Concealed Information Test (CIT)
Overview
The Concealed Information Test (CIT), originally called the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT), takes a fundamentally different approach from the CQT. Rather than detecting deception, it detects whether someone recognizes specific details about a crime that only the perpetrator would know. It is grounded in the orienting response — a well-established psychophysiological phenomenon.
The CIT is considered more scientifically rigorous than the CQT because it has a clear theoretical foundation in basic psychophysiology research. Japan has used the CIT operationally in criminal investigations since the 1950s, making it the only country to rely primarily on this approach. In Western countries, the CIT remains largely a research tool, though interest in its forensic application is growing.
CIT validity depends heavily on item construction — each test item must be known only to the perpetrator and equally plausible to innocent examinees. Studies using well-constructed items consistently show high detection rates. The CIT can use electrodermal, cardiovascular, respiratory, or ERP (P300) measures.
Research Landscape
All 100 Studies
Area measure of skin conductance in the Concealed Information Test
Reo Takahashi, Yusuke Shibuya, Michiko… · International Journal of Psychophysiology
SC area showed acceptable performance for CIT classification and exceeded chance-level discrimination even for low-responsive participants, though equivalence with traditional…
Combining recognition, conflict-monitoring and feedback-related ERPs to detect concealed autobiographical information
Xiaohong Lin, Hong Li, Tingwen… ·
Three ERP indicators—conflict-monitoring N200, recognition P300, and feedback P300—significantly discriminated guilty from innocent participants, while FRN did not. Combining the…
Combining recognition, conflict‐monitoring and feedback‐related ERPs to detect concealed autobiographical information
Xiaohong Allison Lin, Hong Li,… · Psychophysiology
Three ERP indicators (N200, recognition P300, and feedback P300) significantly discriminated guilty from innocent participants, with combined classification achieving AUC…
Effects of exercises on physiological levels and differential responding during the concealed information test
Momoko Azuma, Daisaku Shitara, Tamae… · Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology
Exercise increased heart rate and respiratory rate, elevating arousal levels. While skin conductance and pulse volume showed habituation in both…
Subtle gaze and pupil dynamics: Detecting concealed familiar faces with moving serial visual presentation
Ivory Yining Chen, Sebastiaan Mathot,… ·
Pupil dilation rate achieved 55.2% individual-level detection of concealed familiar faces when eye movements were suppressed, substantially exceeding previous RSVP-CIT…
The Concealed Information Test -- Utilizing P300 data to deter-mine the presence of crime-related information in a suspect's memory
Julia Knappe, Markus Ullsperger, Hans… ·
The meta-analysis revealed a large mean effect size of d = 1.59 for P300-based concealed information detection. Moderation analyses showed…
The concealed information test with a continuously moving stimulus
Fren T. Y. Smulders · Psychophysiology
The continuous-stimulus CIT successfully detected concealed location knowledge with large effect sizes for both skin conductance (d = 0.71-0.77) and…
Unveiling Deceptive Intentions: Insights from Eye Movements and Pupil Size
Valentin Foucher · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
Fixation patterns differed significantly between concealing versus faking and truth-telling conditions, while pupil size revealed the object of deception, with…
Unveiling the efficacy of the feedback concealed information test in collaborative crime detection
Jinbin Zheng, Nan Yang, Chenxiao… · Brain and Cognition
Recognition P300 detection efficiency decreased significantly in collaborative crime scenarios, but feedback P300 and feedback-related negativity maintained high detection accuracy,…
A new theoretical perspective on concealed information detection
Nathalie klein Selle · Psychophysiology
The voluntary orienting response to significant, expected stimuli modulates CIT effects, and different physiological measures reflect distinct mechanisms: skin conductance…
Applicability for auricle normalized pulse volume in the concealed information test Analysis of within-series physiological variations
Mika Nakano, Go Sudo, Risa… · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The study explored auricle-based normalized pulse volume as an alternative measurement site for CIT testing, analyzing physiological response patterns and…
Effects of Mood on Psychophysiological Detection of Concealed Information and the Relation to Self-Assessed Lying Ability
Eitan Elaad, Liza Zvi · Brain Sciences
Induced happy or sad moods tended to lower relative skin conductance responses to critical items while enhancing relative cardiovascular responses.…
Guilty on the Go: Uncovering Concealed Information by Assessing Response Preparation Processes in a Go-Nogo-Paradigm
Philipp Sprengholz, Franziska Schreckenbach, Carina… · Collabra: Psychology
The paradigm detected both familiarity effects and response preparation processes in guilty participants, with reduced error rates for crime-related probes…
P300-based Concealed Information Test Using a Gradual Stimulus Presentation Method
Jin-Sup Eom · Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange
Specific findings unavailable; full text not accessible. Research investigates how gradual stimulus presentation affects P300-CIT effectiveness compared to conventional protocols.
The Challenge to distinguish differences among encoding methods in the concealed information test An examination to distinguish encoding methods within participants
Michiko Tsuneoka, Tokihiro Ogawa, Reo… · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The study likely demonstrated that encoding method significantly moderates CIT detection efficiency, with differential physiological responses varying systematically based on…
The Offender Recognizes the Victim – About the Advantages of Using the Visual Version of Polygraph Test in Serious Criminal Case
Piotr Herbowski; Dominika Słapczyńska · European Polygraph
The visual CIT successfully proved the suspect knew the victim despite denials, with the physiological arousal to the victim's photograph…
Availability of the direct current component of a finger plethysmograph as a measure for the concealed information test
Naohiro Yamamoto · The Japanese journal of psychology
All three plethysmographic measures discriminated crime-relevant from irrelevant information using mean values but not phasic changes. BV discriminability was significantly…
Belief or disbelief in feedback influences the detection efficiency of the feedback concealed information test
Jiayu Cheng, Yanyan Sai, Jinbin… · Frontiers in Psychology
Belief in feedback significantly influenced detection efficiency of feedback-related brain responses in the fCIT, with higher accuracy in high-belief participants,…
Countering information leakage in the Concealed Information Test: The effects of item detailedness
Linda Marjoleine Geven; Bruno J.… · Psychophysiology
The study tested whether item detailedness could counter information leakage effects in the CIT, investigating if more specific questions preserve…
The comparison of physiological responses by knowledge and those by auditory stimulus changes when asking questions in the concealed information tests
Natsu Todoriki, Natsumi Maeno, Shintaro… · Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology
Recognition-based responses showed distinct temporal patterns and effect sizes compared to auditory-change responses, with the recognition group displaying maximum differentiation…
Verbal vs visual stimulation using the Concealed Information Test
Anita Fumagalli, John Synnott, Maria… · Assessment and Development Matters
Visual stimulus presentation produced significantly higher CIT detection rates compared to auditory presentation, with large effect sizes (d=7.35, p<.005) demonstrating…
The P300 and MFN as indicators of concealed knowledge in situations with negative and positive moral valence
Vera Scheuble, Matthias Mildenberger, André… · Biological Psychology
P300 and MFN amplitudes were enlarged for probe versus irrelevant stimuli in both negative (theft) and positive (gift-giving) moral valence…
Effects of concealment on physiological and psychological responses during the Concealed Information Test
Takahiro Kobayashi, Masashi Fujii, Takuhiro… · The Japanese journal of psychology
Concealment significantly enhanced physiological differentiation between critical and noncritical items across skin conductance, heart rate, normalized pulse volume, and respiration,…
Effects of introducing a target stimulus on differential autonomic responding in the concealed information test
Tokihiro Ogawa, Natsu Nomura, Michiko… · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The research investigated how target stimulus presentation influences the magnitude and pattern of autonomic differentiation between probe and irrelevant items…
Financial Incentive does not Affect P300 in the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) Version in Concealed Information Test (CIT) in Malingering DetectionUninstructed Subjects
J. Rosenfeld, Elena Davydova, Elena… · CHERKASY UNIVERSITY BULLETIN: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SERIES
Financial incentive did not affect the P300 CIT effect across motivation conditions, though semantic memory probes (birthdates) produced larger P300s…
Individual differences in ERPs during deception: Observing vs. demonstrating behavior leading to a small social conflict
Vera Scheuble, André Beauducel · Biological Psychology
Women showed larger P300 differences between probe and irrelevant items. Response conflicts diminished for women in the informed/witness condition. High-Machiavellianism…
Is the CIT susceptible to misleading information? A constructive replication
Nathalie klein Selle · International Journal of Psychophysiology
Misleading information reduced explicit memory of mock crime details, but physiological CIT responses (skin conductance and respiration) were only partially…
Seen this scene? Scene recognition in the reaction-time Concealed Information Test
Danielle G. Norman, Daniel A.… · Memory & Cognition
Scene stimuli produced RT-CIT effects equivalent to object stimuli with excellent diagnostic accuracy (AUC = .919, d = 1.93 for…
The Accuracy of Permutation Test in P300-based Concealed Information Test
Hajung Jeon, 엄진섭, Jin-Hun Sohn · Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology
Permutation tests maintained nominal Type I error rates while bootstrap methods exceeded significance levels; optimal statistical power achieved with 5…
The effect of an unpleasant non-critical item on heart rate in the Concealed Information Test
Mina Otaka · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The study examined how emotional properties of non-critical items affect heart rate measurements in the CIT, with implications for maintaining…
The Picture Superiority Effect in Memory Detection: Modality Effects in the Concealed Information Test
Ine Van der Cruyssen, Franziska… ·
Pictorially encoded crime details were easier to detect than verbally encoded details. Items encoded and tested in the same modality…
A Synergistic Concealed Information Test With Novel Approach for EEG Channel Selection and SVM Parameter Optimization
Annushree Bablani, Damodar Reddy Edla,… · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
The dual Bat Algorithm approach successfully optimized both EEG channel selection and SVM hyperparameters simultaneously, achieving high classification accuracy while…
Comparison of different functional connectives based on EEG during concealed information test
Wenwen Chang, Hong Wang, Chengcheng… · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control
Deception responses showed significantly increased functional connectivity and enhanced small-world network properties compared to truth-telling, with mutual information-based connectivity analysis…
Deleterious effects of probe‐related versus irrelevant targets on the “CIT effect” in the P300‐ and RT‐based three‐stimulus protocol for detection of concealed information
Joseph Olson, J. Peter Rosenfeld,… · Psychophysiology
Probe-related targets that shared contextual features with the crime significantly reduced both P300 and reaction time-based discrimination accuracy compared to…
Development of a New Index for Lie Detection using Changes in Pupil Diameter
Ryota TAKAHASHI, Keiichi WATANUKI, Kazunori… · The Proceedings of Design & Systems Conference
Participants showed smaller pupil diameter when presented with critical (crime-relevant) questions compared to non-critical questions, suggesting active cognitive suppression mechanisms…
Effects of emotional arousal at memory encoding on the P300-based Concealed Information Test
Akemi Osugi, Shinji Hira · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
High emotional arousal at memory encoding significantly enhanced P300 amplitudes in response to concealed information, with no differences between groups…
Effects of rule applicability on differential responding in the Concealed Information Test
Tokihiro Ogawa, Michiko Tsuneoka, Natsu… · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The study suggests that differential responding in the CIT varies systematically with the rule applicability of tested information, with implications…
Evaluative Observation in a Concealed Information Test
Wolfgang Ambach, Birthe Assmann, Blanda… · Frontiers in Psychiatry
Evaluative observation via live video camera did not enhance CIT detection: differential physiological responses were statistically equivalent across observation and…
It's a match!? Appropriate item selection in the Concealed Information Test
Linda Marjoleine Geven · Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
CIT validity was highest when there was a direct match between how information was encoded and tested, with congruent conditions…
Methodological improvements of the association-based concealed information test
Gáspár Lukács ·
Both improved versions outperformed the original A-CIT, with the ID-EAST color-based version achieving AUC = 0.89, comparable to the most…
A new within set judgement method for concealed information test
Naohiro Yamamoto · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
Full paper content not accessible for analysis.
Emotional Arousal at Memory Encoding Enhanced P300 in the Concealed Information Test
Akemi Osugi, Hideki Ohira · Frontiers in Psychology
Emotional arousal at memory encoding significantly enhanced P300 amplitudes in response to concealed information (F(1,19)=10.705, p=0.004), supporting the theory that…
Inferior detection of information from collaborative versus individual crimes based on a P300 Concealed Information Test
Yang Lu, J. Peter Rosenfeld,… · Psychophysiology
Collaborative crime perpetrators showed significantly reduced P300 probe-irrelevant differences compared to individual criminals, resulting in near-chance discrimination from innocent participants…
Self-initiated versus instructed cheating in the physiological Concealed Information Test
Linda Marjoleine Geven · Biological Psychology
All three physiological measures detected concealed information equally well in both self-initiated cheaters (37.4% of those given opportunity) and instructed…
The Act of Answering Questions Elicited Differentiated Responses in a Concealed Information Test
Takuro Otsuka, Mitsuyoshi Mizutani, Akihiro… · Journal of Forensic Sciences
Respiratory and cardiovascular responses differentiated probe from irrelevant items during both question and answer phases, while skin conductance differentiation occurred…
What mechanisms underlie ERP-based concealed information detection?
N. Klein Selle, C. Gueta,… · International Journal of Psychophysiology
P3 responses and multivariate brain patterns showed equivalent strength whether participants concealed or revealed information, but were strongly influenced by…
Effects of the number of Items on Physiological Responses on the Concealed Information Test
Shuji Fujihara, Takahiro Kobayashi, Kaori… · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The study investigated how varying the number of items per CIT question influences the magnitude and detectability of physiological responses…
High Emotional Arousal Enables Subliminal Detection of Concealed Information
Akemi Osugi, Hideki Ohira · Psychology
High emotional arousal enabled subliminal detection of concealed information via enhanced P300 responses. The High Arousal group showed significantly greater…
Nasal Blood Flow in the Concealed Information Test
Izumi MATSUDA, Akihisa HIROTA, Tokihiro… · Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology
Nasal blood flow significantly differentiated crime-relevant from irrelevant items in CIT examinations and exhibited a different time course compared to…
Psychophysiological Responses of People with Psychopathic Tendencies to the Concealed Information Test
Hyung-Ki Ji · Journal of Forensic Sciences
Both high and low psychopathic tendency groups showed significant differentiation between crime-relevant and irrelevant questions for respiration and skin conductance,…
Unraveling the roles of orienting and inhibition in the Concealed Information Test
Nathalie klein Selle · Psychophysiology
Skin conductance responses increased similarly in both conceal and reveal conditions, while respiratory line length shortened and heart rate decelerated…
Contributions of personality dimensions to spontaneous and deliberate information processing in the guilty actions test
Liza Zvi, Eitan Elaad · International Journal of Psychophysiology
Introversion predicted enhanced skin conductance responses to critical items only during first presentations of early questions, while extraversion was linked…
Effectivity of the weighted average method for analysis of respiratory movements in the concealed information test
Michiko Tsuneoka, Izumi Matsuda, and… · Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology
The weighted average method showed higher detection efficiency than simple averaging. Respiration speed and rate discriminated groups across 20 seconds…
Extracting critical information from group members' partial knowledge using the searching concealed information test
Elaad, E. · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
The SCIT achieved 83% accuracy (5 of 6 items) in Experiment 1 and 100% accuracy (all 6 items) in Experiment…
Temperature effects on polygraph detection of concealed information
A. Luke MacNeill, M. T.… · Psychophysiology
Among guilty participants, electrodermal and cardiovascular measures were least effective at 10°C, with electrodermal results optimal at 22°C and cardiovascular…
Charts of the 'Innocent' Subjects in the Searching Peak of Tension Tests
Ryszard Jaworski · European Polygraph
The study identified four major methodological limitations: extremely small sample size of innocent subjects, inability to repeat non-reactive SPOT tests,…
Exploring the Characteristics of the Attentional Blink Paradigm When Used to Discover Concealed Knowledge
Julie Niziurski, Jeffrey Andre · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
The attentional blink successfully detected concealed knowledge in most participants, but eight of 21 knowledgeable participants (38%) detected the target…
The “Good Cop, Bad Cop” Effect in the RT-Based Concealed Information Test: Exploring the Effect of Emotional Expressions Displayed by a Virtual Investigator
Mihai Varga, George Visu-Petra, Mircea… · PLOS ONE
Friendly virtual investigator expressions enhanced lie-specific reaction times, making deception more detectable, while hostile expressions reduced the concealed information effect.…
The usefulness of the Concealed Information Test using an Eye Tracker
육보람, 홍현기, HyunMyoungHo · Korean Journal of Health Psychology
Participants with concealed knowledge actively avoided relevant stimuli and showed overall suppression of eye movements, suggesting both conscious avoidance strategies…
A novel dual probe complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information
Labkovsky, E., & Rosenfeld, J.… · Psychophysiology
The Dual Probe Complex Trial Protocol achieved 94.7% accuracy (bootstrap criterion .9) and AUC of .92, successfully detecting concealed information…
Detecting concealed information using feedback related event-related brain potentials
Liyang Sai, Xiaohong Lin, Xiaoqing… · Brain and Cognition
The study identified two independent feedback-related ERP components (peaking at 219ms and 400ms) that discriminated probes from irrelevants and were…
Detecting concealed information using functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Sai, L., Zhou, X., Ding,… · Brain Topography
fNIRS-based classification achieved approximately 75% accuracy for distinguishing guilty from innocent participants, improving to 83.3% when combined with reaction time…
Habituation processes of skin conductance response (SCR) and normalize pulse volume (NPV) in pseudo concealed information test
Yuki Hamamoto, Takehiro Komatsu, Mariko… · International Journal of Psychophysiology
The study revealed differential habituation patterns between skin conductance and pulse volume measures in the CIT, suggesting that strategic timing…
Personality dimensions predict psychophysiological responses in the Concealed Information Test
Liza Zvi, Eitan Elaad · International Journal of Psychophysiology
Introversion predicted enhanced skin conductance responses to critical items only during the first repetition of early questions, explained by orienting…
The Effects of Sweep Numbers Per Average and Protocol Type on the Accuracy of the P300-Based Concealed Information Test
Ariana B. Dietrich, Xiaoqing Hu,… · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
All three trial counts (33, 66, and 100 sweeps) produced comparable accuracies of 84–94%, with a trend favoring the lowest…
The impact of prior knowledge from participant instructions in a mock crime P300 Concealed Information Test
Michael R. Winograd · International Journal of Psychophysiology
Prior knowledge of a stolen item conveyed through experimental instructions caused 69% of innocent participants to be misclassified as guilty,…
The processes involved with fewer eyeblinks in a concealed information test
Takuro Otsuka, Mitsuyoshi Mizutani, Fumio… · International Journal of Psychophysiology
Fewer eyeblinks and longer first-blink latency occurred for crime-related items in both concealing and non-concealing groups, while heart rate differences…
A Concealed Information Test with Combination of ERP Recording and Autonomic Measurements
E. D. Farahani, M. H.… · Neurophysiology
The study demonstrated that multimodal CIT combining ERPs and autonomic measures is feasible using optimized short interstimulus intervals and balanced…
Accuracy of concealed information test as a memory detection technique: a laboratory study
Ogawa, T., Matsuda, I., Tsuneoka,… · Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology
Visual inspection by expert polygraphers achieved 86.4% sensitivity and 94.5% specificity (excluding 20.4% inconclusive cases); modified Lykken scoring yielded 83%…
Combining blink, pupil, and response time measures in a concealed knowledge test
Seymour, T., Baker, C., Gaunt,… · Frontiers in Psychology
Response time achieved a 0.98 classification rate, and individual ocular measures (pupil-size, pupil-slope, pre-response blink-rate) each produced efficient classifications. Combining…
Detecting concealed information from groups using a dynamic questioning approach: Simultaneous skin conductance measurement and immediate feedback
Fren T. Y. Smulders · Frontiers in Psychology
The dynamic group CIT correctly identified the target country in 19 of 20 groups (95%) with zero false positives and…
Effects of recollection and familiarity on recognition memory in the Concealed Information Test
Wataru Zaitsu, Yusuke Shibuya · The Japanese journal of psychology
Both recollection and familiarity produced characteristic CIT physiological responses (respiration deceleration, increased skin conductance, heart rate changes), but recollection yielded…
External validity of experiment on Concealed Information Test
Wataru Zaitsu · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
Skin conductance and heart rate showed no significant differences between laboratory and field CIT contexts, while respiration showed greater suppression…
P300-based Concealed Information Test and Inter-Stimulus Intervals (ISIs): A Comparison Among 500ms, 800ms, and 3000ms ISIs
이병하, 엄진섭, Kwangbai Park, Jin-Hun… · 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격
The 800ms ISI preserved P300 amplitude differences between probe and irrelevant stimuli comparable to the standard 3000ms ISI and maintained…
A Comparison of Invasive and Noninvasive Sensors in the Concealed Information Test
Jeffrey Gainer Proudfoot, Nathan W.… · 2012 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference
This was a proposal paper that did not report empirical results. The authors outlined plans to investigate and compare accuracy…
A New Lie Detection Method Based on Small-number of P300 Responses
Junfeng Gao, NiNi Rao, Yong… · 2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology
The method achieved 82.45% balanced accuracy in distinguishing guilty from innocent subjects using reduced stimulus presentations, demonstrating that reliable P300-based…
A novel protocol for detection of concealed information
Ehsan Darestani Farahani, Mohammad Hassan… · 20th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE2012)
Multimodal measurement combining ERP and autonomic signals achieved 90.9% classification accuracy using linear discriminant analysis, significantly exceeding single-modality approaches in…
Algorithms for detecting concealed knowledge among groups when the critical information is unavailable
Breska, A., Ben-Shakhar, G., Gronau,… · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
Reanalysis of three datasets showed that both averaging and PCA-based algorithms successfully detected critical items and differentiated knowledgeable from unknowledgeable…
Changes of response patterns of normalized pulse volume in the Concealed Information Test
Rieko TOMINAGA, Shota YAMAMOTO · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The study documented changes in normalized pulse volume response patterns in the CIT, addressing observations of atypical responses that diverge…
Decomposing cognitive processes underlying the concealed information test by event-related potentials
Matsuda, I., Nittono, H., Ogawa,… · International Journal of Biomedical and Soft Computing
Principal component analysis revealed three distinct ERP components differentiating crime-relevant from irrelevant items: an N2 component peaking at 180 ms,…
Effects of coping and cooperative instructions on guilty and informed innocents' physiological responses to concealed information
Zvi, L., Nachson, I., Elaad,… · International Journal of Psychophysiology
Guilty participants exhibited stronger physiological responses to critical items than informed innocents, and cooperative instructions reduced false positive rates by…
Heart Rate Variability in the concealed information test with Lorenz Plot.
Toshihiko TATEUCHI, Reiko SUZUKI · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The research demonstrated the feasibility of applying Lorenz plot methodology to analyze heart rate patterns in CIT, exploring whether geometric…
The P300-based concealed information test: Simultaneous auditory and visual stimulus presentation
Yoko SARAGAI, Shinji HIRA · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The study found that simultaneous auditory-visual presentation produced detectable P300 CIT effects, with pictorial visual stimuli showing particular effectiveness when…
An Investigation of the Guilty Knowledge Test Polygraph Examination
Ciara Staunton, Sean Hammond · Journal of Criminal Psychology
Results demonstrated real variations between the physiological measures used, and gender differences were observed in polygraph response patterns, with implications…
Effect of self-relevance of a non-critical item on physiological responding on the Concealed Information Test
Aiko Hanayama, Shuichi Yamamoto, Yusuke… · The Japanese journal of psychology
Guilty participants showed differential reactivity to critical items despite self-relevant distractors, while innocent participants showed problematic responses to self-relevant items…
Effects of the emotional value of questions on the physiological responses in the concealed information test.
Toshihiko TATEUCHI, Reiko SUZUKI, Tokihiro… · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The full findings are not publicly available, but the research investigated whether emotionally-valued questions produce different physiological response patterns compared…
Practical guidelines for developing a CIT
Meijer, E. H., Verschuere, B.,… · Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test
Central crime details directly related to crime execution are recalled at 90.2% compared to only 65.9% for peripheral details. Guidelines…
Science on the rise: birth and development of the Concealed Information Test
Christopher J. Patrick · Memory Detection
The CIT has achieved 88-100% accuracy in detecting guilt with false positive rates as low as 2%, with 75% of…
Validity of the concealed information test in realistic contexts
Elaad, E. · In Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test (Eds. Verschuere, B., Ben-Shakhar, G., Meijer, E.)
Field studies showed CIT maintains low false-positive rates comparable to laboratory settings (2-5%) but produces higher false-negatives (20-42%) than controlled…
Advances in the concealed information test: Introductory remarks
Wolfgang Ambach · International Journal of Psychophysiology
The editorial introduced research demonstrating that multimodal measurement combining autonomic responses with event-related potentials enhances CIT validity, and that various…
Case study of Increase of Normalized Pulse Volume to the Critical Item in the Field Concealed Information Test
Naohiro Yamamoto · Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology
In contrast to the typical vasoconstriction pattern, NPV increased to the critical item in this field case, demonstrating that peripheral…
Does the guilty action test allow for differentiating guilty participants from informed innocents? A re-examination
Gamer, M. · International Journal of Psychophysiology
Neither electrodermal, respiratory, nor heart rate responses differed by guilt status or questioning technique. Both GKT and GAT failed to…
Effects of self-relativity of non-critical item on the physiological responding on the concealed information test (2)
Aiko HANAYAMA, Shuichi YAMAMOTO, Yusuke… · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
Self-relevant non-critical items did not impair detection of guilty participants, but created false positive risk for innocent participants, particularly when…
Extracting concealed information from groups
Fren T. Y. Smulders · Journal of Forensic Sciences
All three concealed critical items were successfully detected using group-aggregated and within-person standardized skin conductance responses, achieving a 100% item-detection…
Gap and connection between laboratory research and field application of the CIT in Japan
Osugi, A. · International Journal of Psychophysiology
Laboratory and field CIT data showed convergent physiological patterns across all major autonomic measures (skin conductance increase, heart rate decrease,…
Psychophysiological and Behavioral Measures for Detecting Concealed Information: The Role of Memory for Crime Details
Galit Nahari; Gershon Ben-Shakhar · Psychophysiology
Examined how memory strength affects CIT detection accuracy. Found that central crime details produced stronger physiological responses than peripheral details,…
The effect of response type and intention to deceive in a detection of deception test
Takuro OTSUKA, Mitsuyoshi MIZUTANI, Akihiro… · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
The research demonstrated that different physiological measures show distinct sensitivity to question presentation versus answering processes, with question perception driving…
Tonic variation of physiological activities in concealed information test
Tokihiro OGAWA, Akihisa HIROTA, Izumi… · The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association
Normalized pulse volume showed progressive anticipatory changes that peaked at relevant item presentation then released—validating the Peak of Tension concept.…
Differentiating orienting and defensive responses to concealed information: The role of verbalization
Bruno J. Verschuere · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
When CIT participants remained silent rather than giving verbal responses, heart rate showed the deceleration predicted by orienting theory, confirming…
Problems of Questions in Event Knowledge Tests
Vitas Saldžiūnas; Aleksandras Kovalenko · European Polygraph
The study identified critical problems in EKT question construction and emphasized that EKT tests cannot be used in a template-based…