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HomePolygraph ResearchResearchers › David C. Raskin

Researcher file

David C. Raskin

Polygraph techniques, comparison question test methodology, and computerized credibility assessment

51Studies
1973–2021Active period
25Co-authors
12Research areas
30Journals

Researcher record

NameDavid C. Raskin
AffiliationUniversity of UtahUnited States
Publications51 peer-reviewed studies in this database
Active period1973–2021
Research focusPolygraph techniques, comparison question test methodology, and computerized credibility assessment

About David C. Raskin

David C. Raskin received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1963 and served on the faculties of U.C.L.A., Michigan State University, University of British Columbia, and the University of Utah, where he holds the rank of Professor Emeritus of Psychology. He is an internationally-known and highly respected scientist in the polygraph community who frequently consults and lectures on the subject, and provides guidance to the polygraph community, government agencies, legislatures, and the courts. He is also a licensed polygraph examiner in the states of Utah and New Mexico and has served as an expert witness in approximately 200 criminal and civil cases in federal and state courts.

In 1970, David Raskin, a psychologist and researcher at the University of Utah, began a study of the probable lie comparison question polygraph technique, and Raskin and his colleagues systematically developed this approach. His most significant contribution was the development of the Utah Numerical Scoring System, a highly reliable and valid method for scoring specific-incident, comparison-question tests. He first published research on polygraph technology in the 1970s and then spent 10 years developing the software and hardware for the world's first computerized polygraph system, which was marketed in 1991. His research established high accuracy rates for the Comparison Question Test (CQT), with a 3-year study funded by the National Institute of Justice using U.S. Secret Service examinations showing an overall accuracy rate of approximately 95% both on suspects later confirmed to be guilty and those later confirmed to be innocent.

Raskin is an international authority on credibility assessment using polygraph techniques and is a leader in the development and applications of interview techniques, statement validity assessment, and investigative procedures in sexual abuse cases, has had numerous grants and contracts from federal agencies for research and development of polygraph techniques, and has authored more than 150 scientific articles, chapters, books, and reports. In 2009, the Utah Laboratory received the John E. Reid Memorial Award for distinguished achievements in polygraph research, teaching, and writing, and that research program continues under the direction of his colleagues Professor John Kircher at the University of Utah and Professor Charles Honts at Boise State University. His long-term collaborations with John C. Kircher and Charles R. Honts produced many of the field's most influential studies.

He has received research grants and contracts on the subject of deception detection from the National Institute of Justice, National Science Foundation, Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, US Secret Service, and National Institute of Mental Health. More recently, Raskin and Kircher recognized the need to find new lie detection methods that could complement the polygraph, and wondered if changes in eye movements and pupil size while reading and answering questions about a crime would reveal deception. The authors have financial interests in Converus Inc., a company that has commercialized the ocular-motor detection technology, and have disclosed those interests to the University of Utah.

Research methodology profile

Laboratory · 32 Field Study · 7 Meta-Analysis · 4 Neuroimaging · 1

Research areas

Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews 8 Countermeasures Research 8 Foundational & Historical Research 7 Laboratory & Analog Studies 6 Field Validity Studies 6 Scoring & Test Data Analysis 5 Comparison Question Test (CQT) 3 Neuroimaging & New Technologies 1 Legal & Policy Studies 1 Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection 1 Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses 1 Government Scientific Reviews 1

Co-author network

Researchers who have co-authored studies with David C. Raskin.

Publications [51]

All peer-reviewed studies by David C. Raskin in our database.

[001] 2021 Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment

Literature Review and Analysis of the Multi-facet Hypothesis and the Evaluation of Independent Target Questions

Grand total scoring achieved 89% accuracy compared to 78% for multi-facet hypothesis scoring—an 11 percentage point difference that challenges the operational utility of assuming independence among relevant questions. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews Laboratory
[002] 2016 European Polygraph

Laboratory and Field Research on the Ocular-motor Deception Test

Cross-validation accuracy averaged 83.1% under standard laboratory conditions and 86.1% in field studies, with accuracy rates ranging from 78% to 86% across diverse populations including English, Spanish, and Arabic speakers. Neuroimaging & New Technologies Laboratory
[003] 2015 Various Publications

Monte Carlo Estimates of the Validity of Polygraph Testing

Used Monte Carlo simulation methods to estimate polygraph validity across different conditions. Statistical modeling confirmed high accuracy estimates consistent with empirical findings from field and laboratory research. Scoring & Test Data Analysis Laboratory
[004] 2014 Elsevier Academic Press

Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications

Polygraph test accuracy is estimated at approximately 89% for specific-incident criminal investigations and 85% for screening applications. Electrodermal reactions are the most diagnostic psychophysiological measure, and total scores with 2-stage… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews Neuroimaging
[005] 2014 In Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications (Eds. Raskin, D.C., Honts, C.R., Kircher, J.C.)

Validity of polygraph techniques and decision methods

The review reports approximately 89% accuracy for specific-incident criminal investigations and 85% for screening applications, with laboratory studies showing 91% accuracy for guilty and 89% for innocent subjects using the… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews Field Study Laboratory
[006] 2011 Polygraph

The Use of Physiological Measures to Detect Deception in Juveniles

Examined CQT application with juvenile populations. Found that physiological measures can effectively detect deception in younger examinees, expanding the evidence base beyond adult populations. Laboratory & Analog Studies Laboratory
[007] 2008 In D.L. Faigman, M.J. Saks, J. Sanders, & E. Cheng (Eds.), Modern scientific evidence: The law and science of expert testimony (Vol. 5)

Scientific status: The case for polygraph tests

Laboratory studies showed approximately 90% mean CQT accuracy, field studies with independent scoring showed 90.5% accuracy, and studies with original examiner scoring showed 97.5% accuracy. Information Gain analysis demonstrated CQT… Legal & Policy Studies Meta-Analysis Laboratory
[008] 2002 Journal of Forensic Sciences

Computerized Polygraph System

The CPS algorithm demonstrated accuracy rates of 95-96% on confirmed truthful cases and 85-95% on deceptive cases in field validation studies, performing comparably to or better than blind human scoring… Scoring & Test Data Analysis
[009] 1999 • NUMERICAL SCORING Polygraph

The Utah Numerical Scoring System

Formalized the Utah-CQT numerical scoring system resulting from 30+ years of scientific research. Provided standardized procedures achieving highest rates of criterion accuracy and inter-rater reliability. Scoring & Test Data Analysis
[010] 1997 Psychophysiology

The role of the control question in physiological detection of deception

[011] 1997 • EXPERIMENTAL Psychophysiology

The Role of Comparison Questions in Physiological Detection of Deception

Mock crime study with 120 participants examining comparison question mechanisms. Found comparison questions produced different physiological patterns for innocent vs. guilty subjects, providing empirical support for the CQT rationale. Comparison Question Test (CQT) Laboratory
[012] 1997 • FIELD REVIEW Book Chapters

Review of Field Studies of CQT Since 1988

Review of all field studies published since 1988 producing an overall accuracy of 90.5%. Documented consistent improvement in field accuracy with adoption of numerical scoring methods. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews Field Study
[013] 1996 • FIELD STUDY University of Utah Department of Psychology (NIJ Grant)

A Field Study of the Validity of the Utah CQT

Large-scale NIJ-funded field study of actual criminal cases. Found overall accuracy exceeding 90% with experienced examiners using numerical scoring. Included 160+ confirmed criminal cases. Field Validity Studies Field Study
[014] 1995 International Journal of Psychophysiology

Polygrapher's dilemma or psychologist's chimaera: a reply to Furedy's logico-ethical considerations for psychophysiological practitioners and researchers

The authors concluded that Furedy's concerns about the CQT were lacking on almost all counts and that his arguments were based on misrepresentations and logical errors rather than genuine ethical… Foundational & Historical Research
[015] 1994 Journal of Applied Psychology

Effects of countermeasures on the control-question polygraph test

Both mental and physical countermeasures enabled approximately 50% of guilty subjects to defeat the CQT, with strongest effects observed in cardiovascular measures. Countermeasures were difficult to detect either instrumentally or… Countermeasures Research Laboratory
[016] 1994 Journal of Applied Psychology

Mental and Physical Countermeasures in CQT Polygraph Testing

Landmark study on countermeasures. Found that trained countermeasure use could affect CQT accuracy, but untrained subjects remained highly detectable. One of the most-cited countermeasure studies in polygraph literature. Countermeasures Research Laboratory
[017] 1994 • LANDMARK STUDY Journal of Applied Psychology

Countermeasures and CQT Accuracy

Definitive study on countermeasures in CQT. Found that trained countermeasure users could reduce detection rates, but detection of countermeasure use itself is possible. Untrained subjects remained highly detectable. Countermeasures Research Laboratory
[018] 1992 • EXPERIMENTAL Forensic Reports, 5, 265–272

Effectiveness of Control Questions Answered ‘Yes’: Dispelling a Polygraph Myth

Challenged the assumption that “yes” answers to control questions reduce test accuracy. Found no significant accuracy difference between yes and no answers, dispelling a widely held examiner belief. Laboratory & Analog Studies Laboratory
[019] 1990 Contract Report

Development of a Computerized Polygraph System and Physiological Measures for Detection of Deception and Countermeasures: A Pilot Study

The study demonstrated the feasibility of fully computerized polygraph systems for both data acquisition and automated analysis, contributing to algorithms and measurement techniques that formed the foundation for modern digital… Foundational & Historical Research
[020] 1989 • LABORATORY/FIELD Book Chapters

Recent Laboratory and Field Research on Polygraph Techniques

Comprehensive review describing DLT laboratory and field research showing it is at least as accurate as the CQT with fewer false positive errors, simpler to construct, and a good substitute… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews Laboratory
[021] 1989 Criminal behavior and the justice system: Psychological perspectives

Assessing credibility of allegations of child sexual abuse: Polygraph examinations and statement analysis

At the University of Utah during 1983-85, 56% of accused persons examined by polygraph were diagnosed as truthful in their denials. The authors proposed that combining polygraph and statement analysis… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection
[022] 1988 Unpublished manuscript / Later in Raskin (1989)

Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Test

The first meta-analysis of the CQT. Found significant moderator effects for subject type, incentives, and decision policy. All three variables predicted accuracy but showed high covariations. This pioneering work laid… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews Meta-Analysis Laboratory
[023] 1988 • FIELD STUDY Journal of Police Science and Administration

A Field Study of the Validity of the Directed Lie Control Question

First field validation of the directed-lie comparison question format. Results showed DLC was at least as accurate as the probable-lie CQT with fewer false positive errors, establishing DLC as a… Field Validity Studies Field Study
[024] 1988 • COMPUTERIZED SCORING Journal of Applied Psychology

Human Versus Computerized Evaluations of Polygraph Data in a Laboratory Setting

Compared human examiner scoring with computerized analysis. Found computerized evaluations achieved accuracy of at least 90%, equaling or exceeding human scorers. Demonstrated feasibility of automated polygraph interpretation. Scoring & Test Data Analysis Field Study
[025] 1988 • LANDMARK FIELD STUDY National Institute of Justice, Grant No. 85-IJ-CX-0040

A Study of the Validity of Polygraph Examinations in Criminal Investigation

Major NIJ-funded field study demonstrating that CQT accuracy exceeded 90% when properly employed by skilled examiners. Established benchmark for forensic polygraph validity in actual criminal investigations. Field Validity Studies Field Study
[026] 1988 • META-ANALYSIS Law and Human Behavior

Meta-Analysis of Mock Crime Studies of the Control Question Polygraph Technique

Early meta-analysis of 14 CQT laboratory studies. Found significant moderator effects including student vs. community participants and motivation levels. Accuracy exceeded 85% across studies. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews Meta-Analysis Laboratory
[027] 1988 • RESEARCH Psychophysiology

Patterns of Activation and Deception

Examined physiological activation patterns during deceptive vs. truthful responding. Found distinct activation patterns across respiratory, cardiovascular, and electrodermal channels that differentiate truth from deception. Psychophysiology & Autonomic Responses Laboratory
[028] 1988 • CROSS-VALIDATION University of Utah (Grant Report)

Replication and Cross-Validation of Utah Mock Crime Study

Cross-validation study confirming earlier findings. Demonstrated replicability of CQT accuracy across multiple independent experiments with different examiners and participant pools. Field Validity Studies
[029] 1988 Journal of Police Science and Administration

Effects of spontaneous countermeasures on the physiological detection of deception

Sixty percent of guilty subjects spontaneously attempted countermeasures (primarily relaxation and breathing control), but these untrained tactics had no effect on test outcomes, with evaluators achieving 80% accuracy and 0%… Countermeasures Research Laboratory
[030] 1988 The Polygraph test: Lies, truth and science

Does science support polygraph testing?

Raskin presented field evidence showing CQT accuracy could exceed 90% with skilled examiners, with 100% accuracy on guilty subjects and 92% on innocent subjects in validated studies, directly challenging claims… Foundational & Historical Research Meta-Analysis Laboratory
[031] 1987 Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement

Methodological issues in estimating polygraph accuracy in field applications.

[032] 1986 • SCIENTIFIC STATUS In Faigman et al. (Eds.), Modern Scientific Evidence

The Scientific Status of Research on Polygraph Techniques: The Case for Polygraph Tests

Major chapter presenting the scientific case for polygraph validity. Reviewed controlled studies showing accuracy above 90% and argued polygraph meets evidentiary standards. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews
[033] 1985 • FIELD STUDY Psychophysiology

Psychopathy and Polygraph Detection of Deception in a Prison Population

Tested 48 inmates (half high psychopathy). Overall 88% accurate, 4% wrong, 8% inconclusive. No significant differences between psychopaths and nonpsychopaths, suggesting CQT works equally for both. Laboratory & Analog Studies
[034] 1985 Psychophysiology

The Use of Countermeasures: Categorical Decisions Based on Three Interpretations

Early countermeasure study showing that physical countermeasures could be trained in laboratory settings. Provided the first systematic data on countermeasure effectiveness that would influence decades of subsequent research. Countermeasures Research Laboratory
[035] 1985 • FOUNDATIONAL Journal of Applied Psychology

The Effects of Physical Countermeasures on the Physiological Detection of Deception

First systematic countermeasure study. Trained subjects used physical countermeasures (tongue biting, toe pressing) during control questions. Approximately 50% of trained subjects defeated the test. Countermeasures Research Laboratory
[036] 1983 Psychophysiology

Detection of deception: Effectiveness of physical countermeasures under high motivation conditions

With enhanced training, countermeasure subjects produced 47% false negative outcomes compared to 0% for guilty controls, demonstrating that simple physical countermeasures could effectively defeat the polygraph by artificially augmenting responses… Countermeasures Research Laboratory
[037] IDENTIFIED BY OTA (1983) • 10 KEY FIELD STUDIES Various journals (1960s–1980s)

OTA-Qualifying Field Studies of CQT Validity

The 10 field studies identified by the Office of Technology Assessment as meeting minimum scientific standards. Together, they showed: false positive rates ranging from 0–75% (avg 19.1%) and false negative… Government Scientific Reviews
[038] 1982 Psychophysiology

Cross-validation of a computerized diagnostic procedure for detection of deception

Computerized discriminant analysis achieved accuracy rates equivalent to experienced human evaluators in classifying guilty and innocent subjects, with successful cross-validation demonstrating generalizability across independent samples. Scoring & Test Data Analysis Laboratory
[039] 1982 Reconstructing the past: The role of psychologists in criminal trials

The scientific basis of polygraph techniques and their uses in the judicial system

[040] 1979 The Orienting Reflex in Humans

Orienting and defensive reflexes in the detection of deception

Skin conductance and vasoconstriction were the most effective physiological indicators. Polygraph responses were explained through orienting reflex mechanisms involving differential attention and information processing to significant stimuli rather than emotional… Foundational & Historical Research Laboratory
[041] 1979 Various Publications

Accuracy of Polygraph Techniques

Reported polygraph accuracy exceeding .90 using the CQT format. This early quantification helped establish the scientific foundation for modern polygraph testing standards. Comparison Question Test (CQT) Laboratory
[042] 1979 • EXPERIMENTAL Psychophysiology

Validity of CQT in Laboratory Mock Crime Study

One of the Utah group’s foundational mock crime experiments with 72 volunteers. Established the Federal Zone of Comparison technique validity using numerical scoring, with accuracy exceeding 85%. Laboratory & Analog Studies Laboratory
[043] 1979 • FOUNDATIONAL Psychophysiology

CQT Mock Crime Laboratory Study

One of the earliest CQT mock crime studies from the Utah group. 72 student volunteers randomly assigned to guilty/innocent conditions with financial motivation bonus. Laboratory & Analog Studies Laboratory
[044] 1979 Psychophysiology

Effects of information and practice on detection of deception

Detection accuracy remained robust across all experimental conditions, with detailed information about the CQT and practice having minimal impact on the ability to differentiate guilty from innocent subjects, demonstrating that… Countermeasures Research Laboratory
[045] 1979 Psychological Bulletin

Truth and Deception: A Reply to Lykken

Raskin and Podlesny asserted that the CQT achieves approximately 90% accuracy in real-world applications when properly administered by skilled examiners, with errors tending toward false positives rather than false negatives. Foundational & Historical Research Laboratory
[046] 1978 • FOUNDATIONAL LAB Journal of Applied Psychology

Physiological Detection of Deception: A New Approach

Early Utah lab study establishing core mock-crime methodology. Achieved significant discrimination between guilty and innocent groups using physiological measures, validating the basic paradigm. Foundational & Historical Research Laboratory
[047] 1978 Psychophysiology

Psychopathy and detection of deception in a prison population

100% of guilty subjects (both psychopaths and nonpsychopaths) were correctly identified using the CQT, with 91% accuracy for innocent subjects. Psychopaths showed equivalent physiological responsivity to nonpsychopaths, contradicting beliefs that… Comparison Question Test (CQT) Laboratory
[048] 1976 Report No. 76-1, U.S. Department of Justice (LEAA)

Validity and Reliability of Polygraph Examinations of Criminal Suspects

One of the earliest rigorous field studies of the CQT with criminal suspects. Established baseline accuracy data that would be referenced in every subsequent government review. Demonstrated that field-condition polygraph… Field Validity Studies Field Study
[049] 1976 • FOUNDATIONAL ANALOG Book Chapters

Polygraph Validity and Reliability: A Review

Major review of laboratory and field studies establishing empirical support for polygraph validity. Identified key factors affecting accuracy and proposed standards for practice. Field Validity Studies Laboratory
[050] 1975 Psychophysiology

An Evaluation of Field Techniques in Detection of Deception

The study achieved 81% correct classification excluding inconclusives. Electrodermal (skin resistance) measures proved most discriminating, followed by cardiovascular and respiration. Blind evaluations by five examiners showed high agreement with a… Laboratory & Analog Studies Laboratory
[051] 1973 Psychological Research

Detection of Deception in Electrodermal Activity

Electrodermal activity was identified as the most sensitive physiological parameter for deception detection, with differential increases in skin conductance and skin potential serving as valid criteria of deception. Foundational & Historical Research Laboratory

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