lie Detection: Scientific and Societal Challenges
Martha Julia Farah; J. Benjamin… · Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 123–131
Major Nature review including meta-analysis of published fMRI deception studies. Concluded fMRI lie detection shows promise but faces critical scientific,…
Lie detection from multiple cues: A meta-analysis
Hartwig, M., Bond, C.F. · Applied Cognitive Psychology
Multiple behavioral cues combined yield 67.9% accuracy in lie detection (R = .52), substantially exceeding the 54% accuracy of single-cue…
Meta-analysis of mock-crime experimental studies and field studies using the Concealed Information Test
Wataru Zaitsu · Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology
The meta-analysis demonstrated comparable validity between laboratory mock-crime studies and field CIT examinations, with consistent physiological response patterns and discrimination…
Validity of polygraph techniques and decision methods
Raskin, D.C., Kircher, J.C. · In Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications (Eds. Raskin, D.C., Honts, C.R., Kircher, J.C.)
The review reports approximately 89% accuracy for specific-incident criminal investigations and 85% for screening applications, with laboratory studies showing 91%…
Value of Content-Based Deception Detection Methods
Karolina Dukała; Romuald Polczyk · European Polygraph
The review identified that accuracy rates can vary significantly based on calculation methods and that subjective weighting of criteria by…
Comparative Review of Polygraph and Other Diagnostic Tools and Methods
Tuvya T. Amsel · European Polygraph
Polygraph diagnostic accuracy (.88) was comparable to established medical imaging technologies including MRI, CT scan, and ultrasound. Inter-rater reliability among…
Imposing Cognitive Load to Detect Deception: A Meta-Analysis
Aldert Vrij; Ronald Philip Fisher;… · Legal and Criminological Psychology
Meta-analysis finding that imposing cognitive load increased accuracy of deception detection from 56% to 71%. Supported theoretical models underlying both…
Polygraph Principles: A Literature Review
Donald J. Krapohl · Polygraph
Comprehensive review of the scientific principles underlying modern polygraph testing, including signal detection theory, test data analysis methods, and statistical…
Critique of Meta-Analytic Survey of Criterion Accuracy of Validated Polygraph Techniques
James Allan Matte · European Polygraph
The critique identified significant methodological flaws and biases in the APA meta-analysis, particularly in the evaluation and exclusion of certain…
Current Research and Potential Applications of the Concealed Information Test: An Overview
Gershon Ben-Shakhar · Frontiers Journals
Comprehensive overview of CIT research highlighting its strong theoretical foundation in orienting response theory. Noted that CIT's false positive rate…
Search for New Tests
Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko · European Polygraph
The study identifies potential new testing methodologies that could enhance polygraph examination effectiveness beyond conventional approaches.
The Empirical Basis for the Use of Directed Lie Comparison Questions in Diagnostic and Screening Polygraphs
Pamela K. Shaw · APA Magazine
The review found little to no meaningful difference in effect size or detection accuracy between directed lie and probable lie…
The Neural Correlates of Deception: A Review and Integration
Shawn E. Christ · NeuroImage
Activation likelihood estimate meta-analysis identifying prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate as consistent neural correlates of deception across fMRI studies. Confirmed…
Validated Techniques and Scoring Models for PDD Test Data Analysis – Conclusions from the 2011 APA Report
Marcin Gołaszewski · European Polygraph
The 2011 APA meta-analysis established new mandatory standards requiring only scientifically validated techniques, effectively ending the era when tradition or…
Detecting concealed information using autonomic measures
Gamer, M. · Memory detection: Theory and application of the Concealed Information Test
Recognition of concealed information produces consistent autonomic coactivation of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, with skin conductance showing the largest effect…
Leakage of information to innocent suspects
Bradley, M.T., Barefoot, C.A., Arsenault,… · Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test
Research demonstrates that mere knowledge of crime details elicits CIT effects regardless of how the information was acquired, creating false-positive…
Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test (Book)
Bruno J. Verschuere; Gershon Ben-Shakhar;… · Book
Comprehensive edited volume with contributions from leading CIT researchers worldwide. Covered theoretical foundations, laboratory research, field applications in Japan, countermeasures,…
Meta-Analytic Survey of Criterion Accuracy of Validated Polygraph Techniques
American Polygraph Association Ad-Hoc Committee… · Polygraph
38 studies met inclusion criteria, involving 32 different samples, 45 experiments, 295 scorers, and 11,737 scored results from 3,723 examinations.…
Why do lie-catchers fail? A lens model meta-analysis of human lie judgments
Hartwig, M., Bond, C.F. · Psychological Bulletin
People rarely rely on wrong cues—they strongly associate deception with impressions of incompetence (r = .59) and ambivalence (r =…
The Polygraph and the Detection of Deception
Meijer, E., Verschuere, B. · Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice
The CQT detects deception better than chance but with significant error rates, contrasting sharply with industry claims of 98% accuracy.…
Review of Recent Studies and Issues Regarding the P300-Based Complex Trial Protocol for Detection of Concealed Information
J. Peter Rosenfeld; Xiaoqing Hu;… · International Journal of Psychophysiology
Comprehensive review summarizing more than a dozen CTP studies. Documented diagnostic accuracy from 75–90%, described enhancements using N200, performance feedback,…
A Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Polygraph Test: Moderator Effects
Aldert Vrij; Samantha Mann; Ronald… · In Psychology and Law: Bridging the Gap, 219–237
Reviewed the CQT research literature and found overall accuracy estimates above 85% across studies. Identified important moderator variables including examiner…
Detecting Lies and Deceit: Pitfalls and Opportunities
Vrij, A. · Interpersonal Communication
Most widely-believed deception cues are unreliable, with 75% of examined cues showing no association with deception. Human lie-truth discrimination averages…
Does the polygraph lead to better risk prediction for sexual offenders?
Gannon, T.A., Beech, A.R., Ward,… · Aggression and Violent Behavior
The review concluded there is reasonable evidence for polygraph use in some risk assessment areas, particularly for eliciting disclosures of…
Training to Detect Deception: No Improvement with Training or Feedback
Charles F. Bond; Bella M.… · Applied Cognitive Psychology
Showed that neither training nor feedback improved human deception detection significantly. Individual differences in detection ability were minimal, further supporting…
Moderators of nonverbal indicators of deception: a meta-analytic synthesis
Sporer, S. L., Schwandt, B. · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
Only nodding, hand/finger movements, and leg/foot movements showed reliable associations with deception, all decreasing during lies (effect sizes: d =…
Accuracy of deception judgements
Bond, C. F., DePaulo, B.… · Personality and Social Psychology Review
Humans detect lies at only 54% accuracy (barely above chance), with better performance on truths (61%) than lies (47%). Accuracy…
Paraverbal indicators of deception: a meta-analytic synthesis
Sporer, S. L., Schwandt, B. · Applied Cognitive Psychology
Only 2 of 9 paraverbal speech behaviors showed reliable associations with deception in weighted analyses. Small effect sizes and substantial…
The detection of deception with the reality monitoring approach: A review of the empirical evidence
Masip, J., Sporer, S.L., Garrido,… · Psychology, Crime & Law
Individual RM criteria showed inconsistent performance across studies, with temporal and spatial details demonstrating stronger discriminative power than criteria such…
Efficacy of Detecting Deception in Psychopaths Using a Polygraph
American Polygraph Association · Polygraph
The review addressed a critical gap in understanding psychopaths' susceptibility to polygraph testing despite theoretical concerns about their reduced emotional…
The gap between training and research in the detection of deception
Blair, J. P., Kooi, B. · International Journal of Police Science and Management
The paper concluded that research provides only limited support for the Reid Technique's nonverbal behavior model, with many purported deception…
The psychophysiological detection of deception
Charles Robert Honts · In: The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts (Granhag & Strömwall, Eds.)
Research evidence suggested polygraph testing achieves approximately 90% accuracy in forensic settings, representing substantial improvement over unaided human deception detection,…
CIT and Countermeasures
Gershon Ben-Shakhar; Eitan Elaad · Journal of Applied Psychology
Found that compared with CQT, there is less evidence that individuals tested through CIT could employ countermeasures to alter results.…
Concealed knowledge tests employed in field practice
Ben-Shakhar, G., Elaad, E. ·
Overall effect size was d = 1.55, with mock-crime studies producing d = 2.09. Under optimal conditions (mock crime, motivation,…
Cues to deception
DePaulo, B. M., Lindsay, J.… · Psychological Bulletin
Only 14 of 50 frequently examined cues (28%) showed significant relationships with deception, with small average effect sizes (d =…
Positive and Negative Predictive Values of Polygraphs: Results from published field studies
Alan P. Zelicoff · Sandia National Laboratories
Analysis of field study data reveals limitations in polygraph predictive values when applied to populations with low base rates of…
What is the current truth about polygraph lie detection?
Fiedler, K., Schmid, J., &… · Basic and Applied Social Psychology
The CQT meets only one of five core validity criteria (coding objectivity). Published evidence does not allow item analysis, the…
A comparative analysis of polygraph with other screening and diagnostic tools
Crewson, P. E. · Department of Defense Polygraph Institute, Research Support Service
For field screening, polygraph demonstrated sensitivity of .59 and specificity of .92, with inter-rater reliability (kappa = .77) exceeding physicians…
A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of CIT Research Using MacLaren’s Data
Vance Victor MacLaren · Psychophysiology
Laboratory research meta-analysis on the Concealed Information Test / Guilty Knowledge Test, providing data later incorporated into the APA 2011…
Cues to Deception: A Meta-Analysis of Behavioral Indicators
Bella M. DePaulo · Psychological Bulletin
Massive meta-analysis of 116 studies examining behavioral deception cues. Found most behavioral cues are weak or unreliable, explaining why human…
Forensic 'Lie Detection': Procedures Without Scientific Basis
William George Iacono · Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice
Studies published in top scientific journals indicated that approximately 43% of innocent subjects fail the CQT polygraph test. Surveys of…
Accuracy of Deception Judgments
Bella M. DePaulo; Howard S.… · Personality and Social Psychology Review
Review confirming that human accuracy at detecting deception averages only 54%, barely above chance. Even trained professionals (police, judges) showed…
Considering organizations as a unique interpersonal context for deception detection: A meta‐analytic review
Marifran Mattson, Mike Allen, Daniel… · Communication Research Reports
Organizational members demonstrated substantial ability to differentiate honest from dishonest communicators (r = .472), with an effect size of d…
Detecting lies and deceit: The psychology of lying and implications for professional practice
Vrij, A. · John Wiley & Sons
Certain verbal characteristics (shorter responses, fewer self-references, indirect replies) are more consistently present in lies than honest accounts, but popular…
Polygraph (lie detector) testing: The state of the art
Iacono, W. G., Patrick, C.… ·
Approximately 43% of innocent subjects fail polygraph examinations, there is no distinctive physiological lie response that polygraphs can detect, and…
Update: The scientific status of research on polygraph techniques: The case against polygraph tests
William George Iacono · Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony
Approximately 40–43% of innocent individuals fail the CQT in high-quality real-world field studies, and the only methodologically unbiased field study…
Detection of deception with event-related brain potentials
Shinji Hira · Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification
The P3 (P300) component was identified as the most viable ERP-based detection index due to its large amplitude, ease of…
Meta-Analysis of CIT Laboratory Studies
Eitan Elaad · Applied Psychology (multiple publications)
Found the weighted average false positive rate was only 4.1% and the false negative rate was 19.4%. Established the CIT…
Review of Field Studies of CQT Since 1988
David C. Raskin; Charles Robert… · Book Chapters
Review of all field studies published since 1988 producing an overall accuracy of 90.5%. Documented consistent improvement in field accuracy…
Review of Polygraph Accuracy Research
Charles Robert Honts; M. Peterson · Various Publications
Reported accuracy of polygraph studies as exceeding .90, consistent with findings by Raskin (2002) and Raskin & Podlesny (1979). Helped…
The History and Accuracy of Guilty Knowledge and Peak of Tension Tests
Ansley, N. · Polygraph
The review established conceptual clarification by distinguishing peak of tension (POT) tests as specialized variants of guilty knowledge tests (now…
Recent Laboratory and Field Research on Polygraph Techniques
David C. Raskin; John C.… · Book Chapters
Comprehensive review describing DLT laboratory and field research showing it is at least as accurate as the CQT with fewer…