FAQ
Lie Detector Test Frequently Asked Questions
Welcome to our Polygraph Testing FAQ page. Here, we provide clear, concise answers to your most common questions about lie detector tests. Whether you’re facing a polygraph test, considering one for employment or legal reasons, or simply curious about the process, this page aims to demystify the world of polygraph testing. Dive into our FAQs to learn more about the accuracy, legality, and procedures of polygraph tests.
General Information and Accuracy of Lie Detector Tests
How can I be sure I’m getting a real lie detector test?
Always check that the examination is conducted by a qualified, accredited polygraph examiner using a modern polygraph instrument. If it isn’t a polygraph test, it isn’t a real lie detector test.
How accurate is a lie detector test?
Polygraph exams rely on specific techniques tailored to the purpose of the test. The chosen method depends on the nature of the inquiry, and each technique carries its own level of accuracy. Studies suggest that polygraph testing can achieve accuracy rates as high as 97%.
Despite these high accuracy rates, no test is entirely free from error. As with any procedure involving human interpretation, errors are always a possibility. This is why polygraph exams, while highly effective, are not flawless.
Human error in polygraph testing can occur for various reasons. For example, an examiner might fail to properly prepare the examinee for the test, which is why thorough preparation and a pre-test session lasting at least 90 minutes are essential. Another potential issue is the misinterpretation of the physiological responses recorded on the polygraph charts.
To minimize such risks, examiners adhere to rigorous protocols designed to identify and address any potential sources of error. Additionally, polygraph results are often reviewed by independent professionals to ensure impartiality and reliability.
By following these strict procedures, the risk of inaccuracies is greatly reduced, making polygraph testing a valuable tool when conducted by skilled and certified examiners.
Learn more:
What is a Lie Detector Test?
A “Lie Detector Test” is the common term for a polygraph examination. The polygraph is the only scientifically validated instrument for detecting deception, which is why it is universally recognized as the true lie detector.
The Term Lie Detector Test
Within the field of psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD), the phrase “Lie Detector Test” has become a popular catch-all term. However, from a professional standpoint, the designation is only accurate when applied to a polygraph examination.
The polygraph is the sole instrument with a validated scientific foundation for detecting deception. Its methodology, standards, and evidentiary acceptance distinguish it from devices and practices that are marketed under the same umbrella term but lack scientific legitimacy.
Misuse of the Term
Unfortunately, commercial misuse of the term lie detector has become widespread. Products such as voice stress analyzers, ocular-based systems, or mobile applications deliberately brand themselves as “lie detectors” to gain market traction. This misrepresentation not only confuses the public but also undermines the credibility of legitimate polygraph science.
Professional Clarification
The phrase Professional Lie Detector Test should be reserved exclusively for polygraph examinations conducted by trained and accredited examiners using validated techniques. All other uses of the term serve only as gimmicks and do not meet professional or scientific standards.
Why It Matters
Protecting the integrity of terminology is more than semantics. Allowing unvalidated devices to operate under the same banner dilutes the authority of professional polygraph examiners, misleads clients, and diminishes the credibility of PDD as a discipline. For this reason, the profession must continue to assert:
➡ A Lie Detector Test = Polygraph Examination. Nothing else.
What makes your polygraph examinations highly accurate?
Professional Polygraph Examiners deliver an impressive accuracy range of 95% to 98% for polygraph examinations by adhering to a rigorous operating framework. This framework is built upon four critical pillars, each maintained to the highest professional standards:
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Highly Experienced and Skilled Examiners
Examiners are among the most capable and trained professionals in the field, ensuring the highest level of expertise during every session. -
State-of-the-Art Polygraph Technology
Advanced, modern polygraph equipment with cutting-edge interfaces is utilized to deliver precise and reliable results. -
Controlled Testing Environment
Examinations are conducted in carefully managed settings, free from distractions or disturbances, to ensure optimal accuracy. -
Comprehensive Pre-Examination Screening
Thorough pre-screening ensures examinees meet all necessary conditions, safeguarding the integrity of the test results.
According to the American Polygraph Association (APA), a well-conducted polygraph session using specific, targeted questions can achieve an accuracy rate between 95% and 98%. While no test can guarantee 100% accuracy due to inherent natural variances, these meticulous processes significantly reduce the margin of error, ensuring the most reliable results possible.
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Why do you exclusively use polygraph testing in your examinations, and not voice stress testing or eyeDetect (Eye Detect Test)
In our examination process, we prioritize methods that offer the highest levels of accuracy and reliability. To this end, we exclusively use polygraph testing. Polygraph tests are widely recognized for their effectiveness in assessing truthfulness by measuring physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, and perspiration.
On the other hand, we do not use voice stress testing. This method, which analyzes changes in voice patterns to detect stress and thereby deceit, is not as reliable or accurate as polygraph testing. The science behind voice stress analysis is less established, and it’s more prone to inaccuracies.
Similarly, we do not utilize eyeDetect (Eye Detect Test). While eyeDetect (Eye Detect Test) is a newer technology that analyzes eye behavior to detect deception, we have chosen not to include it in our examinations. This decision is based on our preference for the more established and widely validated method of polygraph testing, ensuring that our results are as accurate and reliable as possible.
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Why would anyone who is guilty agree to take a lie detector test?
If a person refuses the chance to clear their name using a polygraph, that alone does not suggest guilt. We have experienced many cases where the subject was just nervous about the experience and this is justifiable as it is not an experience which anyone is accustomed to on a regular basis. Our examiners provision for nervousness and are trained to counter defensive behaviour which can be often perceived as guilt for one matter but relate to another matter entirely.
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What is the most reliable lie detector used in law enforcement and security sectors?
The top lie detector in law enforcement and security is the polygraph. This device accurately measures physiological reactions—like heart rate and skin conductivity—to questions, helping experts identify truthful responses. Leading in this technology are Lafayette Instrument Company and Stoelting Co., known for their reliable and precise polygraph machines
How long is the waiting time for a polygraph test?
In most major U.S. cities, polygraph appointments are typically available within 3–7 days. For long-distance locations, the waiting time is usually 7–14 days. All of our professional testing centers are open Monday to Friday.
We recommend booking as early as possible to secure your preferred time and location. Availability may vary depending on examiner schedules and the demand in your area. Our nationwide network of accredited examiners ensures that you receive professional service in a controlled, private environment.
Preparation and Procedure of the Test
What happens on the day of the lie detector test?
A: On the day of the test, there is first a pre-test interview in which we discuss the issue at hand, including the history of the individuals’ relationship, to allow the examiner to gather the exact goal of testing and issue resolution. The pre-test interview typically requires 45 minutes. During this time, you will also be required to present photo identification as proof of identity. This can be in the form of a passport, driver’s license or government issued ID. Upon your request, other individuals whom you approve may also sit in on the pre-test interview to have a better understanding of the issue and which questions will be tested.
Next, the individual being evaluated will enter the examination room. After the professional examiner connects various monitoring devices to the individual, the testing will begin. The examiner will ask a series of questions that have been carefully and specifically formulated to address the concerns of the case in a fair, objective format. The questions are based on the professional expertise of the examiners, who then record and analyze the individual’s responses.
Finally, the examiner will integrate the data collected by the technologically advanced monitoring devices along with their professional observations of the subject’s physical response to questions in order to determine a proper assessment. The individual’s comprehensive testing scores will be confirmed by the examiner, who will also provide a fully verified report. In every case, the fully verified report is always checked and peer-reviewed by another accredited examiner in order to confirm accuracy of analysis and results. With the consent of the client, we are also willing to discuss the findings of the polygraph test with a third party to help the individuals find resolution with the issue and experience closure.
Full Article:
Does it hurt?
No. You may feel a slight discomfort or pressure from the blood pressure cuff on your arm, which is inflated for the duration of the test, but it is no more uncomfortable than if a nurse or Dr was taking your blood pressure. In fact, the cuff will be slightly less inflated than in a medical situation, so discomfort should be minimal, if at all.
Can nerves make me look guilty when I’m not?
This is a situation which has been exploited (unsuccessfully) by many people who think they can beat the polygraph. Nerves will NOT affect the outcome of the examination, and for good reason. If you are nervous at the beginning of the test, as most people are, you will remain nervous throughout the test. Your reactions to answering truthfully and deceitfully will still differ and will still look very different to each other, thus giving us a clear indicator of guilt or otherwise.
I’m on prescription medication from my Doctor. Do I need to stop taking them?
Definitely not! Not taking your prescription drugs could be dangerous, and in fact, could interfere with the test. The vast majority of prescription drugs will not interfere with the accuracy of the test as we need you to be as ‘normal’ as you would be on any other day. In our pre-examination assessment we check for any medical conditions and advise accordingly. More: Can I Take Prescription Medication Before a Polygraph Exam
What happens if someone tries to beat the test?
Many people think they can beat the polygraph test, and in older versions of the test it was possible. However, with today’s technology, there are measures in place to detect any attempt to tamper with the test. Moreover, you would not only be up against the equipment, but you would also be trying to fool highly experienced and trained examiners, people who are well aware that some will try to beat the test.
More: Will a Polygraph Examiner Detect Use of Countermeasures in a Lie Detector Test
Is there a minimum age limit for someone taking a polygraph test?
The short answer would be no. However, in order for the test to be accurate, the subject does need to possess a good level of language and to understand the concept of truthfulness. Some children under the age of 16 may not possess that comprehension, so this limit is set on that basis. More: Can I Use a Lie Detector on a Child
What questions can be proposed?
All questions proposed must elicit “yes” or “no” answers.
Connective words (conjunctions) such as “or”, “and” etc. cannot be used since they make questions obscure and multi-sided. This leads to inconclusive results.
Drawn out, lengthy questions are not recommended. The fewer words used to construct them, the better.
The more questions related to the same matter, the more authentic the results will be. The examiner will suggest a range of different ways to rephrase questions so that they encompass every facet.
All questions must evolve around facts that are known, not opinions.
Questions must be constructed on one matter at a time. Multiple issues cannot be covered because the answer to part of the question could be true and other parts false, leading to obscure and inaccurate results.
Our examiners are specially trained in wording questions correctly so you can rely on their expertise.
Infidelity
In matters of infidelity you can’t ask if the subject loves someone. The reason for this is because there are many different types and degrees of love. Any answer to this question would effectively be an opinion.
Asking the subject if they will ever do something again or if they will do something in the future is not permitted. The polygraph is not a crystal ball and nor is the subject. For example, the subject may not at the time of the test intend to cheat on a partner but the next day could easily have a change of heart.
Raising things that may have been said or done during an argument is not a good idea. This especially applies if the person was under the influence of alcohol or drugs. They invariably can’t remember exactly what was said or done in such circumstances. The accuracy of the test can be affected when a person simply cannot remember.
Questions related to sexual contact can be proposed. However, the examiner may rephrase them to avoid embarrassing or startling the subject.
If an issue is complex or acute, the subject will benefit from a written precis of all facts and detailed information that exists. The examiner can then pose statement based questions to verify the subject’s honesty or lack thereof.
Theft
When dealing with theft, up to 4 questions can be asked although ordinarily 3 are sufficient. Below are example questions that may be posed to someone suspected of stealing.
Do you know who stole ‘X’?
Did you steal ‘X’?
Do you know where the missing ‘X’ is?
Did you intend to steal ‘X’?
Did you benefit from stealing ‘X’?
Before the theft of ‘X’ occurred did you know it would happen on ‘X’ day?
False accusations
A person who has been falsely accused of something may take a lie detector to prove their innocence. Statement verification is the most efficient method for this type of test.
Normally there is a mountain of background information leading up to false accusations. The polygraph examiner will benefit greatly from receiving a summary of events in order to formulate the appropriate statements that need to be verified. Statement verification requires “yes” or “no” responses. Questions may be asked along the following lines:
Did you do ‘X’ as Mrs A stated?
When you denied being involved in ‘X’ were you lying?
Drug abuse:
If a subject is suspected of drug abuse, it is recommended that the individual has blood tests taken by a qualified medical professional so that the results are available.
All questions posed will elicit “yes” or “no” responses, for example:
Apart from the drugs mentioned, have you used any other illicit drugs in the past ‘X’ months?
Domestic abuse
Polygraph examinations conducted to establish domestic abuse are usually emotionally charged and need to be handled with sensitivity. Statement verification is the most appropriate way of establishing the truth. Questions must be unambiguous and precise:
Did you hit ‘X’ on the face with your hand?
Did you use your hands on ‘X’ without permission so as to cause harm?
Did you use swear words/expletives when rowing with you wife as she alleges?
Learn more: 10 Most Asked Questions During Lie Detector Tests
How many questions can be asked?
For accuracy the examiner will repeat a series of questions during the test a minimum of 3 times to ensure consistency. When seeking “yes” or “no” responses no more than 3 questions can be asked of the subject. Changes or modifications to the precise wording of questions may possibly be made by the examiner to ensure they are defined and specific. Depending on the complexity of the case under investigation the examiner may wish to add a further question relative to the other 3. This may be for expansion or confirmation of a result. The additional question will be at the sole discretion of the examiner if it is felt more evidence may be acquired. However, the norm is that only 3 questions are asked. More: How Many Questions Are Typically Asked in a Polygraph Test
What Vital Signs Does the Polygraph Machine Measure?
The polygraph machine measures changes in your blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, sweat gland activity, and transitions in your skin’s electrical response. These vital signs change when the brain and nervous system initiate the “fight-or-flight” response. The examiner can determine if the changes in your vital signs indicate signs of deception. More: Lie Detector Tests: What Physiological Responses Occur When We Lie
What Happens After I Finish My Polygraph Exam?
The examiner will thank you for your time and ask you to leave the room after concluding the lie detector test. They will not give you the result of your test after you finish. The examiner takes your data back to their office for post-analysis, and they’ll give your employer the test results a day or two after concluding the exam.
Your boss may ask you to return to work after finishing your exam. You don’t have the right to use it as grounds to take the rest of the day off. However, most employers give their employers a break after taking the lie detector test to allow them to recover from its effects on the nervous system.
Full Article: What Happens After I Finish My Polygraph Exam
Scheduling and Costs
How to schedule a polygraph test?
To confirm your appointment, we encourage you to use our straightforward and secure online booking system, accessible directly through our website. Please note that a required non-refundable booking fee is necessary to secure your booking. This fee confirms your commitment and helps cover initial operational costs. Upon completing your booking and payment of the fee, you will receive confirmation via SMS and email, which includes a simplified pre-examination assessment.
We exclusively accept appointments through our online system to ensure efficiency and a streamlined process. Booking online is the preferred and most efficient way to schedule a polygraph test, ensuring a seamless experience from beginning to end, eliminating potential delays, and simplifying the process for our clients.
We serve clients throughout the United States for all private lie detector test needs, thanks to our extensive network of professional offices. Typically, we can arrange for your test to take place within 7 days of your online reservation, ensuring timely and convenient service.
Why should I choose a polygraph examiner from a reputable organization over other options?
The Advantages of Choosing a Polygraph Examiner from a Reputable Organization
When selecting a polygraph examiner, choosing one associated with a reputable organization offers numerous advantages. Here’s why opting for an examiner from such an organization can provide you with the best possible experience and results:
1. Comprehensive Training and Expertise
Examiners working within reputable organizations undergo rigorous training and must meet high standards to be certified. This ensures they have the necessary expertise to conduct polygraph examinations accurately and effectively. Their qualifications are regularly updated, keeping them informed of the latest advancements in the field.
2. Consistency and Reliability
A reputable organization maintains consistent standards across all examinations. This means you can trust that the process will be conducted with the highest level of professionalism and precision. The structured environment within an organization helps ensure that every test is performed with the same level of care and accuracy.
3. Access to Advanced Technology
Organizations often invest in state-of-the-art polygraph equipment and technology. This ensures that the exams are conducted using the most accurate and reliable tools available, providing results that you can trust. Having access to the latest technology enhances the overall effectiveness of the examination.
4. Collaborative Expertise
Examiners in reputable organizations have the advantage of working alongside other experts in the field. This collaborative environment allows them to consult with colleagues on complex cases, drawing on a collective pool of knowledge and experience. This can lead to more nuanced and accurate interpretations of the results.
5. Established Reputation and Trust
Organizations with a strong reputation have built their credibility over time by consistently providing high-quality services. When you choose an examiner from such an organization, you are selecting someone backed by a history of trustworthiness and reliability. This established reputation ensures that you are in good hands.
6. Comprehensive Service Offerings
Reputable organizations often provide a wide range of services beyond just polygraph examinations. This can include legal consulting, expert testimony, and follow-up support. Having access to these additional services ensures that you receive comprehensive assistance tailored to your specific needs.
7. Strict Ethical Standards
Organizations enforce stringent ethical guidelines, ensuring that every examination is conducted with the highest level of integrity. This commitment to ethics means that the process is transparent, fair, and respectful, giving you confidence in the results.
8. Quality Assurance
Within a reputable organization, there are robust quality control measures in place. Regular audits, reviews, and adherence to standardized procedures ensure that the services provided meet the highest standards. This level of quality assurance adds an extra layer of confidence in the accuracy and reliability of the polygraph examination.
Choosing a polygraph examiner from a reputable organization offers distinct benefits, including comprehensive training, access to advanced technology, collaborative expertise, and a commitment to ethical standards. These factors collectively ensure that you receive the most accurate, reliable, and professional service possible.
Read more: Choosing a Polygraph Lie Detector Test Examiner Guideline
When selecting an independent polygraph examiner, be cautious and look for key qualifications: ensure they are certified by a recognized organization, have extensive experience, and use up-to-date equipment. Verify their reputation through reviews or references, and make sure they adhere to strict ethical standards. Without these assurances, the accuracy and reliability of the examination could be compromised.
How much does lie detector test cost?
When using our services, the fee of the polygraph test includes a confirmation, pre-examination assessment, polygraph test conducted by accredited examiners, a fully verified report and travel/venue expenses.
This reflects the standard fees of valid polygraph testing, not casual assessments or unreliable voice stress tests that are sometimes conducted over the phone. While reduced fees are financially tempting, they are often conducted by individuals who are not fully accredited with peer-respected credentials to assure quality assessments.
If you want to be sure of test results, invest in a legitimate exam that is conducted by an APA accredited examiner who can assure confidentiality.
Beware cheaper substandard tests with dubious results from lone wolves who do not produce peer reviewed reports by professional, accredited polygraph examiners qualified in forensic psychology, criminology or other relevant skill set.
Why is a non refundable booking fee required?
Our $100 non-refundable booking fee is crucial for maintaining high standards in polygraph testing and is included in the total cost presented on our website, ensuring full transparency with no hidden charges. This fee secures the best-qualified examiners, ensuring they meet stringent ethical and professional standards. It supports vital pre-examination assessments tailored to each case, ensuring accuracy and efficiency. The fee also covers operational costs, aiding in scheduling and examiner coordination, despite high demand and limited examiner availability. This upfront cost signifies a mutual commitment, affirming both the client’s serious intent and our dedication to providing exceptional service.
Once your pre-examination assessment is evaluated and accepted by the examiner, the full payment for your scheduled examination is required. This comprehensive fee structure supports the high standards and meticulous preparation of our polygraph services, reflecting our commitment to providing a transparent and trustworthy experience. Trust in our process; this fee is integral to delivering reliable and thorough polygraph services.
How much is a lie detector test for cheating?
The cost of a lie detector test for investigating infidelity can vary significantly depending on the location and the specific service provider. On average, the price for such a test typically ranges from $500 to $800. This variation in cost can be attributed to a number of factors including the expertise of the examiner, the complexity of the case, the duration of the test, and any additional services that may be required. It’s also important to note that while some regions may offer more competitive pricing, others might be higher due to local demand and the cost of doing business.
We advise consulting our specific location listings for precise, fixed pricing details.
How long will I have to wait for the results?
A full detailed test report is provided via email to the client within 24 hours of the test having been conducted or 48 hours if sent via tracked mail, whichever is requested by the client to the examiner on the day of the examination. In certain circumstances, the examiner, will provide the results verbally on the day of the examination to the person who made the booking. However, on occasions the examiner may wish for the charts to be crossed examined by another examiner before providing the results in which case the results will not be given verbally. More: The Frustration of Waiting for Your Polygraph Results
Why does it take so long?
Every single case we have is as important as the last, so the time spent on putting you at ease, making sure you know the process and explaining the importance of honesty is time well spent because it ensures that we get the most accurate results possible.
On the surface that does seem like a long time, but the actual polygraph test will usually take the least amount of time. The majority of the time will be taken up by us talking. We will discuss the issue at length, which means we can ask the most pertinent questions possible, which in turn gives the most accurate results. We need to make sure you are physically well enough for the test, and that you understand the difference between lying and telling the truth.
You will have the opportunity to tell your side of the story in full, and, once we have compiled a list of the questions to be asked you will be told what those questions are before the actual test begins. Once the polygraph examination is completed, we will then give you the results and discuss them before you leave. It is quite a lengthy procedure but it does go by quickly!
Is it cheaper if I just have 1 question?
This is one of the most frequently asked questions we get. The price of a polygraph test is not dependent on the amount of questions you want the subject to be asked, and here’s why.
A lie detector test will become ineffective if too many questions, or too many different questions, are asked. When you see a tv show in which the examiner asks question after question after question, you should know that the show is for entertainment purposes – the results will not be accurate. Equally in asking one question, the same process, focus and procedure must be taken. If a company offers you a cheaper price for 1 question then please verify their credentials.
Let me explain this further; a polygraph test should only ever be used to gain the truth about one issue. Only one. Each question should be regarding the specific issue. This way, if the subject answers dishonestly on any of the questions he will fail the entire test because all the questions are related to that one, single issue.
Our professional polygraph examiners will only conduct examinations in accordance with testing procedures and protocols recognised by the American Polygraph Association. We will not conduct substandard examinations. A properly conducted polygraph examination will result in accuracy rates of 95 to 98 percent whereas an improperly conducted examination will result in accuracy rates that are no better than the flip of a coin. If you are told it is 100% accurate then there is something not quite right as any scientific test must consider variance.
Each session can take anywhere from 90 minutes to three hours to complete, but to answer the initial question ‘No, the price does not vary according to the number of questions asked’, because we will only ask the amount of questions needed to ensure an accurate result.
Legal and Workplace Concerns
Can My Employer Legally Polygraph Me?
A: Yes, your employer can legally polygraph you. However, their polygraph policies must comply with “The Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988” (EPPA). If the employer fails to meet the legislation involved in the Act, you have a right to take legal action against them. The US Labor Department enforces the EPPA. If they find the employer in violation of the Act, they fine them for the transgression. More: Understanding the Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA)
Can I Refuse a Polygraph?
Yes, you have the right to refuse an employer’s request to take a polygraph. Your employer may not force you into taking a lie detector test as that practice is in violation of the EPPA. However, if you refuse to take a polygraph, and all your co-workers comply with the request, it may reflect poorly on you in the workplace. While the employer cannot officially take any action against you, it may raise suspicion with them.
If you’re applying for a job and the employer asks you to take a polygraph as part of your conditions of pre-employment screening, you have a right to refuse their request. The EPPA states that employers may not use polygraphs in the pre-employment screening process. However, some industries are exempt from complying with the EPPA and the pre-employment screening regulations. While the employer may not officially hold this against you, they may tell you they found another more suitable candidate. More: Can I Refuse to Take a Lie Detector Test
Can My Employer Fire Me for Failing a Polygraph?
No, employers may not fire you if you fail a polygraph. A failed result is not grounds for dismissal; if your employer fires you because of the failed result, you have legal recourse against them. You can hire an attorney to represent you, and they’ll file a complaint with the US Labor Department on your behalf.
If you fail a polygraph, your employer may not use the test results to harass or intimidate you in the workplace. If your employer takes action against you that makes your working conditions less desirable, you have legal recourse against them.
Related: Will I Be Able to Get Another Job If I Fail a Lie Detector Test
Can My Employer Intimidate Me into Taking a Polygraph?
No, your employer may not intimidate you into taking a polygraph test at work. You have the right to refuse the lie detector test request. Your employer may not use intimidation tactics to scare you into taking the exam; if they do, you have legal recourse against them. You’ll hire an attorney, and they’ll help you file a complaint with the US Labor Department against your employer. More: Preventing Intimidation During a Lie Detector Exam
Can My Employer Watch the Polygraph Exam?
No. No one may watch the polygraph exam inside the examination room. The only people present in the exam room are the examiner and examinee. If your employer was in the room, it could skew the test results because it would likely make your feel nervous. However, your employer may watch the exam through a 2-way mirror if they retain your permission to do so. You’ll have to give them written permission and sign these documents before taking the lie detector test.
Related:
Can an Employer Watch the Lie Detector Exam Through a 2-Way Mirror
What Industries Allow Polygraphs?
The EPPA prevents private sector employers from implementing polygraph testing in pre-employment screening and random or selective polygraph testing. However, there are some industries that are exempt from the EPPA due to the nature of their business.
Companies involved in pharmaceutical manufacturing, high-value asset transport, security, and similar services may implement polygraph policies in the workplace. These policies aim to vet new hires and any staff that may present a risk to the business.
For example, a company involved in pharmaceutical manufacturing may pre-screen candidates for positions to ensure they don’t have a drug habit. Likewise, a company engaged in high-value asset transport may polygraph candidates to ensure they aren’t hiring criminals.
Government institutions and organizations operating in the public sector do not have to comply with the EPPA guidelines. Organizations like the FBI, CIA, and DoD may pre-screen candidates and institute a policy of random and selective polygraph testing for their employees.
Related:
Are there any Exemptions to the EPPA for Private Sector Employers?
Yes, the EPPA allows certain exemptions to the Act for private-sector employers. For instance, if a theft results in a significant economic loss for the employer, they may implement a polygraph policy to uncover the thief. Similar examples will be if the company experiences cases of fraud, sexual harassment, or drug abuse in the workplace. More: EPPA – Employee Polygraph Protection Act
What Questions Does the Polygraph Examiner Ask Me?
The examiner asks you questions pertaining to the reason why they are conducting the exam. For instance, if the employer experiences a theft in the workplace resulting in a sizable economic loss, they can implement a polygraph policy. Questions the examiner may ask the examinee include the following versions.
Have you ever stolen from your employer?
Have you ever lied to your employer?
Are you responsible for the inventory theft?
Do you have any outstanding debts you can pay off?
The employer may not ask you questions surrounding your personal life. They aren’t interested in what you do in your free time. If the examiner violates these conditions of the EPPA, they can lose their license. The examiner will issue the employer a list of questions they plan to ask the examinees during the lie detector test. Per the EPPA, your employer must share these questions with you before taking the lie detector test.
How Much Lead Time Must My Employer Give Me Before Taking the Polygraph Exam?
Your employer must give you advanced notice of their intent to polygraph you. You must receive at least 48 hours notice before the planned exam date. The employer must go through all the aspects of the polygraph exam before the test, and you’ll have to sign several documents to prove they followed the correct legal procedure. Employers that fail to do this are liable for a violation of the EPPA.
Can My Employer Tell Someone I Failed My Polygraph Exam?
No. Your employer may not divulge the results of your polygraph exam to anyone but direct line managers who have responsibility over you in the workplace. Your employer may not release the test results if another employer calls them asking for a reference. Doing so is a violation of the EPPA, and you would have legal recourse against them for this behavior.
Participant Experience and Concerns
What should I do to prepare for a polygraph exam?
To prepare for a polygraph test, follow these key steps:
1. Get Adequate Rest
Arrive well-rested to ensure alertness and understanding during the test. Fatigue can lead to errors and misinterpretations.
2. Eat a Normal Meal
Consume a balanced meal before the test to stabilize blood sugar and support consistent physiological responses.
3. Stay Hydrated
Drink enough water but avoid excessive intake to prevent frequent restroom breaks.
4. Avoid Alcohol and Drugs
Refrain from alcohol, recreational drugs, and mind-altering substances (e.g., marijuana, methadone) at least 18 hours prior.
5. Take Medications as Directed
- Daily Medications: Continue as prescribed, allowing time to adjust to any new medication.
- As-Needed Medications: Use if necessary, but avoid sedatives.
6. Postpone if in Pain
Pain can disrupt test results. Reschedule if necessary.
7. Breathe Normally
Avoid deep breaths or holding your breath, as these can alter oxygen levels and affect body chemistry.
8. Ensure Language Fluency
The test should be in a language you understand. If needed, arrange for an impartial interpreter.
9. Wear Comfortable Clothing
Choose fitted, non-bulky clothes. Remove jackets or sweatshirts to allow access to test sensors.
10. Prepare to Sit Still
Be ready to remain motionless for up to 10 minutes at a time to avoid interference with readings.
11. Avoid Foreign Substances on Skin
Clean your hands and arms of lotions, antibacterial gels, or oils. These can affect sensor accuracy.
12. Limit Emotional Stress
Avoid arguments or stressful situations the day before and day of the test.
13. Limit Caffeine
Stick to your regular caffeine intake. Excessive caffeine can elevate your heart rate unnecessarily.
14. Avoid Surprises
Ensure you are informed about the test a few days in advance to mentally prepare.
15. Disclose Medical Conditions
Inform the examiner of any serious medical issues, pregnancy, or disabilities ahead of time to accommodate your needs.
16. Verify Examiner Credentials
Ensure your examiner is certified by a recognized organization like the APA for a professional and accurate test.
17. Understand the Test Purpose
Clarify why the test is being conducted and what topics will be covered to reduce anxiety.
18. Arrive Early
Give yourself enough time to settle in and avoid stress from rushing to the location.
19. Avoid Extreme Exercise
Skip intense physical activity on test day to maintain baseline physiological levels.
20. Ask Questions
Engage with your examiner to address concerns and clarify the process. This can alleviate uncertainty and build trust.
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I’d like to sit in on the test. Can I do that?
if you have brought someone to us for a lie detector, you being in the room, watching and listening, is almost guaranteed to distort the truth. Let’s face it, not many people will want to admit their guilt with their accuser sitting next to them, or even listening in! Most people find it easier to admit guilt to a stranger – that’s why counselling is so effective! So no, as much as we understand that you would want to sit in and hear what is being said, your presence would undermine the effectiveness of the test.
Do I need to come to a central office for a polygraph test?
We realise that one location will not be convenient for many people, so to that end we do travel to various locations across the country, as long as a suitable venue is available or your residential address satisfies the test criteria.
Can I Research Polygraphs Before an Exam?
Yes, you can research information about the polygraph exam before you take the lie detector test. In fact, the examiner prefers it if you do because it better prepares you for the polygraph exam. When you come to the exam well prepared, there’s less chance you’ll feel nervous. The employer and the examiner must answer all your questions about the polygraph exam’s aspects before they can start the lie detector test. The examiner aims to make you feel completely at ease and relaxed before they start the polygraph test.
What is a Countermeasure?
A countermeasure describes a technique used to “fool” the polygraph machine and the examiner. There are several types of countermeasures. However, due to the advancement in polygraph technology and the integration of software and advanced examiner training, most examiners can spot if you’re using a countermeasure during the lie detector test.
There are physical countermeasures and informational countermeasures. For instance, a physical countermeasure might be biting your cheek or curling your toes when answering questions. An informational countermeasure might involve researching countermeasures the night before the exam in the hope of finding a way to beat it.
Can Xanax Help Me Beat the Polygraph Exam?
Many people assume they can drop a Xanax the hour before the lie detector test, and this practice will help them pass the test, even if they’re guilty. However, that’s not the case. The examiner will determine that you’re using this countermeasure when assessing your vital signs and stress response. They’ll ask you if you’re using a countermeasure like Xanax, and you’ll have to reply honestly.
The only time it’s permissible to use Xanax in a lie detector test is if you have a prescription for the drug. Other drugs like beta-blockers are another popular countermeasure, but trained examiners will spot that you’re suing them and call you out on it. If they discover you’re using Xanax or beta-blocker in the test without a prescription for the drug, it’s an instant fail.
What Effect Does Caffeine Have on My Polygraph Results?
Caffeine influences the nervous system, increasing feelings of stress and anxiety. Drinking too much coffee on the morning of the exam may interfere with the accuracy of the polygraph, and you could potentially fail your lie detector test. Drinking a cup or two of coffee the morning of your lie detector test is fine. However, please don’t overdo it. Stick to your normal routine and try not to make any changes. It’s also important to note that tea and energy drinks contain caffeine.
Can I Leave the Polygraph Exam While It's in Progress?
Yes. You have the right to leave the polygraph exam room at any time. The examiner may not force you to stay in the room or complete the test. Your employer may not force you to remain in the exam room or complete the test. Some people may feel anxious or stressed during the test. If they have an anxiety disorder and don’t take medication before the exam, they may experience a panic attack due to an overreaction to the body’s fight-or-flight response.
Can I Beat a Polygraph Exam If I'm Guilty?
Previously, circa 1990, polygraph machines had 60% to 70% accuracy rates. However, the advent of computers and software advanced polygraph technology tremendously. Modern polygraph machines operate using sophisticated software and algorithms that detect minor changes to your vital stats.
When we’re under stress and have to lie during the lie detector test, it initiates the “fight-or-flight” response. We have no physical control over this bodily function; it’s part of the “autonomic nervous system.” Even people with good emotional control can’t get around the fight-or-flight response, making it very difficult to deceive the polygraph machine.
You must get around the examiner even if you beat the machine and appear normal. Many examiners have thousands of tests under their belt, and they have plenty of experience in sniffing out deceptive behavior and the use of countermeasures during the exam.
Can I use a Lie Detector on a Child?
The legality of polygraphing children in the United States does not prohibit minors from undergoing a lie detector test. However, it’s important to consider the child’s willingness and the ethical implications. In some cases, such as school policy violations or serious accusations like abuse, a guardian or legal authority may decide to use a polygraph test. It’s essential to ensure that the child understands the process and its purpose.
There’s no specific legal minimum age for polygraph testing in children. Still, due to the cognitive and emotional development required to understand and effectively participate in the test, it’s generally recommended for children over 12. Each case is unique, and the decision to conduct a polygraph on a younger child should be made with careful consideration of the child’s comprehension abilities and the specific circumstances involved.
Polygraph tests for children might be considered for various reasons, including school violations, suspicions of theft or drug use, and verifying allegations in abuse cases. However, it’s crucial to approach such situations with sensitivity and the guidance of professionals experienced in working with minors.
Are there foods or drinks that can affect the outcome of a lie detector test?
How can nervousness influence a polygraph test?
Historical and Technical Aspects of Lie Detector Tests
Who are the key figures in the history of the polygraph?
Several individuals played pivotal roles in the development and advancement of the polygraph:
- Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909)
An Italian criminologist and physician, Lombroso was the first to experiment with measuring physiological responses, such as blood pressure, in suspects during interrogations. - John Augustus Larson (1892–1965)
Often referred to as the “father of the modern polygraph,” Larson invented the first practical polygraph in 1921. His device recorded blood pressure, pulse, and respiration simultaneously, forming the foundation of modern polygraphy. - Leonarde Keeler (1903–1949)
Keeler improved upon Larson’s design, introducing the Keeler Polygraph in the 1930s. He added the galvanic skin response (GSR) component to measure changes in skin conductivity, enhancing the device’s accuracy. - Cleve Backster (1924–2013)
Backster developed the “Control Question Technique” (CQT), one of the most widely used polygraph testing methods. He also founded the Backster School of Lie Detection. - William Marston (1893–1947)
A psychologist and attorney, Marston contributed to early lie detection research by developing the systolic blood pressure test. He also popularized the use of polygraph principles in popular culture, famously creating the fictional “Wonder Woman” character, whose Lasso of Truth was inspired by polygraphy.
These individuals were instrumental in evolving the polygraph from a rudimentary device into a sophisticated tool used in various fields today.
What is the difference between analog and computerized lie detectors?
How has polygraph technology evolved over time?
Psychological and Physiological Aspects
What physiological responses occur when we lie?
When a person lies, their body often exhibits subtle physiological changes due to stress or fear of being caught. A polygraph, or lie detector, measures these changes to determine truthfulness. The key physiological responses monitored during a polygraph test include:
1. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
When lying, the body’s stress response activates the sympathetic nervous system, often causing an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. This “fight-or-flight” reaction reflects the body’s heightened state of alertness.
2. Breathing Patterns
Lying can disrupt normal breathing rhythms, leading to shallow, irregular, or rapid breaths. The polygraph measures these changes using chest and abdominal sensors to detect deviations from baseline patterns.
3. Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
Also known as electrodermal activity, GSR measures changes in skin conductivity due to sweating. Lying often triggers sweat gland activity, increasing skin’s electrical conductivity, especially in the palms and fingers.
4. Muscle Tension
Subtle muscle contractions, such as clenched jaws or tense fingers, may occur when a person lies. While not directly measured by most polygraphs, these tensions can sometimes influence other physiological readings.
5. Pupil Dilation
Although not typically measured in traditional polygraph tests, research indicates that pupils dilate when lying due to cognitive load and stress. Advanced systems may incorporate this measurement.
Why Do These Responses Occur?
When we lie, our brain processes conflicting information between the truth and the false statement, creating cognitive and emotional stress. This triggers the autonomic nervous system’s “fight-or-flight” response, resulting in measurable physiological changes.
While these responses do not definitively prove someone is lying, polygraph examiners analyze patterns and discrepancies to assess truthfulness. Proper test preparation and understanding the process can help minimize unrelated physiological reactions that might affect results.
Lie Detector Tests: What Physiological Responses Occur When We Lie
How does the fight-or-flight response affect lie detector test results?
Can mental health conditions affect polygraph test results?
What is the psychology behind lying and deceptive behavior?
Legal and Ethical Considerations
What are the ethical responsibilities of a polygraph examiner?
Are polygraph results admissible in court?
What is the Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA), and how does it impact polygraph testing?
Specific Applications and Case Studies
How are polygraphs used in criminal investigations or national security?
What are some notable cases where lie detectors have resolved crimes?
How do police use lie detector tests to their advantage?
Understanding and Interpreting Results
How do examiners evaluate polygraph data?
What can cause a false positive on a polygraph?
How are the results of a polygraph test interpreted?
Special Considerations and Miscellaneous
What are the limitations of polygraph tests?
How do lie detectors work in the context of relationships and infidelity?
Can lie detectors be used on children or individuals with specific health conditions?
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Further Questions and Contact Information
We hope this FAQ page has provided you with valuable insights into polygraph testing. Our aim is to offer clarity and support as you navigate through the process of understanding or undergoing a lie detector test. If your question wasn’t addressed here, or if you require more detailed information, we’re here to help.
For further inquiries, additional support, or to schedule a polygraph test, please don’t hesitate to contact us. Our team of professionals is committed to providing you with the most reliable and comprehensive service.
Remember, whether for legal, professional, or personal matters, a polygraph test can be a crucial step in seeking truth and resolution. Trust us to guide you with expertise and care.