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HomePolygraph ResearchResearchers › Nathan J. Gordon

Researcher file

Nathan J. Gordon

Polygraph technique development, interviewing methods, and deception detection

17Studies
1987–2021Active period
22Co-authors
7Research areas
6Journals

Researcher record

NameNathan J. Gordon
AffiliationAcademy for Scientific Investigative TrainingUnited States
Publications17 peer-reviewed studies in this database
Active period1987–2021
Research focusPolygraph technique development, interviewing methods, and deception detection

About Nathan J. Gordon

Nathan J. Gordon is Director of the Academy for Scientific Investigative Training, an American Polygraph Association accredited school since 1980 based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is an expert forensic psycho-physiologist and an internationally recognized expert in the field of Forensic Assessment Interviewing and Interrogation, and President and founder of Keystone Intelligence Network, Inc. He has lectured and conducted seminars on these subjects to thousands of law enforcement, intelligence and private security officers throughout the United States, Africa, Europe, and Asia.

Gordon is a prolific innovator in polygraph methodology and has developed several influential techniques and systems. He created the Integrated Zone Comparison Technique (IZCT), one of the validated polygraph formats used in the field, along with the Horizontal Scoring System and Academy's Algorithm for Analysis of Polygraph Data. He developed the Forensic Assessment Interview and Integrated Interrogation Technique, comprehensive interviewing methods now taught internationally. His research spans multiple areas including the Directed Lie Question, scoring algorithms, and countermeasures. Gordon collaborated with neuroscientists on groundbreaking studies combining functional MRI with traditional polygraph, investigating neural correlates of deception alongside physiological responses.

Gordon served as the 2010 President of the American Polygraph Association and has held leadership positions including President of the Pennsylvania Polygraph Association and President of the International Forensic Psychophysiological Institutes Association. He is current President of the International Society of Polygraph Examiners. He is a Director of the Vidocq Society, an elite organization of forensic experts who provide pro bono assistance to law enforcement on cold case homicides. His work with co-author Tuvia Shurany has produced important texts on chart evaluation and the pre-test interview, while his collaboration with William L. Fleisher resulted in the widely-used book "Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques."

Gordon's interdisciplinary work bridges traditional polygraph science with modern neuroscience and behavioral analysis. His research with Feroze B. Mohamed and colleagues examined neural correlates during deception using functional MR imaging alongside standard polygraph examination, publishing in journals such as Radiology and Physiology & Behavior. This work explored whether combining brain imaging with physiological measures could enhance detection accuracy. His Forensic Assessment Interview Technique (FAINT) integrates multiple assessment modalities including nonverbal behavior analysis, statement analysis, and projective verbal cues, demonstrating his commitment to developing comprehensive, scientifically-grounded credibility assessment methods.

Research methodology profile

Laboratory · 4 Neuroimaging · 1 Field Study · 1

Research areas

Training, Standards & Professional Practice 5 Scoring & Test Data Analysis 5 Field Validity Studies 2 Countermeasures Research 2 Neuroimaging & New Technologies 1 Comparison Question Test (CQT) 1 Laboratory & Analog Studies 1

Co-author network

Researchers who have co-authored studies with Nathan J. Gordon.

Publications [17]

All peer-reviewed studies by Nathan J. Gordon in our database.

[001] 2021 European Polygraph

Directed Lie – The Correct or the Easy Way?

The study found that 28.6% of directed lie questions failed to provoke physiological reactions during stimulation tests, and three examinees refused to lie as directed, challenging fundamental assumptions about the… Field Validity Studies
[002] 2019 Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques

Question Formulation: Irrelevant, Relevant, and Comparison Questions

The chapter establishes that all polygraph techniques utilize four question categories, each serving a distinct purpose. Key principles include ensuring questions are answerable by yes/no, address single issues, avoid legal… Training, Standards & Professional Practice
[003] 2018 European Polygraph

The Effectiveness of fMRI Data when Combined with Polygraph Data

Combining fMRI data with all three polygraph parameters showed the greatest accuracy increase compared to fMRI alone or partial combinations, with fMRI plus cardiovascular measurements converting 20% of inconclusive cases… Neuroimaging & New Technologies Neuroimaging
[004] 2018 European Polygraph

Idiosyncrasies in Chart Evaluation

The study found that individual physiological response patterns vary significantly, with EDA contributing 55% of reactions, cardio 26%, and pneumo 19%. The authors argue that statistically rare response criteria should… Scoring & Test Data Analysis
[005] 2016

Essentials of Polygraph and Polygraph Testing

The IZCT technique achieved 100% accuracy excluding inconclusives and 90-95% accuracy including inconclusives in field validation studies, with particularly strong performance in identifying both innocent and deceptive examinees. Training, Standards & Professional Practice
[006] 2016

The Pre-test interview; the Foundation of Polygraph

The manual elevates pre-test interviewing from an informal preliminary step to a structured, teachable skill set, emphasizing that examination quality begins before sensors are attached and that the psychological climate,… Training, Standards & Professional Practice
[007] 2016 European Polygraph

A Field Polygraph Examination: Science or Art?

Field polygraph examination integrates both scientific methodology through validated techniques and scoring systems, and professional artistry in areas like question formulation, pre-test interviewing, and clinical integration of multiple data sources. Training, Standards & Professional Practice
[008] 2015 European Polygraph

A Theoretical Analysis of the Directed Lie Question (DLC)

The analysis questions whether the DLC's adoption represents genuine scientific advancement or a problematic simplification driven by political correctness and examiner convenience rather than empirical evidence. Comparison Question Test (CQT)
[009] 2013 European Polygraph

A Realistic Perspective of the Art and Science of Forensic Psychophysiology

The paper provides professional perspective on the balance between evidence-based polygraph methodology and the role of examiner skill and experience in conducting effective examinations. Training, Standards & Professional Practice
[010] 2012 European Polygraph

Effectiveness of the Integrated Zone Comparison Technique (IZCT) with Various Scoring Systems in a Mock Crime Experiment by Students

The study systematically compared three scoring approaches for the IZCT in a controlled environment where ground truth was known, addressing an important gap in polygraph validation research. Scoring & Test Data Analysis Laboratory
[011] 2010 Polygraph

An Assessment of the Backster Either-Or Rule in Polygraph 240 Scoring

Application of the Either-Or Rule increased correct decisions from 70% to 80% and reduced inconclusives from 27% to 17%, with all improvements attributable to better detection of deceptive cases. Backster… Scoring & Test Data Analysis
[012] 2006 Physiology & Behavior

Integrated zone comparison polygraph technique accuracy with scoring algorithms

All three algorithms achieved 100% accuracy when inconclusive results were excluded. When inconclusives were counted as errors, ASIT Poly Suite achieved 90% accuracy while PolyScore and OSS both achieved 72%… Scoring & Test Data Analysis Laboratory
[013] 2004 Journal of General Psychology

Effects of outside issues on the control question test

Outside issues had a strong differential impact on innocent participants, dramatically moving their scores toward deception by more than one standard deviation, while guilty participants showed minimal effects. Specialized outside-issue… Laboratory & Analog Studies Laboratory
[014] 2001 • COUNTERMEASURE REVIEW Book Chapters

Countermeasures and the Polygraph

Comprehensive review chapter covering all known countermeasure methods and their effectiveness. Concluded countermeasures are a serious threat but their practical impact may be limited by training difficulty. Countermeasures Research
[015] 2001 Polygraph

Effects of spontaneous countermeasures used against the comparison question test

Spontaneous countermeasures were attempted by 67.7% of participants but did not affect outcomes for guilty examinees while significantly shifting innocent subjects' scores; expert examiners could not detect countermeasure use. Countermeasures Research Laboratory
[016] 2000 Polygraph

A Field Study of the Integrated Zone Comparison Technique

The IZCT achieved near-perfect accuracy in real-world criminal investigations with zero false positives among truthful examinees and only 1.5 errors among approximately 300 deceptive subjects when excluding inconclusives. The technique… Field Validity Studies Field Study
[017] 1987 Polygraph

The Horizontal Scoring System

The rank-order method showed accuracy rates of 90-93% in subsequent validation studies, though it was limited to single-issue testing situations and some diagnostic criteria lacked empirical support. Scoring & Test Data Analysis

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