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David C. Raskin
Polygraph techniques, comparison question test methodology, and computerized credibility assessment
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About David C. Raskin
David C. Raskin received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1963 and served on the faculties of U.C.L.A., Michigan State University, University of British Columbia, and the University of Utah, where he holds the rank of Professor Emeritus of Psychology. He is an internationally-known and highly respected scientist in the polygraph community who frequently consults and lectures on the subject, and provides guidance to the polygraph community, government agencies, legislatures, and the courts. He is also a licensed polygraph examiner in the states of Utah and New Mexico and has served as an expert witness in approximately 200 criminal and civil cases in federal and state courts.
In 1970, David Raskin, a psychologist and researcher at the University of Utah, began a study of the probable lie comparison question polygraph technique, and Raskin and his colleagues systematically developed this approach. His most significant contribution was the development of the Utah Numerical Scoring System, a highly reliable and valid method for scoring specific-incident, comparison-question tests. He first published research on polygraph technology in the 1970s and then spent 10 years developing the software and hardware for the world's first computerized polygraph system, which was marketed in 1991. His research established high accuracy rates for the Comparison Question Test (CQT), with a 3-year study funded by the National Institute of Justice using U.S. Secret Service examinations showing an overall accuracy rate of approximately 95% both on suspects later confirmed to be guilty and those later confirmed to be innocent.
Raskin is an international authority on credibility assessment using polygraph techniques and is a leader in the development and applications of interview techniques, statement validity assessment, and investigative procedures in sexual abuse cases, has had numerous grants and contracts from federal agencies for research and development of polygraph techniques, and has authored more than 150 scientific articles, chapters, books, and reports. In 2009, the Utah Laboratory received the John E. Reid Memorial Award for distinguished achievements in polygraph research, teaching, and writing, and that research program continues under the direction of his colleagues Professor John Kircher at the University of Utah and Professor Charles Honts at Boise State University. His long-term collaborations with John C. Kircher and Charles R. Honts produced many of the field's most influential studies.
He has received research grants and contracts on the subject of deception detection from the National Institute of Justice, National Science Foundation, Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, US Secret Service, and National Institute of Mental Health. More recently, Raskin and Kircher recognized the need to find new lie detection methods that could complement the polygraph, and wondered if changes in eye movements and pupil size while reading and answering questions about a crime would reveal deception. The authors have financial interests in Converus Inc., a company that has commercialized the ocular-motor detection technology, and have disclosed those interests to the University of Utah.
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Researchers who have co-authored studies with David C. Raskin.
Publications [51]
All peer-reviewed studies by David C. Raskin in our database.
Literature Review and Analysis of the Multi-facet Hypothesis and the Evaluation of Independent Target Questions
Grand total scoring achieved 89% accuracy compared to 78% for multi-facet hypothesis scoring—an 11 percentage point difference that challenges the operational utility of assuming independence among relevant questions. [002] 2016 European PolygraphLaboratory and Field Research on the Ocular-motor Deception Test
Cross-validation accuracy averaged 83.1% under standard laboratory conditions and 86.1% in field studies, with accuracy rates ranging from 78% to 86% across diverse populations including English, Spanish, and Arabic speakers. [003] 2015 Various PublicationsMonte Carlo Estimates of the Validity of Polygraph Testing
Used Monte Carlo simulation methods to estimate polygraph validity across different conditions. Statistical modeling confirmed high accuracy estimates consistent with empirical findings from field and laboratory research. [004] 2014 Elsevier Academic PressCredibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications
Polygraph test accuracy is estimated at approximately 89% for specific-incident criminal investigations and 85% for screening applications. Electrodermal reactions are the most diagnostic psychophysiological measure, and total scores with 2-stage… [005] 2014 In Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications (Eds. Raskin, D.C., Honts, C.R., Kircher, J.C.)Validity of polygraph techniques and decision methods
The review reports approximately 89% accuracy for specific-incident criminal investigations and 85% for screening applications, with laboratory studies showing 91% accuracy for guilty and 89% for innocent subjects using the… [006] 2011 PolygraphThe Use of Physiological Measures to Detect Deception in Juveniles
Examined CQT application with juvenile populations. Found that physiological measures can effectively detect deception in younger examinees, expanding the evidence base beyond adult populations. [007] 2008 In D.L. Faigman, M.J. Saks, J. Sanders, & E. Cheng (Eds.), Modern scientific evidence: The law and science of expert testimony (Vol. 5)Scientific status: The case for polygraph tests
Laboratory studies showed approximately 90% mean CQT accuracy, field studies with independent scoring showed 90.5% accuracy, and studies with original examiner scoring showed 97.5% accuracy. Information Gain analysis demonstrated CQT… [008] 2002 Journal of Forensic SciencesComputerized Polygraph System
The CPS algorithm demonstrated accuracy rates of 95-96% on confirmed truthful cases and 85-95% on deceptive cases in field validation studies, performing comparably to or better than blind human scoring… [009] 1999 • NUMERICAL SCORING PolygraphThe Utah Numerical Scoring System
Formalized the Utah-CQT numerical scoring system resulting from 30+ years of scientific research. Provided standardized procedures achieving highest rates of criterion accuracy and inter-rater reliability. [010] 1997 PsychophysiologyThe role of the control question in physiological detection of deception
[011] 1997 • EXPERIMENTAL PsychophysiologyThe Role of Comparison Questions in Physiological Detection of Deception
Mock crime study with 120 participants examining comparison question mechanisms. Found comparison questions produced different physiological patterns for innocent vs. guilty subjects, providing empirical support for the CQT rationale. [012] 1997 • FIELD REVIEW Book ChaptersReview of Field Studies of CQT Since 1988
Review of all field studies published since 1988 producing an overall accuracy of 90.5%. Documented consistent improvement in field accuracy with adoption of numerical scoring methods. [013] 1996 • FIELD STUDY University of Utah Department of Psychology (NIJ Grant)A Field Study of the Validity of the Utah CQT
Large-scale NIJ-funded field study of actual criminal cases. Found overall accuracy exceeding 90% with experienced examiners using numerical scoring. Included 160+ confirmed criminal cases. [014] 1995 International Journal of PsychophysiologyPolygrapher's dilemma or psychologist's chimaera: a reply to Furedy's logico-ethical considerations for psychophysiological practitioners and researchers
The authors concluded that Furedy's concerns about the CQT were lacking on almost all counts and that his arguments were based on misrepresentations and logical errors rather than genuine ethical… [015] 1994 Journal of Applied PsychologyEffects of countermeasures on the control-question polygraph test
Both mental and physical countermeasures enabled approximately 50% of guilty subjects to defeat the CQT, with strongest effects observed in cardiovascular measures. Countermeasures were difficult to detect either instrumentally or… [016] 1994 Journal of Applied PsychologyMental and Physical Countermeasures in CQT Polygraph Testing
Landmark study on countermeasures. Found that trained countermeasure use could affect CQT accuracy, but untrained subjects remained highly detectable. One of the most-cited countermeasure studies in polygraph literature. [017] 1994 • LANDMARK STUDY Journal of Applied PsychologyCountermeasures and CQT Accuracy
Definitive study on countermeasures in CQT. Found that trained countermeasure users could reduce detection rates, but detection of countermeasure use itself is possible. Untrained subjects remained highly detectable. [018] 1992 • EXPERIMENTAL Forensic Reports, 5, 265–272Effectiveness of Control Questions Answered ‘Yes’: Dispelling a Polygraph Myth
Challenged the assumption that “yes” answers to control questions reduce test accuracy. Found no significant accuracy difference between yes and no answers, dispelling a widely held examiner belief. [019] 1990 Contract ReportDevelopment of a Computerized Polygraph System and Physiological Measures for Detection of Deception and Countermeasures: A Pilot Study
The study demonstrated the feasibility of fully computerized polygraph systems for both data acquisition and automated analysis, contributing to algorithms and measurement techniques that formed the foundation for modern digital… [020] 1989 • LABORATORY/FIELD Book ChaptersRecent Laboratory and Field Research on Polygraph Techniques
Comprehensive review describing DLT laboratory and field research showing it is at least as accurate as the CQT with fewer false positive errors, simpler to construct, and a good substitute… [021] 1989 Criminal behavior and the justice system: Psychological perspectivesAssessing credibility of allegations of child sexual abuse: Polygraph examinations and statement analysis
At the University of Utah during 1983-85, 56% of accused persons examined by polygraph were diagnosed as truthful in their denials. The authors proposed that combining polygraph and statement analysis… [022] 1988 Unpublished manuscript / Later in Raskin (1989)Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Test
The first meta-analysis of the CQT. Found significant moderator effects for subject type, incentives, and decision policy. All three variables predicted accuracy but showed high covariations. This pioneering work laid… [023] 1988 • FIELD STUDY Journal of Police Science and AdministrationA Field Study of the Validity of the Directed Lie Control Question
First field validation of the directed-lie comparison question format. Results showed DLC was at least as accurate as the probable-lie CQT with fewer false positive errors, establishing DLC as a… [024] 1988 • COMPUTERIZED SCORING Journal of Applied PsychologyHuman Versus Computerized Evaluations of Polygraph Data in a Laboratory Setting
Compared human examiner scoring with computerized analysis. Found computerized evaluations achieved accuracy of at least 90%, equaling or exceeding human scorers. Demonstrated feasibility of automated polygraph interpretation. [025] 1988 • LANDMARK FIELD STUDY National Institute of Justice, Grant No. 85-IJ-CX-0040A Study of the Validity of Polygraph Examinations in Criminal Investigation
Major NIJ-funded field study demonstrating that CQT accuracy exceeded 90% when properly employed by skilled examiners. Established benchmark for forensic polygraph validity in actual criminal investigations. [026] 1988 • META-ANALYSIS Law and Human BehaviorMeta-Analysis of Mock Crime Studies of the Control Question Polygraph Technique
Early meta-analysis of 14 CQT laboratory studies. Found significant moderator effects including student vs. community participants and motivation levels. Accuracy exceeded 85% across studies. [027] 1988 • RESEARCH PsychophysiologyPatterns of Activation and Deception
Examined physiological activation patterns during deceptive vs. truthful responding. Found distinct activation patterns across respiratory, cardiovascular, and electrodermal channels that differentiate truth from deception. [028] 1988 • CROSS-VALIDATION University of Utah (Grant Report)Replication and Cross-Validation of Utah Mock Crime Study
Cross-validation study confirming earlier findings. Demonstrated replicability of CQT accuracy across multiple independent experiments with different examiners and participant pools. [029] 1988 Journal of Police Science and AdministrationEffects of spontaneous countermeasures on the physiological detection of deception
Sixty percent of guilty subjects spontaneously attempted countermeasures (primarily relaxation and breathing control), but these untrained tactics had no effect on test outcomes, with evaluators achieving 80% accuracy and 0%… [030] 1988 The Polygraph test: Lies, truth and scienceDoes science support polygraph testing?
Raskin presented field evidence showing CQT accuracy could exceed 90% with skilled examiners, with 100% accuracy on guilty subjects and 92% on innocent subjects in validated studies, directly challenging claims… [031] 1987 Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportementMethodological issues in estimating polygraph accuracy in field applications.
[032] 1986 • SCIENTIFIC STATUS In Faigman et al. (Eds.), Modern Scientific EvidenceThe Scientific Status of Research on Polygraph Techniques: The Case for Polygraph Tests
Major chapter presenting the scientific case for polygraph validity. Reviewed controlled studies showing accuracy above 90% and argued polygraph meets evidentiary standards. [033] 1985 • FIELD STUDY PsychophysiologyPsychopathy and Polygraph Detection of Deception in a Prison Population
Tested 48 inmates (half high psychopathy). Overall 88% accurate, 4% wrong, 8% inconclusive. No significant differences between psychopaths and nonpsychopaths, suggesting CQT works equally for both. [034] 1985 PsychophysiologyThe Use of Countermeasures: Categorical Decisions Based on Three Interpretations
Early countermeasure study showing that physical countermeasures could be trained in laboratory settings. Provided the first systematic data on countermeasure effectiveness that would influence decades of subsequent research. [035] 1985 • FOUNDATIONAL Journal of Applied PsychologyThe Effects of Physical Countermeasures on the Physiological Detection of Deception
First systematic countermeasure study. Trained subjects used physical countermeasures (tongue biting, toe pressing) during control questions. Approximately 50% of trained subjects defeated the test. [036] 1983 PsychophysiologyDetection of deception: Effectiveness of physical countermeasures under high motivation conditions
With enhanced training, countermeasure subjects produced 47% false negative outcomes compared to 0% for guilty controls, demonstrating that simple physical countermeasures could effectively defeat the polygraph by artificially augmenting responses… [037] IDENTIFIED BY OTA (1983) • 10 KEY FIELD STUDIES Various journals (1960s–1980s)OTA-Qualifying Field Studies of CQT Validity
The 10 field studies identified by the Office of Technology Assessment as meeting minimum scientific standards. Together, they showed: false positive rates ranging from 0–75% (avg 19.1%) and false negative… [038] 1982 PsychophysiologyCross-validation of a computerized diagnostic procedure for detection of deception
Computerized discriminant analysis achieved accuracy rates equivalent to experienced human evaluators in classifying guilty and innocent subjects, with successful cross-validation demonstrating generalizability across independent samples. [039] 1982 Reconstructing the past: The role of psychologists in criminal trialsThe scientific basis of polygraph techniques and their uses in the judicial system
[040] 1979 The Orienting Reflex in HumansOrienting and defensive reflexes in the detection of deception
Skin conductance and vasoconstriction were the most effective physiological indicators. Polygraph responses were explained through orienting reflex mechanisms involving differential attention and information processing to significant stimuli rather than emotional… [041] 1979 Various PublicationsAccuracy of Polygraph Techniques
Reported polygraph accuracy exceeding .90 using the CQT format. This early quantification helped establish the scientific foundation for modern polygraph testing standards. [042] 1979 • EXPERIMENTAL PsychophysiologyValidity of CQT in Laboratory Mock Crime Study
One of the Utah group’s foundational mock crime experiments with 72 volunteers. Established the Federal Zone of Comparison technique validity using numerical scoring, with accuracy exceeding 85%. [043] 1979 • FOUNDATIONAL PsychophysiologyCQT Mock Crime Laboratory Study
One of the earliest CQT mock crime studies from the Utah group. 72 student volunteers randomly assigned to guilty/innocent conditions with financial motivation bonus. [044] 1979 PsychophysiologyEffects of information and practice on detection of deception
Detection accuracy remained robust across all experimental conditions, with detailed information about the CQT and practice having minimal impact on the ability to differentiate guilty from innocent subjects, demonstrating that… [045] 1979 Psychological BulletinTruth and Deception: A Reply to Lykken
Raskin and Podlesny asserted that the CQT achieves approximately 90% accuracy in real-world applications when properly administered by skilled examiners, with errors tending toward false positives rather than false negatives. [046] 1978 • FOUNDATIONAL LAB Journal of Applied PsychologyPhysiological Detection of Deception: A New Approach
Early Utah lab study establishing core mock-crime methodology. Achieved significant discrimination between guilty and innocent groups using physiological measures, validating the basic paradigm. [047] 1978 PsychophysiologyPsychopathy and detection of deception in a prison population
100% of guilty subjects (both psychopaths and nonpsychopaths) were correctly identified using the CQT, with 91% accuracy for innocent subjects. Psychopaths showed equivalent physiological responsivity to nonpsychopaths, contradicting beliefs that… [048] 1976 Report No. 76-1, U.S. Department of Justice (LEAA)Validity and Reliability of Polygraph Examinations of Criminal Suspects
One of the earliest rigorous field studies of the CQT with criminal suspects. Established baseline accuracy data that would be referenced in every subsequent government review. Demonstrated that field-condition polygraph… [049] 1976 • FOUNDATIONAL ANALOG Book ChaptersPolygraph Validity and Reliability: A Review
Major review of laboratory and field studies establishing empirical support for polygraph validity. Identified key factors affecting accuracy and proposed standards for practice. [050] 1975 PsychophysiologyAn Evaluation of Field Techniques in Detection of Deception
The study achieved 81% correct classification excluding inconclusives. Electrodermal (skin resistance) measures proved most discriminating, followed by cardiovascular and respiration. Blind evaluations by five examiners showed high agreement with a… [051] 1973 Psychological ResearchDetection of Deception in Electrodermal Activity
Electrodermal activity was identified as the most sensitive physiological parameter for deception detection, with differential increases in skin conductance and skin potential serving as valid criteria of deception.Explore all research.
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