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Frank S. Horvath
Polygraph validity, field studies of the Comparison Question Test, and credibility assessment technologies
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About Frank S. Horvath
Frank S. Horvath is affiliated with the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University, where he has conducted extensive research on polygraph testing and credibility assessment. He served as Director of the APA's Research Center in Detection of Deception at Michigan State University and as a Past President of the American Polygraph Association. He also held the position of Chief Scientific Officer for the Department of Defense Polygraph Institute. His career in polygraph research began in the early 1970s with foundational studies conducted in collaboration with John E. Reid, where he was licensed as a polygraph examiner in the State of Illinois and was a Charter Member of the American Polygraph Association.
Horvath's research contributions span over five decades and have significantly shaped modern polygraph science. His early work established crucial benchmarks for the field, including reliability studies of polygraph examiner diagnosis (1971) and investigations into variables affecting interpretation of polygraph records (1977). He conducted landmark field validity studies of the Comparison Question Test (CQT) in the early 1980s, which were influential in assessments by the Office of Technology Assessment. His research extended to pre-employment polygraph screening (PEPS) for law enforcement agencies, and he co-authored studies on technology development for credibility assessment. More recently, he has contributed important historical analyses of the polygraph's development, particularly examining Chicago's role as the birthplace of modern polygraphy and documenting the evolution of testing techniques over a hundred years.
Horvath has received numerous honors from the American Polygraph Association, including the John E. Reid Memorial Award in 1993, the Leonarde Keeler Award in both 1984 and 1986, and the Distinguished Member Award in 2013. He served on the advisory panel for the Office of Technology Assessment's influential review of polygraph validity as Associate Professor at Michigan State University's School of Criminal Justice. Throughout his career, he collaborated extensively with leading figures in the field, including John E. Reid, David C. Raskin, Gordon H. Barland, Stanley M. Slowik, and numerous Department of Defense researchers. He served as an Associate Editor for the journal Polygraph, contributing to the dissemination of research in the field.
Horvath's work bridges academic criminal justice research with practical applications in law enforcement and national security. His studies have examined not only the technical aspects of polygraph instrumentation and scoring but also broader issues such as the use of polygraph testing in applicant screening, the behavioral analysis interview, and cross-cultural considerations in polygraph use. His 2022 publication warning about social intolerance in polygraph testing demonstrates his continued engagement with ethical and international dimensions of credibility assessment well into the 21st century.
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Researchers who have co-authored studies with Frank S. Horvath.
Publications [21]
All peer-reviewed studies by Frank S. Horvath in our database.
Polygraph Testing and Social Intolerance: A Warning to Examiners Outside of the United States
Testing applicants for social intolerance represents a dangerous expansion from behavioral screening to thought-screening that could encourage efforts to prohibit polygraph testing internationally. [002] 2021 American Polygraph Association MagazineSocial Intolerance: A Dangerous and Mistaken Approach to Polygraph Testing for Positions of Trust: Response to Nelson and Handler
Testing for social intolerance is highly objectionable and likely to encourage efforts to prohibit polygraph testing, especially internationally, with concerns about increased false positives/negatives and potential legislative backlash similar to… [003] 2020 European PolygraphA Hundred Years of Polygraphy: Some Primary Changes and Related Issues
Horvath identified several primary transformations that fundamentally altered the trajectory of the polygraph profession from its origins in early 20th century American law enforcement to its current international status. [004] 2019 European PolygraphChicago: Where Polygraph Becomes a Science
Chicago became the epicenter for polygraph innovation through the convergence of academic institutions, progressive criminal justice reforms, and pioneering practitioners, with John Reid's development of the Comparison Question Technique addressing… [005] 2019 European PolygraphChicago: Birthplace of Modern Polygraphy
Chicago served as the birthplace of modern polygraphy through the development of standardized examination techniques and professional practices. The city's contributions established the foundational methodologies still used in contemporary polygraph… [006] 2009 European PolygraphDevelopment of Technologies and Test Formats for Credibility Assessment
The paper likely presented validation data for novel technological approaches including thermal imaging systems and computerized scoring methods that could supplement or enhance traditional polygraph instrumentation. [007] 2008 European PolygraphThe Behavioral Analysis Interview: Clarifying the Practice, Theory and Understanding of its Use and Effectiveness
The landmark 1994 field study demonstrated 91% accuracy on truthful suspects and 80% accuracy on deceptive suspects when trained evaluators used the BAI with actual criminal suspects, though the authors… [008] 2008 Journal of Forensic SciencesEffect of two types of control questions and two question formats on the outcomes of polygraph examinations
Nonexclusive control questions achieved significantly higher accuracy rates (85% for guilty, 91% for innocent) compared to exclusive time-bar control questions (χ² = 11.46, p = 0.003), with no differences between… [009] 2008 Journal of Forensic SciencesReview of: Gatekeeper: Memoirs of a CIA Polygraph Examiner
Sullivan's memoir documents his role conducting more polygraph tests than anyone in CIA history, discovering double agents and security threats while arguing that polygraph is more cost-effective than background investigations… [010] 1995A national survey of practices, policies and evaluative comments on the use of pre-employment polygraph screening in police agencies in the United States
Among large U.S. police agencies, 62% utilized pre-employment polygraph screening, rejecting approximately 25% of applicants based on information not uncovered through other screening methods. Agencies reported uncovering admissions to serious… [011] 1993 Criminal Justice ReviewBook Review: Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception
[012] IDENTIFIED BY OTA (1983) • 10 KEY FIELD STUDIES Various journals (1960s–1980s)OTA-Qualifying Field Studies of CQT Validity
The 10 field studies identified by the Office of Technology Assessment as meeting minimum scientific standards. Together, they showed: false positive rates ranging from 0–75% (avg 19.1%) and false negative… [013] 1982 Journal of Applied PsychologyField Validity Study of CQT
One of ten field studies meeting OTA minimum scientific standards. Provided accuracy data from real criminal investigations that contributed to the overall evidence base for CQT validity. [014] 1982 Journal of Forensic SciencesDetecting Deception: The Promise and the Reality of Voice Stress Analysis
Without exception, scientific evidence showed voice stress analyzers were not effective in detecting deception, with none achieving detection rates above chance levels in controlled situations. Evidence for vocal microtremors was… [015] 1979 Journal of Applied PsychologyEffect of different motivational instructions on detection of deception with the Psychological Stress Evaluator and the galvanic skin response
[016] 1978 Journal of Forensic SciencesAn Experimental Investigation of the Relative Validity and Utility of the Polygraph Technique and Three Other Common Methods of Criminal Identification
Polygraph testing achieved the highest accuracy with 18 of 20 correct decisions (90%), 1 incorrect decision (5%), and 1 inconclusive (5%), outperforming eyewitness identification, fingerprints, and handwriting analysis under comparable… [017] 1978 Journal of Applied PsychologyAn experimental comparison of the Psychological Stress Evaluator and the galvanic skin response in detection of deception
The PSE showed detection accuracy at chance levels with interrater reliability of only .38, while GSR achieved .92 reliability and exceeded chance-level accuracy. The PSE was found highly unreliable and… [018] 1977 Journal of Applied PsychologyThe effects of selected variables on interpretation of polygraph records
Blind chart evaluators achieved only 63.3% accuracy on police cases when denied access to special charts available to original examiners, significantly below accuracy rates reported in private polygraph firm studies… [019] 1977 • CLASSIC Journal of Applied PsychologyThe Effect of Selected Variables on Interpretation of Polygraph Records
Examined factors affecting polygraph chart interpretation including examiner experience. Found that trained examiners achieved significantly higher accuracy than untrained raters, emphasizing the importance of professional training. [020] 1972 The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police ScienceThe Polygraph Silent Answer Test
The Silent Answer Test produced better respiratory reactions and more reliable chart quality by reducing objectionable movements from verbal responses. The method became widely adopted as a diagnostic tool to… [021] 1971 • CLASSIC Journal of Criminal Law and CriminologyThe Reliability of Polygraph Examiner Diagnosis of Truth and Deception
Seminal reliability study examining agreement among polygraph examiners interpreting the same charts. Found high inter-rater reliability for experienced examiners using structured scoring methods.Explore all research.
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