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HomePolygraph ResearchResearchers › Bruno J. Verschuere

Researcher file

Bruno J. Verschuere

Deception detection, Concealed Information Test, and forensic psychology

61Studies
2002–2025Active period
68Co-authors
10Research areas
34Journals

Researcher record

NameBruno J. Verschuere
AffiliationUniversity of AmsterdamNetherlands
Publications61 peer-reviewed studies in this database
Active period2002–2025
Research focusDeception detection, Concealed Information Test, and forensic psychology

About Bruno J. Verschuere

Bruno Verschuere is Professor of Forensic Psychology at the University of Amsterdam, where he has served as Head of the Department of Clinical Psychology since 2023 and was promoted to full professor in February 2025. His career includes serving as Associate Professor of Forensic Psychology at the University of Amsterdam (2011-2025) and as a Postdoctoral Researcher of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO) at Ghent University (2005-2011). His research focuses on deception, lie detection, psychopathy, forensic psychology, and memory detection.

Verschuere is internationally recognized for his pioneering work on the Concealed Information Test (CIT), particularly the reaction time-based CIT (RT-CIT). He co-edited the landmark book "Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test" (2011) with Gershon Ben-Shakhar and Ewout Meijer, which remains the definitive work on this approach. His early research examined whether enhanced responding to concealed information during polygraph examination is due to orienting or defensive responding, using mock crime experiments with psychophysiological measures. His work has shown that two paradigms show particular promise for deception detection: the RT-based Concealed Information Test (RT-CIT), with its key strength being a low false positive rate, and the autobiographical Implicit Association Test (aIAT). More recently, he conducted an influential meta-analysis on the Verifiability Approach, finding that truth tellers provided more verifiable details than liars.

Verschuere is Associate Professor of Forensic Psychology at the University of Amsterdam and a Founding Member of the European consortium of Psychological Research on Deception Detection. He has been a prolific collaborator, working extensively with Ewout H. Meijer, Gershon Ben-Shakhar, Geert Crombez, Ernst H.W. Koster, and other leading researchers in deception detection. He co-edited the influential volume "Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches" (2014) with Pär Anders Granhag and Aldert Vrij. His academic work is complemented by extensive experience working with partners from the field, including the Ministry of Justice and Security, forensic care institutions and numerous research centres, with hopes to strengthen these partnerships and develop new initiatives to bridge the gap between science and practice.

Verschuere's polygraph research connects to broader work in forensic psychology, clinical psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. His research on the Concealed Information Test investigates whether examinees recognize secret information, such as crime suspects recognizing critical crime details that only the culprit could know, offering a knowledge-based approach as an alternative to traditional stress-based lie detection. His work spans from fundamental psychophysiological research on orienting responses to applied studies on sex offender management, cognitive load in deception, and the use of machine learning for automated deception detection.

Research methodology profile

Laboratory · 25 Meta-Analysis · 3 Field Study · 3 Neuroimaging · 1 Randomized · 1 Peer-Reviewed · 1 Systematic Review · 1

Research areas

Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods 20 Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection 8 Concealed Information Test (CIT) 8 Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews 5 AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection 3 Laboratory & Analog Studies 2 Neuroimaging & New Technologies 1 Sex Offender Management (PCSOT) 1 Comparison Question Test (CQT) 1 Scoring & Test Data Analysis 1

Co-author network

Researchers who have co-authored studies with Bruno J. Verschuere.

Publications [61]

All peer-reviewed studies by Bruno J. Verschuere in our database.

[001] 2025 Legal and Criminological Psychology

Effective faking of verbal deception detection with target-aligned adversarial attacks

Target-aligned adversarial attacks using GPT-4 reduced both human and machine deception detection performance to chance levels (d = -0.07 to -0.04 for humans, 51% accuracy for machines). AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection
[002] 2025

How Dutch legal professionals assess statement credibility: Evidence from a survey and an analysis of 518 court rulings on sexual abuse

[003] 2024 Psychological Research

Diagnosing eyewitness identifications with reaction time‑based Concealed Information Test: The effect of viewpoint congruency between test and encoding

The RT-CIT demonstrated strong capacity to diagnose face recognition with effect sizes ranging from d = 0.63 to d = 0.91. Viewpoint congruency between encoding and testing produced inconsistent moderation… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[004] 2024 Behavior Research Methods

Assessing partial errors via analog gaming keyboards in response conflict tasks: A proof-of-concept study with the concealed information test

Probe trials showed 2.93% partial errors versus 0.46% for irrelevant items, with strong statistical evidence (Bayes Factor = 275) supporting the detection of response conflict through gaming keyboards. Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods
[005] 2024 Applied Cognitive Psychology

Does (Biasing) Nonverbal Information Deteriorate the Accuracy of the Take-the-Best Heuristic for Deception Detection?

The detailedness heuristic achieved accuracy rates of 60.9-71.8% compared to 52.6-56.9% for unguided judgments (d = 0.55-0.76), but strongly biasing nonverbal behavior reduced this advantage, demonstrating that even focused cue-based… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection Laboratory
[006] 2024 Legal and Criminological Psychology

Some lie‐detection may actually be of forensic use: A comment on Brennen and Magnussen, Lie‐detection: What works

[007] 2023 Nature Human Behaviour

The use-the-best heuristic facilitates deception detection

The use-the-best heuristic focusing solely on statement detailedness significantly outperformed intuitive deception detection, achieving 65-70% accuracy compared to chance-level performance (50-52%) when using multiple cues. Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection Laboratory
[008] 2022 Psychophysiology

Countering information leakage in the Concealed Information Test: The effects of item detailedness

The study tested whether item detailedness could counter information leakage effects in the CIT, investigating if more specific questions preserve detection accuracy while reducing false positives from contaminated innocents. Concealed Information Test (CIT)
[009] 2021

Man versus Machine: Comparing manual with LIWC coding of perceptual and contextual details for verbal lie detection

When set to the same metric, neither manual nor LIWC coding outperformed the other in discriminating truthful from deceptive statements (effect sizes ranged from d = -0.09 to 0.89 for… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection
[010] 2021 Applied Cognitive Psychology

Discriminating deceptive from truthful statements using the verifiability approach: A meta-analysis

Truth-tellers provided significantly more verifiable details (d = 0.49) and a higher proportion of verifiable details (d = 0.49) than liars across 28 studies, with strongest effects in alibi scenarios.… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews Meta-Analysis
[011] 2021 Applied Cognitive Psychology

The verifiability approach to deception detection: A preregistered direct replication of the information protocol condition of Nahari, Vrij, and Fisher (2014b)

Truth tellers provided significantly more verifiable details than liars (d = 0.49), confirming the Verifiability Approach prediction, but the effect was less than half the original study's magnitude and smaller… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection
[012] 2021 Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition

How Vulnerable is the Reaction Time Concealed Information Test to Faking?

Without response deadlines, the RT-CIT was vulnerable to faking (d = 1.06-1.08), but implementation of an 800ms response deadline rendered faking completely ineffective (d = −0.25 to −0.56), with guilty… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[013] 2021 Acta Psychologica

How humans impair automated deception detection performance

Machine learning alone achieved 69% accuracy in detecting deception, but human involvement through hybrid decision-making reduced performance to chance level (50%), demonstrating that human judgment impaired rather than enhanced automated… AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection
[014] 2020

The Picture Superiority Effect in Memory Detection: Modality Effects in the Concealed Information Test

Pictorially encoded crime details were easier to detect than verbally encoded details. Items encoded and tested in the same modality showed better detection. Verbally encoded items could not be detected… Concealed Information Test (CIT) Laboratory
[015] 2019

Being accurate about verbal credibility assessment

[016] 2019 Psychological Research

Reaction time-based Concealed Information Test in eyewitness identification is moderated by picture similarity but not eyewitness cooperation

RT-CIT effectiveness was significantly impaired when using closely matched faces (as required for fair lineups) compared to non-matched faces, but eyewitness cooperativeness did not affect test performance. Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[017] 2019 Applied Cognitive Psychology

Testing a potential alternative to traditional identification procedures: Reaction time-based concealed information test does not work for lineups with cooperative witnesses

The RT-CIT demonstrated negligibly small diagnostic validity (d = 0.14, 95% CI 0.08-0.19) across five experiments, failing to effectively identify perpetrators when eyewitnesses were cooperative rather than attempting to conceal… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[018] 2019 PLoS ONE

Being accurate about accuracy in verbal deception detection

Training set optimization dramatically overestimates accuracy in verbal deception detection, with the effect being most severe in small samples where completely non-diagnostic tools can appear to achieve above-chance performance. Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection
[019] 2018 Applied Cognitive Psychology

Automated Verbal Credibility Assessment of Intentions: The Model Statement Technique and Predictive Modeling

Machine learning classification achieved 80% accuracy in initial testing but dropped to 63% in independent validation, with liars paradoxically including more person and location references than truth-tellers. AI & Machine Learning in Deception Detection Laboratory
[020] 2018 Applied Cognitive Psychology

The first direct replication on using verbal credibility assessment for the detection of deceptive intentions

[021] 2017 Oxford Scholarship Online

Detection Deception Using Psychophysiological and Neural Measures

[022] 2017 Journal of Forensic Sciences

Using named entities for computer-automated verbal deception detection

Named entities discriminated truthful from deceptive hotel reviews with AUC values of 0.59-0.63, outperforming lexicon-based word counting (LIWC) and sentence specificity measures. Dates, money references, and numerical details were the… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection
[023] 2016 Journal of Forensic Sciences

ID-Check: Online Concealed Information Test Reveals True Identity

The online ID-Check achieved near-perfect diagnostic accuracy with AUC = 0.98 and overall accuracy ranging from 86-94% in detecting individuals attempting to conceal their true identity, demonstrating that web-based memory… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods
[024] 2016 Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection

Using the verifiability of details as a test of deception: A conceptual framework for the automation of the verifiability approach

The paper provides theoretical and methodological blueprints for automating verifiability coding through LIWC-based linguistic analysis and rule-based named entity recognition, establishing a foundation for computational approaches to the Verifiability Approach… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection
[025] 2016 Psychophysiology

Deception detection with behavioral, autonomic, and neural measures: conceptual and methodological considerations that warrant modesty

The review identified significant conceptual clarity issues and methodological problems across deception detection paradigms, particularly challenging the oversold promises of neuroimaging-based lie detection technologies. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews Neuroimaging
[026] 2015 Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition

RT-Based Memory Detection: Item Saliency Effects in the Single-Probe and the Multiple-Probe Protocol

The multiple-probe protocol significantly outperformed the single-probe protocol across both settings, and high salient items (e.g., first name) were detected better than low salient items in the laboratory study, demonstrating… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[027] 2015 PsycTESTS Dataset

Deception Task--Adapted Version

Children with implanted false memories were faster to confirm than deny statements about false events, providing evidence that implanted false memories reflect actual memory traces rather than mere compliance. Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods
[028] 2015 Psychological Research

Lie, truth, lie: the role of task switching in a deception context

Error and reaction time switch costs were equally large for switching from truth-telling to lying and from lying to truth-telling, demonstrating that task switching does not uniquely contribute to the… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[029] 2015 Detecting Deception

Detecting deception through reaction times

The RT-based Concealed Information Test demonstrates exceptionally low false positive rates and large effect sizes (d = 0.97-1.55) for detecting concealed information. The autobiographical IAT achieves over 90% accuracy in… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[030] 2015 Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches

Cognitive approaches successfully detected simulation across multiple clinical domains by examining knowledge accuracy and strategic behavior patterns. Detection success depends on the extent of the deceiver's knowledge about the condition… Verbal & Behavioral Deception Detection
[031] 2015 Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition

RT-based memory detection: Item saliency effects in the one probe and multiple probe protocol

The multiple-probe protocol consistently outperformed the single-probe protocol, and pronounced item saliency differences affected RT-CIT validity in laboratory conditions, though the saliency effect was attenuated in online testing where manipulation… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[032] 2015 Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition

RT-Based Memory Detection: Item Saliency Effects in the Single-Probe and Multiple-Probe Protocol

The multiple-probe protocol outperformed the single-probe protocol in both laboratory and internet studies. High salient items were better detected than low salient items in controlled laboratory settings, though this effect… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[033] 2015 PLoS One

Memory Detection 2.0: The First Web-Based Memory Detection Test

Reaction times successfully detected concealed autobiographical information with accuracy well above chance, performing better than error rates. Memory detection was significantly more successful for high salient items than low salient… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Randomized
[034] 2015 Alcohol and Alcoholism

In vino veritas? Alcohol, response inhibition and lying

Alcohol significantly impaired response inhibition (longer stop-signal reaction times with higher BAC) but had no effect on the cognitive costs of lying, challenging the theory that inhibitory control is critical… Laboratory & Analog Studies Field Study
[035] 2015 Psychophysiology

Using pretest data to screen low-reactivity individuals in the autonomic-based concealed information test

Pretest screening significantly improved the diagnostic value of the mock-crime CIT, though it led to a substantial number of undiagnosed participants (33.6%), suggesting a trade-off between accuracy and inclusiveness. Laboratory & Analog Studies Laboratory
[036] 2015 In Granhag et al. (Eds.), Detecting Deception

The polygraph: Current practice and new approaches

The review highlighted ongoing debates about polygraph accuracy and identified the Concealed Information Test as a potentially more scientifically sound alternative to traditional Control Question Tests. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews Meta-Analysis Field Study Laboratory
[037] 2013 Acta Psychologica

Reaction time measures in deception research: Comparing the effects of irrelevant and relevant stimulus–response compatibility

Relevant SRC tasks yielded substantial compatibility effects for deception detection while irrelevant SRC tasks showed no significant effects, with results replicated across different stimulus features. RT measures successfully differentiated both… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[038] 2013 Cognitive Neurodynamics

A comment on Farwell (2012): brain fingerprinting: a comprehensive tutorial review of detection of concealed information with event-related brain potentials

Of the studies cited by Farwell to support brain fingerprinting's perfect accuracy, only one peer-reviewed laboratory study with 20 participants and two small field studies (4 and 6 participants) met… Neuroimaging & New Technologies Peer-Reviewed
[039] 2013 Applied Cognitive Psychology

Predicting the sensitivity of the reaction time-based concealed information test

Target-irrelevant response patterns effectively predicted individual CIT sensitivity, improving discrimination accuracy from 86% to 97% hit rate (ROC AUC 0.95) and increasing effect size from d = 1.25 to d… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[040] 2012 Frontiers in Psychology

Learning to lie: Effects of practice on the cognitive cost of lying

Frequent liars showed a 53 ms lie-effect during training, compared to 239 ms for frequent truth-tellers, but training effects did not generalize to unpracticed items in the test phase, suggesting… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods
[041] 2012 Acta Psychologica

Lying and executive control: An experimental investigation using ego depletion and goal neglect

Goal neglect induced by long RSI (5-8 seconds) significantly increased the cognitive cost of lying compared to short RSI (0.2 seconds), but ego depletion manipulation had no reliable effect on… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[042] 2012 Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Does the inferior frontal sulcus play a functional role in deception? A neuronavigated theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation study

[043] 2011 In: Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test

Detecting concealed information in less than a second: Response latency-based measures

The oddball task, which manipulates stimulus-response compatibility, produces exceptional effect sizes (d = 1.97 for reaction times), comparable to traditional skin conductance measures (d = 1.46), while tasks lacking this… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods
[044] 2011 • REVIEW Book

Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test (Book)

Comprehensive edited volume with contributions from leading CIT researchers worldwide. Covered theoretical foundations, laboratory research, field applications in Japan, countermeasures, and legal issues. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews
[045] 2011 Consciousness and Cognition

The ease of lying

[046] 2011 Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test

Practical guidelines for developing a CIT

Central crime details directly related to crime execution are recalled at 90.2% compared to only 65.9% for peripheral details. Guidelines emphasize selecting information present in perpetrator memory but unknown to… Concealed Information Test (CIT) Systematic Review
[047] 2010 The Open Criminology Journal

Detecting Criminal Intent with the Concealed Information Test

[048] 2010 Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice

The Polygraph and the Detection of Deception

The CQT detects deception better than chance but with significant error rates, contrasting sharply with industry claims of 98% accuracy. The CIT demonstrates superior validity with effect sizes around .82… Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews Meta-Analysis Laboratory
[049] 2009 Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback

Differentiating orienting and defensive responses to concealed information: The role of verbalization

When CIT participants remained silent rather than giving verbal responses, heart rate showed the deceleration predicted by orienting theory, confirming that verbal responding is responsible for the initial heart rate… Concealed Information Test (CIT) Laboratory
[050] 2009 Applied Cognitive Psychology

Detecting concealed information with reaction times: Validity and comparison with the polygraph

Both the RT-based CIT and the polygraph-based CIT successfully discriminated between concealed and control autobiographical information, with similarly high effect sizes, supporting the RT-CIT as a valid and practical alternative… Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory
[051] 2009 International Journal of Psychophysiology

The validity of finger pulse line length for the detection of concealed information

[052] 2008 International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31(5), 423–429

Sex Offender Management Using the Polygraph: A Critical Review

Critical evaluation of PCSOT effectiveness. Acknowledged that PCSOT reliably elicits increased disclosures but questioned whether increased disclosure translates to reduced recidivism. Called the polygraph an effective “truth facilitator.” Sex Offender Management (PCSOT)
[053] 2008 Physiology & Behavior

The Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique: it's just not science. A critique to Mangan, Armitage, and Adams (2008)

The critique identified fundamental methodological flaws including confession-based ground truth creating sampling bias, untested theoretical foundations (psychological set), bias against innocent examinees in scoring rules, and unsupported claims of countermeasure… Comparison Question Test (CQT) Field Study
[054] 2008

Skin conductance and heart rate in deception detection

[055] 2007 Biological Psychology

Startling secrets: Startle eye blink modulation by concealed crime information

Reduced startle modulation to crime pictures occurred only when participants inhibited physiological responding, suggesting that both orienting and inhibition processes contribute to CIT effects, challenging the dominant orienting-only theoretical framework. Concealed Information Test (CIT) Laboratory
[056] 2006 Psychologica Belgica

Psychopathy and Physiological Detection of Concealed Information: A review

Reduced orienting responses in high antisocial individuals threaten CIT validity, with autonomic hyporesponsivity responsible for decreased detection in antisocial personalities, while emotional detachment and antisocial behavior dimensions show distinct psychophysiological… Concealed Information Test (CIT)
[057] 2006 Behavior Research Methods

Psychophysiological analysis (PSPHA): A modular script based program for analyzing psychophysiological data

PSPHA successfully provides a free, flexible platform for analyzing biosignals including skin conductance, ECG, respiration, and EMG with VBScript-based modularity allowing user customization for specific experimental needs. Scoring & Test Data Analysis
[058] 2005 Psychologica Belgica

Behavioural responding to concealed information: Examining the role of relevance orienting

[059] 2005 Psychophysiology

Psychopathic traits and autonomic responding to concealed information in a prison sample

Prisoners scoring high on the Impulsive Antisociality factor (PPI-II) of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory exhibited reduced electrodermal responding to concealed information, indicating that CIT sensitivity may be decreased in antisocial… Concealed Information Test (CIT) Laboratory
[060] 2004 Cognition & Emotion

Orienting to guilty knowledge

Probe response times were significantly slower on guilty knowledge trials than neutral trials across all three experiments, demonstrating that crime-relevant stimuli produce a general interruption of attentional processing — confirming… Concealed Information Test (CIT) Laboratory
[061] 2002 • IMPLICIT MEASURES Psychophysiology

Detecting Deception with Implicit Behavioral Measures

Explored implicit measures (reaction times, IAT) as supplements to physiological deception detection. Found promising but modest detection rates, suggesting potential as auxiliary measures. Reaction Time & Cognitive Load Methods Laboratory

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