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Professional Resource · Polygraph Instrumentation Guide

Polygraph Manufacturers

A professional guide to the four major polygraph instrument manufacturers — Lafayette, Stoelting, Axciton, and Limestone. Compare systems, software platforms, scoring algorithms, and specifications to make informed decisions about polygraph equipment for your practice.
4Major manufacturers
10Max data channels
360Samples/sec max
5+Scoring algorithms
75+Years of innovation
100%Digital systems now
Free Service · No Obligation

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The Four Major Polygraph Manufacturers

Every polygraph instrument used in professional lie detector testing today comes from one of four manufacturers. Each offers digital systems with computerised data acquisition, proprietary software, and validated scoring algorithms. In the hands of a qualified and experienced examiner, all major polygraph instruments are equally reliable.
LIC

Lafayette Instrument Company

The world's leading manufacturer of polygraph instrumentation and equipment. Serving private examiners, government agencies, and military organisations worldwide since 1947.
Market Leader Est. 1947 USA
Lafayette Instrument Company holds the largest market share in the polygraph industry and is the preferred supplier for numerous federal agencies, law enforcement departments, and private polygraph practices worldwide. Founded in 1947 by Max Wastl in Lafayette, Indiana, the company evolved from a small psychology instruments shop into the global leader in credibility assessment technology. In 2022, Lafayette acquired Limestone Technologies, uniting two of the most respected brands in polygraphy and significantly expanding their product portfolio. Lafayette also operates the PEAK Credibility Assessment Training Center in Cape Coral, Florida, offering APA-compliant examiner training. All our examiners at Lie Detector Test use Lafayette or Limestone systems across our 140+ testing locations.
10Data Channels
360Samples/Sec
32-bitA/D Conversion
1947Founded
Flagship

LX6 Polygraph System

10-channel digital polygraph with superior Fischer quick-release connectors, medical-grade safety isolation, rugged textured enclosure, selectable GSR/GSC channel, dedicated PPG channel, and industry-leading EDA electronics. Compatible with LXSoftware and LXEdge.

Acquired 2022

ParagonX Pro (Limestone)

9-channel high-resolution system with premium connectors, high sampling rate, designated PPG channel, and integrated movement monitoring. Now part of the Lafayette family. Compatible with Polygraph Pro Suite software and LXEdge.

Lafayette, Indiana · lafayettepolygraph.com
STO

Stoelting Company

One of the original innovators in polygraph instrumentation, pioneering fully electronic polygraph systems since the 1930s. Manufacturers of the industry-standard CPSpro Fusion software.
Legacy Pioneer Est. 1886 USA
Stoelting Company has been a cornerstone of the polygraph industry for nearly a century. The company introduced the Polyscribe in 1974 — the first fully electronic polygraph instrument — and the Ultrascribe in 1979, setting the standard for electronic recording in polygraph science. Stoelting launched its first scoring algorithm in 1992 and today manufactures the CPSpro Fusion software, widely regarded as one of the most complete polygraph software platforms available. Their CPS Elite Series represents the current generation of hardware, featuring built-in display technology and state-of-the-art electronics. Stoelting systems are particularly popular in polygraph training academies, military security units, and state law enforcement agencies, valued for their durable hardware design and intuitive interface.
8Data Channels
300Samples/Sec
CPSScoring Algorithm
1886Founded
Current Generation

CPS Elite Series

Stoelting's most advanced polygraph hardware featuring built-in display, touchscreen alert system for countermeasure detection, Devagus motion artifact filters, and seamless integration with CPSpro Fusion software. Durable design ideal for field deployment and training environments.

Software

CPSpro Fusion

Comprehensive polygraph software platform with dynamic question editor, advanced chart recorder, scientifically validated CPS scoring algorithm, multimedia stimulus support, customisable question templates, and secure chart archiving. Accepts imported data from Axciton, Lafayette, and Limestone systems.

Wood Dale, Illinois · stoeltingco.com
AXC

Axciton Systems

Pioneer of computerised polygraph testing. Created the first commercially viable digital polygraph system in 1990 and co-developed the original PolyScore algorithm with Johns Hopkins APL.
Digital Pioneer Est. 1989 USA
Axciton Systems holds a pivotal place in polygraph history as the company that launched the first commercially viable computerised polygraph system in 1990, developed in collaboration with Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. This partnership also produced the original PolyScore algorithm — the first automated polygraph scoring system to achieve widespread adoption. Axciton's proprietary STAR (Statistical Test Analysis Report) algorithm and Motion Sensor Pad technology offer industry-leading resistance to physical countermeasures, making their systems particularly suited for controlled single-issue testing environments. Axciton instruments are widely used by government agencies, law enforcement, and private examiners who prioritise countermeasure detection capability.
8Data Channels
STARProprietary Algorithm
1990First Digital System
1989Founded
Hardware

Axciton Computerised Polygraph

Multi-channel digital data acquisition system with integrated Motion Sensor Pad technology for countermeasure detection. Designed for accurate data collection in government, law enforcement, and private practice settings. Known for reliable hardware and countermeasure-focused engineering.

Algorithm

STAR + WhiteStar Scoring

Axciton's proprietary STAR algorithm provides statistical pre-screening alongside examiner-led scoring. The WhiteStar system is unique to Axciton hardware. Data can also be exported in pREFORMAT for cross-platform analysis in CPSpro Fusion or other scoring systems.

Houston, Texas · axciton.com
LMT

Limestone Technologies

Canadian manufacturer renowned for high-resolution waveform fidelity, the ESS-M automated scoring algorithm, and user-friendly Polygraph Pro Suite software. Now a division of Lafayette Instrument Company.
High Resolution Canada Lafayette Division
Limestone Technologies built its reputation on delivering some of the highest-resolution polygraph systems in the industry, with sampling rates exceeding 600 Hz per channel — offering exceptional signal granularity for forensic-grade physiological analysis. The company's ParagonX system became particularly popular in PCSOT (Post-Conviction Sex Offender Testing) programs, clinical settings, and high-volume monitoring environments due to its waveform fidelity and intuitive Polygraph Pro Suite software. Limestone was acquired by Lafayette Instrument Company in September 2022, bringing together two of the most trusted brands in polygraphy. The ParagonX system continues as a supported product line within the Lafayette family, and Limestone's ESS-M scoring algorithm is now integrated across both platforms. Trade-in programs offer up to $2,700 credit for older models or competitor systems.
9Data Channels
600+Hz Per Channel
ESS-MScoring Algorithm
2022Acquired by Lafayette
Flagship

ParagonX Pro Suite

9-channel high-resolution system with premium connectors, integrated PPG channel, movement monitoring, and the Polygraph Pro Suite software featuring online medical dictionary, automatic EDA modes, ReportBuilder+, and ESS-M automated scoring. Compatible with Lafayette's LXEdge platform.

Software

Polygraph Pro Suite 3.0

Feature-rich software with intuitive UI, text-to-speech question delivery, integrated ESS-M interpreter, medical reference library, automatic EDA mode switching, and comprehensive report generation. Designed for clinical and high-volume testing environments.

Limestone Overview → Kingston, Ontario · Now Lafayette Instrument

Side-by-Side Comparison

Key specifications and features compared across all four major polygraph systems. Use this table alongside our detailed manufacturer articles to identify the best system for your testing context and requirements.
Feature Lafayette LX6 Stoelting CPS Elite Axciton Limestone ParagonX
Data Channels10889
Max Sample Rate360 sps300 sps300 sps600+ Hz/ch
A/D Conversion32-bit24-bit24-bit24-bit
PPG Channel✓ Dedicated✓ Optional✓ Optional✓ Dedicated
Activity Sensors✓ Seat + Feet✓ Motion Pad✓ Motion Sensor Pad✓ Integrated
Built-in Display✓ Touchscreen
Quick-Release Connectors✓ FischerStandardStandard✓ Premium
Primary SoftwareLXSoftware / LXEdgeCPSpro FusionAxciton SuitePolygraph Pro Suite
Scoring AlgorithmsOSS-3, ESS-M, PolyScoreCPS, PolyScoreSTAR, WhiteStarESS-M, OSS-3
Cross-Platform Import✓ pREFORMAT✓ pREFORMAT✓ Export only✓ pREFORMAT
Medical SafetyMedical-grade isolationStandard isolationStandard isolationStandard isolation
Best ForFederal, LE, PrivateTraining, Military, LECI, Single-Issue, GovtPCSOT, Clinical, Volume
HeadquartersLafayette, INWood Dale, ILHouston, TXKingston, ON (now Lafayette)

Required Polygraph Sensors & Components

Every APA and ASTM-compliant polygraph instrument must include these sensor components to meet professional standards for lie detector testing. If any required sensor is inoperative or malfunctioning, the instrument is not approved for examination use. Learn more about the examination process on our How a Polygraph Works page.
PN

Pneumograph Tubes

Rubber tubes placed around the chest (thoracic) and abdomen measuring respiratory activity — breathing rate, depth, amplitude, and pattern changes.

Required · 2 Channels
CV

Blood Pressure Cuff

Cardio cuff on the upper arm recording cardiovascular activity — relative blood pressure changes, pulse rate, and pulse amplitude. Uses sphygmomanometer gauge.

Required · 1 Channel
ED

EDA Sensors

Finger plates or adhesive electrodes measuring electrodermal activity (skin conductance/resistance). The most diagnostically powerful single channel in polygraph testing.

Required · 1–2 Channels
AS

Activity Sensors

Motion sensors placed on the seat, under arms, or under feet detecting body movements and physical countermeasure attempts during the examination.

Required · 1–2 Channels
DAS

Computer Interface

Data Acquisition System converting analog sensor signals to digital data for display, recording, and analysis on the computer via proprietary software.

Required · Core Unit
SW

Polygraph Software

Proprietary software for data collection, chart display, question management, scoring, and report generation. Each manufacturer has its own platform.

Required · Platform
PPG

Plethysmograph

Finger or earlobe sensor measuring blood volume changes and pulse amplitude. Records vasomotor constriction patterns. An optional fifth physiological channel.

Optional · 1 Channel
TC

Thumb Cuff

A smaller alternative to the standard arm blood pressure cuff, attached to the thumb. Used when the standard cardio cuff cannot be applied to the arm.

Optional · Alternative

Software Platforms & Scoring Algorithms

Each manufacturer provides proprietary software for data collection and chart analysis. Modern platforms also integrate validated scoring algorithms that automate the numerical analysis of physiological data, reducing subjective interpretation and improving inter-rater reliability. For a complete list of scoring terms, see our Polygraph Glossary.
Lafayette

LXSoftware & LXEdge

Windows-based platform compatible with LX4000, LX5000, LX6, LX7, and Paragon series. Features the Respiration Line Excursion (RLE) tool, ESS-M Interpreter, audio/video synchronisation, report generation, and Mac support via Parallels. LXEdge is the next-generation platform designed for improved examination efficiency.

OSS-3 ESS-M PolyScore
Stoelting

CPSpro Fusion

Comprehensive software platform with dynamic question editor, advanced chart recorder, multimedia stimulus support, customisable templates, and secure archiving. Imports data from Axciton, Lafayette, and Limestone via pREFORMAT. Touchscreen alert system enhances countermeasure awareness on CPS Elite hardware.

CPS PolyScore
Axciton

Axciton Suite + STAR

Proprietary platform with embedded operating system and STAR (Statistical Test Analysis Report) algorithm — unique to Axciton hardware. WhiteStar scoring system provides additional automated analysis. Data exportable in pREFORMAT for cross-platform use. Focused on countermeasure detection and single-issue diagnostic testing.

STAR WhiteStar
Limestone (Lafayette)

Polygraph Pro Suite 3.0

Feature-rich platform with online medical dictionary, automatic EDA modes (GSR/GSC switching), ReportBuilder+ for efficient report generation, text-to-speech question delivery, and integrated ESS-M scoring interpreter. Now also compatible with Lafayette's LXEdge platform following the 2022 acquisition.

ESS-M OSS-3

Key Innovations in Polygraph Instrumentation

From the first mechanical polygraphs to AI-assisted digital analysis — a timeline of the technology milestones that shaped modern polygraph manufacturing.
1921

Larson Builds the First True Polygraph

John Larson at UC Berkeley constructs the first instrument to continuously record multiple physiological channels simultaneously — respiratory and cardiovascular data — during police questioning.

1930s

Keeler Adds Galvanic Skin Response

Leonarde Keeler adds the EDA (galvanic skin response) channel to the existing cardiovascular and respiratory components, creating the multi-channel instrument recognisable as the modern polygraph. The Keeler Polygraph becomes the industry standard.

1947

Lafayette Instrument Company Founded

Max Wastl establishes Lafayette Instrument Company in Indiana. Initially producing psychology instruments, the company would become the world's largest polygraph manufacturer.

1972

Lafayette's First Examiner's Polygraph

Lafayette introduces the Model 76056 — the first polygraph instrument to use double pneumographs (thoracic and abdominal), becoming the new standard for respiratory measurement.

1974

Stoelting Polyscribe — First Fully Electronic

Stoelting releases the Polyscribe, the first fully electronic polygraph instrument, replacing purely mechanical pen-and-paper recording. The Ultrascribe follows in 1979.

1989–90

Axciton Launches First Commercial Digital System

Axciton Corporation in Houston develops the first commercially viable computerised polygraph system, incorporating both software and hardware. Collaboration with Johns Hopkins APL produces the PolyScore algorithm.

1991

University of Utah — CPS Algorithm

Raskin and Kircher at the University of Utah develop the Computerised Polygraph System (CPS) scoring algorithm, enabling automated statistical classification of polygraph data. Begins the era of evidence-based digital scoring.

1992

Stoelting Enters Digital Era

Stoelting launches its first scoring algorithm and begins the transition from analog to digital systems. The CPSpro software platform evolves into the industry-standard Fusion version.

2008

OSS-3 Algorithm Published

Nelson, Krapohl, and Handler publish the free, open-source Objective Scoring System version 3 — demonstrating accuracy exceeding 90% and outperforming most human scorers. Transforms polygraph data analysis across all platforms.

2016

Lafayette Launches PEAK Training Center

Lafayette establishes the PEAK Credibility Assessment Training Center in Cape Coral, Florida, offering APA-compliant examiner training focused on scientific integrity and modern instrumentation.

2022

Lafayette Acquires Limestone Technologies

Lafayette Instrument Company acquires Canadian manufacturer Limestone Technologies, uniting the LX6 and ParagonX product lines under a single company. LXEdge software platform designed for cross-system compatibility.

Today

AI-Assisted Analysis & High-Fidelity Systems

Modern polygraph systems exceed 600 Hz/channel sampling, integrate validated algorithms (OSS-3, PolyScore, ESS-M, STAR), and support AI-enhanced statistical pre-screening alongside examiner-led scoring. All major manufacturers now produce exclusively digital instruments.

Choosing a Polygraph System

Key factors to consider when selecting a polygraph instrument. Before purchasing, consult with experienced users and ensure compatibility with the validated testing formats you use most frequently (ZCT, MGQT, AFMGQT, LEPET, CQT).
01

Testing Context

Match the system to your primary testing environment. Federal and counterintelligence work may favour Axciton's countermeasure focus. PCSOT and clinical programs may benefit from Limestone's high-resolution waveforms. General private practice is well-served by Lafayette's broad ecosystem.

02

Scoring Compatibility

Ensure the system supports the validated scoring algorithms you plan to use. OSS-3 and ESS-M are available on Lafayette and Limestone platforms. PolyScore runs on Lafayette and Stoelting. Axciton's STAR is proprietary. Cross-platform data export via pREFORMAT enables second-opinion scoring.

03

Agency Compliance

Federal agencies may specify approved manufacturers or software platforms. Verify that your chosen system meets the requirements of your agency, state licensing board, and APA/ASTM standards before committing to a purchase.

04

Software Ecosystem

Evaluate the complete software package — not just chart recording, but question templates, report generation, audio/video sync, quality control tools, and scoring integration. Modern platforms like LXEdge and CPSpro Fusion offer comprehensive examination management.

05

Training & Support

Consider the manufacturer's training offerings, technical support, software updates, and user community. Lafayette's PEAK Training Center and Stoelting's training partnerships offer hands-on instruction with their specific instruments.

06

Upgrade & Trade-In

All major manufacturers offer trade-in or upgrade programmes for existing systems. Limestone's ParagonX offers up to $2,700 in trade credit for older models or competitor systems. Lafayette's LX6 upgrade path preserves existing accessories and sensor investments.

LDT

All our examiners use state-of-the-art polygraph equipment. Every lie detector test across our 140+ locations is conducted using current-generation digital instruments from major manufacturers, with validated scoring algorithms and full quality control review. See our all-inclusive pricing or contact us for questions about the equipment used at your nearest location.

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