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Benjamin L. Blalock
Empirical scoring systems and standardization of polygraph test data analysis
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About Benjamin L. Blalock
Benjamin "Ben" Blalock founded PEAK Credibility Assessment Training Center and began his career as a polygraph examiner in 2005. He trained at the National Center for Credibility Assessment and International Academy of Polygraph, and holds a Master's level education, is a federally trained examiner and interrogator, and is a former military member. He became the director of the International Academy of Polygraph in 2009, then served as director and chief instructor for Academy of Polygraph Science from 2011 until 2016 when he partnered with Lafayette Instrument Company to open PEAK. His work has been characterized as advancing evidence-based polygraph practices grounded in scientific research.
Blalock's research contributions focus primarily on scoring systems and test data analysis for polygraph examinations. His landmark 2009 study "A replication and validation study on an empirically based manual scoring system" (with Cushman & Nelson) in Polygraph helped validate the Empirical Scoring System (ESS), demonstrating that inexperienced examiners using this standardized method could achieve decision accuracy equivalent to experienced examiners. His 2016 work "Extended analysis of Senter, Waller and Krapohl's USAF MGQT examination data with the Empirical Scoring System and the Objective Scoring System" (with Nelson) further validated these analytical approaches. He has contributed extensively to research on comparison question procedures, including studies on probable lie and directed lie comparison questions.
Blalock published his first article in polygraph in 2008 and has since published over 30 articles and papers regarding best practices in polygraph. He is a prolific collaborator with Raymond Nelson and Barry Cushman, forming one of the field's most productive research teams focused on standardizing polygraph methodology. He serves as an Associate Editor for the journal Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment. His professional memberships span numerous national and international polygraph associations, and he is widely recognized as a frequent presenter at state, national, and international polygraph conferences.
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Researchers who have co-authored studies with Benjamin L. Blalock.
Publications [9]
All peer-reviewed studies by Benjamin L. Blalock in our database.
A Discussion of PLC and DLC Question Procedure and Ironic Process Theory
The paper introduces Ironic Process Theory to polygraph science, suggesting that the conscious effort to lie when directed paradoxically increases cognitive salience and physiological arousal. Research consensus shows little difference… [002] 2019 APA MagazinePractical Polygraph: How to Parse Categorical Results for Test Questions of Diagnostic and Screening Polygraphs
For diagnostic examinations, the Grand Total Rule should be used when all relevant questions address the same issue, while for screening examinations, the Subtotal Score Rule is appropriate when relevant… [003] 2019 PoligrafiaHow To: A Step-by-Step Worksheet for the Multinomial ESS
The paper provides comprehensive implementation tools including a structured ESS-M Analysis Worksheet, multinomial reference tables for various test formats (3-5 iterations of 2-4 relevant questions), and step-by-step procedures for calculating… [004] 2016 • ESS EXTENDED ANALYSIS PolygraphExtended Analysis with ESS and OSS-3 on USAF-MGQT Examination Data
Applied ESS and OSS-3 to USAF examination data. Found ESS component weighting achieved superior diagnostic extraction compared to simpler three-position scoring models. [005] 2011 PolygraphCriterion validity of the Empirical Scoring System and the Objective Scoring System, version 3 with the USAF Modified General Question Technique
Manual ESS achieved 88.2% unweighted accuracy, automated ESS achieved 89.7%, and the OSS-3 computer algorithm reached 90.2% correct decisions, with Pearson correlations between scoring models exceeding r = .93 and… [006] 2011 PolygraphReliability of the Empirical Scoring System with expert examiners
Fleiss kappa of .61 (95% CI: .54–.68) indicated substantial inter-rater agreement on numerical scores, while mean decision agreement reached 95.4% excluding inconclusive results, significantly exceeding chance. [007] 2009 PolygraphFocused polygraph technique for PCSOT and law enforcement screening programs
The paper proposes a standardized DLST format with two neutral questions, one sacrifice relevant question, two separate relevant questions, and two directed-lie comparison questions, with standardized pretest procedures and question… [008] 2009 • ESS REPLICATION PolygraphA Replication and Validation Study on an Empirically Based Manual Scoring System
Replicated ESS validation with independent sample of confirmed cases. Results consistent with original validation studies, supporting reliability of the scoring method. [009] 2008 PolygraphA focused polygraph technique for PCSOT and law enforcement screening programs
The authors argue that the DLST, derived from validated TES research (98% accuracy for innocent and 83.3% for guilty examinees in laboratory studies), can serve as an effective initial screening…Explore all research.
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