Home › Polygraph Research › Researchers › Pamela K. Shaw
Researcher file
Pamela K. Shaw
Polygraph testing methodologies, directed lie comparison questions, and evidence-based credibility assessment practices
Researcher record
About Pamela K. Shaw
Pamela K. Shaw began her career in polygraph in 2000 while employed with the Kentucky Law Enforcement Council, where she served as an examiner, supervisor and polygraph school director for the state during her 14 years with the Council. She established her own polygraph company, Shaw Polygraph Services, Inc., in 2006 and is currently owner and co-director of the National Polygraph Academy based out of Lexington, KY, which is accredited by the American Polygraph Association and recognized by the American Association of Police Polygraphists.
Shaw has made significant contributions to polygraph science through both research and education. She co-authored the influential textbook Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice (2015) with Donald Krapohl, which has become a cornerstone reference in the field. She served on the APA's Ad-Hoc Committee on Validated Techniques that produced the landmark Meta-Analytic Survey of Criterion Accuracy of Validated Polygraph Techniques (2011). Her research has focused on directed lie comparison questions, scoring systems, and the psychological underpinnings of polygraph testing, including notable work on the role of cognition and emotion in psychophysiological detection of deception.
Shaw served as President of the American Polygraph Association in 2012 and held other board positions for 6 years. She has also served as president and vice-president of the Kentucky Polygraph Association. She is the recipient of awards for her presentations and participation in committees responsible for publishing model policies for post-conviction sex offender testing, law enforcement/public service screening as well as the APA's 2011 Meta-Analytic Survey. Shaw has provided numerous lectures to state, national and international polygraph associations, as well as APA accredited schools, and has served as a consultant to diverse local and government agencies in the U.S., South America and Asia-Pacific regions.
From early on in her career, Shaw has been a strong advocate of education and professional practices in the field of polygraphy. Through her leadership of the National Polygraph Academy, she has trained hundreds of polygraph examiners serving law enforcement, government, and private sectors. Her collaborative work with prominent researchers including Charles R. Honts, Mark Handler, Donald Krapohl, and Raymond Nelson has helped advance evidence-based testing methodologies and contributed to the standardization of polygraph practices internationally.
Research methodology profile
Research areas
Co-author network
Researchers who have co-authored studies with Pamela K. Shaw.
Publications [12]
All peer-reviewed studies by Pamela K. Shaw in our database.
A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Polygraph Test
The largest meta-analysis ever conducted on the CQT, analyzing 138 datasets. Found a meta-analytic effect size of 0.69 including inconclusives. Motivation level showed a positive linear relationship with accuracy. No… [002] 2015 Fundamentals of Polygraph PracticeTest question construction
The chapter establishes standardized construction rules for six question types, emphasizing that proper question formulation is critical to valid results. Key principles include single-issue focus, yes/no format, clear non-accusatory language,… [003] 2015 Fundamentals of Polygraph PracticeAdvanced topics
This is a textbook chapter synthesizing existing knowledge on advanced polygraph practice topics, not original research with statistical findings. [004] 2015 Fundamentals of Polygraph PracticeAlternate technologies
[005] 2015 Fundamentals of Polygraph PracticeScientific issues
[006] 2015 Fundamentals of Polygraph PracticeSpecific-issue testing techniques
The chapter describes three validated comparison question techniques for criminal investigation, with event-specific testing demonstrating aggregated accuracy rates near 89-90% and inconclusive rates around 10-11% when evidence-based protocols are properly… [007] 2015 Various PublicationsDirected Lie Comparison Questions and Countermeasure Resistance
Examined whether directed-lie comparison questions offer better countermeasure resistance. Research suggests that modern testing formats with directed lies may be more robust against deliberate manipulation attempts. [008] 2013 Legal and Criminological PsychologyTwo heads are better than one? How to effectively use two interviewers to elicit cues to deception
Truth tellers provided significantly more detail than liars only in the supportive second interviewer condition, despite participants looking at the second interviewer less than 10% of the time. Liars displayed… [009] 2012 APA MagazineThe Empirical Basis for the Use of Directed Lie Comparison Questions in Diagnostic and Screening Polygraphs
The review found little to no meaningful difference in effect size or detection accuracy between directed lie and probable lie comparison questions, supporting the scientific validity of DLCQs in both… [010] 2011 PolygraphUsing the Empirical Scoring System
Validation data across 13 dimensions of criterion accuracy from 5,192 scored results of 732 confirmed ZCT examinations demonstrated strong performance by both experienced and inexperienced scorers, with a related replication… [011] 2010 PolygraphSome Thoughts About Feelings: A Study in the Role of Cognition and Emotion in Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
Cognitive appraisal of goal-relevant test questions — not fear alone — mediates the range of emotional and physiological responses recorded during PDD testing, with both conceptual and reinstatement-based appraisal routes… [012] 2010 Human Communication ResearchContent in context improves deception detection accuracy
Across six studies with 340 participants, average accuracy was 75% when judges had contextual information compared with 57% in control conditions—an 18 percentage point improvement over traditional deception detection methods…Explore all research.
Browse our complete database of 3493 peer-reviewed polygraph studies.